Artículos de revistas: "Abiotic inducers"

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Roatti, Benedetta, Michele Perazzolli, Cesare Gessler y Ilaria Pertot. "Abiotic Stresses Affect Trichoderma harzianum T39-Induced Resistance to Downy Mildew in Grapevine". Phytopathology® 103, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2013): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-13-0040-r.

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Enhancement of plant defense through the application of resistance inducers seems a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling crop diseases but the efficacy can be affected by abiotic factors in the field. Plants respond to abiotic stresses with hormonal signals that may interfere with the mechanisms of induced systemic resistance (ISR) to pathogens. In this study, we exposed grapevines to heat, drought, or both to investigate the effects of abiotic stresses on grapevine resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) to downy mildew. Whereas the efficacy of T39-induced resistance was not affected by exposure to heat or drought, it was significantly reduced by combined abiotic stresses. Decrease of leaf water potential and upregulation of heat-stress markers confirmed that plants reacted to abiotic stresses. Basal expression of defense-related genes and their upregulation during T39-induced resistance were attenuated by abiotic stresses, in agreement with the reduced efficacy of T39. The evidence reported here suggests that exposure of crops to abiotic stress should be carefully considered to optimize the use of resistance inducers, especially in view of future global climate changes. Expression analysis of ISR marker genes could be helpful to identify when plants are responding to abiotic stresses, in order to optimize treatments with resistance inducers in field.

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Ahmed, Hamada F. A., Sameh Elnaggar, Gomaa A. Abdel-Wahed, Ragab S. Taha, Awais Ahmad, Wadei A. Al-Selwey, Hoda M. H. Ahmed, Naeem Khan y Mahmoud F. Seleiman. "Induction of Systemic Resistance in Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. to Control Root Rot and Wilt Diseases Using Biotic and Abiotic Inducers". Biology 12, n.º 6 (30 de mayo de 2023): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12060789.

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The possibility of inducing systemic resistance in roselle against root rot and wilt diseases was investigated using biotic and abiotic inducers. The biotic inducers included three biocontrol agents (i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma asperellum) and two biofertilizers (i.e., microbein and mycorrhizeen), while the abiotic inducers included three chemical materials (i.e., ascorbic acid, potassium silicate, and salicylic acid). In addition, preliminary in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the tested inducers on the growth of pathogenic fungi. The results show that G. catenulatum was the most efficient biocontrol agent. It reduced the linear growth of Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and Macrophomina phaseolina by 76.1, 73.4, and 73.2%, respectively, followed by B. subtilis by 71.4, 69, and 68.3%, respectively. Similarly, potassium silicate was the most effective chemical inducer followed by salicylic acid, each at 2000 ppm. They reduced the linear growth of F. solani by 62.3 and 55.7%; M. phaseolina by 60.7 and 53.1%; and F. oxysporum by 60.3 and 53%, respectively. In the greenhouse, all inducers applied as a seed treatment and/or foliar spray strongly limited the development of root rot and wilt diseases. In this regard, G. catenulatum, at 1 × 109 CFU mL−1, achieved the highest values of disease control, followed by B. subtilis; while T. asperellum, at 1 × 105 CFU mL−1, recorded the lowest values. In addition, the plants treated with potassium silicate followed by salicylic acid, each at 4 g/L, recorded the highest disease control compared to ascorbic acid at 1 g/L, which had the lowest values. The mixture of mycorrhizeen + microbein (at 10 g/kg seeds) was the most effective compared to either of them alone. All treatments, applied alone or in combination in the field, significantly reduced the incidence of diseases. The most effective treatments were a mixture of G. catenulatum (Gc) + Bacillus subtilis (Bs) + Trichoderma asperellum (Ta); a mixture of ascorbic acid (AA) + potassium silicate (PS) + and salicylic (SA); G. catenulatum; potassium silicate; and a mixture of mycorrhizeen + microbein. Rhizolix T had the highest disease-reducing efficacy. In response to the treatments, significant improvements in growth and yield, changes in biochemicals, and increased activities of defense enzymes were achieved. This research points to the activity of some biotic and abiotic inducers that can play a vital role in managing the root rot and wilt of roselle through the induction of systemic plant resistance.

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Silva, Raquel Maria da, Edcleyton José de Lima, Maria Alane Pereira Barbosa, Wellington Leal dos Santos, Edson Flávio Teixeira da Silva, Cesar Auguste Badji, Cristina Maria de Souza-Motta, João Tiago Correia Oliveira y Keila Aparecida Moreira. "Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in genotypes of Opuntia spp. against artificial infestation of Dactylopius opuntiae submitted to biotic and abiotic resistance inducers". Research, Society and Development 10, n.º 5 (11 de mayo de 2021): e41610515106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.15106.

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Products of biotic and abiotic origin are being investigated for use in pest management, many of these substances can act as resistance inducers, which induces the metabolism of enzymes involved in defense mechanisms. There is a search for efficient and alternative ways of controlling carmine cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell), the main pest of forage palm (Opuntia spp) in Northeast Brazil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the application of biotic and abiotic inducers on the palms to induce resistance through the activity of the antioxidant enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco, using an Completely Randomized Design (CRD), distributed in a factorial scheme (3x8x3) with three Opuntia genotypes, eight treatments: Trichoderma viride URM 6824, Trichoderma viride URM 6823, Aureobasidium pullulans URM 6874, salicylic acid, chitosan, amino butyric acid, distilled water with the insect (positive control), distilled water without the insect (negative control), with three collection periods and four repetitions. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), the means being compared by the Scott-Knott test at the level of 5% probability (p <0.05) and by orthogonal contrasts. The biological inducers T. viride URM 6824 and T. viride URM 6823 as well amino butyric acid influenced the increase in the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase. This result demonstrates the potential for use in alternative management, and future studies are needed to deepen the applicability in field conditions.

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Czerwoniec, Patrycja. "New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines". Open Chemistry 20, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 1591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0261.

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Abstract The novel and revolutionary approach to plant protection presented in this work, based on the preparation of bifunctional salts of a plant resistance inducer combined with a polyamine cation, may become a potential solution in the future for reducing the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses to which the plant is exposed. This study presents the synthesis, physical properties, phytotoxicity, and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induction efficacy of new salts composed of the anion of plant resistance inducers and N,N,N,N′,N′,N′-hexamethylpropane-1,3-diammonium cation (5 salts), N,N,N,N′,N′,N′-hexamethyl-butane-1,4-diammonium cation (5 salts), spermidine salicylate, and spermine salicylate. SAR induction efficiency tests were performed on tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi, infected with the tobacco mosaic virus.

