Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "21st Century U.S. History"

B a c k g r o u n d . According to the genre characteristics, the article is a form of publicizing analytical conclusions from the experience of research in the field of the philosophical Chinese studies at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1991 to the present day. The material for understanding was supplied from the environment of scientific professional activity of prominent figures of Ukrainian philosophical Sinology from the H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the NAS of Ukraine and the A. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies of the NAS of Ukraine. The scientific achievements of academic Sinologists, who are leading researchers of Chinese philosophical education, science and culture from the archaic to modern times, are highlighted. They are, namely: V. Kiktenko, V. Pyrohiv, V. Hamianin, S. Kapranov, Y. Hobova and A. Usyk. M e t h o d s . The article uses an analytical approach based on the study of historical and philosophical sources. The methodological basis of the research is the main methods of historical and philosophical science: problem-categorical analysis, socio-cultural analysis and biographical analysis. At the same time, the methods of situational and contextual analysis of scientific texts are applied. R e s u l t s . Four conditional thematic vectors of the progress of academic philosophical Sinology in modern Ukraine are classified, namely the study of: 1. the history of ancient Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism; 2. the history of Chinese philosophy in the 19th – early 21st centuries; 3) the history of Ukrainian Sinology in the 18th – early 21st centuries; 4. the history of modern foreign Sinology. The director of the A. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies of the NAS of Ukraine and the head of the Ukrainian Association of Sinologists V. Kiktenko very effectively studies all these vectors, especially the last three of them. His colleagues at the institute V. Pyrohiv, V. Hamianin and Y. Hobova mainly research the first of these vectors, and primarily the history of Confucianism. Employees of the H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the NAS of Ukraine S. Kapranov and A. Usyk are also focused scientific attention on the history of Confucianism, in particular, the second of them studies social ethics and anthropology of Confucius. C o n c l u s i o n s . As a result it was established that modern domestic philosophical academic Sinology is a qualitatively new and innovative direction of Oriental studies in independent Ukraine. This discipline was formed as a result of the two-century progress of Ukrainian Chinese studies from the era of Hetmanshina until now. V. Kiktenko and his colleagues have made a significant and already internationally recognized contribution to the study of both the classical philosophical schools of Ancient China and their ideological heirs, in particular, the leaders of the PRC and the CCP from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping during these thirty years. V. Kiktenko also laid the foundations for the study both of the history of Ukrainian Chinese studies and of modern foreign, primarily Western European and North American, Sinology.

The editions of Arnaut’s sestina and the history of its study reflect the general trend: both its editors and researchers endow trobadours’ lyrics with an elevated meaning. This is also noticeable when referring to their other poems; however, this tendency can be traced especially clearly in the case of sestina. In the early manuscripts A, B and S (13th century) its text is obscene: the key words-rhymes “cambra” (room) and “verja” (branch) have the meaning of obscene euphemisms, and the tornada itself frankly expresses the poet’s hope for a carnal union with his beloved. This variant of tornada seems to us a possible author’s ending of the poem, since it corresponds to its other verses. In addition, we believe that by singing the carnal and “close” love Arnaut argues with the famous song of love from afar by Jaufre Rudel. In the later manuscripts, the obscene sense of tornada became more obscure, and in the two of them — U (turn of the 13th–14th centuries) and C (15th century) — obvious is the intention of the scribes to put accent on the beauty of the poem rather than its content. In the editions of 19th–21st centuries the sense of the sestina and of its tornada has continued to be transformed in the same direction.

The article deals with the phenomenon of border in changing historical reality of two distant territories, that is important today due to the increasing interest in “border studies” as a new interdisciplinary scientific field that combines history, geography, political science and philological research at the turn of 21st century. The study involves folklore and literary works, the plots of which are localized on the borders between Russia and China: the South-East of Siberia and the Far East (Transbaikalia), the USA and Mexico: the U. S. South-West (New Mexico, Texas, California). The purpose of the article is to identify typological convergence and differences in the artistic depiction of these boundary loci in the context of their historical development. The methodological basis of the research is made up of works devoted to the geocultural and geopoetic aspects of literary studies. The article uses cultural and historical, comparative and typological, structural and semiotic methods and axiological text analysis. It is confirmed that essential geopoetic principle of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderland texts is antithesis built on the opposition of “friend/foe”. It was revealed that folklore and literary texts demonstrate convergences in the geopoetic image of the border: boundless space considered basic element of imagery and a certain type of strong and active “border hero”. Differences in the depiction of the images result from the peculiarities of the historical process and, accordingly, the different value priorities. Prospects for the research can be associated with the expansion of the “border studies” field by means of history and philology integration.

Nikolay Aretov, Zhelani i plasheshti: Chuzhdite zheni i muzhe v bulgarskata literature na gulgia devetnadeseti vek (Desired and frightening: Foreign women and men in Bulgarian literature of the long nineteenth century), Sofia: Queen Mab, 2023, 280pp., BGN 20 (paperback), ISBN: 978-954-533-208-1. Eloisa Betti, Leda Papastefanaki, Marica Tolomelli, and Susan Zimmermann, eds., Women, Work and Activism: Chapters of an Inclusive History of Labor in the Long Twentieth Century, Work and Labor: Transdisciplinary Studies for the 21st Century, vol. III, Budapest: CEU Press, 2022, xiv +354 pp., $95.00/€80.00/£68.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-963-386-441-8. Francisca de Haan, ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World, London: Palgrave, 2023, 701 pp., €213.99 (hardback), ISBN: 978-3-031-13126-4. Milena Kirova, Bulgarskata literature prez XXI vek (2000–2020) (Bulgarian literature in the twenty-first century (2000–2020)), Part I, Sofia: Colibri, 2023, 287 pp., BGN 24 (paperback), ISBN: 978-619-02-1200-3. Ina Merdjanova, ed., Women and Religiosity in Orthodox Christianity, New York: Fordham University Press, 2021, 336 pp., $35 (paperback), ISBN: 9780823298617. Katja Mihurko Poniž, Biljana Dojčinović, and Maša Grdešić, Defiant Trajectories: Mapping Out Slavic Women Writers Routes, Ljubljana: Forum of Slavic Cultures, 2021, 96 pp., free online publication, https://www.fsk.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WWR_DefiantTrajectories.pdf (accessed 3 July 2023), ISBN: 978-961-94672-7-5. Jasmina V. Milanović, Žensko društvo 1875–1942 (The women's society, 1875–1945), Belgrade: Institute for Contemporary History, The Official Gazette, 2020, 638 pp., RSD 2.970, ISBN: 978-86-519-2579-8. Valentina Mitkova, Pol, periodichen pechat i modernizatsia v Bulgaria (ot kraya na XIX do 40-te godini na XX vek) (Gender, periodicals, and modernization in Bulgaria (from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s)), Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2022, 261 pp., BGN 20, ISBN: 978-954-07-5588-5. Agnieszka Mrozik, Architektki PRL-u: Komunistki, literatura i emancypacja kobiet w powojennej Polsce (The architects of the PRL: Communist women, literature, and women's emancipation in postwar Poland), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo IBL PAN, Lupa Obscura, 2022, 532 pp., PLN 59 (paperback), ISBN: 978-83-66898-84-4. Miglena S. Todorova, Unequal under Socialism: Race, Women, and Transnationalism in Bulgaria, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021, 218 pp., $31.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4875-2841-6. Zhivka Valiavicharska, Restless History: Political Imaginaries and their Discontents in Post-Stalinist Bulgaria, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021, 275 pp., $36.46 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-2280-0583-4. Susan Zimmermann, Frauenpolitik und Männergewerkschaft: Internationale Geschlechterpolitik, IGB-Gewerkschafterinnen und die Arbeiter- und Frauenbewegungen der Zwischenkriegszeit (Policies for women and men's trade unions: International gender politics, female IFTU unionists, and the labor and women's movements of the interwar period), Vienna: Löcker, 2021, 717 pp., €39.80 (paperback), ISBN: 978-3-99098-026-2.

