Literatura académica sobre el tema "343.440 56"

Abstract The randomised CLL4 trial was launched in 1999 to answer scientific and management issues. Since then, 730 patients with Binet stages A progressive, B and C have been randomised between 1) chlorambucil (10mg/m2 x 7 days), or 2) fludarabine (FDR) alone (40mg/m2 x 5 d oral or 25mg/m2 x 5 days IV), or FDR plus cyclophosphamide (FDR 24mg/m2 x 5 d oral or 25mg/m2 x 3 d IV plus cyclo 150mg/m2 x 5 d oral or 250mg/m2 x 3 d IV). Information on FISH analysis with 5 probes is available on 440 patients. The incidence of the genetic abnormalities is: 13q del (60%), trisomy 12 (15%), 6q del (8%), 11q del (19%), 17p del (11%); some markers are positive in more than one patient. Analysis by stage showed no differences in the distribution of these markers and analysis by age showed that patients with 13q del were younger (p=0.006) and those with 11q del were older (p=0.01). Analysis by response to all therapies (as the code of individual therapies has not been broken) in 343 patients is shown in Table 1. The results show clearly that almost half the patients with 17p del (p53 locus) are primary non-responders (NR) or show progressive disease (PD) following first line therapy, and have poor survival. 2yr survival of patients with none of these abnormalities was 87% (79%–95%), and using a hierarchical model with normals as the fifth group there was a clear trend in survival between groups (2p<0.00005). When the % of 17p del lymphocytes was correlated with response, it was apparent that the higher the % of 17p del cells the greater the proportion of non-responders (Table 2), with 20% 17p del being the critical threshold. When we grouped together cases with 6q, 11q and 17p deletion plus trisomy 12 (representing 42% of cases) there was a significantly lower response rate compared with the cases without those four abnormalities: CR/Nod PR 35% vs 47%, PR 33% vs 39%, and 32% vs 13%, (Chi-square 13.3; p=0.0003). This study demonstrates that the genetic abnormalities which can be shown in c.80% of patients with active CLL have a significant bearing on the response to treatment and early survival, confirming the survival differences reported by Dohner at al (N Engl J Med 343: 1910–16; 2000). It remains to be determined whether better therapies could overcome the low response rates of patients with poor prognostic genetic abnormalities. Table 1: FISH analysis by response (non-hierarchical) and survival Abnormality CR/Nod PR PR NR/PD p value* 2 yr survival (95% CI) * Analysis of individual abnormalities versus the rest; Chi-square test; **326 patients 17p del 33% 18% 48% 0.004 67% (50%–85%) 11q del 29% 44% 27% NS 73% (59%–86%) Trisomy 12 41% 31% 29% NS 72% (57%–87%) 6q del** 39% 29% 32% NS 75% (56%–95%) 13q del 42% 37% 21% NS 91% (86%–95%) Table 2: Correlation of response with proportion of 17p del lymphocytes % deletion No. cases CR/Nod PR PR NR/PD Chi-square 318.8; p<0.0001 <5 (negative) 310 43% 39% 18% 5–20 18 61% 22% 17% >20–100 15 0% 13% 87%

AbstractIntroductionAripiprazole 2-month ready-to-use 960 mg (Ari 2MRTU 960) is a new long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic formulation for gluteal administration every 2 months, intended for the treatment of schizophrenia and maintenance monotherapy treatment of bipolar I disorder (BP-I). This 32-week trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of multiple-dose administration of Ari 2MRTU 960 in clinically stable adult patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or BP-I, versus that of aripiprazole once-monthly 400 mg (AOM 400; an LAI indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and maintenance monotherapy treatment of BP-I).MethodsThis was an open-label, multiple-dose, randomized, parallel-arm trial conducted at 16 sites in the US. Patients were randomized to receive Ari 2MRTU 960 every 56±2 days (n=132) or AOM 400 every 28±2 days (n=134). The primary objective was to establish the similarity of aripiprazole concentrations on the last day of the dosing interval, as well as exposure during the dosing interval (area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]), between Ari 2MRTU 960 and AOM 400 following multiple doses. It was pre-specified that the lower bound of the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric means ratio (GMR) for these parameters must be >0.8.ResultsIn the Ari 2MRTU 960 group, 102 patients (77.3%) completed the study; in the AOM 400 group, 92 patients (68.7%) completed the study. The GMR of C56 for Ari 2MRTU 960 to C28 for AOM 400 was 1.011 (90% CI: 0.893, 1.145). The GMR (90% CI) of AUC0–56 for Ari 2MRTU 960 to AUC0–28 for AOM 400 was 1.006 (90% CI: 0.851, 1.190). Mean (standard deviation) maximum aripiprazole plasma concentration was 342 (157) ng/ml after the fourth Ari 2MRTU 960 dose and 344 (212) ng/ml after the eighth AOM 400 dose.ConclusionPharmacokinetic parameters were similar between Ari 2MRTU 960 and AOM 400.FundingOtsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. (Princeton, NJ, USA) and H. Lundbeck A/S (Valby, Denmark).

