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1
Gorskaya, Natalia Ivanovna. "Smolensk nobility against the government: from the history of the abolition of serfdom in Russia". Российская история, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2949124x23010054.
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The article analyzes the participation of the Smolensk nobility in the discussion of the peasant question in Russia in 1847-1859. The author focuses on the perception of government initiatives by the Smolensk nobility, its reaction to plans to abolish serfdom before the rescripts and during their discussion. The article shows that the local «program» of the abolition of serfdom in general was formed during the work of country meetings, before the opening of the provincial committee; that the government, involving the provincial nobility in the preparation of the reform, saw in him only an unquestioning executor of the orders of the center, that it was the clash of state and local interests that led to consolidation of Smolensk landowners, who defended the possibility of preserving farms even after the abolition of serfdom.
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Zakharov, Vitaly Yu, Vladimir A. Volkov, Anna N. Ivanova, Irina N. Velmozhko y Olga B. Chirikova. "The optimality of the option of abolishing serfdom in Russia, implemented in 1861". Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, n.º 46 (25 de octubre de 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.46.10.2.
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The article discusses the controversial issues related to the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861: its causes, features of preparation and implementation. The authors focus on the question of whether the implemented version of the abolition of serfdom in Russia was optimal. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the abolition of serfdom in Russia is carried out with similar reforms in European countries, which could serve as a reference point, primarily in Austria and Prussia. It is concluded that the peasant reform in Russia in 1861 (in the final version) was carried out primarily in the interests of the state and not of individual social groups (landowners and peasants). It is the state that has benefited most from the implementation of this particular version of the reform, both financially and politically. Among the losers there were both peasants (to a greater extent) and landowners (to a lesser extent). The main thing was that the reform provoked the problem of the lack of land of the majority of peasants, which in the future became one of the main reasons for the social explosion and revolutions at the beginning of the XX century.
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Buynova, K. R. "“Hinting at Our Own Sore Spot”: Travelers to America about Slavery on the Eve of the Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". History 17, n.º 8 (2018): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-8-65-77.
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The investigation is dedicated to the comparison of serfdom in Russia and slavery in America made by Russian travelers taking part in the public debate on the possible abolition of serfdom in Russia in the late 1850s. The travelers published their voyage notes in highly rated newspapers and magazines, such as «Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti», «Sovremennik», «Otechestvennye zapiski», «Russkii vestnik» and «Morskoi sbornik», trying to do it simultaneously with their experience abroad, concerned about the urgency and importance of their contribution towards wider discussion. At the same time, imperial censorship did not allow them to share their thoughts directly, so authors would refrain from direct naming of issues or criticism of the government. The purpose of the article is to show how the American experience, expounded and shared by the Russian travelers, enriched the public debate on the abolition of serfdom in Russia in the late 1850s, persuading the sceptics, and suggesting a new angle of vision to the upholders of the emancipation of Russian serfs. One of the most important factors that determined the interaction between the authors and readers about slavery in America was the censorship. Despite rumors about the possible abolition of serfdom, which spread immediately after the coronation of Alexander II, the censorship on the topic didn’t abate immediately. In the second half of the 1850s numerous decrees were published, contradictory and inconsistent, that reflected either indecision of the government, reaction, or most careful encouragement of the public initiative. Therefore as the rules of the game were constantly changing, the authors had to make use of many circumlocutions and hints, avoiding direct naming of what they were in fact writing about. By the end of the decade however, social excitement triumphed over confused censorship.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s". International Labor and Working-Class History 78, n.º 1 (2010): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000098.
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AbstractThe notion of the “second serfdom” has to be revisited. I claim that the introduction, the evolution, and the abolition of serfdom in Russia should be seen as a long-term process, beginning no later than the late sixteenth century and ending at the eve of the First World War. In particular, I show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia and that the rules usually evoked to justify this argument actually were not meant to “bind” the peasantry but to distinguish noble estate owners from state-service nobles and “bourgeois.” Contrary to what has been argued by Witold Kula and Immanuel Wallerstein, the rise of capitalism in the West did not exploit the rise of serfdom in the East, but both East and West were part of the same global wave of commercialization, protoindustrialization, and industrialization.
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Hamburg, G. M. "L. G. Zakharova’s Aleksandr II and the Abolition of Serfdom in Russia and P. A. Zaionchkovskii’s School of Historians". Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 6, n.º 1 (2013): 116–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102388-00600007.
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This essay examines the genesis of Larisa Georgievna Zakharova’s classic book, Aleksandr II and the Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, as a crucial moment in the development of Petr Andreevich Zaionchkovskii’s “school” of imperial Russian historians. The article analyzes the early years of the Zaionchkovskii school and Zakharova’s place in it, her search from 1970 to 1983 for a defensible doctoral dissertation, her book on the abolition of serfdom, and her 1983 doctoral dissertation defense. Using her book as a focal point, the essay identifies the common values that held members of Zaionchkovskii’s school together, but also explores the intellectual disagreements and personal tensions between Zaionchkovskii and Zakharova, his favorite student and hand-picked successor. The article demonstrates that, following Zaionchkovskii’s death in September 1983, Zakharova perpetuated his school by re-fashioning it after her own image and likeness.
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David Saunders. "An Anglo-Russian Critic of the Abolition of Serfdom". Slavonic and East European Review 92, n.º 2 (2014): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.92.2.0255.
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Szentpáli-Gavallér, Pál. "The impact of the April 1848 laws on the transformation of society, or the abolition of serfdom". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 57, n.º 3 (2023): 853–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns57-45151.
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The study describes the development of serfdom, the Dózsa Uprising, which was caused by social conflicts and the limitation of serfdom and their legal consequences. A significant milestone was the Urbárium of 1767, followed by two other decisive boundary stones: the Revolution of 1848 and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The latter was also significant in the way that it paved the way for the Austro-Hungarian Empire (alongside Japan) to enter the First World War, in parallel with and in a similar way to the Meiji Restoration, which began in Japan in 1867-1868. The study outlines the relations between serfdom and the peasantry, not only from a legal-historical, but also from an economic and social-historical perspective.
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Khalifaeva, Angela K. y Madina Kh Amirkhanova. "Legal registration of serfdom in Russia". Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 43, n.º 3 (2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2022-43-3-30-38.