S obzirom na porast oružanog nasilja na samome početku 2000-ih godina, hrvatsko je Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova 2007. godine u suradnji s Programom Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-om) pokrenulo nacionalnu strategiju razoružanja koja je uključivala programe dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja, zakonsku amnestiju i kampanje s ciljem podizanja svijesti građana. Od početka primjene ove strategije prošlo je 10 godina te se u radu istražuje kako se strategija razvijala, nastoji se procijeniti njezin učinak te ispitati koliko je strategija relevantna i kakvi su učinci njenih komponenti. Autori analiziraju kontekst primjene strategije i važeće politike u državi te su primijenili nekoliko indikatora kako bi procijenili učinak i rezultate programa. Glavni je zaključak rada da je provedba programa dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja pod nazivom „Citizen Alert“ i „Disarmament for Development“, primjena zakonske amnestije i provedba kampanje za podizanje svijesti pod nazivom „Manje oružja – manje tragedija“ imala sveukupan pozitivan učinak na sigurnosnu situaciju u Hrvatskoj. S jedne strane provedba svih ovih aktivnosti pripomogla je znatnom i postojanom padu stope kriminala i nasilja, dok je s druge strane rezultirala prikupljanjem velikih količina malog i lakog oružja, streljiva i eksploziva. Autori nisu utvrdili negativne učinke ili posljedice primjene programa. Ipak, učinak programa na stopu oružanog nasilja ne može se promatrati izdvojen iz šireg konteksta jer su se istodobno odvijale strukturne reforme i događale opsežne promjene politika. Sve je to trajalo dulje od jednog desetljeća i utjecalo na više područja, uključujući oružane snage, policiju i pravosudne ustanove. Učinak tako dalekosežnih reformi u sve naprednijem socioekonomskom okružju ne smije se podcijeniti, no pretpostavlja se da u kombinaciji s moćnom strategijom razoružanja predstavljaju nesumnjiv dodatni uspjeh.

Istraživanje analizira ubrzanje povijesti kojem prisustvujemo u našem vremenu, a koje je bjelodano s izbijanjem rata u Ukrajini, bivajući u proteklim godinama vidljivo i u nizu drugih događaja i kriza, kakvi se u ovako značajnom intenzitetu i frekventnosti nisu događali još od vremena završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata. Razmatrajući rat u Ukrajini i krize koje su mu prethodile osporava se teza historičara Erica Hobsbawma da se »kratko« 20. stoljeće koje je trajalo od Prvoga svjetskog rata »kao doba ekstrema« završilo padom »komunizma« i Berlinskog zida, nakon čega smo ušli u 21. stoljeće. Nasuprot ovoj tezi, kao i nasuprot poznatoj tezi o »kraju povijesti«, rad iznosi tezu da »politički« još uvijek živimo u 20. stoljeću, s obzirom na to da u našem vremenu i dalje postoje napetosti među velikim silama slične onima koje su obilježile i 20. stoljeće i koje općenito obilježavaju moderni svijet od Westfalskog mira u 17. stoljeću naovamo. Ovu općenitu tezu rad obrazlaže promatrajući u najosnovnijim crtama dijalektiku moderne europske i svjetske povijesti i zaključujući da ne samo što »politički« još uvijek živimo u »dugom« 20. stoljeću već još uvijek živimo i u »najdužem« westfalskom klasičnom modernom vijeku koji neprekidno traje tri i pol stoljeća u uvijek istim dijalektičkim proturječjima svjetske politike. Naposljetku, rad razmatra i zada- ću filozofije u vremenu tzv. »ubrzanja povijesti« kakvo je naše te zaključuje kako je filozofija upravo u ovakvim vremenima, hoće li se potvrditi kao znanost, dužna ponuditi jednu svježu i kreativnu »filozofiju povijesti« koja bi objasnila tijek aktualnih međunarodnih događaja.

Background. The article focuses on articulating the role of chromatic button accordion in the modern sociocultural system of Ukrainian musical art, based on the case of one leading school established in 1951 on the basis of Kharkiv National Kotlyarevskyj University of Arts. Objectives. The objective of the article is to provide an analysis of Kharkiv regional accordion school (since the second half of the 20th century to the present day), as well as its personalities using as an example five generations of performersteachers. Methodology of the study includes researching of the history and practice of performing chromatic button accordion (the fundamental works of M. Imkhanycjkyj, U. Loshkova, I. Snjedkov, A. Mirek, А. Stashevskyj) Results. After the invention of the chromatic button accordion a little over 100 years ago, it went from a primitive musical instrument satisfying everyday needs to one recognized on the professional concert stage. The status of the instrument has been changing hand in hand with its improvement and the creation of original repertoire. Now the chromatic button accordion is on par with other academic instruments recognized worldwide. Currently there are four chromatic button accordion schools in Ukraine - in Kyiv, Odessa, Lviv and Kharkiv. Kharkiv has been viewed as a regional center of development of the chromatic button accordion performing since early 20-ies of the 20th century. However, the original “Kharkiv school of performing” was fully established with the opening of the chromatic button accordion class at the orchestra department of the University in 1951. This event became final in the formation of the system of professional chromatic button accordionists and teachers preparation. It is as follows: music school, music college, conservatory. The founder of the chromatic button accordion class was L. M. Horenko (1925- 1989). Volodymyr Yakovych Podgornyj (1928-2010), an outstanding performer, composer and teacher, played the key role in the formation of Kharkiv original chromatic button accordion school. His unique compositional and performing style dramatically changed the teaching methodology, performance priorities, approaches to transcription and translation of works for an chromatic button accordion, the “harmonic mindset”. Volodymyr Yakovych contributed greatly to the creation of original chromatic button accordion repertoire which surpassed existing samples in its quality, giving a new direction to the chromatic button accordion development not only in Kharkiv, Ukraine but also abroad. Thus, L. M. Horenko and V. Y. Podgornyj became the first generation of chromatic button accordion teachers in Kharkiv National Kotlyarevskyj University of Arts. The second generation of teachers at the department including Podgornyj’s students O. I. Nasarenko and A. P. Ghaidenko used to uphold these principles, but they also brought additional details generally related to their inherent features of character. The representatives of the third generation at the department - professors O. V. Mishhenko and I. I. Snjedkov brought innovative characteristics to the general terms of the performing school. They have been known to pay attention to the logic of dramatic development, conciseness of musical forms, technical perfection, academicism, the balance of the emotional and rational performance components, the perfection of small intonation pieces. The fourth generation includes Andrij Ghetman who`d been working since 1995 to 2007, and Andrij Strilets who started his career in 1998. They both were students of Kharkiv chromatic button accordion school taught by Professor I. I. Snjedkov. Following general principles of “Podgornyj school”, those personalities deviate significantly from the original source. A. Ghetman’s performing is characterized by specific academicism both in the quality of performing and in selecting a concert repertoire. A. Strilets distinguishes by advanced orchestral thinking, focused work with the viewer, attention to a musical phrase structure, expressiveness and emotional completeness of performance. The fifth generation consists of Dmytro Zharikov (a soloist of the regional Philharmonic society) who has received a Master’s degree at Rostov Academy of Music named after. S. V. Rakhmaninov under the direction of the world-famous accordion player Yurij Shyshkin and Yurij Djjachenko (a student of O. I. Nasarenko) who teaches the conducting course. They have worked at the department since 2015. Conclusion. The modern chromatic button accordion through developing in the plane of professional instrumental performing, repeats the path of other famous academic musical instruments. Moreover, Kharkiv regional accordion school, being one of the leading development centers of the chromatic button accordion in Ukraine, has entered the value system of the 21st century culture. Its development and increasing authority in the world arena are related to: 1) the further integration into the extensive network of European music universities; 2) experience exchange not only at the level of teaching methods, but also through the introduction of exchange programs with students from leading conservatories of different countries worldwide; 3) the creation of the conditions for the training of a certain unification specialists according to the existing genre and stylistic directions of performance on chromatic button accordion; 4) the orientation on the implementation of all the advanced instruments constructive capabilities (sound production and strokes) and timbral coloring; 5) the search for forms of the chromatic button accordion (as an academic instrument) creative synthesis: from established forms of ensembles (such as strings or wind) to modern theatrical, vocal and dance performances, music and light show.

