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Green, A. Richard, Jeffrey K. Aronson y Peter M. Haddad. "Examining the ‘psychopharmacology revolution’ (1950–1980) through the advertising of psychoactive drugs in the British Medical Journal". Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, n.º 10 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 1056–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118796810.
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Background: Many modern pharmaceutical products were launched during 1950–1980, as reflected in advertisements in the British Medical Journal ( BMJ). One of the first therapeutic areas to benefit from novel effective medications was psychiatry. Methods: We examined BMJ advertising material between 1950 and 1980, including every other issue over six-month periods (October–March) in 1950/1951, 1955/1956, 1957/1958, 1960/1961, 1962/1963, 1965/1966, 1967/1968, 1970/1971, 1972/1973, 1975/1976, 1980/1981. We recorded numbers of adverts for all pharmaceutical products and for psychiatric drugs; we also recorded trade names, generic names and marketing company. Results: Advertising in BMJ peaked in the 1960s and declined markedly in the 1970s. Adverts for psychiatric drugs as a percentage of total pharmaceutical product advertising was broadly similar during 1955–1980, but with peaks in 1960/1961, 1970/1971 and 1975/1976, reflecting the entry of several novel compounds into the market. The peak marketing of antipsychotic drugs, sedatives and anxiolytic drugs was in 1960 and of antidepressants 1970. The time course of the rise of tricyclics and the switch from barbiturates to benzodiazepines can be seen. Drugs for psychiatry rose from ninth (1955/1956) to fourth (1975/1976) in terms of the number of products in the top 10 therapeutic areas. There is no evidence that they were advertised more aggressively (number of adverts/number of products). Conclusions: The birth of modern psychopharmacology is reflected in th e advertising of psychiatric drugs in BMJ. Many drugs currently used, or their closely related successors, were launched in the early to mid-1960s. This rise in modern pharmaceuticals preceded several other major therapeutic areas.
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Carvalho, Maria do Socorro Fernandes de. "“Toda a minha vida escrevi”: leitura de três livros de Melo e Castro / All My Life I Wrote”: Reading Three Books by Melo e Castro". Revista do Centro de Estudos Portugueses 40, n.º 63 (8 de abril de 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2359-0076.40.63.51-58.
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Resumo: Este pequeno texto parte da constatação de recorrências literárias entre a Poesia Experimental de E. M. Melo e Castro e a Poesia Concreta brasileira, que tem origem no diálogo intertextual ocorrido no cerne das rupturas literárias das vanguardas nas décadas de 1950 e 1960 no Brasil e em Portugal. Trato dessas relações a partir da leitura de três livros de poesia escritos pelo poeta português: Queda livre, de 1961, Ideogramas, de 1962 e Poligonia do soneto, de 1963.Palavras-chave: experimentação; poesia concreta; vanguarda; ruptura; modernidade.Abstract: This text is based on the observation of literary recurrences between E. M. Melo e Castro’s Experimental Poetry and Brazilian Concrete Poetry, which originates from the intertextual dialogue that took place at the heart of the literary ruptures of the avant-garde in the 1950s and 1960s in Brazil and Portugal. I deal with these relations from the reading of three poetry books written by the Portuguese poet: Queda Livre, 1961, Ideogramas, 1962 and Poligonia do soneto, 1963.Keywords: experimentation; concrete poetry; avant-garde; rupture; modernity.
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Lamego, Valéria. "A extrema liberdade em Cecília Meireles". Opiniães, n.º 20 (7 de julio de 2022): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2525-8133.opiniaes.2022.197878.
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O conceito de liberdade atravessou a obra da poeta Cecília Meireles (1901-1964), desde seus escritos e lutas juvenis, nas décadas de 1910 e 1920, passando pela militância em torno de uma educação moderna durante a Revolução de 1930, período em que manteve uma página diária voltada para o tema. Nos mesmos anos, entre 1930 e 1933, a pensadora e militante política francesa, Simone Weil (1909-1943), também se debruçou sobre a questão. A autora faz, então, um breve paralelo sobre o que a poeta brasileira e a pensadora francesa escreveram no período. Cecília Meireles leva o tema para sua poesia na década de 1950 em uma de suas mais aclamadas obras, o 'Romanceiro da Inconfidência' (1953). Até suas últimas crônicas, na década de 1960, a autora aborda o tema em crônicas políticas e de comportamento.
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Renders, Helmut. "Expondo os desafios do mundo à igreja: a linguagem visual vanguarda da revista Cruz de Malta de 1962". Caminhando 24, n.º 1 (11 de junio de 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v24n1p215-231.
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Este artigo descreve e analisa as mudanças da linguagem visual religiosa da revista Cruz de Malta Marcha no ano 1962 que surgem junto com um novo lema da revista, “Juventude em luta para um mundo melhor”. Como base se comparou capas dos anos 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 e 1964 e alguns exemplos do uso do desenho gráfico nas edições da revista de 1962. Percebe-se como a tentativa de estender as fronteiras da atuação da igreja incluindo um diálogo sobre os problemas mais urgentes globais e nacionais da época rompe com padrões da cultura visual que antecipam os anos 70 e 80 por um breve momento. O rápido desaparecimento dessa linguagem religiosa visual vanguarda depois um ano parece hoje como antecipação ou pré-anúncio dos eventos que acabam preparando a ditatura militar brasileira de 1964.
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Dias, Marisa da Silva. "Transposição didática do conceito de número irracional nas obras portuguesas de 1909 a 1963". Ensino em Re-Vista 29 (11 de febrero de 2022): e018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/er-v29a2022-18.
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O objetivo é apresentar o conceito de número irracional em onze obras didáticas portuguesas compreendendo o período de 1909 a 1963. Sob os princípios teóricos da transposição didática, com enfoque no saber a ensinar e da metodologia exploratória do tipo bibliográfica, os principais resultados voltados à publicidade desse saber são caracterizados por definições de número irracional como classes contíguas, em obras na década de 1910; como relação entre grandezas incomensuráveis, nas obras da década de 1930 e início da década de 1940 e como dízima infinita não periódica, nas obras das décadas de 1950 e 1960, em definitiva substituição a abordagem de classes contíguas. A sequência das explanações didáticas do conceito nas obras, em geral, parte de um caso particular de raiz quadrada de um número que não é quadrado perfeito, seguindo para uma definição, como generalização, e poucos exemplos. Exemplos de números transcendentes aparecem após 1954.
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Eley, Geoff. "The German Right from Weimar to Hitler: Fragmentation and Coalescence". Central European History 48, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000060.
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As archival scholarship on National Socialism moved under way during the later 1960s, study of the Right's broader intellectual history relied on a small number of then canonical works—by Klemens von Klemperer (1957), Otto E. Schüddekopf (1960), Fritz Stern (1961), Hans-Joachim Schwierskott (1962), and Kurt Sontheimer (1962), shadowed by Armin Mohler's Die konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1918–1932. Grundriβ ihrer Weltanschauungen (1950)—soon to be joined by George Mosse (1964), Herman Lebovics (1969), and Walter Struve (1973). At this stage, with the exception of Fritz K. Ringer's The Decline of the German Mandarins (1967) and Reinhard Bollmus's study of Alfred Rosenberg's office and its opponents (1970), there was virtually nothing taking a broader social or institutional approach to the contexts of Nazi ideology and the sociology of knowledge under the Third Reich. Gerhard Kratzsch's Kunstwart und Dürerbund. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Gebildeten im Zeitalter des Imperialismus (1969) stood very much alone as a nuanced, archivally researched case study alive to the complex ambivalences of cultural nationalism in the Wilhelmine years.
