Artículos de revistas: "3D foam electrodes"

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Siwek, K. I., S. Eugénio, I. Aldama, J. M. Rojo, J. M. Amarilla, A. P. C. Ribeiro, T. M. Silva y M. F. Montemor. "Tailored 3D Foams Decorated with Nanostructured Manganese Oxide for Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitors". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2022): 020511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4d66.

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Tailored 3D (Ni and NiCo) metallic foam architectures were produced by electrodeposition and decorated via electrochemical routes with manganese oxide (MnOx) to serve as positive electrodes for supercapacitors. For comparative purposes, an electrode made of commercial Ni foam was also prepared. The foam-based electrodes were paired with a carbon cloth electrode and used to assemble asymmetric electrochemical cells. The electrochemical response of these cells was studied by applying different electrochemical techniques. In addition, two different protocols (cycling and floating) were applied to assess cells durability and fade. Despite the significant differences in the decorated foams morphology and structure their electrochemical responses revealed similar trends. The electrodes made of tailored foams showed higher specific capacitance, better capacitance retention at high current load and enhanced cycling stability compared to the electrodes made of commercial foam. The asymmetric cells made with the tailored foams revealed higher (maximum) specific energy (11–14 Wh kg−1) and specific power (1.3–1.4 × 104 W kg−1) compared to cells assembled with commercial foams (8.4 Wh kg−1 and 6.3 × 103 W kg−1). The durability tests evidenced that corrosion of the NiCo electrodeposited foams and electrochemical dissolution of MnOx are possible causes of cells degradation.

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Vainoris, Modestas, Henrikas Cesiulis y Natalia Tsyntsaru. "Metal Foam Electrode as a Cathode for Copper Electrowinning". Coatings 10, n.º 9 (25 de agosto de 2020): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090822.

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The geometry of porous materials is complex, and the determination of the true surface area is important because it affects current density, how certain reactions will progress, their rates, etc. In this work, we have investigated the dependence of the electrochemical deposition of copper coatings on the geometry of the copper substrate (flat plates or 3D foams). Chronoamperometric measurements show that copper deposition occurs 3 times faster on copper foams than on a flat electrode with the same geometric area in the same potential range, making metal foams great electrodes for electrowinning. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the mechanism of copper deposition was determined at various concentrations and potentials, and the capacities of the double electric layer (DL) for both types of electrodes were calculated. The DL capacity on the foam electrodes is up to 14 times higher than that on the plates. From EIS data, it was determined that the charge transfer resistance on the Cu foam electrode is 1.5–1.7 times lower than that on the Cu plate electrode. Therefore, metal foam electrodes are great candidates to be used for processes that are controlled by activation polarization or by the adsorption of intermediate compounds (heterogeneous catalysis) and processes occurring on the entire surface of the electrode.

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Oehm, Jonas, Marc Kamlah y Volker Knoblauch. "Ultra-Thick Cathodes for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Aluminium Foams—Microstructural Evolution during Densification and Its Impact on the Electrochemical Properties". Batteries 9, n.º 6 (31 de mayo de 2023): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060303.

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Using three-dimensional (3D) metal foams as current collectors is considered to be a promising approach to improve the areal specific capacity and meet the demand for increased energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Electrodes with an open-porous metal foam as current collector exhibit a 3D connected electronic network within the active mass, shortening the electron transport pathways and lowering the electrodes’ intrinsic electronic resistance. In this study, NMC622 cathodes using an aluminium foam as current collector with a measured areal capacity of up to 7.6 mAh cm−2 were investigated. To this end, the infiltrated foams were densified to various thicknesses between 200 µm and 400 µm corresponding to an electrode porosity between 65% and 30%. The microstructural analysis reveals (i) the elimination of shrinking cavities and a decrease in the porosity of the infiltrated active mass, (ii) an improved contact of active mass to the current collector structure and (iii) a pronounced clogging of the surface pores. The electrochemical properties such as capacity and rate capability are correlated to the electrode’s microstructure, demonstrating that densification is necessary to improve active material utilization and volumetric capacity. However, strong densification impairs the rate capability caused by increased pore resistance and hindered electrolyte accessibility.

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Ansari, Sajid Ali, Hicham Mahfoz Kotb y Mohamad M. Ahmad. "Wrinkle-Shaped Nickel Sulfide Grown on Three-Dimensional Nickel Foam: A Binder-Free Electrode Designed for High-Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitor Applications". Crystals 12, n.º 6 (25 de mayo de 2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060757.

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Recently, three-dimensional nickel foam (3D-Nf) has been increasingly studied; however, further modifications in nanoscale surface modification are necessary for particular applications. In this work, three-dimensional hierarchically porous nanogranular NiS (NiS-3D-Nf) and wrinkle-shaped NiS (w-NiS-3D-Nf) structures were fabricated directly on nickel foam by a simple one-step solvothermal process using two different solvents. Several characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction pattern, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, were used to characterize the samples’ properties. To prove their applicability, supercapacitor electrodes were tested directly in a three-electrode assembly cell. The resulting w-NiS-3D-Nf electrodes exhibited greater capacitive activity than the NiS-3D-Nf electrodes. The optimized w-NiS-3D-Nf electrodes delivered an excellent specific capacitance of 770 Fg−1, at a current density of 1 Ag−1, compared with the NiS-3D-Nf electrodes (162.0 Fg−1 @ 1 Ag−1), with a cyclic stability of over 92.67% capacitance retention after 2200 cycles. The resultant unique structure with integrated hierarchical three-dimensional configuration can not only enhance abundant accessible surface areas but also produce strong adhesion to the 3D-Nf, facilitating the fast transportation of ions and electrons for the electrochemical reaction via the conductive 3D-Nf. This set of results suggests that the modification of 3D-Nf surfaces with a suitable solvent has highly significant effects on morphology, and ultimately, electrochemical performance. Additionally, the current preparation approach is simple and worthwhile, and thus offers great potential for supercapacitor applications.

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Ferriday, Thomas B., Suhas Nuggehalli Sampathkumar, Peter Hugh Middleton, Jan Van Herle y Mohan Lal Kolhe. "How Acid Washing Nickel Foam Substrates Improves the Efficiency of the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction". Energies 16, n.º 5 (21 de febrero de 2023): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052083.

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Nickel foam substrates are frequently utilised as porous 3D substrates for renewable energy applications. The preparation of these substrates usually includes an acid-washing step, but the degree to which this step affects the final electrochemical performance after spray-coating a catalyst ink is unreported. Herein, we report the effects of acid washing through physicochemical and electrochemical characterisation. The electrochemical performance was determined through repeated measurements of catalyst-coated nickel foam substrates both with and without the initial step of acid washing. It was found that acid washing increased the current density by 17.9% for the acid-treated MoS2-coated nickel foam electrode. This increment was affiliated with an electrochemically active surface area that increased by 11.2%, and a Tafel analysis indicated that the acid-treated MoS2-coated electrodes facilitated the initial water dissociation step of the hydrogen evolution reaction with greater ease. Similar effects were also discovered for acid-treated PtIr(1:3)/C-coated nickel foam substrates. The stability was also improved; the degradation rate was reduced by 18.9% for the acid-treated MoS2-coated electrodes. This demonstrates the utility of acid washing nickel foam electrodes.