Background. The article focuses on articulating the role of chromatic button accordion in the modern sociocultural system of Ukrainian musical art, based on the case of one leading school established in 1951 on the basis of Kharkiv National Kotlyarevskyj University of Arts. Objectives. The objective of the article is to provide an analysis of Kharkiv regional accordion school (since the second half of the 20th century to the present day), as well as its personalities using as an example five generations of performersteachers. Methodology of the study includes researching of the history and practice of performing chromatic button accordion (the fundamental works of M. Imkhanycjkyj, U. Loshkova, I. Snjedkov, A. Mirek, А. Stashevskyj) Results. After the invention of the chromatic button accordion a little over 100 years ago, it went from a primitive musical instrument satisfying everyday needs to one recognized on the professional concert stage. The status of the instrument has been changing hand in hand with its improvement and the creation of original repertoire. Now the chromatic button accordion is on par with other academic instruments recognized worldwide. Currently there are four chromatic button accordion schools in Ukraine - in Kyiv, Odessa, Lviv and Kharkiv. Kharkiv has been viewed as a regional center of development of the chromatic button accordion performing since early 20-ies of the 20th century. However, the original “Kharkiv school of performing” was fully established with the opening of the chromatic button accordion class at the orchestra department of the University in 1951. This event became final in the formation of the system of professional chromatic button accordionists and teachers preparation. It is as follows: music school, music college, conservatory. The founder of the chromatic button accordion class was L. M. Horenko (1925- 1989). Volodymyr Yakovych Podgornyj (1928-2010), an outstanding performer, composer and teacher, played the key role in the formation of Kharkiv original chromatic button accordion school. His unique compositional and performing style dramatically changed the teaching methodology, performance priorities, approaches to transcription and translation of works for an chromatic button accordion, the “harmonic mindset”. Volodymyr Yakovych contributed greatly to the creation of original chromatic button accordion repertoire which surpassed existing samples in its quality, giving a new direction to the chromatic button accordion development not only in Kharkiv, Ukraine but also abroad. Thus, L. M. Horenko and V. Y. Podgornyj became the first generation of chromatic button accordion teachers in Kharkiv National Kotlyarevskyj University of Arts. The second generation of teachers at the department including Podgornyj’s students O. I. Nasarenko and A. P. Ghaidenko used to uphold these principles, but they also brought additional details generally related to their inherent features of character. The representatives of the third generation at the department - professors O. V. Mishhenko and I. I. Snjedkov brought innovative characteristics to the general terms of the performing school. They have been known to pay attention to the logic of dramatic development, conciseness of musical forms, technical perfection, academicism, the balance of the emotional and rational performance components, the perfection of small intonation pieces. The fourth generation includes Andrij Ghetman who`d been working since 1995 to 2007, and Andrij Strilets who started his career in 1998. They both were students of Kharkiv chromatic button accordion school taught by Professor I. I. Snjedkov. Following general principles of “Podgornyj school”, those personalities deviate significantly from the original source. A. Ghetman’s performing is characterized by specific academicism both in the quality of performing and in selecting a concert repertoire. A. Strilets distinguishes by advanced orchestral thinking, focused work with the viewer, attention to a musical phrase structure, expressiveness and emotional completeness of performance. The fifth generation consists of Dmytro Zharikov (a soloist of the regional Philharmonic society) who has received a Master’s degree at Rostov Academy of Music named after. S. V. Rakhmaninov under the direction of the world-famous accordion player Yurij Shyshkin and Yurij Djjachenko (a student of O. I. Nasarenko) who teaches the conducting course. They have worked at the department since 2015. Conclusion. The modern chromatic button accordion through developing in the plane of professional instrumental performing, repeats the path of other famous academic musical instruments. Moreover, Kharkiv regional accordion school, being one of the leading development centers of the chromatic button accordion in Ukraine, has entered the value system of the 21st century culture. Its development and increasing authority in the world arena are related to: 1) the further integration into the extensive network of European music universities; 2) experience exchange not only at the level of teaching methods, but also through the introduction of exchange programs with students from leading conservatories of different countries worldwide; 3) the creation of the conditions for the training of a certain unification specialists according to the existing genre and stylistic directions of performance on chromatic button accordion; 4) the orientation on the implementation of all the advanced instruments constructive capabilities (sound production and strokes) and timbral coloring; 5) the search for forms of the chromatic button accordion (as an academic instrument) creative synthesis: from established forms of ensembles (such as strings or wind) to modern theatrical, vocal and dance performances, music and light show.

The author analyzes the geopolitical restoration of Russia during the first two decades of the 21st century. The starting point is that liberalism and globalism have been trying for four decades to remove all forms of geopolitical differences from the public, societal and political sphere, i.e. all cultural, national, religious, ideological, state variances. This was labelled the end of history. However, despite this, for the last 20 years we have witnessed a return of history. The author shows that the return of history is reflected in the return of Russia to the world stage not only as a great power, but by a general geopolitical renewal in Russia itself. The paper gives three descriptions and analyses of that return. First, the paper analyzes the character of the new Russia. The geopolitical identity and certain geopolitical practices of Russia are examined. Second, the ideological character of the Russian return is considered, which as such represents an alternative to Western liberalism and globalization. Third, the doctrinal determinants of the security and military dimensions of Russia's geopolitics are analyzed.

The purpose of this commentary is to invigorate the theoretical approach used by the MAPA Social Innovation Lab in its effort to elaborate a gender equality narrative for the 21st century. To this end, I examined the intersection of Otto Scharmer's Theory U with the main postulates of Paulo Freire's critical pedagogical method, as reflected in the MAPA Social Innovation Lab process. The discussion passes through three axes: the construction of collective consciousness, the role of culture, and the theory-praxis dilemma for social transformation. I make the case that Scharmer (Thoery U) and Freire agree that the search for authentic or generative consciousness is an indispensable step in the reshaping of society. Freire offers a comprehensive methodology for the understanding of culture and social transformation which can been seen as complementary to Scharmer's co-sensing. Taken together they address the issue of "historical viability". The aim of these reflections on the intersection of Theory U and Freire is that they will nurture MAPA´s—and other social innovation labs'—action research, political activism, and praxis towards a vigorous gender narrative for the 21st century.

American history textbooks, for the better part of the twentieth century, have focused on war as the primary actor. This article investigates the pervasiveness of war in textbooks and considers the e ect of such on students and their role as future policymakers. In the past decade, history textbooks have undergone a total transition toward an emphasis on social history. An examination of what this entails, and what impacts this may have on schoolchildren and society as a whole, lends insight into the e ects the study of history can have. Finally, I argue that a historian must not only choose events that illustrate the past, but also determine how those choices may a ect the future.

Polazeći od nekoliko poznatih primjera iz povijesti književnosti (Ujević, Matoš, Baudelaire) u članku se analiziraju promjene u tipovima autorstva od druge polovice 19. do prvih desetljeća 20. stoljeća. Uzimaju se u obzir procesi stvaranja književnog polja, nacionalnog i svjetskog kanona književnosti koji, u kontekstu izgradnje identiteta, jezika i kulture malih nacija poput hrvatske, dobivaju šire društveno i kulturno značenje. U tom se kontekstu posebna pozornost pridaje razumijevanju uloge koju figura genija ima u početnim desetljećima navedenog razdoblja i u odabranim kulturnim procesima. Navodi se primjer kanonizacije Ivana Gundulića, baroknog pisca koji kroz 19. stoljeće, u procesima nacionalne integracije i stvaranja kulturnog polja, dobiva značajnu ulogu. Status genija, pjesnika kao vladara nacionalnog Parnasa, mijenja se krajem 19. stoljeća, što je moguće pratiti na razini javne percepcije izdvojenih autora poput Ivana Gundulića ili Ivana Mažuranića, ali i unutar književnog polja, autorefleksivnim postupcima, poetičkim i kritičkim iskazima. U članku se izdvojenost, povlaštenost i samoća uloge kulturnog svega kao nacionalnog genija uspoređuju s transformacijom u razumijevanju umjetnika kao kreativnog pojedinca, koja se zbiva na prijelomu stoljeća. Povezanost života i umjetnosti,koja je promovirana kroz romantizam, primjerice, u Pismima o estetskom odgoju čovjeka Friedricha Schillera ili Schlegelovu 116. Athenaum fragmentu, u proto/avangardnim pokretima dobiva novi kontekst. Umjetnik kao iznimni pojedinac sada dobiva obilježja izgnanika koji na društvenom rubu, u ulozi otpadnika, boema ili pjesnika prokletnika, postaje čuvar simboličkog kapitala zajednice. Takva autorska figura više ne funkcionira kao posrednik između ljudskog i božanskog, koja bi iz samog središta zajednice postavljala estetska i moralna pravila, već je vrsta korektiva promjenama koje se događaju s omasovljavanjem javnog života, proizvodnje i shvaćanja umjetnosti te reprodukcije ekonomskih i društvenih nejednakosti. Moderni pisac traži autentičan glas u subverziji i otporu estetskim, ekonomskim i društvenim normama, nudeći novi jezik i nove forme koje će udovoljiti, kako je isticao Matoš, zahtjevima modernog vremena. U članku se upućuje na trostruku subverziju koja se može čitati u djelovanju modernih autora: na društvenu, političku i estetsku, koje su prikazane upućivanjem na tekstove i aktivnosti A. G. Matoša i Tina Ujevića. Istaknuti autori moderne hrvatske književnosti umjetničkim i društvenim angažmanom djelovali su i kao kulturni medijatori. Povezujući pariške, zagrebačke i beogradske boemske kulturne krugove redefinirali su jezično, umjetničko i društveno naslijeđe, postavljajući svojim životom i djelom ulog sadašnjosti za budućnost.