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Luchin, Vladimir A. y Vladimir I. Matveev. "Interannual variability of thermal state of the cold subsurface layer in the Okhotsk Sea". Izvestiya TINRO 187, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2016): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-187-205-216.
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Long-term variability of the cold subsurface water (CSW) in the Okhotsk Sea is analyzed on the base of all available oceanographic data collected in March through August of 1946-2015 (total 65,742 stations). The Integral Heat Content (IHC) is calculated for each station and average annual IHC anomalies of the cold subsurface water are determined by month and by 2-degree grid. The IHC anomaly series are analyzed using the EOF analysis. Cycles with period of approximately 30 years are revealed in the variations of the subsurface layer heat content. Thus, in the 1946-1950, its temperature decreased, but it grew since 2009-2010 to 2015. The warming of CSW was also observed in the 1951-1964 and 1978-1994, while the cooling was in the 1965-1977 and 1995-2008. Based on this criterion, the CSW thermal condition in certain years is classified as «extremely cold» in 2001, as «cold» in 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1999, 2000, 2010, 2012, as «normal» in 1946, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, as «warm» in 1948, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1974, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2015, and as «extremely warm» in 1963. Statistically significant correlation is found between changes of the CSW thermal conditions and long-term variations of atmosphere and ocean climate indices, as well as local patterns of the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent onshore and offshore areas of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
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Ojha, Saswatee S. y Rajeev Kumar. "The Unique Look of Sixties and Beatle Mania". International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 03, n.º 12 (2022): 1068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.31226.
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Marked by sweeping social change, the 1960s is a decade that still holds a special significance, seeing traditional hierarchies begin to dissolve and make way for the birth of the modern age. The way people dressed was an obvious sign of shifting attitudes. In the 1960s, many chose, very publicly, to start looking different from the norm. Innovative designers and more informal modes of shopping drew a dividing line between the generations, creating a new market for youth fashion. Our collection tracks the different aspects of this fast-accelerating style revolution, with striking pieces from many of the decade’s most influential designers. Beatles, British rock group that came to personify the counterculture of the 1960s.In 1960 they adopted the name the Beatles. In 1962 they signed a recording contract and replaced Best with Starr (Sutcliffe had left the group in 1961). The release in 1962–63 of such songs as “Please Please Me” and “I Want to Hold Your Hand” made them England’s most popular rock group, and in 1964 “Beatlemania” struck the U.S. Beatlemania was the name given to the popular frenzy surrounding the Beatles after the band’s first appearances on British television in 1963. When the Beatles appeared on American television in 1964, Beatlemania also erupted in the United States. Mass media created the conditions for the collective frenzy that was Beatlemania.
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OLIVEIRA, Raphael Alberti Nóbrega de. "A águia bicéfala: Discursos e práticas da Ordem Secreta dos Primadistas, a “Ku Klux Klan gaúcha”". INTERRITÓRIOS 7, n.º 15 (23 de diciembre de 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2525-7668.2021.252831.
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RESUMOArtigo que desvela a repercussão na imprensa das ações da organização paramilitar de extrema-direita “Ordem Secreta dos Primadistas”, sediada no Rio Grande do Sul nos anos 1960. Serão abordados seus rituais, crenças, componentes e alianças com outras instituições de mesmo caráter, que intencionavam desestabilizar o Governo João Goulart (1961-1964).Ordem dos Primadistas. Ordem Suprema dos Mantos Negros. Anticomunismo. Terrorismo. Governo João Goulart (1961-1964). ABSTRACTArticle that reveals the repercussion in the press of the actions of the extreme-right paramilitary organization “Secret Order of Primadistas”, headquartered in Rio Grande do Sul in the 1960s. Its rituals, beliefs, components and alliances with other institutions of the same character will be addressed, which intended to destabilize the João Goulart government (1961-1964).Order of Primadistas. Supreme Order of Black Robes. Anticommunism. Terrorism. Government of João Goulart (1961-1964). RESUMENArtículo que aclara la repercusión en la prensa de las acciones de la organización paramilitar de extrema derecha “Orden Secreta de Primadistas”, radicada en Rio Grande do Sul en la década de 1960. carácter, que pretendía desestabilizar el gobierno de João Goulart (1961- 1964).“Ordem Secreta dos Primadistas”. Orden Suprema de Túnicas Negras. Anticomunismo. Terrorismo. Gobierno de João Goulart (1961-1964).
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MONNÉ, MARCELA L. y MIGUEL A. MONNÉ. "Notes on Acanthoderini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) described by Ernst Fuchs, now in the Herbert Schmid Collection, Vienna, Austria". Zootaxa 1365, n.º 1 (27 de noviembre de 2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1365.1.3.
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A study of the species of the tribe Acanthoderini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) described by Ernst Fuchs and deposited in the Herbert Schmid private collection is presented. Four new synonyms are established: Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) curvistriatus Tippmann, 1960 = Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) griseofasciata Fuchs, 1958; Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) minuta Fuchs, 1958 = Idiomerus difficilis Melzer, 1934; Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) sexmaculatus Fuchs, 1961 = Acanthoderes schmithi Melzer, 1935; and Sorelia cervina Lane, 1965 = Oreodera ferruginea Fuchs, 1964. Two new combinations are proposed: Oreodera hassenteufeli (Fuchs, 1958) from Acanthoderes (Pasapharochrus) and Sorelia ferruginea (Fuchs, 1964) from Oreodera. Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) virescens Fuchs, 1962 is transferred to the subgenus Scythropopsis Thomson, 1864. Notes on the type-material and the geographical distribution are added for each species.
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Savitskaya, T. A., T. V. Makarova y V. A. Trifonov. "Epidemiological characteristics of diphtheria morbidity in the Republic of Tatarstan in 1994". Kazan medical journal 77, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 1996): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj104461.
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Before the introduction of planned vaccination against diphtheria in Tatarstan, the number of diphtheria cases per 100 thousand people was 25.3 in 1920-1929 - 25.3, 1930-1939 - 66.5, 1940-1949 - 75.4, 1950-1959 - 67,2. Planned vaccination, which began in 1955-1956, contributed to a decrease in the number of cases. Over the following decades, the average incidence rate per 100,000 population steadily decreased and was in 1960-1969 - 5.2, 1970-1979 - 0,07. However, in 1982-1985 there was a slight increase in the number of diphtheria cases, so the average morbidity rate for 1980-1989 slightly increased (0.09 per 100 thousand population).
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Shimizu, Ryuichi. "Development of Electron Probe Instrumentation during Those Early Days When Professor Castaing Visited Japan". Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, n.º 2 (marzo de 2001): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010066.