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6

Arinova, Anar y Arailym Nurpeissova. "Electrophoretic Deposition of Polyethylene Oxide-Based Gel-Polymer Electrolyte for 3D Lithium-Ion Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 23 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02233280mtgabs.

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Despite the advances made in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) over the last few decades, improved energy and power density is still required for portable devices, transit, and stationary applications [1-3]. Along with developing new materials, optimizing the shape of the battery electrodes is critical for improving the battery performance since the structure of these electrodes has a large impact on ion movement and reaction kinetics. The appeal of 3D structured batteries comes from certain operating features that are not available with conventional 2D geometries. One important feature is the ability to increase areal capacity (mAh cm−2) within a given footprint area of the electrode .Up to today, various methods were employed to coat the foam-type 3D electrodes with polymer or solid-state electrolytes: spin coating, layer-by-layer, and drop coating. Nonetheless, only a number of full-cell operation cases were disclosed, which led to the conclusion that, despite many attempts, drawbacks still exist in solving the homogeneous coating problem of polymer electrolytes. In this work, we report on the simple and facile coating process of polymer electrolyte on the intricate 3D structured NiO@Ni foam anode with the electrophoretic technique. To the best of our knowledge, it was not yet reported in the literature. The conformally coated polymer layer is proven to be very thin and homogeneous without any defects. The NiO@Ni foam/PEO configuration without the use of a commercial separator displayed stable cyclability up to 100 cycles with capacity retention of 88% and coulombic efficiency of 99%. The results are very promising for solving the problem of integrating polymer electrolytes onto any 3D structured anodes. In summary, a facile and simple electrophoretic technique was employed to conformally coat PEO gel-polymer electrolyte onto foam-type NiO/Ni anode for LIBs for the first time. Two electrodes of NiO/Ni foam as a working electrode and Pt metal as a counter electrode were used for the EPD process. Where the PEO solution acted as an electrolyte and, in the end, formed on the NiO/Ni foam surface. Through investigating various layers of PEO, it was concluded that the method allowed obtaining homogeneous thin films of around 2.66 μm for optimal 10 layers, which were free of cracks and defects. The electrochemical performance of the gel-polymer electrolyte PEO with commercially available liquid electrolyte 1M LiPF6 electrolyte solution in EC/EMC/DC was comparable to the traditional separator when used without it in a half-cell with lithium. The cycling stability results displayed an outstanding performance for the PEO electrolyte, delivering a capacity of 406 mAh g-1 at a 0.1 C rate after the 100th cycle. The stability of the formed PEO on the surface of the anode was demonstrated by FTIR analysis after 100 cycles. The stated simple approach allowed a cell operation at room temperature without a commercial separator, which is an excellent result for further developing high-energy-density full 3D batteries.

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Kim, Kookhan, Ji-Yong Eom, Jongmin Kim y Yang Soo Kim. "3D Lithium-Metal Anode for High-Energy Lithium-Metal Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, n.º 7 (22 de noviembre de 2024): 947. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-027947mtgabs.

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Lithium metal is often regarded as the ultimate anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its superior specific capacity (3,860 mAh g-1) and density (0.534 g cm-3). However, the real-world application of Li-metal electrodes is presently hindered by unregulated Li-plating and stripping, leading to unwanted dendritic growth and significant volume change during cycles. To overcome these challenges, we suggest a three-dimensional (3D) Li-metal anode, which incorporates 3D Ni foam as a current collector through a molten Li impregnation process. Our theoretical simulations and experimental results show that this 3D Li-metal electrode establishes an extensive contact area between the active Li metal and the current collector. This is advantageous in enhancing the reversibility by lowering the overpotential for Li-plating and stripping and suppressing the dendritic growth of Li during charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, the 3D Ni foam framework effectively mitigates dimensional change of the Li-metal electrode. For practical applications, we evaluate the viability of the 3D Li-metal electrode in a full-cell in comparison to a traditional 2D Li-metal electrode. We anticipate that our findings will contribute to the development of advanced Li-metal batteries.

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8

Sliozberg, Kirill, Yauhen Aniskevich, Ugur Kayran, Justus Masa y Wolfgang Schuhmann. "CoFe–OH Double Hydroxide Films Electrodeposited on Ni-Foam as Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, n.º 5 (26 de mayo de 2020): 995–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-1466.

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AbstractCobalt-iron double hydroxide (CoFe–OH) films were electrochemically deposited on 3D Ni foam electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The dependence of the OER activity on film composition and thickness was evaluated, which revealed an optimal Fe:Co ratio of about 1:2.33. The composition of the catalyst film was observed to vary with film thickness. The electrodeposition parameters were carefully controlled to yield microstructured Ni-foam decorated with CoFe–OH films of controlled thickness and composition. The most active electrode exhibited an overpotential as low as 360 mV OER at an industrial scale current density of 400 mA cm−2 that remained stable for at least 320 h. This work contributes towards the fabrication of practical electrodes with the focus on the development of stable electrodes for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution at high current densities.

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9

Nawaz, Bushra, Ghulam Ali, Muhammad Obaid Ullah, Sarish Rehman y Fazal Abbas. "Investigation of the Electrochemical Properties of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 as Binder-Based and Binder-Free Electrodes of Supercapacitors". Energies 14, n.º 11 (4 de junio de 2021): 3297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113297.

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In this work, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 is synthesized as binder-based (NZF) and binder-free electrodes (NZF@NF). The binder-free electrode is directly synthesized on nickel foam via facile hydrothermal techniques. The crystalline phase of both of these electrodes is examined through X-ray diffraction. Their morphology is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed the well-defined nanostructure with the shape like thin hexagonal platelets. The chemical composition is verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Their electrochemical properties are analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The NZF@NF electrode has outperformed the binder-based NZF electrode in terms of electrochemical performance owing to the 3D interconnected structure of the nickel foam. The NZF@NF electrode has delivered a high specific capacity of 504 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1, while its counterpart has delivered a specific capacity of 151 F g−1 at the same current density.

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10

Cheng, Guanhua, Qingguo Bai, Conghui Si, Wanfeng Yang, Chaoqun Dong, Hao Wang, Yulai Gao y Zhonghua Zhang. "Nickel oxide nanopetal-decorated 3D nickel network with enhanced pseudocapacitive properties". RSC Advances 5, n.º 20 (2015): 15042–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15556d.