Dok je burno 15. stoljeće u Jugoistočnoj Europi donijelo značajne promjene, otok Korčula doživio je samo dvije velike invazije nakon povratka pod mletačko sizerenstvo 1420. godine do početka stoljeća. Uočljivo je da ni postrojbe Osmanskog Carstva ni Ugarsko Kraljevstvo nisu napali mletački otok u južnoj Dalmaciji, već Napuljsko Kraljevstvo, čija je armada oba napada izvršila u ljeto 1483. i 1484. godine sa snažnom katalonskom potporom i 1483. uz papinsko učešće. Iako su napadi imali odjeka u raznim izvješćima kasnosrednjovjekovnih hodočasnika i ranonovovjekovnih historiografa, malo se zna o oba napada, a posebno o njihovom kontekstu – obično je čak i godina netočno navedena – pa čak i o općim odnosima otoka s Napuljskim Kraljevstvom i Kataloncima. Na temelju širokog spektra arhivske građe rad se bavi Napuljskim Kraljevstvom u aragonskom razdoblju, jednom od četiriju velesila u jugoistočnoj Europi, te djelovanjem katalonskih trgovačkih, pomorskih i gusarskih brodova na kasnom srednjovjekovnom Jadranu. Prvi dio rada istražuje socioekonomske odnose otoka s napuljskom Apulijom i djelatnost katalonskih trgovaca na jadranskome prostoru tijekom 15. stoljeća. Promotrivši pomorsko ispreplitanje otoka s južnom Italijom u kontekstu transjadranske trgovine, težište raščlambe prenosi se ponovno na korčulanski pogled i reakcije na napuljsku i katalonsku nazočnost na istočnom Jadranu. To je značajno pridonijelo dvostrukoj ulozi otoka: s jedne strane bila je to posrednička postaja za širenje informacija, s druge strane posrednik između interesa mletačkih i katalonskih, odnosno, napuljskih podanika. Nadalje, rad istražuje reakciju otočkih žitelja na obje neposredne „katalonske“ prijetnje kojima je Korčula bila izložena tijekom rata za Ferraru,odnosno dvije aragonske invazije u ljeto 1483. i 1484. Iako je cjelokupni opseg trgovine korčulanskih trgovaca u južnoj Italiji bio prilično skroman, pokazalo se da su korčulanski brodovlasnici i kapetani ipak čvrsto integrirani u apulske trgovačke mreže. Korčulanski patroni radili su za vodeće trgovačke tvrtke tog doba, uključujući one Lorenza de’ Medicija, velikoga katalonskog trgovca Raymunda Paretesa i obitelji de Russis iz Pistoie u Toskani, kao i za vodeće predstavnike Neofitija u Apuliji, koji su, između ostalog, imali važnu ulogu u trgovini Manfredonije i Tranija. Nakon Alfonsovoga pobjedničkog ulaza u Napulj (1442), Korčula se pokazala kao pozorni promatrač njegove politike na Balkanu i sve većih aktivnosti katalonskih galija i gusarskih brodova na Jadranu. Mletački je dužd stoga u prosincu 1450. Korčuli dodijelio ulogu posrednika („mediator“) interesa mletačkih i katalonskih, odnosno, napuljskih podanika, oslanjajući se na veze otoka s napuljskom Apulijom i njezin strateški položaj. Na koncu rad donosi neistraženu izvornu građu o aragonskim prepadima na Korčulu 1483. i 1484. i daje detaljni opis reakcija otočkih žitelja.

In this paper I discuss some relevant theses of Caranti?s Kant?s Political Legacy, whose aim is to provide a consistent account of how we could develop Kant?s political thought and see to what extent Kant?s insights can help us to critically understand the 21st century?s political world. First, I will focus on autonomy as the ground of dignity and discuss Caranti?s arguments against the exclusiveness of the Categorical Imperative as the sole principle of true moral agency. Second, I will take into account Caranti?s views on history and consider whether human rational nature can be regarded as containing teleological - though non-biological - elements, thereby questioning Caranti?s Separability Thesis.

Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing and managing endocervical and endometrial pathology. The development of today?s hysteroscopy begins in the early 19th century. Initially, hysteroscopy was used solely for diagnostics. Operative hysteroscopy surfaced with the development of distension media, the hysteroscope, and its associated instruments. Operative hysteroscopy underwent the most significant development in the early 1970s, when new hysteroscopes were introduced, and the distension media became more widely used. A multitude of hysteroscopic procedures are performed with the common goal of removing pathological changes in the endometrial cavity. In the 1980s, small cameras, also known as ?chip? cameras, were developed, leading to the transition of endoscopy into videoendoscopy. Bettocchi revolutionized modern hysteroscopy in 1996 when he used the first operative office hysteroscope. Operative resectoscopes, containing monopolar and bipolar energy, were also constructed. Hysteroscopic morcellators have been in use since the beginning of the 21st century. Today?s modern hysteroscopy represents a safe diagnostic and operative endoscopy.

In the past 5 years, U. S. hospitals have virtually abandoned the semiprivate inpatient room. The inconclusiveness of recent research, however, indicates that this room type remains a potentially viable care delivery setting in both developed and developing countries for specific patient cohorts and care scenarios during hospitalization. Although the U.S. healthcare industry has embraced the all-private room hospital, does the semiprivate room have a place at all in the 21st-century American hospital? Literature on the subject, both for and against, is summarized. This is followed by a proposal for a case study prototype and its functional integration within a conventional medical/surgical unit in a U.S. hospital. The results suggest that a tempered reintroduction of semiprivatism affords opportunities for socialization, patient-family transactions and amenities, and staff effectiveness without compromising patient safety. Implications for environmental stewardship with respect to the carbon-neutral hospital of the 21st century are cited, as are priorities for further evidence-based design research on this issue.

This article studies U.S. views of the historical relationship between the U.S. and Europe as conceived during the 20th century. This is examined through U.S. World history text books dating from 1921 to 2001. The textbooks view relations within a general teleological narrative of progress through democracy and technology. Generally, the textbooks stress the significan ce of the English heritage to American society. From the American Revolution onwards, however, the U.S. stands as an example to Europe. Beginning with the two world wars, it also intervenes directly in Europe in order to save democracy. In the Cold War, the U.S. finally acknowledges the lea ding role it has been assigned in the world. Through its democratic ideals, the U.S. historically has a spe cial relationship with Great Britain and, by the 20th century, Western Europe in general. An American identity is established both in conjunction with Western Europe, by emphasizing their common democratic tradition, and in opposition to it, by stressing how the Americans have developed this tradition better than the Europeans, creating a more egalitarian and libertarian society. There is a need for Europe to become more like the U.S., and a Europe that does not follow the American lead is viewed with suspicion.