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Abstract The development of the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) in Japan in the early 1960s, when Prof. R. Castaing visited Japan, is briefly outlined. In 1955, a review article was published by Prof. G. Shinoda in Oyobutsuri, the most popular journal in Japan, in which the EPMA was introduced. In 1957, a research group at the University of Tokyo started to develop an EPMA with a Grant-in-Aid for Developmental Research. Their research results led to the funding of a 2-year Grant-in-Aid for Cooperative Research Project (April 1960 to March 1962), which was chaired by Prof. Y. Sakaki. Prof. G. Shinoda who became the chairman of that project in April of 1962 led that group for another year until March of 1963. It was just after the start of the project that Prof. R. Castaing visited Japan in September of 1960 as a representative of the French Mission Culturelle. This visit gave a great push forward for the commercial development of EPMA instruments in Japan. The first three commercial EPMA instruments from Hitachi, JEOL, and Akashi Ltds. were installed in Tohoku, Osaka, and Waseda Universities in 1962, 1963, and 1964, respectively. Photographs of those first commercial EPMA systems, together with a brief description of the activities of the cooperative research projects, are presented.
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ONSO-ZARAZAGA, MIGUEL A. y CHRISTOPHER H. C. LYAL. "A catalogue of family and genus group names in Scolytinae and Platypodinae with nomenclatural remarks (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Zootaxa 2258, n.º 1 (8 de octubre de 2009): 1–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2258.1.1.
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A list of available taxonomic names in Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae in familyand genus-groups is given, together with some remarks on unavailable nominal taxa. Comments are provided on their status and nomenclature, and additions and corrections to extant catalogues given, as a first step for their inclusion in the electronic catalogue ‘WTaxa’. Available names, not recognised as such in current published catalogues, are: Mecopelminae Thompson, 1992; Trypodendrina Nunberg, 1954; Archaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Camptocerus Dejean, 1821; Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Coptogaster Illiger, 1804; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992; Cylindra Illiger, 1802; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1963; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1938; Doliopygus Browne, 1962; Doliopygus Schedl, 1972; Erioschidias Wood, 1960; Ernopocerus Wood, 1954; Idophelus Rye, 1877; Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Lepidocerus Rye, 1880; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963; Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1963; Pinetoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Pygmaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Spinuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963; Stylotentus Schedl, 1963; Thamnophthorus Blackman, 1942; Trachyostus Browne, 1962; Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972; Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Trypodendrum Agassiz, 1846; Tubuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Xelyborus Schedl, 1939. Unavailable names, not recognised as such in the current published catalogues, are: Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966; Eidophelinae Murayama, 1954; Mecopelmini Wood, 1966; Strombophorini Schedl, 1960; Tomicidae Shuckard, 1840; Trypodendrinae Trédl, 1907; Acryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Adryocoetes Schedl, 1952; Asetus Nunberg, 1958; Carphoborites Schedl, 1947; Charphoborites Schedl, 1947; Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937; Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 1936; Damicerus Dejean, 1835; Damicerus Dejean, 1836; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1957; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937; Doliopygus Schedl, 1939; Erioschidias Schedl, 1938; Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 1949; Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931; Ipites Karpiński, 1962; Isophthorus Schedl, 1938; Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Landolphianus Schedl, 1950; Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966; Micraciops Schedl, 1953; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939; Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966; Neohyorrhynchus Schedl, 1962; Neophloeotribus Eggers, 1943; Neopityophthorus Schedl, 1938; Neoxyleborus Wood, 1982; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1962; Platypinus Schedl, 1939; Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957; Platyscapus Schedl, 1939; Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966; Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1941; Stylotentus Schedl, 1939; Taphrostenoxis Schedl, 1965; Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; Thamnophthorus Schedl, 1938; Thylurcos Schedl, 1939; Trachyostus Schedl, 1939; Treptoplatus Schedl, 1939. The name Tesseroceri Blandford, 1896, incorrectly given as “Tesserocerini genuini” in current catalogues, is unavailable as basionym for the family-group name, since it was proposed as a genusgroup name. Resurrected names from synonymy are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 from synonymy under Ctenophorini Chapuis, 1869 (invalid name because its type genus is a homonym) and given precedence over Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878 under Art. 24.2; Hylurgini Gistel, 1848 from virtual synonymy under Tomicini C.G. Thomson, 1859 (unavailable name); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 from synonymy under Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Costaroplatus Nunberg, 1963 from synonymy under Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 from synonymy under Ips DeGeer, 1775 to valid subgenus of the same; Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 from synonymy under Rhopalopselion Hagedorn, 1909 to valid genus; Pseudips Cognato, 2000, from synonymy under Orthotomicus Ferrari, 1867 to valid genus. New synonyms are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 (= Erineophilides Hopkins, 1920, syn. nov.); Hypoborini Nuesslin, 1911 (= Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966, unavailable name, syn. nov.); Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (= Minulini Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 (= Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963, syn. nov.); Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 (= Coleobothrus Enderlein, 1929, syn. nov.); Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 (=Emarips Cognato, 2001, syn. nov.); Doliopygus Browne, 1962 (=Doliopygus Schedl, 1972, syn. nov.); Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875 (= Idophelus Rye, 1877, syn. nov.); Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 (= Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.); Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836 (= Phloeotrypes Agassiz, 1846, syn. nov.); Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepidocerus Rye, 1880, synn. nov.); Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 (=Xylotrophus Gistel, 1848 = Trypodendrum Gistel, 1856, synn. nov.); Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 (= Chilodendron Schedl, 1953, syn. nov.); Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Hylastes pumilus Mannerheim, 1843 (= Dolurgus pumilus Eichhoff, 1868, syn. nov.); Hypoborus hispidus Ferrari, 1867 (= Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878 (April) syn. nov.); Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1942, syn. nov.); Miocryphalus congonus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus congonus Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.); Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) = Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (June) (= Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (December), syn. nov.); Triarmocerus cryphalo-ides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes darvini Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes darwinii Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.). New type species designations are: Bostrichus dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 for Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) for Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Ozopemon