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11

Chaudhari, Nitin K., Haneul Jin, Byeongyoon Kim y Kwangyeol Lee. "Nanostructured materials on 3D nickel foam as electrocatalysts for water splitting". Nanoscale 9, n.º 34 (2017): 12231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr04187j.

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12

Yang, Wanfeng, Guanhua Cheng, Chaoqun Dong, Qingguo Bai, Xiaoting Chen, Zhangquan Peng y Zhonghua Zhang. "NiO nanorod array anchored Ni foam as a binder-free anode for high-rate lithium ion batteries". J. Mater. Chem. A 2, n.º 47 (2014): 20022–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04809a.

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13

Yadavalli, SIVA RAM PRASAD, Aravind Kumar Chandiran y Raghuram Chetty. "Electrochemically Deposited Tin on High Surface Area Copper Foam for Enhanced Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂ to Formic Acid". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 55 (7 de julio de 2022): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552306mtgabs.

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Conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels has received widespread attention as a way to tackle the increased CO2 emissions (Gattrell, Gupta and Co, 2006) and this also resulted in a reduction of dependence on fossil fuels . There are different techniques for CO2 conversion to value-added products, where electrochemical reduction (ECR) of carbon dioxide into chemical fuels is identified as a promising way since energy efficiency is high and the products, especially the chemical fuels can be readily stored. Among the variety of metallic electrodes, especially transition metals investigated for activity towards ECR of CO2, tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), Indium (In) were found to be selective towards formic acid production. However, it was found that these metals show a low catalytic activity. To enhance the performance of CO2 reduction, three dimensional (3D) porous foam structured catalysts can be employed by increasing the active surface area. These 3D porous foam structures of metallic catalyst can be achieved by electrodeposition process by tuning the deposition parameters such that the evolving hydrogen during deposition can act as a dynamic template to fabricate 3D metal deposit structures with high surface areas (Shin, Dong and Liu, 2003). In this work, a 3D foam of copper is electrochemically deposited onto Cu foil (f-Cu) and Cu mesh (f-Cu mesh). Further, the deposition parameters for the electrodeposition of Sn on 3D Cu foam (Sn/f-Cu) were optimized to investigate the activity towards the ECR of CO2. SEM and EDX technique were employed for the physical characterization of the electrodes, while the produced formic acid from the reactions was quantified using ion chromatography. The results indicated that Sn/f-Cu mesh electrode showed better performance for ECR of CO2 to formic acid compared to Sn deposited copper foil (Sn/Cu) and bare copper foam. It was observed that Sn/f-Cu mesh achieved 83 % maximum faradaic efficiency at -1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. However, a highest rate of formic acid production of 350 µmol/hr.cm2 was achieved at -1.8 V vs Ag/AgCl which is nearly seven times higher than Sn/Cu at the same potential. A similar analysis is going to be performed with the other formic acid selective catalysts like Bi/f-Cu mesh and In/f-Cu mesh. Based on the above analysis on faradaic efficiency against various electrodes, an optimized electrode will be identified and used in scaled-up electrolyser for CO2 reduction. References Gattrell, M., Gupta, N. and Co, A. (2006) ‘A review of the aqueous electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons at copper’, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, pp. 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.05.013. Shin, H. C., Dong, J. and Liu, M. (2003) ‘Nanoporous Structures Prepared by an Electrochemical Deposition Process’, Advanced Materials, 15(19), pp. 1610–1614. doi: 10.1002/adma.200305160.

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14

Li, Ruiqing, Chenyang Xu, Xiangfen Jiang, Yoshio Bando y Xuebin Wang. "Porous Monolithic Electrode of Ni3FeN on 3D Graphene for Efficient Oxygen Evolution". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2020): 5175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18535.

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Developing high-performance nonprecious electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great importance, but it remains a challenge. In this paper, we synthesize a porous monolithic catalytic electrode, which is transition metal nitride, Ni3FeN, constructed on a 3D network-like support of the strutted graphene foam (Ni3FeN/SG). The obtained Ni3FeN/SG electrode shows the excellent catalytic activity and the durability for OER in alkaline solution, owing to iron incorporation, high electrical conductivity and 3D network-like structure of strutted graphene. It requires small overpotential (226 mV) to actuate 10 mA cm−2, superior to most recently developed catalysts and commercial RuO2. The fabrication strategy provides a substantial way to expand 3D porous monolithic electrodes for various electrocatalytic applications.

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Syah, Rahmad, Awais Ahmad, Afshin Davarpanah, Marischa Elveny, Dadan Ramdan, Munirah D. Albaqami y Mohamed Ouladsmane. "Incorporation of Bi2O3 Residuals with Metallic Bi as High Performance Electrocatalyst toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction". Catalysts 11, n.º 9 (12 de septiembre de 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091099.

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Nanostructured Bismuth-based materials are promising electrodes for highly efficient electrochemical reduction processes such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, a novel sort of nanocomposite made up of partially reduced Bi2O3 into metallic Bi anchored on a 3D network of Ni-foam as a high-performance catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen reduction. The application of the hybrid material for HER is shown. The high catalytic activity of the fabricated electrocatalyst arises from the co-operative effect of Bi/Bi2O3 and Ni-foam which provides a highly effective surface area combined with the highly porous structure of Ni-foam for efficient charge and mass transport. The advantages of the electrode for the electrochemical reduction processes such as high current density, low overpotential, and high stability of the electrode are revealed. An overall comparison of our as-prepared electrocatalyst with recently reported works on related work is done.

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16

Lin, Xuehao, Hui Li, Farayi Musharavati, Erfan Zalnezhad, Sungchul Bae, Bum-Yean Cho y Oscar K. S. Hui. "Synthesis and characterization of cobalt hydroxide carbonate nanostructures". RSC Adv. 7, n.º 74 (2017): 46925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09050a.

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17

Hao, Jian, Xiaoxu Liu, Na Li, Xusong Liu, Xiaoxuan Ma, Yi Zhang, Yao Li y Jiupeng Zhao. "Ionic liquid electrodeposition of 3D germanium–acetylene black–Ni foam nanocomposite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries". RSC Adv. 4, n.º 104 (2014): 60371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10931g.

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A simple process involving the electrophoretic deposition of acetylene black onto Ni foam and the ionic liquid electrodeposition of Ge has been used to synthesize a 3D Ge–acetylene black–Ni foam electrode material at room temperature.

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18

Zhou, Li-Feng, Tao Du, Li-Ying Liu, Yi-Song Wang y Wen-Bin Luo. "A substrate surface alloy strategy for integrated sulfide electrodes for sodium ion batteries with superior lifespan". Materials Advances 2, n.º 15 (2021): 5062–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00363a.

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A binder-free free-standing sulfide electrode was synthesized and fabricated with a three-dimensional (3D) porous nanostructure. The surface of the Ni foam substrate was modified by the alloy strategy of pre-planting copper seeds on the Ni foam surface.