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Saberi Riseh, Roohallah, Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani, Marzieh Ebrahimi-Zarandi y Yury A. Skorik. "Alginate-Induced Disease Resistance in Plants". Polymers 14, n.º 4 (9 de febrero de 2022): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040661.

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Plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses; therefore, survival under these conditions requires a sophisticated defense system. The activation of defense responses and related signals in plants is regulated mainly by the hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. Resistance to pathogen infection can be induced in plants by various biotic and abiotic agents. For many years, the use of abiotic plant resistance inducers has been considered in integrated disease management programs. Recently, natural inducer compounds, such as alginates, have become a focus of interest due to their environmentally friendly nature and their ability to stimulate plant defense mechanisms and enhance growth. Polysaccharides and the oligosaccharides derived from them are examples of eco-compatible compounds that can enhance plant growth while also inducing plant resistance against pathogens and triggering the expression of the salicylic acid-dependent defense pathway.

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Campos Neto, Jose R. M., Leonardo de J. M. G. de Oliveira, Nathalia B. Diniz, Ivaneide de O. Nascimento y Antonia Alice C. Rodrigues. "Abiotic Compounds as Inducers of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Tomatoes". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, n.º 9 (13 de agosto de 2018): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n9p373.

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To study the effects of resistance inducers used to control fusarium wilt in tomatoes due to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. lycopersici, we evaluated the effects of ASM (acibenzolar-S-methyl), Agro-Mos, chitosan, Biopirol and neem oil on F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici mycelial growth and sporulation and systemic resistance in tomatoes. In vitro experiments comprised evaluations of the products’ effects on the mycelial growth and sporulation of the PDA (potato dextrose agar) growth medium-cultured pathogen. In vivo experiments included product application to tomato plants of the Santa Cruz cultivar that were grown for 25 days on autoclaved soil, followed by determinations of disease severity and peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and Beta-1,3-glucanase enzyme activity levels, which are related to the process of resistance induction. Pathogen inoculation occurred after 5 days at a concentration of 106 conidia/mL. We evaluated the disease according to a rating scale. Enzymatic activity was determined according to specific protocols. Neem oil controlled pathogen mycelial growth and sporulation, while ASM influenced sporulation. The products reduced the severity of wilt in the plants. We highlight neem oil, Agro-Mos and Biopirol due to their ability to induce significant peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and Beta-1,3-glucanase expression, respectively.

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Walters, Dale, David Walsh, Adrian Newton y Gary Lyon. "Induced Resistance for Plant Disease Control: Maximizing the Efficacy of Resistance Elicitors". Phytopathology® 95, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2005): 1368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1368.

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Plants can be induced to develop enhanced resistance to pathogen infection by treatment with a variety of abiotic and biotic inducers. Biotic inducers include infection by necrotizing pathogens and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and treatment with nonpathogens or cell wall fragments. Abiotic inducers include chemicals which act at various points in the signaling pathways involved in disease resistance, as well as water stress, heat shock, and pH stress. Resistance induced by these agents (resistance elicitors) is broad spectrum and long lasting, but rarely provides complete control of infection, with many resistance elicitors providing between 20 and 85% disease control. There also are many reports of resistance elicitors providing no significant disease control. In the field, expression of induced resistance is likely to be influenced by the environment, genotype, and crop nutrition. Unfortunately, little information is available on the influence of these factors on expression of induced resistance. In order to maximize the efficacy of resistance elicitors, a greater understanding of these interactions is required. It also will be important to determine how induced resistance can best fit into disease control strategies because they are not, and should not be, deployed simply as “safe fungicides”. This, in turn, will require information on the interaction of resistance elicitors with crop management practices such as appropriate-dose fungicide use.

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Lienart, Yvette, Catherine Gautier y Hugues Driguez. "Immobilized sugars as abiotic inducers of β-d-glycanohydrolases in plant cells". Plant Science 68, n.º 2 (enero de 1990): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(90)90225-d.

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Satguru, Prasad Yadav, Prasad Rajendra, Kumar Sonit, Shahid Mohammad, Pandey Sonika, Srivastava Mukesh y Kumar Sunil. "Induction of defense response in Indian mustard against Alternaria blight through abiotic inducers". African Journal of Microbiology Research 9, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2015): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.7222.

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Brini, Faiçal y Walid Saibi. "Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in Brassicaceae plants under abiotic stresses". SDRP Journal of Plant Science 5, n.º 1 (2021): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jps.5.1.ra.10694.

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Brassicaceae plants, as an important source of primary and secondary metabolites, are becoming a research model in plant science. Plants have developed different ways to ward off environmental stress factors. This is lead to the activation of various defense mechanisms resulting in a qualitative and/or quantitative change in plant metabolite production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is being continuously produced in cell during normal cellular processes. Under stress conditions, there are excessive production of ROS causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. Despite their destructive activity, ROS are considered as important secondary messengers of signaling pathway that control metabolic fluxes and a variety of cellular processes. Plant response to environmental stress depends on the delicate equilibrium between ROS production, and their scavenging. This balance of ROS level is required for performing its dual role of acting as a defensive molecule in signaling pathway or a destructive molecule. Efficient scavenging of ROS produced during various environmental stresses requires the action of several non-enzymatic as well as enzymatic antioxidants present in the tissues. In this review, we describe the ROS production and its turnover and the role of ROS as messenger molecules as well as inducers of oxidative damage in Brassicaceae plants. Further, the antioxidant defense mechanisms comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants have been discussed. Keywords: Abiotic stress, Antioxidant defence, Brassicaceae, Oxidative stress, ROS

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M.A. Sharaf, Abd El-Monem, Atef M. Kailla, Mohamed S. Attia y Mohamed M. Nofal. "Induced resistance in tomato plants against root knot nematode using biotic and abiotic inducers". International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS) 3, n.º 11 (4 de noviembre de 2016): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.11.004.

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Melo, Paulo César de, Carolina Figueiredo Collela, Tiago Sousa, Diana Pacheco, João Cotas, Ana M. M. Gonçalves, Kiril Bahcevandziev y Leonel Pereira. "Seaweed-Based Products and Mushroom β-Glucan as Tomato Plant Immunological Inducers". Vaccines 8, n.º 3 (13 de septiembre de 2020): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030524.