regius Hagedorn, 1908 for Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910 (non 1908); Dermestes typographus Linnaeus, 1758 for Bostrichus Fabricius, 1775 (non Geoffroy, 1762). New combinations are: Afromicracis agnata (Schedl, 1939), A. attenuata (Eggers, 1935), A. ciliatipennis (Schedl, 1979), A. congona (Schedl, 1939), A. dubia (Schedl, 1950), A. elongata (Schedl, 1965), A. grobleri (Schedl, 1961), A. klainedoxae (Schedl, 1957), A. longa (Nunberg, 1964), A. natalensis (Eggers, 1936), A. nigrina (Schedl, 1957), A. nitida (Schedl, 1965), A. pennata (Schedl, 1953) and A. punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) all from Miocryphalus; Costaroplatus abditulus (Wood, 1966), C. abditus (Schedl, 1936), C. carinulatus (Chapuis, 1865), C. clunalis (Wood, 1966), C. cluniculus (Wood, 1966), C. clunis (Wood, 1966), C. costellatus (Schedl, 1933), C. frontalis (Blandford, 1896), C. imitatrix (Schedl, 1972), C. manus (Schedl, 1936), C. occipitis (Wood, 1966), C. pulchellus (Chapuis, 1865), C. pulcher (Chapuis, 1865), C. pusillimus (Chapuis, 1865), C. subabditus (Schedl, 1935), C. turgifrons (Schedl, 1935) and C. umbrosus (Schedl, 1936) all from Platyscapulus; Hapalogenius africanus (Eggers, 1933), H. alluaudi (Lepesme, 1942), H. angolanus (Wood, 1988), H. angolensis (Schedl, 1959), H. arabiae (Schedl, 1975), H. atakorae (Schedl, 1951), H. ater (Nunberg, 1967), H. baphiae (Schedl, 1954), H. brincki (Schedl, 1957), H. confusus (Eggers, 1935), H. decellei (Nunberg, 1969), H. dimorphus (Schedl, 1937), H. dubius (Eggers, 1920), H. emarginatus (Nunberg, 1973), H. endroedyi (Schedl, 1967), H. fasciatus (Hagedorn, 1909), H. ficus (Schedl, 1954), H. fuscipennis (Chapuis, 1869), H. granulatus (Lepesme, 1942), H. hirsutus (Schedl, 1957), H. hispidus (Eggers, 1924), H. horridus (Eggers, 1924), H. joveri (Schedl, 1950), H. kenyae (Wood, 1986), H. oblongus (Eggers, 1935), H. orientalis (Eggers, 1943), H. pauliani (Lepesme, 1942), H. punctatus (Eggers, 1932), H. quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1957), H. rhodesianus (Eggers, 1933), H. saudiarabiae (Schedl, 1971), H. seriatus (Eggers, 1940), H. squamosus (Eggers, 1936), H. striatus (Schedl, 1957), H. sulcatus Eggers, 1944), H. togonus (Eggers, 1919), H. ugandae (Wood, 1986) and H. variegatus (Eggers, 1936), all from Hylesinopsis. New ranks are: Diapodina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini; Tesserocerina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini. New placements are: Coptonotini Chapuis, 1869 from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Scolytinae; Mecopelmini Thompson, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Schedlariini Wood & Bright, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Spathicranuloides Schedl, 1972, from Platypodinae s.l. to Tesserocerina; Toxophthorus Wood, 1962 from Scolytinae incertae sedis to Dryocoetini. Confirmed placements are: Onychiini Chapuis, 1869 to tribe of Cossoninae (including single genus Onychius Chapuis, 1869); Sciatrophus Sampson, 1914 in Cossoninae incertae sedis; Cryphalites Cockerell, 1917 in Zopheridae Colydiinae. Corrected spellings are: Micracidini LeConte, 1876 for Micracini; Phrixosomatini Wood, 1978 for Phrixosomini. Gender agreements are corrected for species of several genera.
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Battahin, Janaina Fernanda. "As ideias econômicas de Heitor Ferreira Lima: resgatando as obras publicadas nos anos 1950 e 1960". História Econômica & História de Empresas 23, n.º 2 (8 de diciembre de 2020): 393–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.29182/hehe.v23i2.721.
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Esse trabalho tem como objetivo resgatar e analisar as ideias econômicas apresentadas por Heitor Ferreira Lima nas obras publicadas nos anos 1950 e 1960. Assim, foram apresentadas Evolução Industrial de São Paulo (1954), Formação Industrial do Brasil: período colonial (1961), Mauá e Roberto Simonsen (1963) e Do Imperialismo à Libertação Colonial (1965) discutindo as especificidades de cada uma delas e a maneira como o autor se apropriou de conceitos como formação, evolução, indústria, técnica etc. Esses trabalhos apresentaram como ideia fundamental a importância do conhecimento do passado. O argumento central do autor ligou a ideia de progresso e a superação do atraso do Brasil ao estabelecimento de uma indústria nacional.
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Leal, João. "TEMATIZAÇÕES DO SINCRETISMO NA ANTROPOLOGIA DAS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS (1930-1940)". Sociologia & Antropologia 11, n.º 2 (agosto de 2021): 623–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752021v11211.
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Resumo O artigo visa dar conta das principais tematizações do sincretismo na antropologia das religiões afro-brasileiras dos anos 1930 e 1940. Depois de propor uma visão de conjunto sobre o tratamento do sincretismo na antropologia das religiões afro-brasileiras entre 1890 e 1960, apresento os principais autores que escreveram sobre o tema nos anos 1930 e 1940. Abordo sucessivamente os diferentes tratamentos tipológicos dados ao tópico, às articulações entre etnografia e teoria encontradas nos vários autores e, por fim, os quadros políticos e ideológicos que permitem esclarecer as razões da importância que o sincretismo ocupou na antropologia das religiões afro-brasileira dessas décadas. Nas conclusões faço uma ponte entre as tematizações do sincretismo no período em análise e o tratamento dado ao tema no decurso dos anos 1950 a 1960.
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Cestaro, Lucas. "Entrevista com Maria Adélia de Souza". Risco: Revista de Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Online) 14, n.º 2 (23 de diciembre de 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4506.v14i2p90-101.
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Maria Adélia Aparecida de Souza - Geógrafa pela FFLCH USP 1962, equipe da SAGMACS (escritório de São Paulo) 1960-1963, aluna do IRFED 1963-1964. Entrevista realizada em 2 de abril de 2014, sobre sua atuação jun- to aos quadros da SAGMACS e formação no IRFED. Transcrição revisada e autorizada pela depoente em dezembro de 2015. Revisão: Maria Adélia de Souza.
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Glyantsev, S. P. "PHENOMENON OF DEMIKHOV. In the Sklifosovsky Institute (1960–1986). Scientifc Revolution in Transplantation (1960–1964). Achievements of the USA and the USSR in the feld of transplantation and transplant immunity (1962)". Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 11, n.º 1 (27 de marzo de 2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2019-11-1-71-87.
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Correspondence to: Sergey P. Glyantsev, Prof., Dr. Med. Sci., Head of the Department of the History of Cardiovascular Surgery at A.N. Bakoulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Head of the Medical History Unit within the Medical History Department at N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, e-mail: spglyantsev@mail.ru Received: August 08, 2018 Accepted for publication: September 12, 2018 The article presents the evidence of a scientific revolution in transplantology that occurred in the world in 1960-1964 with the shift of the paradigm from the impossibility of homoplastic organ transplants to the hope on their feasibility. It began in 1960 with awarding the Nobel Prize to P. Medawar and F. Burnet for the discovery of artificial immunological tolerance, it had its continuation in 1961–1962 with the advances in experimental transplantation of vital organs undertaken in conditions of mechanical circulation (R. Lower, N. Shumway) and immunosuppression (K. Reemstma), and completed with human transplantations of lung in 1963 and of heart in 1964 (J. Hardy). In those years, the concept of mechanical support for an ill heart by using an implanted mechanical assist device was developed and introduced (1963). But even against that background, V.P. Demikhov's achievements in homologous organ transplantation and the development of biological techniques to overcome tissue incompatibility looked impressive. His highest achievement was the transplantation of a supplemental heart to the dog Grishka in June 1962, and the dog survived with it for 141 days. However, after the discoveries in the field of transplantation immunity, the train of experimental transplantation where V.P. Demikhov was riding, began picking up speed very quickly, and the Soviet surgeons were to jump on its footboard.