Background: Prolonged sitting may cause faulty posture among students leading to low back pain (LBP). Objectives: 1. To compare the time spent sitting among students with and without LBP. 2. To determine the association between types of sitting posture and LBP. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey recruited 420 students. Findings: A majority (56%) of 343 respondents seated >10 hours daily. There was a significant total time spent between students with and without LBP. However, there was no association between types of sitting posture and LBP. Implications: Awareness of avoiding prolonged sitting should be emphasized among the students to minimize LBP. Keywords: Low back pain; Sitting habits; Sitting posture; Sitting time eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2023. The Authors. Published for AMER & cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i24.4683

The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of local bacterial strains from oil-contaminated soil to degrade phenol. The study consisted of two experiments, using six individual strains and using mix of strains. Bacterial strains used in the first experiment were 1.3, 3.3 dan 8.2.1 (Bacillus sp.), strain 3.2 (Propionibacterium), strain 3.4 (Pseudomonas sp.), and strain 8.1.2 (Enterobacter sp.).Bacterial strains used in the second experiment were mix of all six strains (K6) and mix of three strains (K3) consisted of strain 3.4, 8.1.2 and 8.2.1 with the same ratio. The experiments were conducted in 100 mL Bushnell and Haas medium containing 300-400 ppm phenol for three days.Three strains (strain 3.4, 8.1.2, dan 8.2.1) had the highest phenol removal efficiency at day 3, i.e. 99-100%. COD values were decreased to 345-393 mg/L or 56-61.3% by those three strains. Mix culture K6 effectively removed phenol form the medium, but COD value decreased to only 56.7%. The fate of COD decrease was not the same as phenol removal by these strains (either in idividual or mix cultures), because phenol was degraded into intermediate compounds.

440 Background: Sunitinib (Su) is a standard treatment (tx) for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Pre-clinical and clinical studies in several cancer types suggest that the antidiabetic agent metformin (Met) has antitumor activity. Met may negatively regulate mTOR activity. Its effect on the outcome of targeted therapies in mRCC is poorly defined. We analyzed the effect of Met use on the outcome sunitinib tx in diabetic patients (pts) with mRCC. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of an unselected cohort of diabetic pts with mRCC, who were treated with Su in 7 centers across 2 countries. Pts were divided into 2 groups: (1) Met users and (2) Met naive. The effect of Met use on response rate (RR), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), was tested with adjustment of other known confounding risk factors using a chisquare test and partial likelihood test from Cox model. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses of association between clinicopathologic factors and Met use, and outcome were performed using the entire pt cohort. Results: Between 2004-2014, 108 diabetic pts with mRCC were treated with sunitinib. There were 52 Met users (group 1) and 56 nonusers (group 2). The groups were balanced regarding the following clinicopathologic factors: age, gender, HENG risk, past nephrectomy, mRCC histology, ≥2 metastatic sites, lung/liver/bone metastasis, prior targeted tx, smoking status, use of angiotensin system inhibitors (ASIs), pre-tx neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) >3, Su-induced hypertension (HTN), and Su dose reduction/tx interruption. Clinical benefit (partial response + stable disease) in group 1 vs. group 2 was 96% vs. 84%, while 4% vs. 16% had disease progression within the first 3 months of tx (p=0.054). Median PFS was 15 vs. 11.5 months (p=0.1). Median OS was 32 vs. 21 months (p=0.001). In multivariate analyses of the entire pt cohort (n=108), factors associated with PFS were active smoking (HR=2.7, p<0.0001) and pre-tx NLR >3 (HR 1.8, p=0.012). Factors associated with OS were Met use (HR 0.2, p<0.0001), HENG risk (HR 3.3, p=0.008), active smoking (HR=2.9, p<0.0001), liver metastases (HR 1.8, p=0.004), and pre-tx NLR >3 (HR 3.3, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Met use may improve the OS of diabetic pts with mRCC that are treated with Su.