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The origin and development of serfdom in is one of the most complex processes. Unlike European states, in Russia it had some features: a distinctively late period of occurrence, the connection of the emergence process with the evolution of landed property. Serfdom, which formed the basis of the Russian order, inevitably had to receive its more or less clearly developed legal form. Serfdom was formed by virtue of the actual state of affairs, determined by the attachment of the peasant to the land and his subordinate position. In order to sufficiently reveal the issue of the legal registration of serfdom in Russia, it is necessary to consider its development in stages, based on legislative acts, which most fully and objectively affected the enslavement of the peasant population and changed the legal status of residents. The article examines the history of the emergence of serfdom from the moment of its inception to its legal consolidation; changes in the state and the impact of the legal consolidation of serfdom on the development of the Russian state, the essence of serfdom and what stages it went through from its inception to its abolition, inclusive. Also, the article describes the views of Russian and Soviet historians on the circumstances and causes of the emergence of serfdom. Various scientific and historical approaches to the problem of studying serfdom in Russia are analyzed, the consequences of serfdom for Russia and the Russian people are described. Moving on to the stage of emancipation of the peasants, historians are unanimous that serfdom had a negative impact on all aspects of society, but for Soviet historians, serfdom became one of the reasons for the "economic and cultural backwardness of Russia", and for "Western historians –a consequence of backwardness".
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Mogilevskiy, N. A. "LIFE IN SUFFICIENCY? MATERIAL SUPPORT OF THE GOVERNORS DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE GREAT REFORM (1856-1861)". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 5, n.º 1 (2023): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2023-5-1-17-30.
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The article deals with the problem of material support of the governor’s corps of Russia on the eve of the abolition of serfdom (1856-1861). The author examines only official (legitimate) sources of money for governors: salaries, additional amounts, amounts for the rise and equipping, as well as pensions separately. The author traces the relationship between the attitude towards this or that governor on the part of the Minister of the Interior or (more rarely) the emperor and the amount of money paid to the official (additional amounts, amounts for moving and equipping, as well as an increase in pension). Besides the author’s thesis is confirmed that, in general, the material support of the governor’s corps on the eve of the abolition of serfdom could not be called sufficient. In this regard, many governors had to turn to the Minister of the Interior or directly to the tsar with a request to give them additional amounts. The author notes the discrepancies between the public perception of the financial situation of the “masters of the province” and the real state of affairs.
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Maskevich, Anna I. "The rural community in Belarus after the abolition of serfdom". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-1-15-25.
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The article explores the creation and the functioning of rural societies in Belarus after the abolition of serfdom. Considerable focus is given to the definition of differences between the terms «rural society» and «peasant community». Territorial differences in the activities of rural societies in Belarus are noted and their formal and informal structure is highlighted. The object of the study is the peasantry of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The subject of the study is the regularities and features of creation and existence of rural communities in Belarus in the post-reform period. The choice of the object and subject of the study is determined by the importance of peasantry in the population structure and the principal role of peasantry in the processes of social transformation and modernisation in Belarus in the 1860–90s. The goals of the study are to determine the roles and functions of rural society in Belarus after the abolition of serfdom by identifying the differences between the terms «society» and «community»; to investigate the official structure of rural society in Belarus; and to depict the informal influence of society and public opinion on peasant life.
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Zakharova, Larisa Georgievna. "Autocracy and the Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, 1856-1861". Soviet Studies in History 26, n.º 2 (octubre de 1987): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsh1061-1983260212.
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Belsky, Konstantin S. "Finance and the science of Financial Law during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I". Gosudarstvo i pravo, n.º 10 (2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017275-3.
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The article analyzes the program drawn up by Nicholas I upon his accession to the throne and included the codification of Russian legislation; the streamlining of finances and the implementation of monetary reform; preparatory measures for the abolition of serfdom, taking into account the financial situation of peasants; measures to improve legal and financial education in the country's universities.
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Zinnatullina, Zulfiya y Ivan Popp. "VOLOST JUSTICE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AFTER THE ABOLITION OF SERFDOM". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2019, n.º 04 (1 de abril de 2019): 06–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii201904statyi02.
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Mitina, Svetlana I. "Mobilization Techniques within the Framework of the Military Reform of Alexander II: Based on Materials of the Novgorod Governorate". History of state and law 4 (20 de abril de 2023): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2023-4-54-59.
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The article describes mobilization technologies in the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX century by the example of the application of the Military Service Charter of 1874. The material presented in the article allows us to identify the features of the introduction of military conscription institutions in Russia in the conditions of the abolition of serfdom and the formation of a new type of armed forces.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "European Statistics, Russian Numbers, and Social Dynamics, 1861–1914". Slavic Review 76, n.º 1 (2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.3.
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Recent analyses of the economic impact of the abolition of serfdom mark a major return to quantitative approaches in the economic and social history of Russia. Tracy Dennison, Steven Nafziger, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, among others, make wide use of data produced by thezemstvo(provincial elected assembly), the Central Statistics Committee (TsSK), the Ministry of Agriculture, and local governors. These figures are particularly crucial with regard to the debate over the impact of the abolition of serfdom and the economic dynamics of tsarist Russia between 1861 and 1914. Indeed, the authors are too quick to consider the data reliable and only concerned about which statistical method should be used. Markevich and Zhuravskaya claim outright: “Historians agree that the quality of the late imperial statistics and governor reports is rather high.” Nafziger makes a similar statement regarding zemstvo statistics, which he declares are fully reliable sources. Dennison and Nafziger add: “Zemstvo publications offer a unique window into rural economic conditions in the post-1861 period, but western scholars have only begun to explore them. We consider these household surveys, other zemstvo publications, research by central government and provincial statistical authorities (including the 1897 census), and various secondary sources to develop some “stylized facts” about rural living standards in Iaroslavl' and Vladimir provinces in the post-1861 period.”
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Lazdiņš, Jānis. "Consolidation of the Principle of Democratic Elections in the Law of the Latvian People". Journal of the University of Latvia. Law 16 (16 de octubre de 2023): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jull.16.10.