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19

Su, Lin, Guobing Ying, Lu Liu, Fengchen Ma, Kaicheng Zhang, Chen Zhang, Xiang Wang y Cheng Wang. "Ti3C2Tx on copper and nickel foams with improved electrochemical performance produced via solution processing for supercapacitor". Processing and Application of Ceramics 12, n.º 4 (2018): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1804366s.

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Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of Ti3C2Tx electrodes using solution processing. Two-dimensional (2D) nanometer Ti3C2Tx flakes are site-aggregated on copper and nickel foam papers with a reconstituted threedimensional (3D) structure consisting of overlapping and open-pore 2D flakes. When Ti3C2Tx was used as electrochemical capacitor electrodes in 1M Na2SO4 solution, the capacitances were comparable to literature values. There is a quantitative linear relationship between the capacitance and foam thicknesses. Given the process scalability and the morphological control that is possible, these results provide a promising road map for convenient and economical supercapacitors.

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Zhang, Lu, Derek DeArmond, Noe T. Alvarez, Daoli Zhao, Tingting Wang, Guangfeng Hou, Rachit Malik, William R. Heineman y Vesselin Shanov. "Beyond graphene foam, a new form of three-dimensional graphene for supercapacitor electrodes". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, n.º 5 (2016): 1876–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta10031c.

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Graphene foam (GF) is a three-dimensional (3D) graphene structure that has been intensively studied as an electrode material for energy storage applications. Here we report a new design and fabrication process of an electrode material called graphene pellet (GP) for energy storage applications.

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Russo, Andrea, Jens Oluf Jensen, Mikkel Rykær Kraglund, Wenjing (Angela) Zhang y EunAe Cho. "Catalyst Application in Three-Dimensional Porous Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolysis". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 36 (28 de agosto de 2023): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362006mtgabs.

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Hydrogen is critical in the green transition, and a key system for producing green hydrogen is through alkaline electrolysis. Although the alkaline electrolyzers are mature and commercially available, vast improvements are still expected in the future 1. Traditional and most commercially applied alkaline electrolyzer electrodes are made from massive nickel plates (or nickel-plated steel plates) with some scattered perforation. With the ongoing development of thin alkaline ion‐conducting membranes with low internal resistance, the benefit of three‐dimensional porous electrodes becomes obvious. With such electrodes, there will be no blind spots and the active catalytic area can be increased significantly. Today, most groups developing such 3D electrodes use commercial nickel foam as substrate. This limits the options to what is available in the market, moreover the purchase cost is high. The present work aims at developing high‐performing three‐dimensional hydrogen and oxygen evolution electrodes for alkaline electrolysis. The focus will be on the application of nanostructured electrocatalysts into three‐dimensional electrode structures, similar to nickel foams. The results obtained, so far, show homogeneous formation of nanoparticles on the surface. The analysed samples show mechanical flexibility as soon as the particles are deposited but samples become rigid after testing in a half cell setup with KOH 1 M electrolyte. Further analysis will explore changes to the microstructure. The roughness factor calculated by non-faradaic cyclic voltammetry is in the range of 75 cm2 ECSA / cm2geometric, showing higher value than the commercial Nickel foam. Initial experiments are carried out on as-prepared samples, but more advanced catalysts are also explored based on state-of-the-art materials. [1] IRENA - Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi (2020)

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Zhang, Zheye, Kai Chi, Fei Xiao y Shuai Wang. "Advanced solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors based on 3D graphene/MnO2 and graphene/polypyrrole hybrid architectures". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, n.º 24 (2015): 12828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02685g.

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Two types of 3D architectured electrodes, i.e., graphene wrapped nickel foam Ni/GF/MnO₂ and Ni/GF/polypyrrole (PPy), were successfully fabricated for high performance flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors.

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Fan, Huiqing, Hexiang Di, Yanlei Bi, Ru Wang, Guangwu Wen y Lu-Chang Qin. "Facile synthesis of morphology-controlled hybrid structure of ZnCo₂O₄ nanosheets and nanowires for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors". RSC Advances 14, n.º 1 (2024): 650–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra07128f.

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We controllably synthesize 3D hierarchical porous ZnCo2O4 nanosheets@nanowires films directly on Ni foam by tuning the amount of NH4F as a morphology controlling agent. The as-prepared ZnCo2O4 electrodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance.

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24

Xia, Zhen Yuan, Meganne Christian, Catia Arbizzani, Vittorio Morandi, Massimo Gazzano, Vanesa Quintano, Alessandro Kovtun y Vincenzo Palermo. "A robust, modular approach to produce graphene–MOx multilayer foams as electrodes for Li-ion batteries". Nanoscale 11, n.º 12 (2019): 5265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr09195a.

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Multilayer hierarchical electrodes for lithium batteries, made of vertically aligned nanowalls of hematite (Fe₂O₃), alternated with horizontal spacers of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) on a 3D, conductive graphene foam.

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Lu, Yang-Ming y Sheng-Huai Hong. "Preparation of Electrodes with β-Nickel Hydroxide/CVD-Graphene/3D-Nickel Foam Composite Structures to Enhance the Capacitance Characteristics of Supercapacitors". Materials 17, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010023.

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Supercapacitors have the characteristics of high power density, long cycle life, and fast charge and discharge rates, making them promising alternatives to traditional capacitors and batteries. The use of transition-metal compounds as electrode materials for supercapacitors has been a compelling research topic in recent years because their use can effectively enhance the electrical performance of supercapacitors. The current research on capacitor electrode materials can mainly be divided into the following three categories: carbon-based materials, metal oxides, and conductive polymers. Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) is a potential electrode material for use in supercapacitors. Depending on the preparation conditions, two crystal phases of nickel hydroxide, α and β, can be produced. When compared to α-NiOH, the structure of β-Ni(OH)2 does not experience ion intercalation. As a result, the carrier transmission rate of α-Ni(OH)2 is slower, and its specific capacitance value is smaller. Its carrier transport rate can be improved by adding conductive materials, such as graphene. β-Ni(OH)2 was chosen as an electrode material for a supercapacitor in this study. Homemade low-pressure chemical vapor deposition graphene (LPCVD-Graphene) conductive material was introduced to modify β-Ni(OH)2 in order to increase its carrier transport rate. The LPCVD method was used to grow high-quality graphene films on three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam substrates. Then, a hydrothermal synthesis method was used to grow β-Ni(OH)2 nanostructures on the 3D graphene/nickel foam substrate. In order to improve the electrical properties of the composite structure, a high-quality graphene layer was incorporated between the nickel hydroxide and the 3D nickel foam substrate. The effect of the conductive graphene layer on the growth of β-Ni(OH)2, as well as its electrical properties and electrochemical performance, was studied. When this β-Ni(OH)2/CVD-Graphene/3D-NF (nickel foam) material was used as the working electrodes of the supercapacitor under a current density of 1 A/g and 3 A/g, they exhibited a specific capacitance of 2015 F/g and 1218.9 F/g, respectively. This capacitance value is 2.62 times higher than that of the structure without modification with a graphene layer. The capacitance value remains at 99.2% even after 1000 consecutive charge and discharge cycles at a current density of 20 A/g. This value also improved compared to the structure without graphene layer modification (94.7%).