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The effects of the abiotic inducers β-glucan, extracted from Shiitake (Lentinula edodes), BFIICaB® (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and BKPSGII® (K. alvarezii X Sargassum sp.) on tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) were evaluated through the activity of enzymes related to the induction of resistance at 5 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI). Tomato plants (21 days old, after germination) were inoculated with the pathogen conidia suspension and sprayed with 0.3% aqueous solutions of the inducers. The activities of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were evaluated in fresh tomato leaves collected at 5 and 10 DAI. In all treatments, peroxidase showed the highest enzymatic activity, followed by β-1,3-glucanase and PAL. Between the seaweeds, the inducers extracted from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (BFIICaB®) promoted the highest enzymatic activity. The exception was BKPSGII® (K. alvarezii X Sargassum sp.) where the influence of Sargassum sp. resulted in higher peroxidase activity (4.48 Δab600 mg P−1 min−1) in the leaves, 10 DAI. Both the red seaweed K. alvarezii and the brown alga Sargassum sp. promoted activities of β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and PAL.

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Wilson, Karun, Ranjitha Dhevi V. Sundar y Sathiavelu Arunachalam. "A Review on the Role of Compost Microbes in the Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants". ECS Transactions 107, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2022): 13723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.13723ecst.

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Abiotic stresses have a tremendous effect on plant growth and development, which in turn affects harvest, quality of food, and global food safety. Under stressful environment, numerous factors like molecular, biochemical, and physiology of plants are being affected. The use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers causes environmental pollutions and degradation of soil fertility. During the stress period, the plant releases certain exudates that can act as a signaling mechanism to alter or create a healthy rhizosphere soil community. The application of compost is a sustainable approach that can help plants tolerate different stress conditions and enhance plant growth as compost encompasses diverse microbial consortia functioning at different temperature segments. This review, summarizes the compost microbiology, its diversity, and functional aspects under stress conditions. This investigates pioneering and current compost research, besides different abiotic stress inducers that can trigger plants to secret exudates to defend the plant life.

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Mehmetoglu, ülkü y Wayne R. Curtis. "Effects of abiotic inducers on sesquiterpene synthesis in hairy root and cell-suspension cultures ofhyoscyomus muticus". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 67, n.º 1-2 (julio de 1997): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02787842.

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Wang, He, Jingjing Li, Qian Yang, Lan Wang, Jing Wang, Yaxin Zhang, Yanjing Guo et al. "Natural 2-Amino-3-Methylhexanoic Acid as Plant Elicitor Inducing Resistance against Temperature Stress and Pathogen Attack". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 10 (20 de mayo de 2022): 5715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105715.

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2-Amino-3-methylhexanoic acid (AMHA) was synthetized as a non-natural amino acid more than 70 years ago; however, its possible function as an inducer of plant resistance has not been reported. Plant resistance inducers, also known as plant elicitors, are becoming a novel and important development direction in crop protection and pest management. We found that free AMHA accumulated in the mycelia but not in fermentation broths of four fungal species, Magnaporthe oryzae and three Alternaria spp. We unequivocally confirmed that AMHA is a naturally occurring endogenous (2S, 3S)-α-amino acid, based on isolation, purification and structural analyses. Further experiments demonstrated that AMHA has potent activity-enhancing resistance against extreme temperature stresses in several plant species. It is also highly active against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases by inducing plant resistance. AMHA pretreatment strongly protected wheat against powdery mildew, Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and tobacco against Tomato spotted wilt virus. AMHA exhibits a great potential to become a unique natural elicitor protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Acharya, Krishnendu, Nilanjan Chakraborty, Arun Kumar Dutta, Swadesh Sarkar y Rupa Acharya. "Signaling role of nitric oxide in the induction of plant defense by exogenous application of abiotic inducers". Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 44, n.º 15 (septiembre de 2011): 1501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2010.507943.

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Yamasaki, Hideo, Masahiro P. Ogura, Katsumi A. Kingjoe y Michael F. Cohen. "d-Cysteine-Induced Rapid Root Abscission in the Water Fern Azolla Pinnata: Implications for the Linkage between d-Amino Acid and Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS) in Plant Environmental Responses". Antioxidants 8, n.º 9 (18 de septiembre de 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090411.

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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) have been proposed as universal signaling molecules in plant stress responses. There are a growing number of studies suggesting that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS) are also involved in plant abiotic as well as biotic stress responses. However, it is still a matter of debate as to how plants utilize those RSS in their signaling cascades. Here, we demonstrate that d-cysteine is a novel candidate for bridging our gap in understanding. In the genus of the tiny water-floating fern Azolla, a rapid root abscission occurs in response to a wide variety of environmental stimuli as well as chemical inducers. We tested five H2S chemical donors, Na2S, GYY4137, 5a, 8l, and 8o, and found that 5a showed a significant abscission activity. Root abscission also occurred with the polysulfides Na2S2, Na2S3, and Na2S4. Rapid root abscission comparable to other known chemical inducers was observed in the presence of d-cysteine, whereas l-cysteine showed no effect. We suggest that d-cysteine is a physiologically relevant substrate to induce root abscission in the water fern Azolla.

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M. I, Abdelgadir. "Expected benefits of administration of tannins extracted from Acacia seyal plants; a biochemical and traditional medicine overview". International Journal of Scientific World 9, n.º 1 (25 de octubre de 2023): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/5ksxnn82.

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This study was focused on expected benefits of administration of tannins extracted from Acacia seyal pants. Tannins have been used throughout history for their pharmacological properties as part of plants and herbs in traditional medicine. Tannins are a heterogeneous group of polyphenols, secondary metabolites in plants synthesized in response to biotic and abiotic stress inducers. The phenolic rings and hydroxyl groups present in their chemical structures confer them antioxidant and protein-binding properties. Study results clearly showed the presence of tannins significantly (p≤0.05) in Acacia seyal plants, compared to control. There are many sources of tannins. Tannins, which are of great importance in traditional medicine can be extracted from numerous trees and small bushes rich in tannins.

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Cataldo, Eleonora, Maddalena Fucile y Giovan Battista Mattii. "Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses". Plants 11, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020162.

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Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs’ implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.

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Tayeh, Christine, Béatrice Randoux, Dorothée Vincent, Natacha Bourdon y Philippe Reignault. "Exogenous Trehalose Induces Defenses in Wheat Before and During a Biotic Stress Caused by Powdery Mildew". Phytopathology® 104, n.º 3 (marzo de 2014): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-13-0191-r.