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The article provides an analysis of the gradual consolidation of the principle of democratic elections in the election law of the Latvian people during the period from the abolition of serfdom in the Baltic Governorates of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century until the adoption of the Satversme [Constitution] of the Republic of Latvia on 15 February 1922. Abolition of serfdom was chosen as a point of reference for the publication, because “emancipation” gave liberty to the majority of Latvians as persons belonging to the peasant class. Until proclamation of the Republic of Latvia (1918), Latvians gained election experience in electing the councils of civil parishes, cities and the State Duma of the Russian Empire. None of the elections held in the Russian Empire can be considered to be democratic, since the principle of voters’ equality was not complied with. Demand for democratic elections as denial of inequality consolidated among the Latvian people by the end of the 19th century. It is proven by the projects of Latvia’s autonomy, elaborated even before the democratic February Revolution in the Russian Empire (1917). Following the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia, the legislator only enshrined (documented) in legal acts the will of the Latvian people to elect state and local government officials democratically.
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Generalova, Natalya P. "Did Khor Need Literacy? (I. S. Turgenev and A. A. Fet: Two Views on Primary Education)". Two centuries of the Russian classics 3, n.º 3 (2021): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2021-3-3-6-21.
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The article discusses two points of view on the primary education, literacy — I. S. Turgenev’s and A. A. Fet’s. The author describes the landmark clash between Turgenev and Fet, and also shows the mood and plans of both writers in the early 1860s. In August 1860, in anticipation of the abolition of serfdom, while in England, on the Isle of Wight, Turgenev conceived and drew up a “Draft Program for the Society for the Promotion of Literacy and Primary Education”. And Fet, forced to leave literature as a result of “persecution” of “pure art”, acquired 200 acres of black soil in the Mtsensk district. On the eve of the abolition of serfdom, the poet, who did not have his own estate and serfs, found himself in the position of a farmer, who had to endure fully on his own experience the endless troubles associated with the introduction of reforms in all spheres of economic and political life. His journalism touched upon a variety of issues, one of which was literacy. Fet’s opinion on this issue looks paradoxical. However, he was not alone, urging not to equate literacy, education and upbringing, giving preference to the moral upbringing of the people in solving the problem. A similar position was taken by V. I. Dal, whose letter to the publisher of the journal “Russkaya Beseda” A. I. Koshelev is analyzed in the article.
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Melentiev, Fyodor. "«Historical quill». Attribution of the main symbol of the abolition of serfdom". Rossiiskaia istoriia, n.º 4 (2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870016249-4.
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Taitslin, Anna. "The Commune Debates on the Eve of Peasant Emancipation: The Long Shadow of Russian Paternalism". Review of Central and East European Law 40, n.º 2 (9 de octubre de 2015): 143–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04002001.
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This article provides an overview of the prehistory leading up to the abolition of serfdom in Russia, the proposals for peasant emancipation made by the provincial Committees of Gentry Deputies, the reception of these proposals by the Editing Commissions, and the debate on peasant emancipation in the Russian press. The focus of the article is on the misplaced impetus that led to the adoption of the communal ownership of peasant land as a centerpiece of the Great Reform legislation of 1861.
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Mtina, Svetlana I. "The Role of the Institution of Non-Commissioned Officers in the Protection of Law and Order in the Russian Empire (Based on the Materials of the Novgorod Governorate)". History of state and law 2 (2 de febrero de 2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2023-2-38-43.
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The article reveals the role of the institution of police officers in the system of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the XIX century. Based on the materials of the Novgorod province, the implementation of the law enforcement function by the lower level of the police is traced in the conditions of increasing social contradictions after the abolition of serfdom, accelerating the pace of capitalization of the economy and the growth of criminalization of the population.
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Ilyin, Pavel V. "On the Perception of Alexander I among the Decembrists: The Emperor in Newly Found Memoirs and Letters of S. P. Trubetskoy". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, n.º 1 (2021): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-82-93.
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The article analyzes the information shedding light on the attitude of representatives of the young generation of liberal-minded nobles to the personality of Alexander I, his internal and foreign policies, rumors and reports about his intentions and views. These data are drawn from sources of personal origin recently discovered and published with comments for general public access – previously unknown memoirs and letters of the Decembrist S. P. Trubetskoy, addressed to his comrade, later Senator I. N. Tolstoy. The noble liberal opposition that arose after the end of the Napoleonic wars, as new sources confirm, had a contradictory attitude towards Alexander I. On the one hand, the “liberalists” defended the need for major changes, including the abolition of serfdom and the constitution building, on the other hand, they were dissatisfied with the fact that, in their opinion, interests of nobility (first and foremost economic ones) were ignored by the authorities when designing reforms. Authentic materials of the epoch, such as the newly found letters of S. P. Trubetskoy, allow us to come to the conclusion about the ambivalent attitude of the Decembrists to the reform projects of Alexander I and the great expectations placed on the Tsar by the “liberalists”. However, at the same time the sources demostrate the growing skepticism about internal politics, fear of ill-conceived and inconsistent with the needs of the nobility transformations, such as the forced abolition of serfdom without taking into account the economic interests of nobility.
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Dolata, Tomasz. "Działalność parlamentarna Jana Olrycha Szanieckiego". Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 14, n.º 2 (27 de abril de 2016): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1562.
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The article concerns the parliamentary activity of one of the greatest deputies of the Parliament of the Polish Kingdom of the constitutional era – Jan Olrych Szaniecki, who was wellknown, among others, as a spokesman for the interests of peasants (a supporter of universal abolition of serfdom and conferment of land ownership on peasants) during the sessions of Parliament of 1825 and 1830 and in the period of the November Uprising, and prior to that – as an outstanding lawyer. His activity is very little exposed in the contemporary historical-legal doctrine, yet worth paying attention to.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "The Legal Status of Labour from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: Russia in a Comparative European Perspective". International Review of Social History 54, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2009): 359–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859009990307.
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SummarySince at least the eighteenth century, free labour in “the West” has been contrasted with serf labour in Russia and “eastern Europe”. This paper intends to call that view into question and to show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia, and that the regulations usually invoked to justify that opinion were actually intended not to “bind” the peasantry but to identify noble estate owners, as distinct from nobles in state service or the “bourgeoisie”. However, it is a matter not only of legal definitions. This paper studies how the tsarist administration, nobles, and peasants themselves made use of courts of law in order to contest ownership titles and, on that basis, the obligations and legal status of peasants and workers. Great changes had occurred in their legal status before the official abolition of serfdom in 1861, in outcomes that were rather similar to those which had been recently achieved in the “second serfdom” in Prussia, Lithuania, and Poland. In turn, that means that such labour contracts and institutions were not the opposites of “free labour” contracts and institutions, which placed many more constraints on workers than is usually acknowledged. To prove the point, we compare tsarist regulations with the Master and Servants Acts and indenture in Britain and its Empire and with French regulations on labour, domesticity, and day labourers.