The international system, like any other, needs to be regulated. Obviously, a purposeful and thoughtful direction of the international development dynamics is preferable to a spontaneous and fragmented alignment in the spirit of the Hobbesian idea of «a war of all against all». In this context, the idea of global governance proves viable, despite the declining recognition and relative marginalization of the concept, on par with the number of mentions. International life in the 21st century did not turn out to be as well-adjusted as it was seen by the proponents of liberal globalization and neoliberal ideology immediately after the end of the Cold War. Not surprisingly, that today pessimism about the possibilities for real action in global governance far exceeds the optimism of the first post-bipolar decade. In addition to different interpretations and theoretical basis of global governance, the article reveals the role of the leading world powers - Russia, China and the United States in the multilevel GG architecture through great-power triangular interaction. The author proves that not a single leading world power or group of states can maintain order-forming processes alone. The U.S., China and Russia, in one way or another, pin their hopes on preserving and/or restoring and/or acquiring global leadership. Each of the powers pursues its own strategy of global governance against the backdrop of promoting its own ideas about the world order.

U radu se donosi analiza franjevačkih ljetopisa nastalih u okrilju Bosne Srebrene u 18. stoljeću o Ugarskoj i uz nju vezanim temama, kojima su autori Nikola Lašvanin, Marijan Bogdanović i Bono Benić stariji, uz pisanje nekolicine na njih naslonjenih autora (Filip Lastrić, Mate Kristićević i Jakov Baltić). Povijesne veze između Ugarske i Bosne sežu još u srednji vijek, ali je dominantan pristup u historiografiji bio usmjeren na analizu političkih i u određenoj mjeri crkvenih odnosa, koje se, pak, najčešće promatralo u svjetlu međusobnih antagonizama. Svojevrstan odraz može se pronaći i u doktoratu Ive Andrića, čiji se diskurs i metodološki pristup o Mađarskoj i Mađarima približavaju onima kojima se koristio opisujući Turke, što je do danas predmetom brojnih kontroverzi. Analiza pisanja franjevačkih autora otkriva njihove međusobne veze, kontekst u kojem su pisali te je usmjerena na idejni fokus koji je svaki od njih nastojao dati. U pogledu srednjovjekovnih veza Ugarske i Bosne govore gotovo isključivo u kontekstu događaja iz 1463. godine i osmanlijskog osvajanja. Kasnije su usmjereni primarno na odnose unutar same Bosne Srebrene, koja je do 1757. obuhvaćala i golem prostor u Ugarskoj. Podjela provincije bila je provedena u atmosferi značajnih napetosti i uz puno zamjeranja s bosanske strane, što se zrcali i u pisanju ljetopisaca od kojih su neki bili i aktivni sudionici tih događaja. Napokon, u 19. stoljeću primjetno je pomicanje fokusa s crkvenih pitanja prema nacionalnim pitanjima i ugarsko se ime počinje zamjenjivati mađarskim, uz određen negativan naboj, premda, podrobnija slika tih odnosa predstavlja idući istraživački korak.

The purpose of this paper is to study perceptions of India in three literary works, from the 20th and 21st century. The first part looks into the tenets of postcolonial theory and literary imagology as a possible methodological framework. Subsequently, premodern perceptions of India in the Croatian literary and cultural space are summarised. The central analysis focuses on the historical novelJaša Dalmatin (Jaša Dalmatin, Viceroy of Gujarat) by Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, the travelogue U potrazi za staklenim gradom (In Search of the Glass City) by Željko Malnar and Borna Bebek, and the short story Indija (India) by Bekim Sejranović. The analysis demonstrates that each of these writings reconstructs premodern perceptions to some extent, but primarily introduces new perceptions that are linked to the specific social, cultural and ideological context in which these works were written. This indicates that literary perceptions are at the same time always acts of literary fiction as well as a socially and culturally construed production of meaning.

Neubert, Mainert, Kretzschmar, and Greiff (2015) suggest two individual differences that have been overlooked in the industrial–organizational (I-O) literature (i.e., complex and collaborative problem solving) will be critical in the 21st century workplace. Below, I will briefly summarize some history and empirical findings at odds with Neubert et al.’s (2015) assertions.

The Krasnoufim Mari is a group of Ural Mari people, whose traditional clothing was marked by bright originality. They attracted the attention of travelers, researchers, local historians, ethnographers, art historians. The costume of the Ural Mari was repeatedly described by researchers of the 18th-19th centuries, and in the 20th-21st centuries it was the object of study of both Russian and Finnish ethnographers of different generations. The earliest evidences about the costume of the Ural Mari left by P.S. Pallas. In the 19th century the clothing of Mari people of Krasnoufimsky uyezd was described by G. Gorodskoy (V.N. Shishonko), S. Som-mier, D.P. Nikolsky. In the twentieth century the costume of this group of Mari ethnos was studied by T.E. Evseviev, S.N. Shitova, T.L. Molotova, as well as by A.O. Heikel and I. Lehtinen. In the 20th centure only one article devoted to the clothing of the Krasnoufim Mari people was published, and in the 21st century a number of richly illustrated articles and editions were published, the chapters of which were devoted to the costume of the Ural Mari people. Some of them are based on the materials collected in the Krasnoufim District of the Sverdlovsk Region. Three main bodies of sources on the topic were grouped by the researchers of the 18th-21st centuries: texts; collections of clothing items; photo-documents. In this article the history of formation of all three groups of sources is considered, as they were interrelated and represented often only different parts of a single research process.

Customer relationship management (CRM) has drawn great attention across research areas. However, little effort has been made to reveal and evaluate new changes relating to customer relationship management (CRM) in the 21st century. Therefore, to address this gap, the paper adopts the literature analysis method to review 37 studies, published from 2010-2021. The results show that the interest of the scholars during this time focuses on the combination of information technology (IT) and customer relationship management (CRM) in terms of electronic CRM (e-CRM) or social CRM (s-CRM) to improve firms’ performance in terms of marketing, finance, supply chain and so forth. The sectors of services and commerce (i.e., insurance, service, retail, and bank) also draw attention to the research of customer relationship management (CRM). However, there are few studies that focus on the theoretical perspective, relative to CRM in the 21st century as well as the attention of internal customer relationship management or the adoption of 4.0 technology in CRM. The paper is expected to provide an overview of the current stage of research on Customer relationship management (CRM). Meanwhile, it also offers recommendations for future research.

The article is focused on the history of studing the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf of the Black Sea in the XX–XXI centuries. There have been singled out three stages in studying fishfauna of the region: since the late 50’s of the XIX century up to the early 20th century. (K. F. Kessler); at the turn of the 20th century (expeditions of S. A. Zernov, later – researches of L. V. Arnoldi, V. A. Vodyanitsky, K. A. Vinogradov, etc.) up to the 60s of the 20th century; since 2008 to the present day (A. R. Boltachev, E. P. Karpova). Data on the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf during a half-century period has been found insufficient: since late 50s of the 20th century up to the beginning of the 21st century. There has been shown the importance of Karkinitsky Gulf as a habitat for the rare protected fish species and the feeding area of valuable fish juveniles. The influence of anthropogenic factors over the past 50 years has been proved to cause qualitative changes in the composition of the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf: degradation of the seagrass biocenosis in shallow bays caused by siltation due to the discharge of fresh water from the fields and rice paddies, and the replacement of native ichthyofauna by freshwater species. The importance of systematic studies in this area is emphasized to assess the status of the fishfauna of Karkinitsky Gulf

The article is devoted to the history of the development of the Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after Professor S. I. Ser- geyev. The authors distinguish three stages: the end of the 19th century, the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. At each stage, the main events and achievements are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the personality of Professor S.I. Sergeev, who has contributed to the development of the hospital and has helped a lot to the transformation of the hospital into high level medical institution in the Russian Far East.

The paper examines war discourse, globalization and intensification of violence in the 20th and 21st century, though the research of the whole issue is placed in the context of the archetypal experience of war and war chaos in literature known since Homer’s Iliad, on which Énard insists in this contemporary epic. Since the protagonist, the grandson of the Ustasha collaborator with Maks Luburić, took part in the war in the former Yugoslavia, the question of inheriting and perpetuating evil, hatred and destruction arises. The conflicts in the Balkans are being re-examined, especially the period from the First World War onwards, however, this is not the only chronotope of this novel. Through an imaginary journey across the Zone (a hallmark for the Mediterranean basin), through the stream of consciousness and the memory of Francis Servain Mirković, the narration maps the cities that at some point in the history were also a scene of conflicts and crises – Beirut, Baghdad, Barcelona, Algeria...