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Powdery mildew would be one of the most damaging wheat diseases without the extensive use of conventional fungicides. Some of the alternative control strategies currently emerging are based on the use of resistance inducers. The disacharride trehalose (TR) is classically described as an inducer of defenses in plants to abiotic stress. In this work, the elicitor or priming effect of TR was investigated in wheat both before and during a compatible wheat–powdery mildew interaction through molecular, biochemical, and cytological approaches. In noninoculated conditions, TR elicited the expression of genes encoding chitinase (chi, chi1, and chi4 precursor), pathogenesis-related protein 1, as well as oxalate oxidase (oxo). Moreover, lipid metabolism was shown to be altered by TR spraying via the upregulation of lipoxygenase (lox) and lipid-transfer protein (ltp)-encoding gene expression. On the other hand, the protection conferred by TR to wheat against powdery mildew is associated with the induction of two specific defense markers. Indeed, in infectious conditions following TR spraying, upregulations of chi4 precursor and lox gene expression as well as an induction of the LOX activity were observed. These results are also discussed with regard to the impact of TR on the fungal infectious process, which was shown to be stopped at the appressorial germ tube stage. Our findings strongly suggest that TR is a true inducer of wheat defense and resistance, at least toward powdery mildew.

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Urban, Laurent, Félicie Lauri, Douae Ben Hdech y Jawad Aarrouf. "Prospects for Increasing the Efficacy of Plant Resistance Inducers Stimulating Salicylic Acid". Agronomy 12, n.º 12 (12 de diciembre de 2022): 3151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123151.

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Systemic acquired resistance is a powerful mechanism, based on the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, which allows plants to resist to a wide range of pathogens. High SA, moreover, plays a key role in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. It seems, therefore, desirable to supply analogs of SA or stimulate the production of endogenous SA. Unfortunately, the chemical substances or physical means used for this effect often display a variable efficacy. After providing a review of them, we defend three major ideas: (i) plant resistance inducers (PRIs) must be combined for higher efficacy, notably for exploiting synergic effects between the SA and other signaling pathways, (ii) disease pressure can be reduced by exploiting the fungicidal properties displayed by some PRIs, (iii) biostimulants and crop management techniques should be used to ensure that plants have the resources they need to synthesize the compounds and structures required for efficient and lasting resistance. Some PRIs could also be used for their biostimulant effects in stress conditions. It could be concluded that holistic approaches which jointly address the issues of defense and tolerance stimulation, disease pressure and resource availability in plants are the ones that will allow for substantial reduction in fungicide use without sacrificing crop performance.

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Y., Taher, A. Kassab, A. Sobeiha, A. Mahgoob y U. Elkelany. "Induced Cucumber Plant Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita By Certain Biotic and Abiotic Inducers in Relation to Some Biochemical." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology 15, n.º 2 (21 de octubre de 2023): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsz.2023.322135.

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Moreira, Keila Aparecida, João Tiago Correia Oliveira, Euzanyr Gomes da Silva, Alexandre Tavares da Rocha, Erika Valente de Medeiros, Josabete Salgueiro Bezerra de Carvalho y José Romualdo de Sousa Lima. "Resistance induction anthracnose control in pepper plants using acibenzolar-S-methyl". Diversitas Journal 6, n.º 2 (30 de mayo de 2021): 2011–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-journal-v6i2-1767.

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ABSTRACT: The resistance induction becomes an alternative to control microorganisms that attacks like plants. Little is known about the dose and its effect on the enzymatic activities associated with the induction of resistance of pepper plants under anthracnose attack. The objective of this study was to evaluate the severity and to estimate the enzymatic activity of Arcade F1 hybrid peppers infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and submitted to different doses of the abiotic acibenzolar-S-methyl inducer. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with five treatments, four doses of acibenzolar-S-methyl (0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 g.L-1), and the control with distilled water only. The evaluation of leaf severity and collection for enzymatic activity of β-1,3-glucanase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were performed on the 4th, 8th and 12th day after inoculation of the phytopathogen. The application of acibenzolar-S-methyl provided a reduction in anthracnose severity, with an increase in all the enzymatic activities evaluated, but there was no prevalence of a specific dose. However, all doses of the evaluated inducers were able to delay the development of the phytopathogen with elevated activity of one or more antioxidant enzyme. KEYWORDS: Antioxidant enzymes, phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

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Altinok, Hacer H. y Murat Dikilitas. "Antioxydant response to biotic and abiotic inducers for the resistance against fusarium wilt disease in eggplant (solanum melongena l.)". Acta Botanica Croatica 73, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2014): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2013-0014.

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Abstract Acibenzolar-S-methyl as an abiotic plant activator and a non-host isolate of Fusarium oxysporum on eggplant (F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis) as a biotic inducer were applied to eggplant seedlings in order to confer increased resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of eggplant. Acibenzolar-S-methyl and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis were applied 72 h before pathogen inoculation and the development of disease symptoms was assessed with a Fusarium yellow rating at 7th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 21th day after inoculation. Pretreatment of eggplants with Acibenzolar-S-methyl and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt disease. The severity of the disease in positive control plants reached to 92.50% whereas that of acibenzolar-S-methyl and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis-pretreated seedlings of eggplants was only 32.21% and 21.13%, respectively, 21 days after inoculation. Acibenzolar-S- -methyl and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis pretreatments resulted in a hypersensitive reaction and triggered the elaboration of histological barriers such as callose and H2O2 synthesis. In situ studies demonstrated that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and the callose deposition as responses to the pathogen attack started 24 h after inoculation. Acibenzolar- S-methyl and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis-pretreated plants also showed significant increases in the activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes along with the increase of proline and H2O2 content when compared to F. oxysporum f. sp. melongenae-infected plants.

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Barilli, Eleonora, Josefina C. Sillero y Diego Rubiales. "Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Pea against Rust (Uromyces pisi) by Exogenous Application of Biotic and Abiotic Inducers". Journal of Phytopathology 158, n.º 1 (enero de 2010): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01571.x.

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OKUNO, Tetsuro, Masaharu NAKAYAMA, Nobuyuki OKAJIMA y Iwao FURUSAWA. "Systemic Resistance to Downy Mildew and Appearance of Acid Soluble Proteins in Cucumber Leaves Treated with Biotic and Abiotic Inducers." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 57, n.º 2 (1991): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.57.203.

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27

Christ, Urs y Egon Mösinger. "Pathogenesis-related proteins of tomato: I. Induction by Phytophthora infestans and other biotic and abiotic inducers and correlations with resistance". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 35, n.º 1 (julio de 1989): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(89)90007-6.

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Irkitbay, A., Z. B. Sapakhova y M. А. Gabdulov. "IMPACT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND OXALIC ACID ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WHEAT PLANT". Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 63 (2022): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2022.v63.i4.156.