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Mironov, Boris N. "The Peasants of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Provinces after Abolition of Serfdom". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, n.º 4 (2021): 1041–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.401.
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The article examines the condition of the peasantry in the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces in 1850–1890 against the background of the development of 50 provinces of European Russia as a whole. The aim is to test the adequacy of the concept of the agrarian crisis of the post-reform village, which occurred as a result of the unfair reform of the 1860s predatory towards peasantry. The article criticizes the dominant concept of the Soviet historiography, which is regarded as controversial in modern scholarship. The first part of the article assesses the dynamics of the standard of living of the peasantry based on the traditionally used data: firstly, on production factor and sources of income, and the degree of sufficiency of peasant incomes for normal life and, secondly, on anthropometric indicators. The analysis of anthropometric data is preceded by a methodological introduction, which explains the theoretical foundations of using the body length data and the technique and procedure of processing primary information to obtain an adequate picture. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the results of anthropometric analysis, which poses a difficulty to classical historians. The analysis of traditional and anthropometric indicators characterizing the condition of the metropolitan peasantry of the capital and 50 provinces of European Russia leads to the conclusion: in 1861–1890, the standard of living of peasants in the capital provinces had improved, moreover, to a larger extent compared to European Russia as a whole. The agreement of the results of economic and anthropometric analysis enhances the reliability of the conclusion about the improvement of the welfare of the Russian peasantry during the first 30 years after the peasant reform.
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Markevich, Andrei y Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "The Economic Effects of the Abolition of Serfdom: Evidence from the Russian Empire". American Economic Review 108, n.º 4-5 (1 de abril de 2018): 1074–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160144.
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We document substantial increases in agricultural productivity, industrial output, and peasants' nutrition in Imperial Russia as a result of the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Before the emancipation, provinces where serfs constituted the majority of agricultural laborers lagged behind provinces that primarily relied on free labor. The emancipation led to a significant but partial catch up. Better incentives of peasants resulting from the cessation of ratchet effect were a likely mechanism behind a relatively fast positive effect of reform on agricultural productivity. The land reform, which instituted communal land tenure after the emancipation, diminished growth in productivity in repartition communes. (JEL J47, N13, N33, N43, N53, Q11)
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Seliverstova, Natalia. "Memory and nostalgia: pre-reform Russia in the minds of the Russian nobility of the second half of the 19th century". University of Bucharest Review. Literary and Cultural Studies Series 10, n.º 1 (5 de octubre de 2021): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/ubr.10.1.5.
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This article is devoted to the study of the perception of the pre-reform era by the upper class in the second half of the 19th century, after several years thereof, then decades after the abolition of serfdom. Initial assessments of the peasant reform carried out among the nobility were quite contradictory. They ranged from total rejection and denial to approval of government policies. But all in all, the abolition of serfdom was a turning point in history. The post-reform period of "impoverishment" of the Russian nobility is associated with a rethinking of the place and role of the upper class in society and the state. Not all landowners managed to adapt to the conditions of the post-reform village, they left for the capital, abroad. The diminution of privileges and the loss of the exclusive status of the upper class fueled the mood of nostalgia. The article uses the concept of nostalgia, developed by Svetlana Boym, which provides for the identification of two types of nostalgia: restorative and reflective. Restorative nostalgia manifested itself not only in the collective consciousness of the upper class but became one of the motivations of the conservative policy of Alexander III. Reflective nostalgia was expressed in the growing interest in the study of the culture of noble manors, determined the identity of the upper estate. Overall, it can be argued that nostalgia has become not only an important feature of the collective consciousness of the nobility, but influenced state policy, shaped the image of the future based on the lost past.
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MIRONOV, BORIS y BRIAN A'HEARN. "Russian Living Standards under the Tsars: Anthropometric Evidence from the Volga". Journal of Economic History 68, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): 900–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050708000673.
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The trend in mean height in the Russian province of Saratov is estimated for birth cohorts from 1755 to 1892 on the basis of newly gathered archival data and published sources. Heights fell in the late eighteenth century due an increasing burden of taxes and feudal dues. Stature increased slowly throughout the nineteenth century, offering no support for the hypothesis of an agrarian crisis that provoked or followed from the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Improving living conditions can be attributed to economic development, rising productivity in agriculture, and diversification of peasant economic activity into other sectors.
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Suchodolski, Patryk. "Postęp a konserwatyzm. „Kwestia włościańska” w ujęciu Zygmunta Glogera i Gustawa Manteuffla". Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 51, n.º 2 (16 de agosto de 2021): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.609.
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In the article the author muses upon differences between concepts of progressiveness and conservatism, about how 19th century publicists understood them. Narrowing the field of considerations, he focuses on so called “peasants’ issue”, social changes in the province after the abolition of serfdom, attitudes towards them as the representatives of classes commonly seen as conservative, aristocratic and land gentry. The confrontation of their views with the ideas shared by positivists, in this case of Stefania Ulanowska, Aleksander Świętochowski and Julian Ochorowicz, leads to the conclusion that classification into progressive or conservative is problematic and artificial, which was already observed in second half of the 19th century.
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Gritsai, L. A. "SUBSTANTIATION OF A NEW TYPE OF FAMILY UPBRINGING OF CHILDREN IN RUSSIA IN THE WORKS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FREE-THINKING INTELLIGENTSIA OF THE LATE 18TH CENTURY". Review of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian research, n.º 34 (2022): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36809/2309-9380-2022-34-141-145.
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The article analyzes the humanistic type of upbringing in the family, proposed in the works of representatives of the Russian intellectual elite of the late 18th century — Ya. P. Kozelsky, A. Ya. Polenov, A. N. Radishchev. It is indicated that according to these authors, family education based on respect for the rights of the child is the basis for the transformation of society. They were characterized by the conviction that Russia needed certain socio-political transformations (the abolition of serfdom, the assertion of civil liberties of the population, etc.), the result of which would be the spread of a new type of family upbringing of children to all classes.