Hyaluronidases are enzymes that degrade hyaluronan, an important component of the extracellular matrix. The mammalian hyaluronidases are considered to be involved in many (patho)physiological processes like fertilization, tumor growth, and metastasis. Bacterial hyaluronidases, also termed hyaluronate lyases, contribute to the spreading of microorganisms in tissues. Such roles for hyaluronidases suggest that inhibitors could be useful pharmacological tools. Potent and selective inhibitors are not known to date, althoughl-ascorbic acid has been reported to be a weak inhibitor ofStreptococcus pneumoniaehyaluronate lyase (SpnHL). The x-ray structure of SpnHL complexed withl-ascorbic acid has been elucidated suggesting that additional hydrophobic interactions might increase inhibitory activity. Here we show thatl-ascorbic acid 6-hexadecanoate (Vcpal) is a potent inhibitor of both streptococcal and bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH). Vcpal showed strong inhibition ofStreptococcus agalactiaehyaluronate lyase with an IC50of 4 μmand weaker inhibition of SpnHL and BTH with IC50values of 100 and 56 μm, respectively. To date, Vcpal has proved to be one of the most potent inhibitors of hyaluronidase. We also determined the x-ray structure of the SpnHL-Vcpal complex and confirmed the hypothesis that additional hydrophobic interactions with Phe-343, His-399, and Thr-400 in the active site led to increased inhibition. A homology structural model of BTH was also generated to suggest binding modes of Vcpal to this hyaluronidase. The long alkyl chain seemed to interact with an extended, hydrophobic channel formed by mostly conserved amino acids Ala-84, Leu-91, Tyr-93, Tyr-220, and Leu-344 in BTH.

Purpose We aimed to update a previously published, multi-institutional nomogram of outcomes for salvage radiotherapy (SRT) following radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer, including patients treated in the contemporary era. Methods Individual data from node-negative patients with a detectable post-RP prostate-specific antigen (PSA) treated with SRT with or without concurrent androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) were obtained from 10 academic institutions. Freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) and distant metastases (DM) rates were estimated, and predictive nomograms were generated. Results Overall, 2,460 patients with a median follow-up of 5 years were included; 599 patients (24%) had a Gleason score (GS) ≤ 6, 1,387 (56%) had a GS of 7, 244 (10%) had a GS of 8, and 230 (9%) had a GS of 9 to 10. There were 1,370 patients (56%) with extraprostatic extension (EPE), 452 (18%) with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), 1,434 (58%) with positive surgical margins, and 390 (16%) who received ADT (median, 6 months). The median pre-SRT PSA was 0.5 ng/mL (interquartile range, 0.3 to 1.1). The 5-yr FFBF rate was 56% overall, 71% for those with a pre-SRT PSA level of 0.01 to 0.2 ng/mL (n = 441), 63% for those with a PSA of 0.21 to 0.50 ng/mL (n = 822), 54% for those with a PSA of 0.51 to 1.0 ng/mL (n = 533), 43% for those with a PSA of 1.01 to 2.0 ng/mL (n = 341), and 37% for those with a PSA > 2.0 ng/mL (n = 323); P < .001. On multivariable analysis, pre-SRT PSA, GS, EPE, SVI, surgical margins, ADT use, and SRT dose were associated with FFBF. Pre-SRT PSA, GS, SVI, surgical margins, and ADT use were associated with DM, whereas EPE and SRT dose were not. The nomogram concordance indices were 0.68 (FFBF) and 0.74 (DM). Conclusion Early SRT at low PSA levels after RP is associated with improved FFBF and DM rates. Contemporary nomograms can estimate individual patient outcomes after SRT in the modern era.