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The issue which affected the quality and availability of wheat is not only abiotic and biotic stresses but also climate change.Approximately, a third of agricultural production is produced through out the use of pesticides. Pesticides have harmful impacts on the crops, beneficial microorganisms and the health of human beings. Thus, alternative or chemical-free methods of plant protection prevent from the risks of causing by chemicals. In this study, in order to gain constant dry weight of root an shoot, shoot and root of wheat at three leaves stage were pulled out from the soil then they are separated. In order to a get constant dry weight shoot and root of wheat in an thermostat set to 100 C for 30 minutes. Immediately after cooling, the plants were weighed on a scale. Salicylic acid rates were 0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM, and the oxalic acid rates were 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mM, which were applied via foliar vs. seed treatments. In this experiment the highest germination percentage observed in 0.50mM SA+0.20mM OA and 0.20Mm OA with 99% and 98% respectively compared to 87.7% germination in the control. When treated with salicylic acid and oxalic acid as chemical inducers by seed treatment or foliar spray, affected growth and yield of wheat (Tables 2-5). These studies can be important for research works which is to the proposed to protect wheat crops from abiotic and biotic stresses

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Cornejo-Corona, Ivette, Hem R. Thapa, Daniel R. Browne, Timothy P. Devarenne y Edmundo Lozoya-Gloria. "Stress responses of the oil-producing green microalgaBotryococcus brauniiRace B". PeerJ 4 (6 de diciembre de 2016): e2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2748.

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Plants react to biotic and abiotic stresses with a variety of responses including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in programmed cell death (PCD). The mechanisms underlying ROS production and PCD have not been well studied in microalgae. Here, we analyzed ROS accumulation, biomass accumulation, and hydrocarbon production in the colony-forming green microalgaBotryococcus brauniiin response to several stress inducers such as NaCl, NaHCO3, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate, and acetic acid. We also identified and cloned a single cDNA for theB. brauniiortholog of theArabidopsisgenedefender against cell death 1(DAD1),a gene that is directly involved in PCD regulation. The function ofB. braunii DAD1was assessed by a complementation assay of the yeast knockout line of theDAD1ortholog, oligosaccharyl transferase 2. Additionally, we found thatDAD1transcription was induced in response to SA at short times. These results suggest thatB. brauniiresponds to stresses by mechanisms similar to those in land plants and other organisms.

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Kang, Lihua, Yangyang Teng, Qiwen Cen, Yunxia Fang, Quanxiang Tian, Xiaoqin Zhang, Hua Wang, Xian Zhang y Dawei Xue. "Genome-Wide Identification of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor and Expression Analysis under Abiotic Stress in Rice". Plants 11, n.º 15 (25 de julio de 2022): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11151928.

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The myeloblastosis (MYB) family comprises a large group of transcription factors (TFs) that has a variety of functions. Among them, the R2R3-MYB type of proteins are the largest group in plants, which are involved in controlling various biological processes such as plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, defense, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, bioinformatics was adopted to conduct genome-wide identification of the R2R3-MYB TFs in rice. We identified 190 MYB TFs (99 R2R3-MYBs), which are unevenly distributed on the 12 chromosomes of rice. Based on the phylogenetic clustering and protein sequence characteristics, OsMYBs were classified into five subgroups, and 59.6% of the Os2R_MYB genes contained two introns. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the 2000 bp upstream region of Os2R_MYB genes showed that all Os2R_MYB genes contained plant hormones-related or stress-responsive elements since 91.9%, 79.8%, 79.8%, and 58.6% of Os2R_MYB genes contain ABRE, TGACG, CGTCA, and MBS motifs, respectively. Protein–protein network analysis showed that the Os2R_MYBs were involved in metabolic process, biosynthetic process, and tissue development. In addition, some genes showed a tissue-specific or developmental-stage-specific expression pattern. Moreover, the transcription levels of 20 Os2R_MYB genes under polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) stress inducers were dissected by qRT-PCR. The results indicated genes with an altered expression upon PEG or CdCl2 stress induction. These results potentially supply a basis for further research on the role that Os2R_MYB genes play in plant development and stress responses.

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Schneider, S. y W. R. Ullrich. "Differential induction of resistance and enhanced enzyme activities in cucumber and tobacco caused by treatment with various abiotic and biotic inducers". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 45, n.º 4 (octubre de 1994): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-5765(05)80060-8.

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Siegrist, J., S. Mühlenbeck y H. Buchenauer. "Cultured parsley cells, a model system for the rapid testing of abiotic and natural substances as inducers of systemic acquired resistance". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 53, n.º 4 (octubre de 1998): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1998.0176.

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Megahed, Allam Arafat, Hassan Mohamed Masoud, Mohamed Salah Eldin Helmy, Mahmoud Aabdel-Aziz Ibrahim, Nehal Samy El-Mougy y Mokhtar Mohamed Abdel-Kader. "Efficiency of Some Abiotic and Biotic Agents on Vicia faba L. Rust and Chocolate Spot Diseases". Plant Protection 7, n.º 3 (27 de diciembre de 2023): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.03.4798.

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A variety of soil- and air-borne pathogens can attack faba bean plants, leading to rust and chocolate spot diseases that seriously affect plant yield. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of certain essential oils as abiotic agents and biotic agents as safe alternatives to fungicides for both diseases. Double foliar applications of these essential oils and biotic agents significantly reduced the development of faba bean rust and chocolate spot incidence. The highest reduction in faba bean rust (92.7%) was achieved after spraying with jojoba oil, followed by 88.9% and 85.3% for grape and bitter orange oils, respectively. Furthermore, biotic inducers such as Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced chocolate spot incidence by 100.0%, followed by a 72.3% reduction with bitter orange, thyme, black seed, and jojoba oils. The second foliar treatment with B. subtilis, T. harzianum, black seed oil, jojoba oil, and chitosan increased faba bean protein contents more than the first treatment. Individual foliar sprays with chitosan and grape oils enhanced catalase (CAT) specific activity, with the highest levels achieved after the first and second foliar applications, respectively. S. cerevisiae and lemongrass oil induced the highest peroxidase (POD) specific activity after both spray applications. Black seed oil induced the highest chitinase (CHIA) specific activity after the first foliar application, while lemongrass oil achieved the highest level after the second spray. The second foliar application of moringa oil, black seed oil, jojoba oil, chitosan, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae stimulated the formation of new protein bands in treated faba bean plants, which were not found after the first application. Therefore, the abiotic and biotic agents used in this study could be considered good and safe alternatives for resistance against these foliar diseases, reducing the harmful effects of synthetic fungicides.