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SORIN, B. S. y G. S. CHUVARDIN. "PROBLEMS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN NOBLES AND PEASANTS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PROVINCIAL COURT IN RUSSIA IN THE 1840S (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VLADIMIR PROVINCIAL COURT)". Scientific Notes of Orel State University 2, n.º 99 (26 de junio de 2023): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/1998-2720-2023-99-2-80-82.
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Based on the materials of archival data, the work of the Vladimir provincial Court in 1840-1841 is considered on the accusation of the peasant A. Zakharov in the murder of the landowner Princess P.P. Vyazemskaya. A thorough investigation conducted by the local authorities, supported by the confession of the accused, left no doubt about the guilty verdict. The testimony of the accused and witnesses who told how the princess starved the household people, how she beat and unreasonably cruelly punished the serfs could not soften the sentence. The author substantiates the court’s desire for objectification with the historical context of the preparation for the abolition of serfdom.
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Mushketyk, L. "IMAGE OF LAYOSH KOSHUT IN THE SLAV FOLKLORE TRADITIONAL". Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, n.º 36 (2020): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2020.36.17.
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The question of historicism, historical authenticity of folklore works has long been of interest to researchers, since oral history not only complements historical sources, but often presents a mixed interpretation of events and characters. In their own way, the people also interpreted the events of the Hungarian liberation revolution of 1848-1849 under the leadership of Layosh Koshut against the Hapsburg dynasty, combined with such a pressing issue for peasants as the abolition of the serfdom. The slavic folklore about Layosh Koshut is represented by folk songs and legends, and reproduces the main points of the liberation war: the mobilization of the local population, its struggle for freedom, the arrival of the Russian army and defeat, the capitulation and escape of Koshut, etc., as well as such a pressing issue for peasants as the elimination of the serfdom, which peasants associate with Koshut or with the Cossier. People’s views on Koshut in songs are controversial. They partially contain anti-Hungarian motives, Koshut’s condemnation, in others his defeat is sympathy. The peasants are struggling for national and social freedom, as opposed to the serfdom, which is devoted to many places in the folk narratives of the region. Over time, in folk works, there is a permutation of time and space, some historical characters and places are replaced by others, changing and actualizing. The article addresses the problem of historical authenticity of folklore works, peculiarities of reproduction of events by artistic and poetic means, their parallels with Hungarian sources, transformation and actualization over time.
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Kluss, Maciej. "Prawo propinacyjne Galicji. Zarys problematyki". Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 16, n.º 4 (2023): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.23.040.19034.
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The propination rights provided for the exclusive right to produce and sell alcoholic beverages. In the 19th century, however, these rights, together with the serfdom, became a relic of a bygone era, having no place in the existing social and legal system, which ultimately led to its abolition. The article presents research problems related to the propination rights in Galicia. The first part of the article presents the definition and nature of propination in Poland, its connection to the feudal system and the phenomenon of forced propination. The second part of the article discusses the propination rights in Galicia during the first half of the 19th century, taking into account social, political and legal factors. It presents the issue of propination during the period of Galician autonomy in the second half of the 19th century as well. This part includes also issues of competent authorities and the ultimate abolition of these rights on the basis of the Act of December 30, 1875, and the Act of April 22, 1889.
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Galeev, A. "Proto-marginalist approach in Russia: Yuli Zhukovsky’s interpretation of Ricardo". Journal of the New Economic Association 55, n.º 3 (2022): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-9.
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The paper focuses on the interpretation of David Ricardo’s theory of value and distribution suggested by Yuli Zhukovsky, a 19th century Russian economist. In his interpretation, Zhukovsky introduced a two-factor production model characterized by decreasing marginal productivity as well as supply-and-demand price mechanism. Zhukovsky’s interpretation of Ricardo was an attempt to deliver a more rigorous approach to the agrarian issue — the hot topic that marked the public debates in Russia after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Zhukovsky, an early critic of Marx, outlined a different path in the reception of the classical approach in Russia that preceded later developments in mathematical economics. The paper introduces Zhukovsky’s interpretation as a case of proto-marginalist analysis. It also demonstrates that Zhukovsky treated the mathematical apparatus as an instrument for the practical application of political economy to the issue of economic development.
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Pivovarova, Irina. "Features of labor relations in the industrial sphere in Russia in the 19th century". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, n.º 3-2 (1 de marzo de 2022): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202203statyi47.
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The article shows that the development of industrial sectors and peasant crafts in the first quarter of the 19th century. it contributed to the spread of freelance labor, the share of which by the beginning of the 1861 reform was 87% of the total number of workers employed in industry. The reasons determining the long-term preservation of the feudal-serf system in the management of factories and plants of the studied period after the abolition of serfdom are indicated. It was revealed that in order to reduce labor costs, as well as in conditions of shortage of premises and equipment, manufacturers used handicraft industry. It is shown that the end of the 19th century was a turning point in the labor relations of manufacturers and workers, the requirements for which were now fixed in multiple legislative acts adopted during this period.
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GULARYAN, A. B. y V. I. FILONOV. "PARTICIPATION OF AMATEUR PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN POST-REFORM RUSSIA (1870-1910)". Scientific Notes of Orel State University 98, n.º 1 (26 de marzo de 2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/1998-2720-2023-98-1-12-17.
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After the abolition of serfdom in Russia, amateur public organizations began to emerge to disseminate best agricultural practices among landowners. The emergence of such organizations was caused by the fact that Russian agriculture was very slowly being reorganized in a capitalist way. The problem was reflected in Russian society through the articles of scientific agronomists and naturalists. It was explained not only by the lack of means necessary for capitalist conversion, but also by the low culture offarming and the lack of necessary knowledge and skills. Agricultural societies that emerged throughout the country and the local branches of the ‘capital’, central societies: animal and plant acclimatization societies, horticultural societies, horticultural societies, agricultural poultry farms tried to compensate for this deficiency. The experience of their work is of considerable interest and may be of use today, in a rapidly changing reality.
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Seliverstova, Natalia M. "Regulation of the Practice of Submitting Collective Addresses of the Nobility in the Power Discourse of the 1860s". Общество: философия, история, культура, n.º 12 (20 de diciembre de 2023): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.12.27.