This paper aims to determine the factors that influence the satisfaction of using digital banking. The method used is UTAUT (Model Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) 2 Modification to help specify variables such as Responsiveness, Usefulness, Ease of Use, History, Access Control, Data Privacy, Assurance, etc. Trust, Quality Transaction, User Intention, and User Satisfaction. This research collects data in a questionnaire distributed to digital banking users through a non-probability sampling method using a data collection technique, namely, snowball sampling. For information, the number of respondents obtained is 410 respondents, of which 56% are male and 44% are female. Further analysis concluded that the various variables significantly affect user satisfaction in using digital banks. For example, the access control variable has a value of 3.453 (on t-statistics), which shows that the access control variable has a significant value among other variables.

Tungkal Composite Jambi Liberika Coffee is one of the top qualities of Indonesian coffees that has received a geographic indication certificate (IGs). With its limited production and high prices, currently Tungkal Jambi Liberika coffee is one of the coffees that is prone to being counterfeited. The counterfeiting of Tungkal Jambi Liberika coffee is increasingly difficult to identify, especially in the form of ground roasted coffee. This study evaluated the potential application of UV spectroscopy technology to classify Tungkal Jambi Liberika coffee (with geographic indications) and normal Probolinggo Liberika coffee (non- geographic indications). A total of 120 samples for each Liberika coffee were prepared weighing 1 gram for each sample. Spectra measurements were carried out in the form of a coffee solution. Spectral data were taken using a UV-visible spectrometer with a wavelength interval of 200-400 nm (Genesys™ 10S UV-Vis, Thermo Scientific, USA). By using the average transformed spectra in the 250-350 nm interval, the differences between the two types of Liberika coffee can be clearly seen, especially at some wavelength peaks, namely 270 nm, 300 nm, 315 nm and 346 nm. The classification accuracy obtained for the SIMCA classification is 100% for both Tungkal Jambi Liberika and Probolinggo Liberika coffee. Keywords: authentication, classification accuracy, Tungkal Jambi Liberika coffee, SIMCA, UV Spectroscopy

A total of 65 Przeworsk culture features were discovered in the Żelazna Nowa cemetery. This number included a rectangular groove feature, urned cremations (6), alleged/damaged urned cremations (14), unurned cremations (14), alleged/fully or partly damaged unurned cremations (27), pits containing no bone material (4), undtermined cremations (2), pits containing no archeological material (1). All of the explored burials are cremations. However, a more detailed analysis encounters problems due to the state of preservation of the graves. Features 3, 19A and 19B, 30, 33, 37, 39 have been confidently identified as urned cremations. In many other features fragments of ceramic vessels were found, which may be remains of damaged urns: 18, 21, 23, 25, 31, 35, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, and 58. Certain unurned cremations are 4, 6, 7, 8, 11–13, 15–17, 22, 24, 32, and 34. The interpretation of the remaining features is uncertain. Among the features uncovered in the cemetery were pits containing no bones: 5, 60, 61, 62, as well as pits containing no archaeological material at all: 55. The majority of unurned cremations contained pyre debris, while no such remains were observed in the following damaged unurned cremations: 15, 40–42, 45, 61, 62. There were a few cases of double burials identified. Three unurned cremations (6, 13, 15) and one urned cremation (39) contained bones of Infans I and an undetermined individual, while feature 19 contained two urns with individual burials: Infans II and an undetermined individual. Urned cremations, and one alleged unurned cremation (56), are distinguished by a higher standard of furnishing and a considerably larger amount of bone remains. This can be given two interpretations: a higher status of those buried there, or different rituals used for urned and unurned cremations. In two graves the urn was covered with an upturned vessel (features 33 and 37). In one case, an apotropaic behaviour characteristic of the Przeworsk culture was recorded, involving driving sharp objects into the pit’s bottom: in grave 41 these were two spearheads.