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Grossbard, Shoshana. "SEX RATIOS, POLYGYNY, AND THE VALUE OF WOMEN IN MARRIAGE––A BECKERIAN APPROACH". Journal of Demographic Economics 81, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2014.15.
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Gary Becker's theories of marriage were mentioned as one of the reasons why he was awarded the Nobel prize in economics in 1992 and were emphasized by Becker: his first article on the family published in a major journal (Becker 1973) is a theory of marriage and the chapters on marriage in his influential Treatise on the Family (Becker 1981, 1991) come first. Becker's theoretical models of marriage all view marriages as small non-profit firms engaged in household production, thereby featuring one of the basic tenets of the New Home Economics that Becker pioneered with Jacob Mincer while both were at Columbia University in the 1960s (see Becker 1960, 1965; Mincer 1962, 1963).
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Pagé1, Pierre. "Actualité et liberté de parole dans les revues catholiques : quelques jalons 1940-1975". Études d’histoire religieuse 76 (20 de octubre de 2010): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044762ar.
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Plusieurs périodiques ont voulu répondre à de vraies questions d’actualité. Relations, dès 1941, se présente comme un « groupe d’hommes chrétiennement libres », se centre sur l’événement et l’actualité dans ses orientations éditoriales et définit son lectorat comme formé de citoyens libres. Cité libre, revue explicitement chrétienne créée en 1950, veut animer le débat en société et en Église. Maintenant, en 1962, veut susciter l’engagement social et ecclésial et se définit comme un périodique « fidèle à l’Église et loyal au monde ». L’Oratoire (années 1950-1960), dirigée par le père Émile Legault, crée l’événement dans les arts religieux (musique, peinture, littérature, théâtre) et innove en suscitant pendant un an une discussion de fond avec ses lecteurs. Ces revues ont une base commune : l’information comme condition de participation dans l’Église (Rapport Dumont, 1971) sur le fondement d’un « droit » à l’information (Jean XXIII 1963, Concile 1963, Paul VI 1964). Un objectif commun : animer une opinion publique dans l’Église.
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Андріанова, Олена Борисівна y Світлана Олександрівна Біскулова. "ҐРУНТИ ЖИВОПИСНИХ ТВОРІВ ХХ –ХХ І СТ. ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ, АНАЛІЗ, МОЖЛИВОСТІ ДАТУВАННЯ". Ukrainian Art Discourse, n.º 4 (1 de febrero de 2023): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/uad.2022.4.1.
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Стаття присвячена всебічному аналізу ґрунтів живописних творів ХХ–ХХІ ст. Авторами було узагальнено літературні дані з початку промислового виробництва і поширення різних типів наповнювачів та в’язив, проаналізовано ґрунти датованих живописних творів американських, європейських, радянських і українських художників. Застосування комплексу оптичних та фізико-хімічних методів, які включали оптичну мікроскопію, рентгенофлуоресцентний аналіз та інфрачервону спектроскопію, дозволило виявити основні компоненти ґрунтів та мікродомішки у їхньому складі. Встановлено, що свинцеве білило як основний наповнювач ґрунтів застосовується з другої чверті ХІХ ст. до середини 1920-х рр., у суміші з цинковим білилом виявляється в ґрунтах живописних творів до середини ХХ ст., домішки свинцевого білила іденти- фікуються до початку 1990-х рр. Фабричні ґрунти на основі чистого цинкового білила виготовляються з 1880-х рр. і домінують протягом 1920–2000-х рр. Баритове білило поширене як наповнювач ґрунтів з 1830-х рр. до кінця 1940-х рр., виявлено у композитах ґрунтів на основі діоксиду титану в картинах 1950-х – початку 1960-х рр. Літопон промислово виробляється та використовується як наповнювач ґрунтів протягом 1880–1940-х рр. Композитне титанове білило було ідентифіковано в олійних та емульсійних ґрунтах низки робіт 1940–1960-х рр., з початку 1990-х рр. TiO2 стає домінуючим наповнювачем у ґрунтах. Проведені нами дослідження датованих картин показали, що у першій–другій третинах ХХ ст. у ґрунтах як в’язиво частіше використовуються емульсії, олія та тваринний клей, з початку 1960-х рр. у СРСР поширюються полівінілацетатні (ПВА) емульсії, сополімери ПВА та акрилу у складі фабрично заґрунтованих основ ідентифікується з початку 1960-х і широко використовуються з 2010-го. Впровадження акрилових ґрунтів відбувається у середині 1950-х рр., з кінця ХХ ст. на ринку художніх матеріалів домінують алкідні та акрилові ґрунти. Отримані дані є важливими для мистецтвознавців і реставраторів можуть бути використанні для уточнення датування живописних творів художників ХХ–ХХІ ст.
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Linnavuori, Rauno. "Hemiptera of Iraq. Ill. Heteroptera, Miridae (Phylinae)". Entomologica Fennica 4, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1993): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83778.
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An annotated list of the 76 species of the Miridae subfamily Phylinae known to occur in Iraq is presented. New synonymies: Chamaepsallus Wagner 1965 = Badezorus Distant 1910, Badezorus tyrianus Distant 1910 = Atomoscelis signaticornis Reuter 1904, Maurodactylus pictus Wagner 1975 = Psallus deserticola Wagner 1951, Campylomma minima Wagner 1960 and C. verticata Wagner 1961 =C. incerta Villiers 1956. New combinations: Chamaepsallus signaticornis (Reuter 1904) = Badezorus signaticornis (Reuter 1904 ), Chamaepsallus tomentosus (Reuter 1904) = Badezorus tomentosus (Reuter 1904).
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De Sousa Carvalho, Nilmar. "O Social Catolicismo e a sua atuação no meio rural na segunda metade do século XX no Brasil". Faces de Clio 5, n.º 10 (16 de octubre de 2019): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2359-4489.2019.v5.28716.