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The article is devoted to the current topic of relations between the authorities and the elite, namely, an analysis of the process of elaborating by the government of the Russian Empire of ways to respond to the increased petition activity of the nobility after the abolition of serfdom. M.A. Korf, who headed the Second Department of His Imperial Majesty’s own chancellery, took part in this activity, as evidenced by his note and its subsequent discussion with government representatives. The novelty of the article is represented by the author's conclusion that the ban on the submission of collective petitions of the nobility about abuses and problems in local and central administration was gradually formalized in government offices several years before its adoption and became an instrument of flexible policy of the authorities in relation to the upper class during the reform period.
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Salikhova, Leila B. "Abolition of feudal-dependent relations in the East Caucasus". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n.º 5 (2023): 1278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-5-1278-1285.
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Importance. The study of the processes that took place on the Russian Empire outskirts, contributes to their further consideration and comparison with similar processes that took place in the center, as a Russian history comprehensive research is connected with the history of its different regions. Dependent estates types in the East Caucasus and their liberation from feudal dependence in the second half of the 19th century are considered. The importance of the research is determined by the importance of substantiating the peasant reform process, its connection with the various factors that pushed for the implementation of the reform in the territory. The purpose of the research is to identify the negative and positive aspects that influenced the fate of the East Caucasus peoples and the region development in connection with the reform. Materials and Methods. The object of the research is different types of dependent class in the East Caucasus. The methods of description, synthesis, objectivity principle, historical-comparative method, etc. are used when considering the topic of the research. Archival materials and published sources are involved. Results and Discussion. The categories of dependent people in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Daghestan are categorized, and their rights also described. It is noted that the work on the liberation of dependent estates in the Caucasus began in 1866, while the serfdom issue in the Terek region was completed by the end of 1867 and in the Daghestan region – in 1868. Conclusion. The peasant reform carried out by the Russian authorities in the East Caucasus was half-hearted and partial. Having granted freedom to some categories of dependent estates, which was positive in the reform, it did not solve the land issue. In addition, in the Daghestan region peasants dependent on beks received freedom only in 1913.
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Lytvynova, Tetiana. "“White Planters” of “White Slaves”: the Nobility of the Left- Bank Ukraine on the Eve of the Great Reform". Kyiv Historical Studies 12, n.º 1 (2021): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2021.16.
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The article is devoted to the historiographical estimation of the participation of the nobility of the Left Bank Ukraine in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861. An attempt is made to overcome the simplified ideas about the peculiarities of serfdom on the Left Bank and outlined the main ways to overcome historiographical inertia in the perception of noble-peasant interaction in the pre-reform period. The main focus is on identifying the basic stereotypes about the role and position of the nobility in the social transformations of the mid-nineteenth century. The position on the readiness of the social elite for the emancipation of the peasantry is substantiated. The author’s concept is based on the statement that in the analysis of the problems of serfdom it is necessary to take into account regional features. It is inappropriate to divide, as is usually done, the nobles into those who resisted the liberation of the peasants, and a few supporters of the reform. The author considers the mood of representatives of various groups of the nobility of the Left-Bank Ukraine on the eve of the reform of 1861, their positions are illustrated by various sources. The article emphasises that there is no need to generally blame those members of the regional nobility who did not want to unconditionally agree to the terms of the reform proposed by the government. During the abolition of serfdom, aristocratic reformers were outraged by the distrust, over-regulation, and guardianship of the imperial bureaucracy. They were convinced that this contradicted the very spirit of reform and the nobility’s idea of freedom of economic activity. This approach will help to avoid uniformity, involvement in the analysis of the actions of the nobility of the Left-Bank of Ukraine in the atmosphere of preparation and implementation of reform and will understand the pre-reform social and intellectual situation in its entirety.
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Toșa, Ioan y Tudor Sălăgean. "Din obiceiurile juridice ale poporului român. Satul, instanțele și cauzele de judecată în satul românesc". Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 31 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 93–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2017.31.05.
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The authors present some legal habits found in the answers sent to the legal questionnaires of B. P. Hașdeu (1877) and I. Mușlea (1938). In the first part named the Village, the authors present on the basis of the information found in the answers to the questionnaires from 1877 to 1938 the ways of villages establishment: very old, from the giants’ time, set up by the shepherds as temporary shelters, by groups of persons who left their native localities for various reasons, by landowners in order to have a workforce on their properties, through administrative measures, etc. There are presented the ways of getting the territory and delimitation by landmarks as well as the connection between this territory and the members of the community. There are also presented the social differences between the villages of free peasants and the ones with dependent peasants before and after the abolition of the serfdom as well as the elements of the belonging territory (the hearth of the village, the arable fields, the meadows, the pastures, the forest, the roads of communications). In the end of the first part, the authors present the ways of defending the property in the traditional village. In the second part, the Courts of Law and the Causes of Judgement in the Romanian village in the 19th century, after showing that at the introduction of the Civil Codes, the norms of coexistence between the members of the Romanian rural communities were coordinated by the church and lay courts on the basis of some customs and habits transmitted from generation to generation. The church, by its representatives, priests, was able to guide and control application of the rules of Christian coexistence, to give forgiveness of punishments. Based on some documents, the authors present ways of choosing the village priests, the material and moral rights and obligations in the village communities as well as the duties of believers. Concerning the lay authorities of judgements, there are presented ways of choosing their members, before and after the abolition of serfdom, the causes under the judgement and the punishments.
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BENDA, V. N. y E. A. LEONOV. "RESERVE AND RESERVE TROOPS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE NEW ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY AFTER THE REFORM OF 1874". History and Modern Perspectives 6, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2024): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2024-6-1-33-41.
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The article deals with the recruitment system of the Russian army after the unsuccessful Crimean War, which revealed its shortcomings. It is shown that the recruitment reforms that began after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, as well as the reforms in the army as a whole, had as their main goal the transformation of the domestic armed forces into a modern mass army. The emphasis is placed on the fact that after the introduction of universal military service in 1874, conditions were created for the formation of the required mobilization reserve, which proved its effectiveness in practice. It is concluded that due to the implementation in practice of important transformations of the military organization, one of the main tasks of reforming the army has been solved - the creation of a modern mass army. Previously unknown archival and other little-studied sources and literature are being introduced into scientific circulation.