Due to the long lifespan of the cemetery, the pottery discovered in Żelazna Nowa is relatively diversified. Unfortunately, the majority of the graves have been partly damaged, and some have been completely destroyed. In many cases only grave bottoms were recorded, while the furnishings were scattered over a large area. Sometimes (e.g. in feature 56) one cannot be certain whether fragments of vessels uncovered in a grave pit indeed belonged to the burial urn. A few graves from the Younger Pre-Roman period were relatively well furnished in vessels, but the state of preservation rarely makes it possible to determine the actual number of vessels in particular graves. The same holds true with respect to Early Roman period pottery. Graves dated to this period often survived only in their bottom parts. Hand-made vessels prevail by far in the ceramic material. The only few wheel-made sherds were found in the cultural layer in the vicinity of the groove feature. Vessels used as burial urns were those representing Liana types II.2, II.3, and group III. The predominant vessel forms among Younger Pre-Roman period pottery were cups of Dąbrowska types I.2, 3, 4, 5, and 7, bowls II.13, and bulbous vessels. Roman period pottery is primarily represented by vessels of types II.2 and 3; group III; and small bowls of group VI.1 and 2. Some unique forms were identified as well, including a jug with a canal in feature 56 and a small bowl imitating glass vessels. A total of 490 small finds (including those from the modern period) were discovered in the cemetery. Due to severe damage to the cemetery, only some of them have been recovered from features (204), while 181 small finds have been found outside the context of features. Surface surveys were performed several times in the site, and these produced another 105 small finds, most of them found in the western and northern parts of the cemetery. With 54 items discovered, brooches prevail among the small finds. They include four Late La Tène brooches of type N, fragments of A.II or mixed A.II/IV brooches; A.III brooches; a significant number of A.IV brooches, including a few specimens of A.67 and A.68, trumpet brooches, and derivatives of strongly profiled brooches; brooches of series A.V, including A.96, A.120, and A.137; fragments of A.VI brooches; A.VII brooches; a fragment of a Gallic brooch of Rih’s variant 2.2.4; a brooch of Riha’s variant 5.17.5; and a Norico-Pannonian brooch of type A.236. Belt pieces included a clasp of type Kostrzewski 49, seven buckles (most of them of type D.1), two profiled group I variant 6 belt finials, and a set of belt fittings found inside the urn in grave 37, consisting of a buckle, a finial, and a ring. Ornaments are represented by fragments of a knotenring from feature 33, fragments of Kamieńczyk type bracelets and a bar bracelet, several appliques, among them a fragment of a silver plaque, and many fragments of melon beads and glass beads. Weapons are rare in the cemetery: surviving are primarily fragments of shield grips, rivets from shield bosses (fts. 6 and 7), complete spearheads (fts. 41, 48, stray find), and fragments of spearhead sockets (ft. 41, stray find). The finds included two sets of two spearheads each, found in graves, and uncontexted finds of a sword scabbard chape and a spur. Tools and objects of everyday use are relatively well-represented: 19 knives, 8 awls, 1 awl-like tool, 2 needles, 16 clay spindle-whorls, 2 whetstones, a polishing plate, iron fittings of the box, chest locks, fragments of key (?), a massive rim fitting, 2 fragments of combs, 2 fragments of dice, a fragment of an E.139–144 glass vessel, and an immense number of unidentified artefacts made of bronze and iron.