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Na segunda metade do século XX, o Brasil sofreu profundas transformações sociais no meio rural. O problema da falta de acesso à propriedade da terra, vivenciado por milhões de brasileiros foi, aos poucos, se tornando um tema bastante debatido entre vários setores da sociedade. Dentre eles, a Igreja Católica que, preocupada com os rumos que a discussão estava tomando e com o intuito de se antecipar à revolução, convocou, em setembro de 1950, a I Semana Ruralista realizada na cidade de Campanha (MG). Durante os anos seguintes, o debate sobre a reforma agrária foi ganhando cada vez mais espaço dentro do seu corpo hierárquico. Em 1951, foi publicada a pastoral coletiva assinada por 113 bispos. Em 1952, os arcebispos, bispos e prelados, do Vale do São Francisco se reuniram em Aracaju. Em setembro de 1954, a II Assembleia Geral da CNBB lançou o primeiro documento sobre o tema: A Igreja e a reforma agrária. Em 1956, os bispos nordestinos se reuniram na cidade de Campina Grande (PB) e, em 1959, na capital do Rio Grande do Norte. A partir de 1960, os encontros dos bispos passaram a ser convocados pela própria CNBB. Em dezembro de 1960, ocorreu o encontro dos arcebispos e bispos da Província Eclesiástica de São Paulo. Em 1960, o professor Plínio de Oliveira, juntamente Dom Castro Mayer, bispo de Campos (RJ) e dom Geraldo Proença Sigaud, bispo de Diamantina (MG), se posicionaram contrários à proposta de reforma agrária que estava sendo elaborada pela CNBB. Em julho de 1961, foi avez dos bispos do Vale do Rio Doce, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Em outubro de 1961, o presidente da CNBB, Dom Jaime Câmara, convocou a Comissão Central da CNBB para refletir sobre a publicação da encíclica Mater et Magister . Em 30 de abril de 1963, a Comissão Central da CNBB voltou a se pronunciar motivado pela publicação da segunda encíclica de João XXIII, Pacem in Terris. Durante o governo de João Goulart (1961-1964) foi aprovado o estatuto do trabalhador rural e, a Igreja, apoiou as Reformas de Base. A pesquisa seguirá a ordem cronológica dos fatos que ocorreram entre os anos de 1950 e 1964 e serão feitas uma análise dos documentos eclesiais e bibliografias sobre o assunto.
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Ponge, Robert. "Notas sobre a recepção e presença do surrealismo no Brasil nos anos 1920-1950". Alea : Estudos Neolatinos 6, n.º 1 (junio de 2004): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-106x2004000100005.
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Após brevemente situar o surgimento do surrealismo nos anos 1919-1924 e apontar alguns elementos dos processos de transferências culturais entre a Europa e as Américas, bem como alguns aspectos da recepção do surrealismo na América Latina, o artigo se debruça sobre a chegada do surrealismo no Brasil, na segunda metade dos anos 1920 e sua expressão na revista Estética e na Antropofagia. A seguir, procura localizar a presença do surrealismo no Brasil dos anos 1930 e 1940, relacionando-a com a conjuntura cultural vigente no período Vargas. Enfim, destaca, nos anos 1950 e 1960, a segunda presença de Benjamin Péret no Brasil, a exposição Maria Martins no MAM-RJ, a atuação de Sérgio Lima e o início do Grupo Surrealista de São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro.
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Hopkins, Martha H. "Number Facts—or Fantasy?" Arithmetic Teacher 34, n.º 7 (marzo de 1987): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.34.7.0038.
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Articles in the Arithmetic Teacher have stressed the use of the history of mathematics to enhance motivation in the elementary classroom (Cowie 1970; Jackson 1964; Kreitz and Flournoy 1960; Krulik 1980; Willerding 1954). The increased emphasis on other numeration systems in the “new math” produced several articles that encouraged teachers to include historical information about the development of the decimal system in their programs of study (Baker 1963; Delaney 1963; Fisher et al. 1963; Schaaf 1961; Young 1964). The rationale for including these topics was that they would help students appreciate the development of our number system and would stimulate interest, enthusiasm, and a better understanding of our civilization.
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Πανταβός, Δημήτριος. "Η «διαφώτιση» του κοινού: κινηματογραφικά επίκαιρα σχετικά με τις σχέσεις της Ελλάδας με το ΝΑΤΟ, 1961-1968". Ελληνική Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής Επιστήμης 21, n.º 1 (24 de octubre de 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hpsa.14759.
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Η εξέταση των ελληνο-νατοϊκών σχέσεων μέσα από τα κινηματογραφικά επίκαιρα της περιόδου 1961-1968 αναδεικνύει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η επίσημη, εκλαϊκευμένη, κρατική προπαγάνδα αντανακλά την ελληνική κυρίαρχη αντίληψη για το ΝΑΤΟ και τον ρόλο του. Στη διετία 1961-1963 οι αναφορές στο ΝΑΤΟ είναι συχνές και «ενθουσιώδεις», το 1964 (καθώς ξεσπά νέα κρίση στο Κυπριακό) οι αναφορές περιορίζονται, το 1965 απουσιάζουν εντελώς, τα επόμενα δύο χρόνια είναι σύντομες, ενώ τα δύο πρώτα χρόνια της δικτατορίας ακόμη και δευτερεύοντα νατοϊκά ζητήματα προβάλλονται εκτενώς. Η εναλλαγή κυβερνήσεων επέφερε ελάσσονες αλλαγές στην προβολή του ΝΑΤΟ. Υπήρχαν, όμως, κάποιες αμετάβλητες σταθερές, κυρίως η θέση ότι η συμμαχία, πρωτεργάτης της ειρήνης και της ευημερίας, εγγυά- ται την εδαφική ακεραιότητα της χώρας. Η εξέλιξη της κρατικής προπαγάνδας καταδεικνύει ότι το ΝΑΤΟ αποτέλεσε σταθερή πολιτική επιλογή όλων των πολιτικών δυνάμεων που άσκησαν εξουσία κατά τη δεκαετία του 1960.
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Naslavsky, Guilah y Sônia Maria de Barros Marques. "Europa, França e Recife: um modernismo de mais de cem anos". Estudos Universitários 39, n.º 2 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2675-7354.2022.256355.
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Por ocasião das comemorações do centenário da Semana de Arte Moderna de 1922, propomos aqui uma narrativa do Modernismo em Pernambuco que destaca o pioneirismo dos atores com visibilidade internacional mesmo anteriormente à semana paulistana. Adotamos a seguinte periodização: a) o pioneirismo anterior à Semana de 1922 até a década de 1930 e a brilhante atuação do DAC/DAU; b) os anos 1940 e o novo centro no bairro de Santo Antônio; c) os anos 1950-1960 da afirmação disciplinar, com a dupla Amorim-Borsoi; e d) os finais dos anos 1960 aos anos 1970: o brutalismo local e as perspectivas regionais como estratégias defensivas ou expressão de uma nova sensibilidade. Do ponto de vista metodológico, enfatizamos as contribuições individuais, situando-as num quadro mais amplo tanto do ambiente local quanto das relações nacionais e internacionais. Do ponto de vista conceitual, afastamo-nos de perspectivas comparativas eurocêntricas, recorrentes na tradição sociológica brasileira (MARTINS, 2022), que definem a modernidade brasileira pela distinção da europeia, bem como daquelas que caracterizam a modernidade por atributos visuais exclusivistas (GREENBERG, 1961), em prol de uma noção de modernidades diversas.
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Marson, Michel Deliberali. "A evolução da indústria de máquinas e equipamentos no Brasil: Dedini e Romi, entre 1920 e 1960". Nova Economia 24, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2014): 685–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/2096.
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O objetivo do artigo é examinar a evolução do mercado da indústria de máquinas e equipamentos no Brasil e em São Paulo, entre 1920 e 1960, tendo como objeto de estudo duas empresas importantes para o fortalecimento dessa indústria no país, a Dedini e a Romi. A escolha dessas empresas deve-se à existência de estudos específicos e acervos históricos com documentos econômico-financeiros. Serão destacadas as semelhanças e as diferenças no desempenho dessas duas empresas no contexto da evolução do mercado da indústria de máquinas e equipamentos. Essas surgiram como pequenas oficinas nas primeiras décadas do século XX e evoluíram com o mercado específico em que atuavam, com grandes mudanças nas décadas de 1920 e 1930, e se fortaleceram no setor após a década de 1940. Na década de 1960, eram as principais empresas da indústria em que atuavam.