Autor detaljno raščlanjuje dvije žalbe koje je porečki biskup Bonifacije (1282. – 1305.) predstavio Svetoj Stolici. Dosad je bila poznata samo jedna Bonifacijeva žalba izdana u krajnje manjkavoj ediciji koju je priredio Pietro Kandler, datiravši ju pritom pogrešno u 1301. godinu. Ta pogrešna datacija, nekritički preuzimana do danas, urodila je nizom neodrživih interpretacija koje ovaj prilog ispravlja. Na temelju podrobne analize obiju žalbi zaključuje se da je Bonifacije pisao Svetoj Stolici krajem 13. stoljeća dok je još uvijek bio živ njegov metropolit s kojim je bio u sukobu, akvilejski patrijarh Rajmund della Torre (1273. – 1299.). Rad završava kritičkom priredbom obiju žalbi.

The Southern Ocean (SO) is highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, an accurate estimate of phytoplankton biomass is key to being able to predict the climate trajectory of the 21st century. In this study, MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), on board EOS Aqua spacecraft, Level 2 (nominal 1 km × 1 km resolution) chlorophyll-a (C S a t ) and Particulate Organic Carbon (POC s a t ) products are evaluated by comparison with an in situ dataset from 11 research cruises (2008–2017) to the SO, across multiple seasons, which includes measurements of POC and chlorophyll-a (C i n s i t u ) from both High Performance Liquid Chromatography (C H P L C ) and fluorometry (C F l u o ). Contrary to a number of previous studies, results highlighted good performance of the algorithm in the SO when comparing estimations with HPLC measurements. Using a time window of ±12 h and a mean satellite chlorophyll from a 5 × 5 pixel box centered on the in situ location, the median C S a t :C i n s i t u ratios were 0.89 (N = 46) and 0.49 (N = 73) for C H P L C and C F l u o respectively. Differences between C H P L C and C F l u o were associated with the presence of diatoms containing chlorophyll-c pigments, which induced an overestimation of chlorophyll-a when measured fluorometrically due to a potential overlap of the chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-c emission spectra. An underestimation of ∼0.13 mg m − 3 was observed for the global POC algorithm. This error was likely due to an overestimate of in situ POC i n s i t u measurements from the impact of dissolved organic carbon not accounted for in the blank correction. These results highlight the important implications of different in situ methodologies when validating ocean colour products.

AbstractIn the early 21st century, the methodologies of Massimo Mangialavori, Rajan Sankaran and Jan Scholten stood in classic homeopathy. These authors criticise the traditional methods of case analysis and propose new instruments to the search for the most appropriate remedy. These contemporary methodologies present common points: the study of themes, classification in groups, interrelation of substance-remedy-patient and predictive character. These characteristics were already presented by other authors throughout the history of homeopathy, but they were only systematised as a practical instrument in the past decades.

The first paragraph of the paper examines the position of modern man in the world of hyperconsumption and happiness imperative. In the next paragraph attention is paid to determining the place of literature in the contemporary society. The word happiness, which etymologically derives from the Old Slavic word to meet, is linked to the chronotope of encounter, as one of the sources of modern literature, novel in particular. The second part of the paper deals with how literary heroes are perceived by lower primary school students. This is illustrated by the characters of the cat named Toša from the short story “Mačak otišao u hajduke” and the boy named Vučić from the short story “Mjesečev gost” by Branko Ćopić, as possible role models for young children. These examples show that life satisfaction and happiness are found in “small” things that the 21st century man very often forgets in his pursuit of happiness.

This review focuses on the book by leading Chinese historian Shen Zhihua, Economic Vortex: The Beginning of the Cold War Reinterpreted (Hongkong, 2022). The central question that Shen wants to answer in his work is “Could the Cold War have been avoided?” The professor examines this question through a “new angle” — the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Professor Shen concluded that the Cold War was an “accidental product” that could have been avoided. Further political and economic cooperation between U. S. and Soviet Union after World War II was in fact possible. The coexistence of two different ideologies and systems was also possible. The monograph consists of seven chapters. Shen analyzes in detail how the U. S. and the USSR gradually fell into an “economic vortex”, severing all economic relations between them. History — lessons for the future. The current situation in the world, the conflict between the two superpowers, China and U. S., has made the issue of the Cold War particularly relevant. Professor Shen believes that the outbreak of the Cold War in the middle of the last century is a “historical nuisance” for all mankind and contradicted the main course of the history of all mankind — the peaceful way of development. The PRC and the U. S. must not repeat the mistakes made by the American and Soviet leadership in the 20th century, which ended up dragging the entire world into a long and senseless conflict.

Piotr Vasilievich Kireyevsky entered the history of culture as one of the founders of Russian folkloristics. The present paper is an attempt to provide a systematic analysis of the work of researcher` entire life — the Collection of Russian Folk Songs, which became the first monumental set of works of folk art in Russian culture. P. Kireyevsky's song collection is considered in the aspect of interaction of various factors — cultural, historical, socio-ideological, artistic and aesthetic. Much attention is paid to the cultural and historical context of appearance of this work, which summarized the efforts of progressive public of the first half of the 19th century: A. S. Pushkin stood at its origins, among “depositors” of the Collection were N. V. Gogol, V. I. Dahl, A. V. Koltsov, P. I. Yakushkin. The paper also touches upon the circumstances of Kireyevsky's turning to folk songwriting, determined by the combination of personal life experiences, ideological attitudes and Russian realities of the first half of the 19th century. The author traces the stages of Kireyevsky`s formation as a folklorist as well as the milestones of his collecting activities. The history of work on the collection of Russian folk songs is presented in accordance with the evolution of the scientist`s folkloristic views. The paper addresses the history of publications of the Song Collection, from its lifetime editions of the 19th century to our times (beginning of the 21st century) and dwells on the issue of establishing scientific methodology, relevant for various fields of modern ethnography.

The education of scholarship students abroad throughout Serbian history was conceived as a key factor that contributed to the development of the country of origin after the completion of education. In accordance with the needs of society, the creators of educational policies in the country of origin enacted regulations and measures that encouraged Serbian students to study abroad, but also to return to their home country after their education had been completed in order to contribute with their knowledge, their contacts to the development at home. This tradition has been maintained throughout Serbian history, so even today we have Government scholarship students who study at prestigious universities in the world. As this topic is insufficiently researched and modestly represented in scientific circles in Serbia, we received an incentive for the research. The analysis of the content of the available documents and regulations allows us to see the way in which Serbian scholars are educated abroad in the 21st century. On the other hand, the data obtained from the representatives of the "Fund for Young Talents of the Republic of Serbia-Dositej" allows us to statistically look at the data related to Serbian scholarship students who studied abroad in the period from 2008 to 2022.. Based on the obtained data, it is possible to get a picture of the profile of students-scholarship holders of the RS Government Fund "Dositej "-who a are studying abroad today. This paper also makes a theoretical contribution to research that analyzes the importance of international mobility and soft diplomacy. This paper identified the population of Serbian students studying abroad in the 21st century as scholarship recipients of the Fund for Young Talents of the Republic of Serbia, "Dositeja." Analysis of legal acts and quantitative data indicates that the scholarship program of the Fund for Young Talents of the Republic of Serbia, "Dositeja," is in an undefined academic space, somewhere between development, education, schooling, and graduation. when talking about academic mobility versus soft diplomacy (see: Kent, 2018). Today, Serbian scholars study in as many as 42 countries and choose the most prestigious faculties from the Shanghai list. Also, the analyzed data indicate that the education policy in Serbia aims to educate young talents abroad in economically developed countries, but at the same time, despite the contractual obligations, there is no group that ensures that insurance is provided, based on the data obtained. Also, the data show that today we do not have a clear picture of how many students received a scholarship because, when analyzing the data on awarded scholarships, there is no distribution of beneficiaries according to the criteria of older beneficiaries (Vasojević 2019), who continue their international education, which was also observed in previous research on this population. Based on the obtained data, we can only talk about the total number of awarded scholarships and not about the number of beneficiaries. It is clear that policymakers in recent years have been striving to solve the "blind spots" related to the project of educating Serbian students abroad, but they are also solving the gaps and deficiencies that are known in the security evidence of security studies. academic community and data collection through sophisticated longitudinal and internationally comparative tools. However, we should not ignore the well-known dimensions that categorize the "Dositej" scholarship as an international scholarship with features of soft power; the program itself recognizes the national interest, which Kirkland (2018) defines as the donor's desire to fill certain skills or other gaps in the labor market, where beneficiaries are encouraged (or even required) to be in the donor's country. The dimension of "merit" is also observed: "Scholarships are awarded to the most capable candidates, regardless of their personal background or the ability to influence national characteristics (Kirkland 2018).