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Tong, Yue, Xiaowen Yu y Gaoquan Shi. "Cobalt disulfide/graphite foam composite films as self-standing electrocatalytic electrodes for overall water splitting". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, n.º 6 (2017): 4821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08176b.

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27

Cui, Kexin, Jincheng Fan, Songyang Li, Moukaila Fatiya Khadidja, Jianghong Wu, Mingyu Wang, Jianxin Lai, Hongguang Jin, Wenbin Luo y Zisheng Chao. "Three dimensional Ni3S2 nanorod arrays as multifunctional electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications". Nanoscale Advances 2, n.º 1 (2020): 478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00633h.

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3D Ni₃S₂ nanorod arrays/Ni foam as multifunctional electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications have been achieved, demonstrating outstanding galvanization charging/discharging, hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction performances.

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28

Musa, Auwal M., Janice Kiely, Richard Luxton y Kevin C. Honeychurch. "Graphene-Based Electrodes for Monitoring of Estradiol". Chemosensors 11, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2023): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060337.

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This study explores the potential use of graphene-based electrodes in the electrochemical determination of estradiol using amperometric techniques as a simple, enzyme-free approach. Graphene, a carbon-based nanomaterial, has been extensively investigated in materials science as a sensing material. Its remarkable properties, such as its high electron mobility and conductivity, robust mechanical characteristics, and good surface-to-volume ratio, have led to its adoption in numerous applications, including electrochemical sensing. Estradiol is a crucial sex hormone that affects metabolism and reproduction. However, excessive amounts may disrupt endocrine functions. Electrochemical sensors suffer from electrode fouling, leading to passivation that ultimately affects performance. We exploit the inherent properties of various types of graphene-based electrodes, including graphene screen-printed electrodes (GHSPE), electrochemically exfoliated graphene-modified electrodes (EEFGHSPE), and 3D graphene foam screen-printed electrodes (3D-GFSPE), for the amperometric studies. The electrochemical properties and structural characteristics of these sensors are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The analytical performance of these sensors is at an applied potential of +0.65 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) over the concentration range 0.83 to 4.98 μM estradiol. Sensitivities of 0.151 µAµM−1 cm−2, 0.429 µAµM−1 cm−2, and 0.273 µA µM−1 cm−2, with detection limits of 0.0041 µM, 0.097 µM, and 0.018 µM (S/N = 3), are found for GHPSPE, 3D-GFSPE and EEFGHSPE, respectively. The possibility of amperometrically determining the estradiol levels in a potable tap water sample are then investigated over the concentration range 0.83–4.98 µM.

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Ma, Yue, Xiangyang Song, Xiao Ge, Haimin Zhang, Guozhong Wang, Yunxia Zhang y Huijun Zhao. "In situ growth of α-Fe2O3 nanorod arrays on 3D carbon foam as an efficient binder-free electrode for highly sensitive and specific determination of nitrite". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, n.º 9 (2017): 4726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10744c.

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3D α-Fe₂O₃ nanorod arrays (NAs)/carbon foam (CF) architectures have been successfully fabricated as binder-free electrodes for the determination of nitrite, exhibiting high sensitivity and excellent specific recognition as well as feasibility in real water samples.

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30

Kumar, Rudra, Thiruvelu Bhuvana, Gargi Mishra y Ashutosh Sharma. "A polyaniline wrapped aminated graphene composite on nickel foam as three-dimensional electrodes for enzymatic microfuel cells". RSC Advances 6, n.º 77 (2016): 73496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra08195a.

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31

Van Droogenbroek, Kevin, Christos Georgiadis y Joris Proost. "Towards Multiphase Modeling and Simulation of Alkaline Water Electrolysis through Pore-Resolved Foam Electrodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 36 (28 de agosto de 2023): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01361980mtgabs.

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In today’s world, concern is growing about the future of energy. Despite very ambitious international climate goals by 2050, global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions keep increasing. In order to tackle this problem, hydrogen (H2) might become a significant part of the solution since it is a way to produce, store, move and use energy in a clean way. However, more than 95% of the actual hydrogen production is made of grey hydrogen, e.g. H2 produced from fossil fuels, which leads to high CO2 emissions [1]. One way to decarbonise this energy vector is to use renewable energies (solar panels, wind turbines, etc.) to produce green hydrogen via water electrolysis. Among the various technologies available to perform water electrolysis, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most mature one. In general, AWE consists of two planar electrodes separated by a certain distance and operating in a liquid alkaline electrolyte solution (e.g. KOH, potassium hydroxide). Recent studies show that it is possible to significantly increase the performance of such electrolysers by substituting the traditional gap-cell design by a zero-gap cell [2,3]. To do so 3D electrodes such as foams and 3D-printed structures are used, leading to an increase of the surface area and as a result, to a higher hydrogen production rate. These 3D electrodes are incorporated between the planar current distributors at either side of a membrane or diaphragm, reducing the interelectrode distance to the thickness of the separator. In the case of traditional cells, the hydrogen bubbles will tend to evolve only from the surface of the 2D current distributor plates, while for zero-gap cells gases evolve inside the porous structure. The process can be improved even more by forcing the electrolyte flow, favouring bubble removal. Finally, a bi-layer configuration with a catalyst layer presenting high specific surface area near the separator along with a porous transport layer (PTL) allows for a very high hydrogen production in the catalyst and an easy evacuation of the bubbles through the PTL. Recent experimental results in our group validate the enhanced performance of a bi-layer foam configuration where a fine foam acts as the catalyst layer and a coarser one as the PTL. In order to have a better understanding of the electrolyte flow behaviour inside these 3D electrodes, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used as a tool to simulate the single-phase flow numerically. The purpose of this is to determine optimal flow parameters in order to favour hydrogen bubble removal while benefiting from the high surface area of the 3D electrodes. Up to now, it appears that this kind of analysis has rarely been addressed in the literature [4]. In our specific case, the foams used as the catalyst and the PTL have characteristic pore sizes of 450 µm and 3000 µm, respectively. In order to obtain an accurate geometric representation, the foams were scanned using high-resolution micro-CT (computed tomography). A computational mesh was then obtained by reconstructing the highly detailed scanned data. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the single-phase flow were solved using the Finite Element Method (FEM) implemented in MigFlow software [5]. In Figure 1 we present results from a simulation with the PTL width being three times the width of the catalyst layer, and the inlet velocity 1 m/s. It appears that the electrolyte velocity in the direction perpendicular to the flow is the highest in the area close to the interface between the catalyst and the PTL, meaning that this configuration would help extracting hydrogen bubbles off the catalyst layer, towards the coarser porous region. It is important to note that the results obtained in this case were not considering the gas phase. We are currently working on the development of a multiphase pore-resolved model to see whether the assumption of optimal bubble removal is confirmed for multiphase flow. To this end, a Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model must be implemented for the liquid electrolyte and the gaseous bubbles. One key aspect is to correctly define closure relations for the interfacial exchange terms that appear in the momentum equations. Hydrogen bubble formation, growth and escape from the porous electrodes might also be considered. This work is a first step towards the modeling of the whole alkaline water electrolysis process through 3D porous electrodes. Figure 1

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Deng, Ming-Jay, Cheng-Chia Wang, Pei-Jung Ho, Chih-Ming Lin, Jin-Ming Chen y Kueih-Tzu Lu. "Facile electrochemical synthesis of 3D nano-architectured CuO electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors". J. Mater. Chem. A 2, n.º 32 (2014): 12857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta02444c.