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Marinho, José Ignacio Ribeiro y Mathias Vinícius Santos Rocha. ""Morning Song": um dos labirintos poético-biográficos, de Sylvia Plath". Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 23, n.º 45 (14 de mayo de 2024): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2024.79854.
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Morning Song é um dos poemas escritos pela norte-americana Sylvia Plath (1932–1963), enquadrado no livro Ariel, tendo sido publicado postumamente em 1965 – trata-se do primeiro poema contido no livro citado. Sylvia fez parte do modernismo nas letras americanas, circunscrevendo-se, sobremaneira, no movimento confessionalista. Assim sendo, o presente artigo, a princípio, fornece algumas considerações a respeito do panorama literário das décadas de 1950 e 1960 do século XX – momento em que se encontra o confessionalismo; em seguida, procura-se atestar a ligação entre a vida e a obra de Plath; por fim, analisa-se temático-estruturalmente Morning Song, localizando-se neste marcas que arquitetam e constituem o labirinto poético-biográfico plathiano. Como arcabouço teórico, recorremo-nos aos escritos de Plath (1965, 2017 e 2023) e às pesquisas de Rosenthal (1960), Perloff (1990), Teixeira (2017), dentre outros.
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Lapointe, Mathieu. "Entre nationalisme et socialisme : Raoul Roy (1914-1996) et les origines d’un premier indépendantisme socialiste au Québec, 1935-1965". Mens 8, n.º 2 (21 de febrero de 2014): 281–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022834ar.
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Contribution à une histoire approfondie des débuts de l’indépendantisme, cet article présente l’étonnant parcours idéologique de Raoul Roy (1914-1996), fondateur des deux premières institutions de l’indépendantisme de gauche, La Revue socialiste (1959-1965) et l'Action socialiste pour l’indépendance du Québec (ASIQ, 1960-C.1963). Jeune autodidacte campagnard ballotté par la Crise, Roy se dit « séparatiste » à la fin des années 1930 et prône le fascisme comme moyen de libération des Canadiens français, tout en étant attiré par le communisme. Militant après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale dans le mouvement communiste (Parti ouvrier-progressiste) sans nécessairement avoir à renier son nationalisme, il fondera à la fin des années 1950 l’indépendantisme de gauche en élaborant une première version de l’indépendantisme socialiste de décolonisation, dans laquelle le nationalisme prime nettement le socialisme.
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Степаньян, О. В. "МАКРОФИТОБЕНТОС ЧЕРНОГО И АЗОВСКОГО МОРЕЙ: ФЛОРИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ (ОБЗОР), "Наука Юга России"". Science in the South of Russia, n.º 4 (2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s25000640200404.
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Приведен ретроспективный анализ исследований макрофитобентоса Черного и Азовского морей. Выделены основные 4 этапа: I этап (1860–1920-е гг.) – флористический; II этап (1930–1950-е гг.) – гидробиологический; III этап (1960–1990-е гг.) – флористическо-экологический; IV этап (с начала 2000-х гг.) – синергетический. В последние годы превалируют локальные флористические работы с описанием экологии и биологии отдельных видов. Необходимо усиление исследований макрофитобентоса Черного и Азовского морей во всех странах причерноморского региона.
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Бодров, О. В. y А. В. Закиров. "The Journey of "Furthur" in the Summer of 1964 and its Significance in the Changing Subcultures of the USA". Диалог со временем, n.º 77(77) (29 de noviembre de 2021): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.77.77.019.
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В 1960-е гг. в США шел процесс становления контркультуры, которую связывают с психоделической революцией, нонконформизмом, разрывом поколений, антивоенным движением, социальными экспериментами. Именно в этот период происходит процесс преобразования бит-поколения 1950-х гг. в субкультуру хиппи 1960-х гг. Одним из показательных событий этого процесса стал факт присоединения битника Нила Кэссиди к коммуне «Весёлые Проказники» во главе с писателем Кеном Кизи. Путешествие «Далше» летом 1964 г. стало катализатором в этой смене субкультур. In the 1960s, a counterculture was being formed in the United States, which was associated with the psychedelic revolution, nonconformism, the generation gap, the anti-war movement, and social experiments. It was during this period that the process of transforming the beat generation of the 1950s into a hippie subculture of the 1960s took place. One of the significant events of this process was the fact that beatnik Neil Cassidy joined the commune «Merry Pranksters» led by writer Ken Kesey. The «Further» trip in the summer of 1964 was a catalyst in this change of subcultures.
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Kaysel, André. "CAMINHOS CRUZADOS: MARXISMO E NACIONALISMO NO BRASIL E NO PERU (1928-1964)". Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, n.º 106 (abril de 2019): 247–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-247275/106.
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Resumo Este artigo aborda as relações entre o marxismo de matriz comunista e o nacionalismo popular em dois contextos: o Brasil, entre as décadas de 1950 e 1960, e o Peru, entre 1920 e 1930. Parto da hipótese de que foram essas duas correntes ideológicas concorrentes que, no período que vai do final dos anos 1920 até a Revolução Cubana, plasmaram o universo ideológico das esquerdas latino-americanas. Procurarei demonstrar como a relação entre comunistas e nacionalistas seguiu padrões opostos nos dois casos: do conflito à aliança, no contexto brasileiro, e de uma origem comum ao antagonismo, no peruano. Explicarei esses padrões divergentes, tanto pelas diferenças entre os contextos nacionais, como pelo distinto contexto internacional, em particular no que se refere ao movimento comunista. Com essa pesquisa comparada, procuro submeter à crítica as formulações da chamada “teoria do populismo”, que procurou explicar a derrota da esquerda brasileira em 1964 pela convergência entre comunistas e nacionalistas.
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Popov, V. S. "On the Luminosity Function of Elliptical Galaxies". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 127 (1987): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900185742.
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Originally the luminosity function of galaxies was derived by E. Hubble (1936). Later studies are by Holmberg (1950), Zwicky (1957, 1964), Kiang (1961), Neyman and Scott (1962), Van den Bergh (1961), Pskovsky (1965), Nezhinsky and Osipkov (1967, 1969), Genkina (1969), Popov (1980), Tammann (1984), and others.
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Savenko, Svetlana Savenko. "Stravinsky and Russian Music of the 20th Century". Musicological Annual 43, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2007): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.43.2.93-98.