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Moreira, B. R. A., R. S. Viana, L. A. M. Lisboa, P. R. M. Lopes, P. A. M. Figueiredo, S. B. Ramos, C. S. B. Bonini, V. D. R. Trindade, M. G. O. Andrade y A. May. "Jasmonic Acid and K-Phosphite Enhance Productivity and Technological Quality of Sugarcane Crop". Journal of Agricultural Science 11, n.º 14 (31 de agosto de 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n14p254.

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Plant resistance inducers are cost-effective and environmentally pleasing strategies of plant protection to mitigate biotic and abiotic agents threatening food safety and energy security. We, accordingly, present jasmonic acid and k-phosphite as low-cost strategies to enhance productive yield and technological quality of sugarcane crop. Exogenously treatment of the sugarcane variety ‘SP81-3250’ consisted of carrying out foliar application of jasmonic acid at 1, 1.5 and 2 ml L-1 and K-phosphite at 2, 4 and 6 ml L-1 before crop flowering. Interestingly, both systemic phytorregulator and foliar fertilizer at the lowest doses significantly improved contents of total soluble solids and sucrose, as well as productive yield of fermentable sugars. Jasmonic acid could promote growth and development by triggering either non-enzymatic or enzymatic mechanisms in the host self-defense system to support of external stresses, including herbivory by sugarcane-borer. K-phosphite could improve crop performance by not only releasing water-soluble inorganic ions like phosphorus and potash, but also by signaling synthesis of phytoalexins. Purity of cane juice and productivity of stalks sharply decreased, as the doses of the plant-resistance inducers increased. Jasmonic acid and k-phosphite at unbalanced endogenous levels could inhibit physiological ripening and specific enzymatical activity of alkaline invertases and sucrose-phosphate synthase, thereby influencing bioavailability of sucrose. The lower the sucrose content, the poorer the technological quality of sugarcane crop. The conclusion is, therefore, jasmonic acid and K-phosphite at lower doses prove to be effective induced resistance techniques to produce richer feedstock, with potential to produce ethanol fuel and refined sugar in sugar-energy plants.

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Mohamed, H. I. "Influence of some biotic and abiotic inducers on Fusarium wilt disease incidence of lupin (Lupinus albus) on disease resistance and protein pattern". Plant Pathology & Quarantine 2, n.º 2 (2012): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/ppq/2/2/11.

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Murali, Mahadevamurthy, Banu Naziya, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Mohammad N. Alomary, Sami AlYahya, Ahmad Almatroudi, M. C. Thriveni et al. "Bioprospecting of Rhizosphere-Resident Fungi: Their Role and Importance in Sustainable Agriculture". Journal of Fungi 7, n.º 4 (18 de abril de 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040314.

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Rhizosphere-resident fungi that are helpful to plants are generally termed as ‘plant growth promoting fungi’ (PGPF). These fungi are one of the chief sources of the biotic inducers known to give their host plants numerous advantages, and they play a vital role in sustainable agriculture. Today’s biggest challenge is to satisfy the rising demand for crop protection and crop yield without harming the natural ecosystem. Nowadays, PGPF has become an eco-friendly way to improve crop yield by enhancing seed germination, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll production, and fruit yield, etc., either directly or indirectly. The mode of action of these PGPF includes the solubilization and mineralization of the essential micro- and macronutrients needed by plants to regulate the balance for various plant processes. PGPF produce defense-related enzymes, defensive/volatile compounds, and phytohormones that control pathogenic microbes’ growth, thereby assisting the plants in facing various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, this review presents a holistic view of PGPF as efficient natural biofertilizers to improve crop plants’ growth and resistance.

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Saniewski, Marian, Junichi Ueda, Marcin Horbowicz, Kensuke Miyamoto y Jerzy Puchalski. "Gum in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) shoots induced by methyl jasmonate". Acta Agrobotanica 54, n.º 2 (2013): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2001.020.

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It has been well known that some fungal pathogens (<i>Monilia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta</i>), larvae of <i>Grapholita molesta</i> and plant hormone - ethylene, induce gummosis in apricot shoots. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) was also found to induce gummosis in apricot shoots as well as biotic and abiotic factors mentioned above. In order to know the mode of action of JA-Me on gum induction and/or formation, chemical composition of polysaccharides (after hydrolysis) in gums of apricot shoots induced by JA-Me compared with those by ethephon and their mixture, and naturally occurring ones was studied, resulted in the succesful identification of monosaccharides, and the similarity of a composition consisting of xylose, arabinose and galactose at molar ratio 1:10:14, respectively. These results suggest that beside different inducers of gum in apricot the mechanism of polysaccharides biosynthesis of gums is the same or similar. The physiological role for JA-Me on gum induction and/or formation in apricot shoots, and other species are also discussed.

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Heba, I. Mohamed, S. Abd El Rahman Saieda y M. Mazen Mohamed. "Influences of some biotic and abiotic factors on protein production and as inducers of Fusarium wilt disease resistance in lupine (Lupinus albus L.)". African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, n.º 15 (9 de abril de 2013): 1421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.2165.

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Basiony, Adnan, Gomaa Amer, Ahmed El-Kafrawy, Walid El-Orabey y Mohamed Nazim. "Potential of Biotic and Abiotic Inducers of Eliciting Systemic Resistance in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Controlling Rust Caused by Uromyces appendiculatus". Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 51, n.º 2 (27 de agosto de 2023): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejp.2023.224090.1100.

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Umnajkitikorn, Kamolchanok, Mitsutaka Fukudome, Toshiki Uchiumi y Neung Teaumroong. "Elevated Nitrogen Priming Induced Oxinitro-Responses and Water Deficit Tolerance in Rice". Plants 10, n.º 2 (17 de febrero de 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020381.

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Under water deficit conditions, the essential macronutrient nitrogen becomes limited as a result of reduced dissolved nitrogen and root nitrogen uptake. An elevated nitrogen level might be able to mitigate these effects, integrated with the idea of using nitric oxide as abiotic stress tolerant inducers. In this study, we evaluated the potential of using elevated nitrogen priming prior to water shortage to mitigate plant stress through nitric oxide accumulation. We grew rice plants in 300 mg L−1 nitrogen for 10 weeks, then we primed plants with four different nitrogen concentrations: 100, 300 (control), 500 and 1000 mg L−1 nitrogen prior to inducing water deficit conditions. Plants primed with 500 mg L−1 nitrogen possessed a higher photosynthetic rate, relative water content, electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation under water deficit conditions, compared to control plants. The induction of water deficit tolerance was supported with the activation of antioxidant defense system, induced by the accumulation of nitric oxide in leaves and roots of rice plants. We originally demonstrated the accumulation of nitric oxide in leaves of rice plants. The elevated nitrogen priming can be used to enhance water deficit tolerance in irrigated paddy fields, instead of nitric oxide donors.