Objetivo: Ensaios de proficiência (EPs) são uma importante ferramenta da garantia da qualidade e possibilitam ações corretivas e preventivas. A investigação da causa raiz (CR) das inadequações nos resultados dos EPs é mandatória para a melhoria contínua, além de atender regulamentações e normas de acreditação. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a abordagem para análise da CR de inadequação entre os participantes de um EP. Método: Avaliação das respostas de uma enquete voluntária disponibilizada por um provedor de EP entre março e abril de 2023. Conclusão: Quinhentos e dezoito participantes responderam à enquete. Um percentual de 69% (358/518) inicia a investigação em até uma semana após liberação do relatório; 56% (276/492) informaram que os responsáveis pela análise são os profissionais da área técnica e da área da qualidade; 63% (308/492) usam procedimento específico para análise; 74% (229/308) utilizam apenas uma ferramenta de análise; destes, 51% (156/308) utilizam “5 porquês” e 95% (469/492) incluem também a análise do controle interno. As principais causas identificadas foram erro de transcrição [40% (197/492)] e reporte de unidade diferente da solicitada pelo EP [28% (138/492)]; destes, 55% (273/492) não informaram haver mais de uma causa. Para 78% (383/492), o tempo médio de análise foi em até 10 dias; 48% (236/492) informaram ser a bioquímica a área mais desafiadora para identificar a causa raiz das inadequações; 90% (443/492) dos participantes realizam um acompanhamento histórico das inadequações. A enquete permitiu verificar que a maioria dos participantes usam algum procedimento para análise, sendo o erro de transcrição a causa mais comum e a bioquímica a área mais desafiadora. Conhecer as condutas mais usuais para análise de causas de inadequação em EP permite planejamento de atividades de educação continuada pelo provedor, bem como potencial melhoria na qualidade dos resultados e maior segurança para os pacientes.

The survey presented in this report reveals that Nordic citizens are concerned about climate change. Many people are willing to increase efforts to fight climate change, even if this entails a personal contribution in terms of higher taxes or behavioural change. The survey shows that different social groups perceive the impacts of climate change and climate mitigation policies in different ways. In general, attitudes towards climate policies and perceptions regarding their fairness are conditioned by socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, employment status, type of housing and transport behaviour. General attitudes towards climate change and climate policies The first part of this report explores general attitudes towards climate change and climate policies. This section shows that seven in ten (71%) respondents think that climate change is a serious or very serious problem, particularly among the youngest age group (18-29 years). Three in four (74%) interviewed persons in this group share this view. Those with a university degree are more concerned about climate change (83%) than those with primary or secondary education (57% and 62%, respectively). Approximately half (48-51%) of respondents in all age groups agree that more financial resources should be invested in preventing climate change, even if this would imply an increase in taxes. The survey results show that women in the Nordic Region are more concerned about climate change than men (79% compared to 64%). It also reveals that people living in urban areas are more worried about climate change (82%) than those who live in towns and suburbs (68%) or in rural areas (62%). Urban dwellers are also more positive about investing more resources in preventing climate change (59%) than those who live in rural areas (39%) and in towns and suburbs (46%). More than half of the respondents (52%) agree that taking further action on climate change would be beneficial for the economy. Students, unemployed and retired people are more likely to agree with this view (55%, 57% and 55%, respectively) than those currently in employment, including the self-employed (50%). Those employed in carbon-intensive sectors are less positive about the expected economic impact of climate policies than those who work in other economic sectors (41% compared to 55%). They are also more concerned about the risk of job losses during the transition to a low-carbon economy than those employed in sectors with lower carbon intensity (37% compared to 24%). Concerns about this issue are also higher among those who live in rural areas (31%) or towns and suburbs (30%) compared to those who live in cities (22%). Present and future effects of climate change mitigation policies on individuals and households The central part of the survey explores perceptions regarding the present and future impacts of climate policies. Such challenges are perceived differently depending on specific sociodemographic conditions. Nearly one fourth (23%) of respondents state that high energy costs mean they are struggling to keep their homes at a comfortable temperature. Those living in houses report being more impacted (27%) than those living in apartments (18%), and those using fossil fuels to heat their homes are most affected (44%). The risk of energy poverty is also higher among non-EU immigrants to the Nordic Region. Those who say they are struggling to keep their homes at a comfortable temperature range from 23% among Nordic-born