This study investigated the sustainability practices of two (2) selected publicly-listed higher education institutions in the Philippines that ensure health and well-being. Research and publication, course offerings leading to health professions, and collaborations and health services were used as variables to measure sustainable practices that ensure good health and well-being. On the other hand, sustainable development was chosen to assess the assurance of good health and well-being. This study is based on the theories of health, well-being, sustainable development, and stakeholder theory. The qualitative exploratory research design was used. Data were from the 2020 websites of the respective universities, which contained annual reports, sustainability reports, and other documents. The information from these sources was analyzed using an analytical method. According to the findings, publicly-listed higher education institutions have published several studies on health and well-being in peer-reviewed journals that are either locally or internationally referred locally or internationally or indexed in World of Science (WoS) or Scopus. Nursing, medicine, dentistry, optometry, medical technology, pharmacy, psychology, and social work are among the health-related courses available to train competent and dedicated health professionals. Graduates of these courses will be expected to promote, protect, and treat the physical, mental, social, emotional, environmental, and holistic well-being of others. The analysis of collaborations and health services revealed numerous programs and activities related to networking with other health institutions, health outreach programs, mental health support, and health care services. It develops solutions to improve the health and well-being of university stakeholders using the skills and resources at its disposal. To ensure good health and well-being, stakeholders should collaborate to ensure an integrated and holistic approach to higher education sustainability. To address the study’s limitations, it is proposed that research be conducted using a different approach that links SDG#3 to other SDGs applicable to a university setting.ReferencesAllardt. E. (1989). An updated indicator system: having, leaving, being. working papers 48, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki.Aleixo, A., Azeiteiro, U., & Leal, S. (2020). Are the Sustainable Development Goals being implemented in the Portuguese higher education formative offer? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-04-2019-0150Aleixo, A. M., Azeiteiro, U., & Leal, S. (2018). The implementation of sustainability practices in Portuguese higher education institutions. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education.Aleixo, A., Leal, S., & Azeiteiroet, U. (2016). Conceptualization of sustainable higher education institutions, roles, barriers, and challenges for sustainability: An exploratory study in Portugal. Journal of Cleaner Production. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.010Alshuwaikhat, H. M., & Abubakar, I. (2008). An integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability: assessment of the current campus environmental management practices. Journal of cleaner production, 16(16), 1777-1785.Bebbington, J., Herzig, C., & Moon, J. (2014). Higher education and sustainable development. Auditing and Accountability Journal, 27(2). p. 218-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-12-2013-1553Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development:" our common future.". UN.Centro Escolar University. (2020). CEU Annual Report 2020. https://issuu.com/ceu-mis/docs/annual_report_2020Cole, L. (2003). Assessing Sustainability on Canadian University Campuses: Development of Sustainability Assessment Framework (Doctoral dissertation, Royal Roads University).Cortese, A. D. (2003). The critical role of higher education in creating a sustainable future. Planning for Higher Education.Dade, A. E. (2010). The impact of individual decision-making on oncampus sustainability initiatives. University of Nevada.Dahan, G. & Senol, I, (2012). Corporate social responsibility in higher education institutions: Istanbul Bilgi university the case. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(3).Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(1), 1-31.Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2006). Review of research on the influences on personal well-being and application to policy making. Defra.Duderstad J.J. & Weber L.E. (2011), “Global sustainability and the responsibilities of universities", Glion Colloquium Series n. 8, Economica, Londra, 119–129.Far Eastern University. (2021). FEU Annual Corporate Governance Report 2021. https://investors.feu.edu.ph/ corporategovernance. aspElkington, J. (1998). Partnerships from cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st‐century business. Environmental quality management, 8(1), 37-51.Findler, F., Schonherr, N. , Lozano, R., Reider, D., & Martinuzzi, A. (2019). The impacts of higher education institutions on sustainable development: a review and conceptualization. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, https://www.doi.org/10.1108/Fischer, D., Jenssen, S., & Tappeser, V. (2015). Getting an empirical hold of the sustainable university: a comparative analysis of evaluation frameworks across 12 contemporary sustainability assessment tools. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 40(6), 785-800. https://doi.or/10.1080/02602938.2015.1043234Freeman, R.E. (1999). Divergent stakeholder theory. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 233-236.Gray, R., & Bebbington, J. (2000). Environmental accounting, managerialism, and sustainability: Is the planet safe in the hands of business and accounting? Advances in environmental accounting & management. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Gottlieb, R. (2004). Sustainability on Campus: Stories and strategies for change. MIT Press.Guidi, M. E. (2016). Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). In Handbook on the History of Economic Analysis Volume I. Edward Elgar Publishing.Govindaraju, B., Jeyasingam, J., Habib, M. (2016). Education supply chain management model to achieve sustainability in private universities in Malaysia: a review. International Journal of Supply Management, 5(4).Govindaraju, B., Jeyasingam, J., Habib, M., Letchmana, U., Ravindran, R. (2018). Factors that contribute to the achievement of sustainability in private universities of Malaysia. International Journal of Supply Management, 7(2),Harsanyi, J. C. (1996). Utilities, preferences, and substantive goods. Social choice and welfare, 14(1), 129-145.Hill, P.S., Buse, K., Brolan, C.E. & Ooms, G. (2014). How can health remain central post-2015 sustainable development paradigm? Globalization and Health, 10(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-18Jongbloed, B., Enders, J., & Salerno, C. (2008). Higher education and its communities: interconnections, interdependencies and research agenda. Higher Education, 56, 303-324.Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., & von Steng Velken, L. (2012). Sustainability nears a tipping point. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53, 69-74.Kiseleva, L. (2013). Health as an economic resource in the context of contemporary theories. Czech Journal of Social Sciences Business and Economics, 2(3), 62-71.Konu, A.& Rimpella, M. (2002). Well-being in schools: a conceptual model. Health Promotion International, 17(1).Kretovics, M.A. (2016) Business practices in higher education: a guide for administrators. University College London.Le Blanc D. Towards integration at last? The sustainable development goals as a network of targets. Sustainable Dev 2015;23:176–87.Leal Filho, W., Azeiteiro, U., Alves, F., Pace, P., Mifsud, M., Brandli, L., Caeiro, S., & Disterheft, A. (2018) Reinvigorating the sustainable development research agenda: the role of the sustainable development goals (SDG). International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 25 (2), 131-142.Leal Filho, W. (2011). About the role of universities and their contribution to sustainable development. Higher Education Policy. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2011.16Leal Filho, W. , Manolas, E., Pace, P. (2015). The future we want: key issues on sustainable development in higher education after Rio and the UN decade of education for sustainable development. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. ISSN. 1467- 6370Lozano, R., et. al., (2014). A review of commitment and implementation of sustainable development in higher education: results from a worldwide survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.048Lozano, R., Lozano, F.J., Mulder, K., Huisingh, D., & Waas, T. (2013). Advancing higher education for sustainable development: international insights and critical reflections. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48(3).Mainardes, E., Alves, H., & Raposo, M. (2013). Portuguese Public University student satisfaction: a stakeholder theory-based approach. Tertiary Education and Management 19(4), 353-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2013.841984McKeown, R., Hopkins, C.A., Rizzi, R., Chrystalbridge, M. (2002). Education for Sustainable Development Toolkit, Version 2. Waste Management Research and Education Institute, University of Tennessee. http://www.esdtoolkit.org.Orme, J., & Dooris, M. (2010). Integrating health and sustainability: the higher education sector as a timely catalyst. Health education research, 25(3), 425-437.Osborn, D., Cutter, A., & Ullah, F. (2015). Understanding the transformational challenge for developed countries. Universal Sustainable Development GoalsRieckmann, M. (2012). Future-oriented higher education: which key competencies should be fostered through university teaching and learning? Features 44(2), 127-135.Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological wellbeing revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719.Scott, S., & Lane, V. (2000). A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. Academy of Management Review, 25, 43-62.Sibbel, A. (2009). Pathways towards sustainability through higher education. International Journal of Sustainable Higher Education, 10(1), 68-82.Steiner, L., Sundstrom, A., & Sammalisto, K. (2013). An analytical model for university identity and reputation strategy work. Higher Education, 65(4), 401-415.Sumner, L. W. (1995). The subjectivity of welfare. Ethics, 105(4), 764-790.Times Higher Education Impacts Ranking Methodology Guide 2022 version 1.3.United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.United Nations. (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. United Nations Development Programme. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 2015. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/post-2015-development-agenda/Velasquez, L., Munguia, N., Platt, A., Taddei, J. (2006). Sustainable university: What can be the matter? Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, pp. 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.12.008World Health Organization. (1948). The preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.World Health Organization. Health promotion glossary. WHO/HPR/HEP/98.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998:1–36. http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/about/HPR%20Glossary%201998.pdf?ua=1World Health Organization. Positioning Health in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. WHO discussion paper. 1–4 October 2012. http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/post2015/ WHOdiscussionpaper_October2012.pdf?ua=1World Health Organization (2015d). Health in 2015 from MDGs to SDGs. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/200009/1/9789241565110_eng.pdf?ua=1Yamey G., Shretta R., & Binka FN. The 2030 sustainable development goal for health—must balance bold aspiration with technical feasibility. BMJ 2014;349:g5295.Yang, S., Alessandri, S., & Kinsey, D. (2008). An integrative analysis of reputation and relational quality: a study of university-student relationships. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 18, 145-170.