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Leon, Betsabe, Almendra Astete, Luz Mattos y Enrique Arévalo. "Endophytic mycobiota associated to plants of Vaccinium corymbosum L. in Cañete valley- Perú". Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 39, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2022): e223922. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v39.n1.22.

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Endophytic fungi (EF) are microorganisms that live asymptomatically within plant tissues. They can confer benefits to the plant as inducers of resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic factors, plant growth promoters and mycoparasites of pathogens. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and determine occurrence frequency of endophytic fungi in stems and leaves of blueberry plants collected from ten farms in Lima and Ica Region, Peru. Productive branches of 39 healthy plants were sampled. For the isolation of EF, 702 tissue sections were disinfected and transferred to Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and reproductive structures were induced for identification. A total of 134 EF strains were isolated successfully. Nine genera were identified (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Lasiodiplodia and Stemphylium). EF occurrence frequency varied greatly between organs, being in leaves more frequent than the stems; likewise, the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium were the most frequent and with most colonized in plant tissues, while Aspergillus, Ulocladium and Lasiodiplodia were the least frequent. These strains could be useful to control plant diseases and, therefore, of great interest in sustainable agriculture.

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Adedayo, Afeez Adesina y Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Rhizosphere Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungi Enhance the Growth of Crop Plants". Journal of Fungi 9, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2023): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9020239.

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The fungi species dwelling in the rhizosphere of crop plants, revealing functions that endeavor sustainability of the plants, are commonly referred to as ‘plant-growth-promoting fungi’ (PGPF). They are biotic inducers that provide benefits and carry out important functions in agricultural sustainability. The problem encountered in the agricultural system nowadays is how to meet population demand based on crop yield and protection without putting the environment and human and animal health at risk based on crop production. PGPF including Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus flavus, Actinomucor elegans, Podospora bulbillosa, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc., have proven their ecofriendly nature to ameliorate the production of crops by improving the growth of the shoots and roots of crop plants, the germination of seeds, the production of chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and the abundant production of crops. PGPF’s potential mode of action is as follows: the mineralization of the major and minor elements required to support plants’ growth and productivity. In addition, PGPF produce phytohormones, induced resistance, and defense-related enzymes to inhibit or eradicate the invasion of pathogenic microbes, in other words, to help the plants while encountering stress. This review portrays the potential of PGPF as an effective bioagent to facilitate and promote crop production, plant growth, resistance to disease invasion, and various abiotic stresses.

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WALTERS, D. R. y J. M. FOUNTAINE. "Practical application of induced resistance to plant diseases: an appraisal of effectiveness under field conditions". Journal of Agricultural Science 147, n.º 5 (23 de junio de 2009): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609008806.

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SUMMARYPlants resist pathogen attack through a combination of constitutive and inducible defences. Different types of induced resistance have been defined based on differences in signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs in distal plant parts following localized infection by a necrotizing pathogen. It is controlled by a signalling pathway that depends upon the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the regulatory protein NPR1. In contrast, induced systemic resistance (ISR) is promoted by selected strains of non-pathogenic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). ISR functions independently of SA, but requires NPR1 and is regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET).Resistance can be induced by treatment with a variety of biotic and abiotic inducers. The resistance induced is broad spectrum and can be long-lasting, but is rarely complete, with most inducing agents providing between 0·20 and 0·85 disease control. In the field, expression of induced resistance is likely to be influenced by the environment, genotype, crop nutrition and the extent to which plants are already induced. Unfortunately, understanding of the impact of these influences on the expression of induced resistance is rudimentary. So too is understanding of how best to use induced resistance in practical crop protection. This situation will need to change if induced resistance is to fulfil its potential in crop protection.

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Singh, Hanuman y R. S. Ratnoo. "Induction of Host Resistance with Plant Defense Activators against White Rust of Mustard cv. DRMRIJ-31". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2022): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1103.027.

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Systemic resistance in plants can be induced through biotic or abiotic plant defense inducers. Efficacy of plant defense activators was tested against Albugo candida causing white rust on mustard cv. DRMRIJ-31 under artificial epiphytotic conditions during two consecutive cropping season. The maximum reduction of the size of pustules was found in Metalaxyl at 0.3 % was 56.61 % and minimum reduction over the check was recorded in check followed by ZnSO4 at 0.50 % was 15.27 %. In non-conventional chemicals maximum reduction of size of pustules over the check was observed in salicylic acid at 0.25 % was 45.99 % followed by CaSO4 at 1.00 % was 38.98 %. The significant minimum number of pustules was observed in Metalaxyl at 0.2% was 1.73 pustules/25 mm2 area in rabi season (Table 3). Among non-conventional chemicals salicylic acid at 0.25% was found better over all the treatments and zinc sulphate at 0.50 % was recorded minimum reduction of the disease over the check. Among the bio control agents, both Trichoderma viride at 1.00 % and Pseudomonas fluorescens at 1.00 % were found significantly better over the check. The per cent disease index in all the treatments, Metalaxyl 0.3% found superior with 48.69 per cent disease reduction over the check. Among non-conventional chemicals salicylic acid at 0.25% was found best with 38.41 per cent reduction over the check followed by calcium sulphate at 1.00 % showed disease index (29.91 %), Borax at 0.50 % (23.93 %) and potassium sulphate at 1.00 % (18.88 %).

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Osman, H. A., M. M. A. Youssef, A. Y. El-Gindi, H. H. Ameen, N. A. Abd-Elbary y A. M. S. Lashein. "Effect of abiotic resistance inducers, γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), ascorbic acid and chitosan on certain enzyme activities of eggplant inoculated with root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita". Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 46, n.º 15 (septiembre de 2013): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.779427.

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Bellameche, Fares, Mohammed Abbas Jasim, Brigitte Mauch-Mani y Fabio Mascher. "Histopathological aspects of resistance in wheat to Puccinia triticina, induced by Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 and β-aminobutyric acid". Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, n.º 3 (15 de noviembre de 2021): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13123.