citizens to 37% among non-EU immigrants. Nearly three in ten respondents (28%) have modified their transportation behaviour during the last year due to high fuel costs. This proportion is substantially greater among those living in towns and suburbs (32%) compared to those who live in rural areas (29%) or cities (23%). The majority of the Nordic population (52%) states that current climate policies have a neutral effect on their household economies. However, 28% of respondents say they are negatively impacted by climate policies in economic terms. Men report being negatively affected more frequently than women (33% vs 22%, respectively). People who live in houses are more likely to claim they are being negatively impacted than people who live in apartments (31% and 23%, respectively). Nearly half (45%) of the respondents in the Nordic Region agree that climate initiatives will improve health and well-being, and half of the respondents (50%) think that climate change initiatives will lead to more sustainable lifestyles in their area. However, half (51%) of the Nordic population expect to see increases in prices and the cost of living as a consequence of climate policies, and those who believe that climate policies will create jobs and improve working conditions in the areas where they live (31% and 24%, respectively) are outnumbered by those who believe the opposite (35% and 34%, respectively). Fairness of climate policies The last section of the report looks at how the Nordic people perceive the fairness of climate policies in distributional terms. In the survey, the respondents were asked to judge to what extent they agree or disagree that everyone in their country or territory is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of personal earnings, gender, age, country of origin and where they live – cities or rural areas. The results show that the Nordic people believe climate change initiatives affect citizens in different ways depending on their demographic, socioeconomic and territorial backgrounds. More than half of the respondents (56%) disagree that everyone is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of earnings. Only 22% agree with this statement. Younger age groups are more pessimistic than older age groups on this point (66% in the 18-29 age group compared to 41% in the 65+ group). Almost half of respondents (48%) agree that climate policies are fair from a gender perspective, while 25% disagree with this statement and 23% are neutral. Roughly one in three (30%) respondents in the Nordic Region agree that people are equally affected by climate change initiatives regardless of age, 41% disagree with this statement and 25% are neutral. More than one third (35%) of the Nordic population agree that everyone is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of the country of origin, while 34% of them disagree. More than half of respondents (56%) think that the impact of climate initiatives differs between rural and urban areas, while only 22% think that all areas are equally affected. Respondents who live in cities are more likely to respond that climate policy impacts differ between rural and urban areas (60%) than respondents who live in rural areas (55%) and towns and suburbs (53%). One third (33%) of respondents in the survey think that the Sámi population is affected by climate change initiatives to the same extent as the rest of the population. In Greenland, a majority of the population (62%) agrees that the indigenous population in Greenland is equally affected by measures to combat climate change. The results from this survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, show that the population in the Nordic Region perceive the impacts of climate mitigation policies in different ways. These results can raise awareness and stimulate debate about the implementation of climate mitigation policies for a just green transition.

Five-needle white pines (Family Pinaceae, Genus Pinus, Subgenus Strobus), and in particular whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), limber pine (P. flexilis), and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) are foundation species in upper subalpine and treeline forests of several National Park Service Pacific West Region parks, including Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The Sierra Nevada Network Inventory & Monitoring Program, in collaboration with the Klamath Network, Upper Columbia Basin Network, and Mojave Desert Network have implemented a joint long-term monitoring protocol to assess the current status and future trends in high elevation white pine communities. Key demographic parameters within white pine forest communities will be estimated by monitoring individual trees within permanent plots through time. This report documents the results of the 2021 field season, which was the eighth year of monitoring in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The 2021 goal was to complete the third full re-measure of the second of three rotating panels (Panel 2) for each species-park population: YOSE-whitebark pine, SEKI-whitebark pine, and SEKI-foxtail pine. Each panel consists of 12 permanent 50 x 50 m (2,500 m2) plots that were randomly selected for each of the three populations. The full sampling array thus includes a total of 36 whitebark pine plots in YOSE, 36 whitebark pine plots in SEKI, and 36 foxtail pine plots in SEKI. Data from plot surveys will be used to characterize