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Voronov, Ivan. "M.N. Muravyov’s Administrative Reform in the Ministry of State Properties (1859–1861)". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 4 (25 de diciembre de 2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2023-0-4-21-29.
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The article is devoted to the reorganization of the Ministry of State Properties in 1859–1861 resulting from a series of transformations, united by the concept of M.N. Muravyov’s administrative reforms. In the context of the preparations for the serfdom abolition, previously unknown aspects of administrative reform are revealed, clarifi ed and rethought. The author identifi es three stages of administrative reform of the Ministry of State Properties. The fi rst stage included reorganization of the internal structure of the department, such as amalgamation of the Second and Agriculture departments. The second stage involved disposal of non-core structures, such as the Department of Ship Scaffolding, and reorganization of the Forestry Department. The third stage envisaged separation of the departments of the Second and Agriculture. The author pays particular attention to the attitude towards the reform of the department's bureaucracy, the liquidation of the Ship's Scaffolding Department and the transformation of the Forestry Department.
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Albrecht, Catherine. "Rural Banks and Czech Nationalism in Bohemia, 1848–1914". Agricultural History 78, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2004): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.3.317.
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Abstract Rural credit in the Bohemian crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy became available on a wide scale only after the abolition of serfdom in 1848. Although organized to serve municipal interests, savings banks and Schulze-Delitzsch credit cooperatives initially provided rural credit, primarily in the form of mortgage loans. Such local financial institutions embraced a social mission of aiding the poor and promoting small producers, while seeking to encourage economic modernization and Czech national revival. Strengthening the economic position of small agricultural producers fit in with both the socioeconomic and national motives of local financial institutions in the 1860s and 1870s. With the agricultural depression of the 1880s, however, agrarian leaders criticized credit cooperatives and savings banks for promoting urban interests over those of their rural customers, and new financial institutions, particularly Raiffeisen-type cooperatives, were founded in the 1890s and 1900s to better meet the credit needs of small farmers. These new cooperatives contributed to the growing political and economic integration of the peasantry into the Czech national life.
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PILINKAITE-SOTIROVIC, VILANA. "Relationships between generations in post-Emancipation Lithuania (1864–1904)". Continuity and Change 20, n.º 1 (mayo de 2005): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416004005351.
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One of the most powerful influences on modern peasant studies has been Chayanov's notion that the peasant farm household balanced the labour efforts of a household and its consumer demands. As a result, peasant households have been seen as autarchic units of production and consumption, and peasant strategies were held to be designed to preserve the common enterprise in which everyone was expected to work and pool resources, and to maintain the integrity of the original holding, of which all family members were expected to receive an equal share. This article focuses on familial strategies of Lithuanian peasants after the abolition of serfdom in the second half of the nineteenth century and argues that the strategies of different generations were shaped by a multiplicity of dependencies, a constant reshuffle of resources and the maximum utilization of land and labour. Examination of the pattern of generational turnover and of the working arrangements between parents and adult children suggests that relationships between the generations were built on reciprocity and that co-operation or some other mutual help was essential in the post-emancipation village.
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Kotov, P. P. y A. V. Rozhina. "THE COMPOSITION OF THE BRETHREN IN THE ORTHODOX MONASTERIES OF THE VOLOGDA PROVINCE IN THE 1860s - 1917". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, n.º 6 (23 de diciembre de 2022): 1197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-6-1197-1208.
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After the abolition of serfdom in Russia, the composition of Orthodox monasteries radically changed due to the arrival of immigrants from the peasant class, who began to make up more than half of the monastics in the monasteries of the Vologda province. At the same time, in some monasteries of the province there was a decrease in the number of residents, in others - a kind of stabilization of the monastic community. In some monasteries, especially in women’s monasteries, there was an increase in the number of inhabitants. However, in the 1860s - 1917 in the main male regular monasteries of the Vologda province, the number of residents was below the established standards. On the other hand, during the time there was a clear “aging” of male monasticism in the province, while the age characteristics of those who lived in female monasteries were multidirectional. Clear positive trends in the number of monks and sisters and their age indicators were observed in the new cenobitic monasteries - in the Ulyanovsk Trinity-Stefanovsky male and Kyltovsky Holy Cross female monasteries.
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Omel'chenko, Nikolai Alekseevich, Dmitrii Vladimirovich Kovalev y Nina Akopovna Kazarova. "Trends and dynamics of modernization changes in the agrarian system of post-reform Russia". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 2 (febrero de 2024): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2024.2.69910.
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The subject of this article is the agrarian policy of Russia, conducted after the abolition of serfdom. Specifically, we are talking about the modernization of agriculture in Russia at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. It is no secret that, despite the lingering remnants of feudal-serfdom relations, the peasant reform of 1861 gave a noticeable impetus not only to the development of agriculture, but also to the economic development of Russia as a whole for several decades. The object of the study is the analysis of the state of agriculture in Russia, the level of development of which largely determined the state of the economy as a whole. The authors place special emphasis on the comparison of the American and Prussian ways of developing the agrarian system, as well as on the analysis of P.A. Stolypin's policy. The article presents two ways of developing the agrarian system – the Prussian and the American. If the Prussian way was typical for Russian agriculture in the first two decades after 1861, the American way became a reality in the early twentieth century. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that in modern historiography there is no consensus on the question of the correlation of types of agrarian evolution in Russia. In the "old", serf-like areas, of course, the "Prussian" way of development prevailed. The "American" way of developing capitalism in rural areas, or rather, its potential, has become a historical reality where the level of development of landed proprietorship was low or it was absent as such. Despite the fact that the reforms initiated by P. A. Stolypin were curtailed, the trace of Stolypin's evolution of peasant farming on capitalist principles turned out to be quite noticeable in the agrarian policy of some regions. So, in those provinces where the remnants of serfdom did not have a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the village, there was a lot of free land and there was an active process of colonization, the colonists created separate farms. Modernization was actively underway in these regions: the most developed, mature forms of capitalism in agriculture emerged – using large capital, mass wage labor and improved tools and machines. It is no coincidence that after 1917, bran and farmsteads often existed until complete collectivization.