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Wang, Hai, Chen Qing, Junling Guo, A. A. Aref, Daming Sun, Bixiao Wang y Yiwen Tang. "Highly conductive carbon–CoO hybrid nanostructure arrays with enhanced electrochemical performance for asymmetric supercapacitors". J. Mater. Chem. A 2, n.º 30 (2014): 11776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01132e.

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Highly conductive carbon–CoO nanowire array electrodes on 3D nickel foam were designed with ultrahigh specific capacitance (3282.2 F g⁻¹), approaching the CoO theoretical value. Assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor, the energy density is ∼58.9 W h kg⁻¹, a record among Co-based supercapacitors.

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34

Wang, Feifei, Yanfang Zhu, Wen Tian, Xingbin Lv, Hualian Zhang, Zhufeng Hu, Yuxin Zhang, Junyi Ji y Wei Jiang. "Co-doped Ni3S2@CNT arrays anchored on graphite foam with a hierarchical conductive network for high-performance supercapacitors and hydrogen evolution electrodes". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, n.º 22 (2018): 10490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03131b.

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35

Rupp, Rico, Nina Plankensteiner, Patrick Steegstra y Philippe M. Vereecken. "Electrodeposited 3D Nano-Porous High Surface Area Metal Electrodes for Electrocatalytic Cells". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 24 (9 de octubre de 2022): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0224997mtgabs.

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Over the past decades the use of renewable energy for the conversion of readily available resources to valuable chemicals (power-to-X) was found to be a key factor in enabling the transition to a more sustainable future. This can for example be the reduction of CO2 or N2 to CO, synthetic fuels, formic acid, alcohols, ammonia, and other more complex chemicals. The most prominent type of reaction, however, is the electrolysis of water for the formation of H2, which can serve as a medium for energy storage or as building block for the further conversion to a variety of different molecules. While serving different purposes, all these reactions share the general requirement of an energy efficient conversion to be economically viable. In many areas where green electricity is inexpensive, increasing gas prices already make green hydrogen (from electrolysis) cheaper than grey hydrogen (from steam reforming of methane). In order to reach Europe’s ambitious goal of 2251 TWh of energy consumption that could be covered by hydrogen in 2050 (24% of the total), however, current electrolysis technology is in need of improvements. As in any electrochemical system, the electrodes play an essential role in the efficiency of an electrolysis cell. Some factors that influence the performance of an electrolytic cell are the catalytic activity of the electrodes to reduce the overpotential, the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and mass transport of electrolyte and produced gases through the electrodes. The mass transport becomes especially detrimental in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis (PEM) and hydroxyl exchange membrane electrolysis (HEM). A zero-gap architecture in these types of cells demands electrodes with an open porosity. HEM allows furthermore the use of more cost-efficient materials, such as nickel, and can thus facilitate the transition to green hydrogen. To meet the above-mentioned requirements for a new generation of electrode materials, we developed 3D nano-porous electrodes with an ECSA of about 26 m2/cm3, leading to an area enhancement of about 130x compared to the geometric electrode area over an electrode thickness of only 5µm. Furthermore, these electrodes offer a tunable high porosity of more than 75% and mechanical stability as a fully freestanding electrode that is given through interconnected nanowires and an integrated porous support structure. We were able to demonstrate the drastically improved performance as compared to classical Ni-foam electrodes in HEM-type electrolyzers. The surface area enhancement in combination with a porosity and tortuosity that facilitate mass transport leads to a low overpotential, even without the application of additional catalytic coatings. While the improved electrochemical behavior is fundamental for the application of novel electrode materials, it alone is not sufficient for their successful application in real systems. Also scalability is an important factor, which can often be difficult to reach when nanomaterials are involved. Especially electrochemical processes, such as anodization of the templates and electrodeposition of the nano-structured electrodes, have to be carefully controlled. Here, we were able to leave the typical lab-scale and bring the 3D nano-porous nickel electrodes to an industrially relevant size. Figure 1

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36

Kalimuldina, Gulnur, Arailym Nurpeissova, Assyl Adylkhanova, Nurbolat Issatayev, Desmond Adair y Zhumabay Bakenov. "3D Hierarchical Nanocrystalline CuS Cathode for Lithium Batteries". Materials 14, n.º 7 (26 de marzo de 2021): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071615.

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Conductive and flexible CuS films with unique hierarchical nanocrystalline branches directly grown on three-dimensional (3D) porous Cu foam were fabricated using an easy and facile solution processing method without a binder and conductive agent for the first time. The synthesis procedure is quick and does not require complex routes. The structure and morphology of the as-deposited CuS/Cu films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron spectroscopy, respectively. Pure crystalline hexagonal structured CuS without impurities were obtained for the most saturated S solution. Electrochemical testing of CuS/Cu foam electrodes showed a reasonable capacity of 450 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C and excellent cyclability, which might be attributed to the unique 3D structure of the current collector and hierarchical nanocrystalline branches that provide fast diffusion and a large surface area.

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37

Marimuthu, Sundaramoorthy, Ayyavu Shankar y Govindhan Maduraiveeran. "Porous-Structured Three-Dimensional Iron Phosphides Nanosheets for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction". Energies 16, n.º 3 (19 de enero de 2023): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031124.