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After perception of specific biotic or abiotic stimuli, such as root colonization by rhizobacteria or selected chemicals, plants can enhance their basal resistance against pathogens. Due to its likely sustainability, this induced resistance will be valuable for disease management in agriculture. This study examined resistance against wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) induced by Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 (CHA0) and β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Seed dressing with CHA0 reduced the number of sporulating pustules on leaves, and expression of resistance was visible as necrotic or chlorotic leaf flecks. Beneficial effect of CHA0 on wheat seedlings growth was observed in when they were challenged or not with leaf rust. BABA was tested at 10, 15 or 20 mM, and a dose-dependent reduction of leaf rust infections was observed with greatest protection at 20 mM. However, BABA treatment repressed plant growth at 20 mM. Balancing the BABA impact on plant growth and its protective capacity, 15 mM of the compound was selected as suitable to protect wheat seedlings against leaf rust, with the least impact on vegetative host growth. Histological aspects of the pathogen infection process was studied to understand mechanisms of behind the observed resistance. The pre-entry process was not affected by the two resistance inducers, but both treatments reduced fungus penetration and haustorium formation. Timing and amplitude of the resistance reactions were different after bacterial or chemical induction, leading to different levels of resistance. During fungal colonization of host tissues, high deposition of callose and accumulation of H2O2 in both CHA0- and BABA-treated plants indicated important contributions to resistance.

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Radchenko, M., I. Ponomareva, I. Pozynych y Ye Morderer. "Stress and use of herbicides in field crops". Agricultural Science and Practice 8, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp8.03.050.

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When herbicides are combined under natural conditions or applied in stress conditions (drought, for instance), the efficiency of their action may decrease which results in considerable yield losses. The reason thereto is that another herbicide or stressor can trigger the adaptation mechanism in weed plants, and they survive, resulting in weed infestation. In particular, it applies to such herbicides as acetyl-CoA-carboxylase inhibitors or so- called graminicides, which are effective only for grass weeds control. The efficiency of this groups of herbi- cides is heavily dependent on the environment and often decreases when combined with herbicides, efficient against dicotyledon weeds. It turns out that this occurs due to the fact their final phytotoxicity is not determined at the level of the site of action (herbicide target) but depends on the stage of herbicide-induced pathogenesis – processes, occurring due to the interaction between the herbicide and its site of action. The stress response of the weeds may make its contribution into herbicide-induced pathogenesis. Plants are known to respond to the action of various abiotic stressors in the form of non-specific stress response and depending on the intensity and duration of the stressor’s action, a plant either adapts or dies. At present there are sufficient data, demonstrating that programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the herbicide-induced pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce PCD in specific classes of herbicides. The participation of ROS and PCD in herbicide-induced pathogenesis allows for targeted effects on the phytotoxic action of herbicides, for instance, via combined application of herbicides with possible PCD inducers and prooxidants. The confirmation of the role of non- specific response in the development of phytotoxic action of herbicides is found in the phenomena of cross- adaptation (activation of antioxidant defense) and cross-synergism (activation of oxidative stress) under the application of herbicides. Based on our own research and literature data, the importance of cross-adaptation and cross-synergism in applying herbicides in drought conditions and to determine the nature of the interac- tion in herbicide complexes is discussed. In particular, the review discusses the reduction of phytotoxicity of the ACCase herbicides due to the phenomenon of cross-adaptation in drought conditions and in combination with herbicides, which are acetolactate synthase inhibitors. The results of investigations were presented about the reduction of antagonism in the mixtures of herbicides, which are ACCase and ALS inhibitors, because of the use of substances with prooxidant properties, as well as the inhibitor of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. On the other hand, we analyzed the possibility of increasing the phytotoxic effect of herbicides, ACCase inhibitors, in combination with herbicides with prooxidant properties – inhibitors of electron transport in Photosystem 2 (FS 2) chloroplasts and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitors. It became the foundation for the elaboration of efficient herbicide compositions for wheat and onion fields. While combining herbicides, the issue of synergism is becoming relevant due to the problem of the spread of target-site resis- tance, since, to prevent this type of resistance, it is necessary to combine herbicides with different mechanisms of phytotoxicity. The presented data demonstrate that the increased activity of antioxidant defense systems, which is the result of a long process of evolutionary adaptation of weeds to the action of abiotic stressors, is an element of non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides. Possible ways to prevent the negative impact of non-specific stress response on the efficiency of herbicides, as well as the prospects of the chemical method of weeds control are discussed.

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Cohen, Y. "Systemic induced resistance". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (1 de enero de 2002): S122—S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10334-pps.

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Biotic and abiotic agents may induce resistance in plants against pathogens. Abiotic agents may be synthetic or natural. The natural, non-protein amino acid BABA (DL-β-aminobutyric acid) induces systemic resistance in crop plants against pathogens. Dry, killed mycelia of Penicillium chrysogenum (DM) induces local resistance in plants against soil-borne pathogens. The activity of BABA and DM are described here in detail. Both products were shown to effectively control plant disease in nature.

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49

Martínez, A. E., A. Landau, P. T. García, G. Polenta, M. C. Arias, R. Murray, N. Pensel y A. R. Prina. "Two Mutants Affecting Adaptative Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Barley Seedlings". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, No. 1 (21 de noviembre de 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3675-cjgpb.

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Two novel mutants which affect the adaptative responses of barley seedlings to different abiotic stresses are described. They allow us to explore some aspects of adaptative phenomena that are little known in higher plants. One of these mutants corresponds to a nuclear gene which under certain circumstances in the wild type barley induces additional ethylene production in the seedling roots. This mechanism seems to be involved in inducing a negative hydrotropic growth of the roots, a phenomenon that we interpret as a response avoiding waterlogging. The other mutant corresponds to a plastid encoded gene which is involved in photosystem I and II stability and, probably, indirectly affects the acclimation of the seedlings to higher temperatures, a fact which seems to occur through the control of unsaturation/saturation levels of the thylakoid membrane fatty acids.  

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50

Ogneva, Zlata V., Andrey R. Suprun, Alexandra S. Dubrovina y Konstantin V. Kiselev. "Effect of 5-azacytidine induced DNA demethylation on abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana". Plant Protection Science 55, No. 2 (17 de febrero de 2019): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/94/2018-pps.

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The effect of 5-azacytidine (5A)-induced DNA hypomethylation on the growth and abiotic stress tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed. Growth analysis revealed that aqueous solutions of 5A added to the soil did not affect the fresh and dry biomass accumulation but led to a higher percentage of flowering A. thaliana plants after four weeks of cultivation. The 5A treatment considerably lowered survival rates of Arabidopsis plants under high soil salinity, heat stress, and drought, while it did not affect the survival rates after freezing stress. 5A eliminated the stimulatory effect of the heat and drought stresses on the transcriptional levels of a number of stress-inducible genes, such as DREB1, LEA, SOS1, or RD29A. A less clear but similar trend has been detected for the effect of 5A on expression of the stress-inducible genes under salt and cold stresses. The data indicate that DNA methylation is an important mechanism regulating plant abiotic stress resistance.

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