white pine forest community dynamics in SEKI and YOSE, including changes in tree species composition, forest structure, forest health, and demographics. The first full measure of all Panel 2 plots was completed over two years in 2013-2014, then a full remeasure of both parks? whitebark pine Panel 2 was conducted in 2016, with 10 of 12 SEKI-foxtail plots sampled that year. A third remeasure of all Panel 2 plots was not possible in 2021 because a smaller crew size was necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, the crew visited 37 sites, and sampled 31, during the 2021 field season. One plot in the YOSE whitebark pine frame was uninstalled before reading and one plot in the SEKI whitebark pine frame was uninstalled after reading, both for safety concerns. Four plots were not visited due to lack of capacity with the reduced crew size: one in each of the YOSE and SEKI whitebark frames, and three in the SEKI foxtail frame. A plot from Panel 3 in each of the parks? whitebark frames was measured, for a total of 11 plots measured in each whitebark pine frame. Nine plots were measured in the SEKI foxtail pine frame. Within the 31 plots completed, a total of 5,728 trees was measured. Species composition, forest structure, and factors affecting tree health and reproduction, including incidence and severity of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation, dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) infection, canopy kill, female cone production and regeneration were recorded. During the 2021 field season, crews continued to count the total number of mature cones per tree for whitebark and foxtail pine, use crown condition codes to assess crown health, and tag individual seedlings to be tracked through time. All three of these procedures started in 2017 and are to be evaluated by each of the three participating networks over several years, to determine whether they should become permanent changes to the monitoring protocol. In YOSE, 11 whitebark pine plots were re-measured, from Panels 2 and 3. A total of 2,810 trees were sampled, which included 586 live whitebark pine trees and 2,097 other live conifers. An additional 127 trees (including 17 whitebark pine) were recorded as dead. The forest crew noted little sign of white pine blister rust (WPBR) in Yosemite in 2021, and just a single inactive canker was observed on one whitebark pine in Panel 3, Plot 42, near Dana Meadows. This infection was new to plot 42, and it expands the total number of plots where white pine blister rust has been documented in Yosemite to six. The crew also noted little mountain pine beetle activity, documenting beetle galleries on 15 lodgepole pines in three Panel 2 plots. Dwarf mistletoe was not observed. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 53 (SD = 56). This was a low cone crop year for whitebark pine, with two percent of live whitebark pine trees producing female cones. Cone bearing trees averaged 2 (SD = 1) cones per tree. Whitebark pine seedling density averaged 90 (SD = 157) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark pine seedlings found in a plot was four, and three of the eleven plots contained whitebark seedlings. In SEKI, 10 of 12 Panel 2, and one Panel 3, whitebark pine plots were re-measured. Within these plots, 1,246 live whitebark pine, 30 live foxtail pine, and 861 other live conifers were sampled. WPBR was infrequently documented in the SEKI whitebark frame as well, with indicators of infection in Plot 31 near Window Creek and Plot 44 near Upper State Lake. These were the first infections documented in these plots, bringing the number of plots where WPBR has been documented in the SEKI whitebark panel to nine. Although WPBR was documented in Plot 27 near Charlotte Dome in 2016, it was not documented this year because putative cankers showing three signs of infection in 2016 showed only two or fewer signs in 2021. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed in one live lodgepole pine and two recently dead whitebark pine, within three plots in the SEKI whitebark sample frame. An exception to the low levels of mountain pine beetle activity was outside Plot 31 in the Window Creek area, where the forest crew noted many recently dead whitebark pine with signs of beetle activity. Dwarf mistletoe was not encountered. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 113 (SD = 86). Less than one percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones, each producing on average 2 (SD = 1) cones. Whitebark seedling regeneration averaged 303 (SD = 319) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark seedlings found in a plot was eight, and eight of the 11 plots contained whitebark seedlings. Nine of the 12 SEKI foxtail Panel 3 plots were remeasured. Within these plots, 413 live foxtail pine, 67 live whitebark pine, and 402 other live conifers were sampled. Ninety-two dead or recently dead trees were also documented, 65 of which were foxtail pine. No signs of blister rust infection, mistletoe, or mountain pine beetle were observed in the foxtail plots sampled. The average number of foxtail pine trees per plot was 46 (SD = 33). Fifty-four percent of the foxtail pine trees produced female cones, averaging 14 (SD =15) cones/tree. Only one foxtail pine seedling was recorded within the 9 foxtail pine plots, resulting in an estimated 14 (SD = 41) seedlings per hectare. Eight whitebark pine seedlings were also found within two plots.