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A rational designing nanostructured Earth-abundant and non-precious electrocatalysts for promoting an anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for cutting-edge energy conversion and storage fields. Herein, we demonstrate a porous structured three-dimensional (3-D) FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode (PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni) using of a facile and two-step electrodeposition strategy that exhibits enhanced OER under alkaline electrolyte. The as-developed porous-structured 3-D FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode exhibits the best OER catalytic activity in relations of low onset potential (ղonset) of ~1.37 V (vs. RHE), small overpotential (η) of ~0.17 V to produce the current densities of 10 mA cm−2, lower Tafel slope value of ~40.0 mV/dec, higher turn-over frequency (TOF) of 0.435 s−1, and long-term stability when compared to other CoP@NiOǀNi, NiP@NiOǀNi, CuP@NiOǀNi, NiP|NF (nickel foam), and commercial IrO2|Ni electrodes established in this study. The anodic current density is calculated at the potential of ~1.80 V to be ~580, ~365, ~145, ~185, ~516, and 310 mA cm−2 for PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni, CoP@NiOǀNi, NiP@NiOǀNi, CuP@NiOǀNi, IrO2|Ni, and FeP|NF electrodes, respectively. The porous structured 3-D FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode demonstrated a highest current density of ~580 mA cm−2 at ~1.80 V in comparison to other electrodes employed in the current investigation. The outperforming OER activity of PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni is majorly associated to its porous-structured 3-D sheet-like morphology, large amount of electrochemical active surface area, high electrical conductance characteristics and self-activated/supported active sites, facilitating the catalytic properties. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and distribution of Fe, P and O elements have not been altered significantly after had a long-term OER test. These experimental results reveal that further optimization of porous structured 3D FeP nanomaterials is highly anticipated for practical water electrolysis systems.

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38

Chen, Peng y Michael Ruck. "A Stable Porous Aluminum Electrode with High Capacity for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries". Batteries 9, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010037.

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A binder-free aluminum (Al) electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition on a three-dimensional copper foam (3DCu) or carbon fabric (3DCF) from a mixed-halide ionic liquid. The strong adhesion, structural stability and interface compatibility between Al and 3DCu facilitate high electrical conductivity and effectively alleviate large volume change. In a lithium-ion battery, the continuous, dendrite-free Al/3DCu electrode enables stable and reversible reactions, which delivered a first discharge capacity of 981 mAh g−1 in a coin cell at 21 mA g−1. It operates stably for at least 12 cycles with a discharge depth of about 1 mAh per cycle (7 h each) at the rate of 21 mA g−1. The cycled Al/3DCu electrode maintains good interfacial stability and shows no shedding. In contrast to many nanostructured electrodes, the amount of Al can reach 30% of a solid Al electrode with an average conversion to Li0.71Al. The concept of porous 3D electrodes provides a good compromise between diffusion kinetics and the total amount of active metal available in a battery with alloying-type anodes and appears promising for application.

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Surace, R., L. A. C. De Filippis, E. Niini, A. D. Ludovico y J. Orkas. "Morphological Investigation of Foamed Aluminum Parts Produced by Melt Gas Injection". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/506024.

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Porous metal materials are a new class of materials with low densities, large specific surface, and novel physical and mechanical properties. Their applications are extremely varied: for light weight structural components, for filters and electrodes, and for shock or sound absorbing products. Recently, interesting foaming technology developments have proposed metallic foams as a valid commercial chance; foam manufacturing techniques include solid, liquid, or vapor state methods. The foams presented in this study are produced by Melt Gas Injection (MGI) process starting from melt aluminum. The aim of this investigation is to obtain complex foamed aluminum parts in order to make the MGI more flexible. This new method, called MGI-mould process, makes possible to produce 3D-shaped parts with complicated shape or configuration using some moulds obtained by traditional investment casting process.

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40

Lu, Yang-Ming, Yen-Ching Lin y Ting-Yi Liu. "Development of Nanoporous Nickel Oxide Materials as Electrodes for Supercapacitors". Applied Functional Materials 3, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2023): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/afm2023v03.04.0003.

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As a potential electrochemical energy storage device, supercapacitor has been researched owing to its low weight, excellent power density, outstanding charging rate, and long durability. For the supercapacitor, the electrode material and its morphology determine its overall performance. Nickel oxide (NiO) is a promising material for the electrode because of its low cost, high specific capacitance, and eco-friendly manufacturing process. In this research, we developed a simple and cost-effective method to fabricate supercapacitor electrodes by electrospinning and thermal annealing, making porous nickel oxide nanofibers directly grow on 3D-nickel foam. The binder-free design and porous structure of electrodes enhance the ion transport and electron transfer in the supercapacitor. The crystal structure of NiO was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The morphological and microstructural characterization was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical test was carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell with the obtained foamed NiO as the working electrode, the platinum sheet as the counter electrode, and the Ag/Cl electrode as the reference electrode. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Due to the large specific surface area and good electrical conductivity of the NiO electrode, the supercapacitor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance (591 F/g at 2 A/g). After 1500 cycles of charging and discharging at 10 A/g, the capacitance of the supercapacitor using the NiO electrode increased by 21.7% with excellent cycle stability.

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41

Patil, Umakant, Su Chan Lee, Sachin Kulkarni, Ji Soo Sohn, Min Sik Nam, Suhyun Han y Seong Chan Jun. "Nanostructured pseudocapacitive materials decorated 3D graphene foam electrodes for next generation supercapacitors". Nanoscale 7, n.º 16 (2015): 6999–7021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr01135c.

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42

Toufani, Maryam, Sibel Kasap, Ali Tufani, Feray Bakan, Stefan Weber y Emre Erdem. "Synergy of nano-ZnO and 3D-graphene foam electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitor devices". Nanoscale 12, n.º 24 (2020): 12790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02028a.

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43

Kumar, Sumana y Abha Misra. "Three-Dimensional Carbon Foam Based Asymmetric Assembly of Metal Oxides Electrodes for High-Performance Solid-State Micro-Supercapacitor". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 1 (7 de julio de 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01110mtgabs.

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Micro-supercapacitors hold great attention as one of the promising energy storage devices satisfying the increasing quest for miniaturized and portable devices. Despite having impressive power density, superior cyclic lifetime, and high charge-discharge rates, micro-supercapacitors still suffer from low energy density, limits their practical application. The energy density (E=1/2CV2) can be increased either by increasing specific capacitance (C) or voltage range (V). Asymmetric micro-supercapacitors have attracted great attention by using two different electrode materials to expand the voltage window and thus increase the energy density. Currently, versatile fabrication technologies such as inkjet printing, lithography, laser scribing, etc., are used to directly or indirectly pattern the electrode material; these techniques still suffer from scalable production and cost inefficiency. Here, we demonstrate the scalable production of a three-dimensional (3D) carbon foam (CF) based asymmetric micro-supercapacitor by spray printing technique on an array of interdigital electrodes. The solid-state asymmetric micro-supercapacitor comprised of CF-MnO positive electrode and CF-Fe2O3 negative electrode achieves a high areal capacitance of 18.4 mF/cm2 (2326.8 mF/cm3) at 5 mV/s and a wider potential window of 1.4 V. Consequently, a superior energy density of 5 µWh/cm2 is obtained, and high cyclic stability is confirmed with retention of the initial capacitance by 86.1% after 10000 electrochemical cycles. The optimized decoration of pseudocapacitive metal oxides in the 3D carbon network helps in high electrochemical utilization of materials where the 3D interconnected network of carbon provides overall electrical conductivity and structural integrity. The research provides a simple and scalable spray printing method to fabricate an asymmetric micro-supercapacitor using a custom-made mask that can be integrated on a large scale.