The rule of law is one of the key concepts in the 21st century. The idea of the rule of law exists to the extent that there are reflections on the state and law, and a relationship between these two concepts. The aim of this paper is to show in one place the development of the idea of the rule of law through history. In this sense, the authors look at the thoughts of philosophers who have largely determined the direction of development of the idea of the rule of law. Of course, not all philosophers who have contemplated the rule of law are listed in the paper, but it nevertheless attempts to show in chronological order how the rule of law as an idea developed from Plato to its modern theorists.

The desire for longevity, beauty, and health is as old as the history of human culture. Minimizing tissue damage and invasive surgeries has led to a variety of options in the 21st century medicine. In the past 20 years, hyaluronic acid filler injections have thus become a popular modality of treatment for facial rejuvenation due to low costs for patients with immediately visible results. Ideally, the treated face looks natural. We aim at stopping time, maybe tweaking the handles of our clocks a bit backward to counteract aging processes, but creating a natural look and maintaining the individual appearance.

This paper has accumulated and systematized the experience of studying the settlement of Eski-Yurt as the largest Golden Horde centre on the Crimean Peninsula when the role of Solkhat as an economic, military, cultural, and administrative centre declined and the capital was transferred to the western Crimea. The research has used various groups of historical sources: travelogues of numerous voyagers who visited the Crimean Peninsula for personal or official purposes (Marcin Broniewski, F. Dubois de Montpéreux, Iakov Lyzlov, P. S. Pallas, S. I. Tarbeev, Evliya Celebi, and others), scholarly works of local researchers of the Crimean sites in the Golden Horde Period, particularly those who investigated the settlement of Eski-Yurt (A. S. Bashkirov, U. A. Bodaninskii, P. I. Gollandskii, B. N. Zasypkin, A. A. Ivanov, S. V. Karlov, V. P. Kirilko, and others), and the materials from the collections of central and departmental archival depositories. The experience of archaeological researches at the site (expeditions supervised by A. S. Bashkirov and U. A. Bodaninskii in 1924, V. L. Myts in 1991, and S. V. Karlov in 2005) is presented. The main stages of the researches at the site have been distinguished and analysed: 1) Late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries: sketches in travelogues of encyclopaedic scholars who visited the Crimea after its unification with Russia (P. S. Pallas, F. Dubois de Montpéreux, etc.); the first scholarly experience of exploration of the site by A. F. Negri, V. D. Smirnov, and others; 2) 1920s: the beginning of the archaeological studies of the settlement (the expedition of A. S. Bashkirov and U. A. Bodaninskii, 1924); the attempts of attracting attention of the government and public to the cultural heritage preservation in Eski-Yurt (the works of A. S. Bashkirov, U. A. Bodaninskii, P. I. Gollandskii, and B. N. Zasypkin); 3) current stage, or the last quarter of the twentieth century: the revival of the academic interest to the settlement (the works of A. A. Ivanov, V. P. Kirilko, O. M. Stoikova, M. M. Choref, and others); the continuation of the archaeological studies of the site (the expeditions of S. V. Karlov and V. L. Myts); state registration of the architectural and archaeological monuments of the settlement. The present state of the cultural heritage objects has been considered.

The following article discusses issues of electoral participation and street protest activity in 21st century Algeria. The work is based on the materials on Algerian election campaigns and results of the author's field research in the country. Describing the current political situation in Algeria, the author points out that the long established alienation between the civil society and government institutions is one of the most significant challenges for the country's development. The roots of this alienation are much deeper than the 2019 events when A. Bouteflika was overthrown due to mass protests and A. Tebboun became the President. Analyzing the electoral campaigns held since 2000 to this day, the author discovers that mutual distrust between the political elites and the society has been a characteristic trait of Algerian internal politics over the whole two decades. In this context, the Hirak movement founded in 2019 may be seen a an instrument of political transformation rather than merely a way to express popular discontent. However, even though this movement was successful enough to change the political leadership in Algeria, it hasn't managed to transform the essence of the system and update the social contract. Looking into the reasons for this failure, the author concludes that they stem from the specific traits of Algerian political culture formed in the colonial and early post-colonial eras.

This research paper analyses the main purposes the Beijing subway system, which served from 1969 to now as a tool of political defense as well as a transportation system. The notion to construct the system arose in 1953, but the first section of today’s Line 1 did not open until September 1969.  Today, the Beijing subway system is the world’s busiest in terms of annual ridership and the world’s second longest subway system, ranking only behind Shanghai’s. (Xinhua News Agency, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-12/30/c_1122188643.htm.) The political and economic development and trends in China in the second half of 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, such as the Cultural Revolution and the 2008 Olympics, affected the subway system’s development greatly. This paper examines Chinese documents with the aim of providing a general understanding of the development and purpose of the Beijing system, through political, economic and technical analysis, among others, of its history. There exists almost no document, ¬¬either in English or Chinese, that analyzes the development of Beijing’s subway system. However, this topic should be considered important, as it provides an alternative way of viewing the development of China and its governing principles throughout its late-20th century and current-day history.

This paper analyzes two performances of the myth of Galician Inés de Castro, a queen murdered and crowned post-portem by her husband, Pedro de Portugal. After a review of the literary coordinates of this revisitation, a comparison and contrast is made between two approaches made by Ana Zamora and Ignacio García (2019). The former (Nao d amores´s Nise) works through Jerónimo Bermúdez´s Nise lastimosa and Nise laureada, the latter stages Reinar después de morir/Reinar depois de morrer by Luis Vélez de Guevara. The figure of the queen serves to stage obsessions of medieval and contemporary societies. The problematic representation of an act of violence to a woman onstage is presented by two contrasting approaches: Baroque, bloody and sublime and Romanesque, neutral and yet transcendent.

The “color line” has long served as a metaphor for the starkness of black/white relations in the United States. Yet post-1965 increases in U.S. immigration have brought millions whose ethnoracial status seems neither black nor white, boosting ethnoracial diversity and potentially changing the color line. After reviewing past and current conceptualizations of America's racial divide(s), we ask what recent trends in intermarriage and multiracial identification – both indicators of ethnoracial boundary dissolution – reveal about ethnoracial color lines in today's immigrant America. We note that rises in intermarriage and multiracial identification have emerged more strongly among Asians and Latinos than blacks and in more diverse metropolitan areas. Moreover, these tendencies are larger than would be expected based solely on shifts in the relative sizes of ethnoracial groups, suggesting that immigrationgenerated diversity is associated with cultural change that is dissolving ethnoracial barriers – but more so for immigrant groups than blacks.