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Sultana, Zakia. "Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures". European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, n.º 2 (10 de junio de 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p189-197.
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform and the abolition of serfdom. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was the Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. The social structure of France changed little under the First Empire. It remained roughly what the Revolution had made it: a great mass of peasants comprising three-fourths of the population—about half of them works owners of their farms or sharecroppers and the other half with too little land for their own subsistence and hiring themselves out as laborers. Industry, stimulated by the war and the blockade of English goods, made remarkable progress in northern and eastern France, whence exports could be sent to central Europe; but it declined in the south and west because of the closing of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The great migrations from rural areas toward industry in the towns began only after 1815. The nobility would probably have declined more swiftly if Napoleon had not restored it, but it could never recover its former privileges. Finally we can say that many of the territories occupied by Napoleon during his Empire began to feel a new sense of nationalism.
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Verbova, Oksana. "Forming of the institutional field of economic selfidentification Ukrainians at the conditions of Austria-Hungary empire". Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, n.º 52 (2019): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.121.
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The article explores the institutional conditions of the development of the national household in the West Ukrainian land as part of Austria-Hungary. Outlined the actuality of the national tradition of economic self-realization and self-identification in the crisis conditions of modern Ukraine. Pointed out the complex process of searching of the ways of stimulating the development of a modern national market economy that is required to create forming a new economic mentality of Ukrainians, educated on the values of the national tradition of economic self-identification. The essence of the modernization changes of the institutional field with the entry of Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia into the Austrian Empire at the end of the eighteenth century is revealed. In particular, the judicial reforms of Empress Maria Theresa during 1768–1776 were analyzed, which led to changes primarily in the field of formal rules of the game. The institutional changes in the fiscal sphere that became important for market development are revealed. The influence of the laws of Joseph II, which for the first time affirmed the status of a subject of law for the peasant, was substantiated. The significance of the Patent of Joseph II of April 5, 1782, which abolished serfdom as a personal dependence of the peasants on the landowners, was proved, as well as that of the Urban Patent of February 10, 1789, on the abolition of the serfdom and its replacement by money tax. The role of the Josephine peasant reforms in the formation of a new institutional field of national identity, social capital, and economic self-organization is substantiated. It is established that the decrees of Joseph II (1780–1787) on the introduction of public spies created the ground for the formation of proto-civil society. The events of the "spring of peoples" and the abolition of the cornice in 1848 were characterized, which became an important stage of the institutional maturation of the basis of the national economic movement. Attention is given to the significance of the law modernization of September 7, 1848 on the elimination of the personal dependence of peasants on the former owners and granting them the rights of citizens. The author covers the formation of wealthy peasants at the expense of the parceling of the landownership, whose owners were not able to properly manage in market conditions. The conclusion is formulated about the importance of the national tradition of economic self-identification of Ukrainians in the conditions of the Austro-Hungarian Empire for the modern strategy of economic development of the Ukrainian state.
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Ovchinina, Irina A. "“This… is written for pundits” (Alexander Ostrovsky’s play “It's Not All Shrovetide for the Cat”)". Vestnik of Kostroma State University 26, n.º 4 (28 de enero de 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-4-83-88.
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The article considers some specific artistic features of Alexander Ostrovsky’s play “It's Not All Shrovetide for the Cat”. Special attention is paid to the character of the conflict and to the peculiarities of the drama action development. In this connection some new things in the poetics and the system of personages are underlined, and this refutes the existing critical opinion that Alexander Ostrovsky repeats himself in his themes and images, that the play manifests the recline of the playwright’s talent. First and foremost, the article pays attention to the fact how the play reflects the Russian mode of life, morals and manners after the Serfdom Abolition reform when freedom of thought is displayed by common uneducated people who are striving for their human happiness. Comic situations in the scenes from Moscow life “It's Not All Shrovetide for the Cat” as well as in other Alexander Ostrovsky’s plays go with uneasy, dramatic in their essence moments and the combination is absolutely organic. The article points to the play’s pronounced theatricality and also to the role of those personages who do not appear on the stage directly but act in the situations which happen beyond the stage limits.
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Veremenko, Valentina y Samarina Lubov. "Male Servants in Russia in the Second Half of the 19th – at the Beginning of the 20th Century: from Domestics to Workmen’s Cooperative Association". Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.5460.
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The article analyzes the changes occurred as a result of the abolition of serfdom in the position of persons who were in service. Status and responsibilities of male domestics is characterized, attention is drawn to the patriarchal-family nature of relationships between masters and servants. In the post-reform period owners were more interested in cheapness and lack of specialization of domestic servants, which resulted in a significant reduction of the male part of it. At the same time, it was impossible to completely abandon the services of male employees. As a result, there was a need to hire these people for temporary work. For the male servants considerable benefits were provided by formation of comradely associations, artels, functioning in accordance with their charters. This system, unlike personal hiring, has changed the functions and status of each employee. The level of responsibility has risen, financial obligations have appeared, but also guarantees emerged: for customers guarantees of high-quality performance of work, for performers guaranteed payment, clearly defined amount of work, protection of honor and dignity. A new form of social production has formed – the service industry.
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Ugryumova, M. V. "ZEMSTVO REFORM IN RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND ZEMSTVO MOVEMENT IN TOBOLSK GOVERNORATE". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/19-3/15.
Texto completoResumen
The article addresses the Zemstvo Reform of 1864 and the Zemstvo Counterreform of 1890 in Russian Empire, in particular, the features and conditions of zemstvo introduction and implementation, including population density and educational requirements, remoteness of territories from central cities and their proximity to the state borders. It is shown that Siberia received zemstvo neither during the reform period, nor during the counter-reform period due to the lack of population that would want a compensation for the losses incurred by the abolition of serfdom. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the movement for introduction of zemstvo in the Tobolsk governorate. The law-making activity of the State Duma deputies was closely considered since Siberian deputies stirred the zemstvo question. Proposals on introduction of zemstvos by prominent deputies of the Tobolsk governorate N.L. Skalozubov, N.A. Ushakov, I.Ya. Ufimtsev and Governor A.P. Lappa-Starzhenetsky are given for reference. Today, the historical experience in local self-government in the conditions of constantly evolving local authority setup is interesting to historians, office holders, public servants and analysts alike, which explains the relevance of the study.