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Patil, Supriya A., Pranav K. Katkar, Mosab Kaseem, Ghazanfar Nazir, Sang-Wha Lee, Harshada Patil, Honggyun Kim et al. "Cu@Fe-Redox Capacitive-Based Metal–Organic Framework Film for a High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode". Nanomaterials 13, n.º 10 (9 de mayo de 2023): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13101587.

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A metal–organic framework (MOF) is a highly porous material with abundant redox capacitive sites for intercalation/de-intercalation of charges and, hence, is considered promising for electrode materials in supercapacitors. In addition, dopants can introduce defects and alter the electronic structure of the MOF, which can affect its surface reactivity and electrochemical properties. Herein, we report a copper-doped iron-based MOF (Cu@Fe-MOF/NF) thin film obtained via a simple drop-cast route on a 3D-nickel foam (NF) substrate for the supercapacitor application. The as-deposited Cu@Fe-MOF/NF electrodes exhibit a unique micro-sized bipyramidal structure composited with nanoparticles, revealing a high specific capacitance of 420.54 F g−1 at 3 A g−1 which is twice compared to the nano-cuboidal Fe-MOF/NF (210 F g−1). Furthermore, the asymmetric solid-state (ASSSC) supercapacitor device, derived from the assembly of Cu@Fe-MOF/NFǁrGO/NF electrodes, demonstrates superior performance in terms of energy density (44.20 Wh.kg−1) and electrochemical charge–discharge cycling durability with 88% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. This work, thus, demonstrates a high potentiality of the Cu@Fe-MOF/NF film electrodes in electrochemical energy-storing devices.

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45

Zhang, Lijuan, Zhonggui Quan, Yan Wang, Hangyang Li y Xu Yang. "Construction of Flower-like FeCo2O4 Nanosheets on Ni Foam as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction". Coatings 13, n.º 11 (31 de octubre de 2023): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111875.

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Developing efficient transition metal oxide electrodes is essential to energy conversion and storage. In this work, flower-Like FeCo2O4 nanosheets supported on Ni foam were synthesized by facile hydrothermal and calcination treatment. Various temperatures influence the morphologies and oxygen evolution reaction activities. Especially, FeCo2O4/NF-120 °C catalysts showed the best oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity due to the fact that 3D Ni foam provided good conductive substrate-forming FeCo2O4 nanosheets, which enhanced the electrochemical stability and facilitated the transport of electrolyte and release of oxygen. In addition, the synergistic effect between Fe and Co also enhanced active sites and promoted the OER catalytic performance. The flower-like FeCo2O4/Ni electrodes showed a low overpotential of 124 and 339 mV at the current density of 10 and 50 mA cm−2 for OER, respectively. Also, they displayed a low tafel slope of 43.78 mV dec−1 and good stability in alkaline electrolyte. This research could promote the design of low-cost electrocatalysts for OER.

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46

Chen, Wei-bin, Li-na Zhang, Zhi-jing Ji, Ya-dan Zheng, Shuang Yuan y Qiang Wang. "Self-Supported Bi2MoO6 Nanosheet Arrays as Advanced Integrated Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries with Super High Capacity and Long Cycle Life". Nano 13, n.º 06 (junio de 2018): 1850066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018500662.

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Hierarchical Bi2MoO6 nanosheet arrays (BNAs) growing on three-dimensional (3D) Ni foam are synthesized by one-step template-free route. The obtained BNAs are used as binder-free integrated electrode for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) directly. The electrode exhibits a super high reversible discharge capacity of 2311.7[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Ah[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (1741.4[Formula: see text]mAh[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]), and an excellent cycle stability. The outstanding electrochemical properties are reasonable from the self-supported integrated electrode in which the electrolyte is easy to infiltrate active materials, electrons and ions are readily transported along the 3D conductive substrate and the stable electrode structure.

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47

Xia, Qixun, Lijun Si, Keke Liu, Aiguo Zhou, Chen Su, Nanasaheb M. Shinde, Guangxin Fan y Jun Dou. "In Situ Preparation of Three-Dimensional Porous Nickel Sulfide as a Battery-Type Supercapacitor". Molecules 28, n.º 11 (24 de mayo de 2023): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114307.

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A one-step sulfurization method to fabricate Ni3S2 nanowires (Ni3S2 NWs) directly on a Ni foam (NF) was developed as a simple, low-cost synthesis method for use as a supercapacitor (SC), aimed at optimizing energy storage. Ni3S2 NWs have high specific capacity and are considered a promising electrode material for SCs; however, their poor electrical conductivity and low chemical stability limit their applications. In this study, highly hierarchical three-dimensional porous Ni3S2 NWs were grown directly on NF by a hydrothermal method. The feasibility of the use of Ni3S2/NF as a binder-free electrode for achieving high-performance SCs was examined. Ni3S2/NF exhibited a high specific capacity (255.3 mAh g−1 at a current density of 3 A g−1), good rate capability (2.9 times higher than that of the NiO/NF electrode), and competitive cycling performance (capacity retention of specific capacity of 72.17% after 5000 cycles at current density of 20 A g−1). Owing to its simple synthesis process and excellent performance as an electrode material for SCs, the developed multipurpose Ni3S2 NWs electrode is expected to be a promising electrode for SC applications. Furthermore, the synthesis method of self-growing Ni3S2 NW electrodes on 3D NF via hydrothermal reactions could potentially be applied to the fabrication of SC electrodes using a variety of other transition metal compounds.

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Manjakkal, Libu, Carlos García Núñez, Wenting Dang y Ravinder Dahiya. "Flexible self-charging supercapacitor based on graphene-Ag-3D graphene foam electrodes". Nano Energy 51 (septiembre de 2018): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.06.072.

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Patil, Umakant M., Pranav K. Katkar, Supriya J. Marje, Chandrakant D. Lokhande y Seong C. Jun. "Hydrous nickel sulphide nanoparticle decorated 3D graphene foam electrodes for enhanced supercapacitive performance of an asymmetric device". New Journal of Chemistry 42, n.º 24 (2018): 20123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04228d.

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50

Jin, Jing, Jie Ding, Xing Wang, Congcong Hong, Huaping Wu, Min Sun, Xiehong Cao, Congda Lu y Aiping Liu. "High mass loading flower-like MnO2 on NiCo2O4 deposited graphene/nickel foam as high-performance electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors". RSC Advances 11, n.º 27 (2021): 16161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10948g.

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A NiCo₂O₄/MnO₂ heterostructure with high mass loading MnO₂ microflowers was built on the surface of 3D graphene/nickel foam for the preparation of an asymmetric supercapacitor with splended energy density (45.9 Wh kg⁻¹).

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