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The discussion of this important question presupposes two different aspects: the first one is connected with the perception of Stravinsky’s music in his fatherland, the second with the influence of his music in the specific sense of the word. The most important stations of the perception of Stravinsky: 1. 1910–1920. Stravinsky’s works were regularly performed in Russia during this period. The reaction of the audience and the press was various and partly controversial. 2. End of the 30’s to the middle 1950’s. In this period Stravinsky’s music has almost disappeared from the USSR concert life. It became the target for most violent ideological criticism, which reached its zenith at the threshold of 1940’s 1950’s. 3. Stravinskys visit to the USSR (1962) had a crucial meaning for the expansion of his influence. The main factors of the influence: 1. After the 1920’s the direct influence of Stravinsky on the Russian music was at first rather obvious. At that time, one could observe it through a whole set of compositions by “leftist” composers from the circle of The Association Of Modern Music; they understood Stravinsky’s music as a renewed, contemporary musical tradition of Russia. 2. A revival of the influence of Stravinsky’s music began in the 1960’s, probably in connection with “the new folkloristic wave” in the national oriented works of young composers, who belonged to a large extent to “the Soviet avant-garde”. Resumé: Stravinsky’s work was ideal as a model for the development of the Russian music in the 20th century.
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Richardson, William Harrison. ""Meksikanistika"--Five Decades of Soviet Historical Writings on Mexico". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 8, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1992): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1051800.
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A partir de 1940 los estudios soviéticos sobre el pasado mexicano han sido considerablemente más extensos de lo que se supone. A finales de los anõs 1930 los académicos soviéticos iniciaron un esfuerzo serio y concertado para abordar la historia de México desde una perspectiva marxista consistente. Las primeras monografías de importancia comenzaron a aparecer en los años de 1950, siendo las principales areas de interés el movimiento de independencia y la revolución de 1910-1917, y el campo y la calidad de los estudios soviéticos aumentaron considerablemente en la década de 1960. Si bien el trabajo académico soviético ha sido desigual, en varios de los casos ha constituido una aportación de importancia al entendimiento del pasado de México. La Meksikanistika todavía enfrenta serios problemas, y el impacto del Glasnost y la Perestroika apenas se empiezan a sentir en este terreno.
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Yeşilada, Birol. "New Political Parties and the Problems of Development in Turkey". New Perspectives on Turkey 1 (1987): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000054.
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Since the beginning of liberal pluralist politics in 1950, Turkey has experienced three military coups in 1960, 1971, and 1980. Of these military incursions the ones in 1960 and 1980 were the most serious in scope. Each time the armed forces remained in power for a short time, 1960–1961 and 1980–1983, and completely revised the existing constitutional framework. These were unlike the 1971 intervention which did not result in a complete revision of the political system, but only in an amendment of the constitution to provide the state with more powers in dealing with domestic violence. In this respect, the 1960 coup marks the end of the First Republic. The subsequent period, 1961–1980 is the Second Republic.
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Esquivel Ceballos, Víctor Hugo, Luis Carlos Alatorre Cejudo, Agustín Robles Morua y Luis Carlos Bravo Peña. "Crecimiento urbano de Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua (1920-2015): Hipótesis sobre el impacto en las coberturas y uso de suelo y el abatimiento del acuífero urbano". Acta Universitaria 29 (6 de noviembre de 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2019.2369.
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El acelerado crecimiento urbano a escala global y sus efectos negativos sobre el sistema hídrico subterráneo natural se atribuyen principalmente a la concentración de población que registran las áreas urbanas. En el presente trabajo se analizó el crecimiento urbano de Ciudad Juárez (1920-1940; 1940-1950; 1950-1960; 1960-1970; 1970-1980; 1980-1990; 1990-2000; 2000-2010 y 2010-2015), los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo urbano y el abatimiento del acuífero urbano. Los resultados derivan de la correlación estadística y espacial entre covariables generadas: Tasas de Cambio de Crecimiento Urbano Histórico (TCCUH: %), Tasas de Cambio de Usos de Suelo Urbano (TCUSU: %), Crecimiento Poblacional (Población: %) y Tasa de Cambio en Abatimiento (TCA: m año-1). El crecimiento fue de 35 222 ha. El uso habitacional está estrechamente ligado al uso industrial y de servicios. El nivel estático del acuífero arrojó TCA media de - 0.53 m año-1. Las covariables que mejor explicaron la TCA son TCCUH y la TCUSU. Del análisis del comportamiento del crecimiento urbano en función de los usos de suelo, se concluye que, de los usos, los habitacionales son los que mayor recurso de agua demandan.
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Normatov, I. Sh, A. O. Muminov, S. O. Mirzokhonova, M. Kh Khodzhiboeva y Sh O. Lugmonova. "Dynamics of Climatic Characteristics in the Area of the Kairakkum Reservoir (Tajikistan)". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 46 (2023): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.46.128.
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The work aims to study the dynamics of meteorological characteristics, the intra-annual distribution of atmospheric precipitation, and temperature in the area of the Kairakkum reservoir periods from the beginning of its operation (1960) to 2021. The reservoir using for seasonally regulate the flow of the river to provide water for irrigation, as well as to generate electricity. The reservoir filling began in 1956 and put into operation in 1959.The influence of the reservoir on the meteorological conditions of coastal areas assess a comparative analysis of the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the periods before (1930–1960) and after the construction (1961–2021) of the Kairakkum reservoirs. The data from Kairakkum reservoir meteorological station, located directly in the study area, for the period 1960–2021 were used. Generalization and processing of meteorological data from the meteorological station "Kairakkum reservoir" show that in the 1960–2021 periods the atmospheric precipitation amounts did not undergo significant changes and retained an almost constant value, but is variable by seasons of the year. Temperature dynamics have increasing trend. The difference in long-term seasonal temperatures between 1961–2021 and 1930–1960 periods was characterized by positive values by except of the summer season.
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MACHADO, Leomax Cardoso. "Educação (in)sensível amazônia nos anos de (1920-1950) do séc. XX". Grau Zero – Revista de Crítica Cultural 10, n.º 1 (3 de noviembre de 2022): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.30620/gz.v10n1.p199.
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O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar algumas vivências do processo Formativo e Educativo de Alfredo, sob a égide dos “raios” de uma formação dos saberes (in)sensível na/da Amazônia, dos anos de 1920-1950, do séc. XX. A partir fragmentos que atravessam os romances: Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira (1941), Três Casas e um Rio (1958), Belém do Grão-Pará (1960), Passagem dos Inocentes (1963) e Primeira Manhã (2009), do escritor Dalcídio Jurandir (1909-1979). No espaço e tempo de um romance de formação, guiados pelo protagonista romanesco pelas zonas rurais (Arquipélago-Marajoara) e as zonas urbanas e periféricas, de uma capital, Belém-PA. A pesquisa centra-se sobre o método dialético, com o tipo de investigação de cunho bibliográfico, documental, qualitativo, centrado nas bases metodológicas, de Lüdke e André (1986). E sobre as bases teóricas, os campos de estudos da crítica literária, romance, literatura, educação e discurso, alinhadas sobre as percepções de leituras de Lukács (2000-2015), Bakhtin (2003, 2010, 2015), Moretti (2009), Jurandir (1940-1960-1963-[1967] 2009). O estudo, nos ajuda refletir, contextualizar e sugerir uma contra-conduta frente às ideologias eurocêntricas instaladas nas entranhas de nosso Brasil e os “brasis” que se (re)criam enquanto epistemologias de saberes, estéticas de arte-literária que descreve, aponta e denunciam na ficção os fatos, essa verossimilhança anunciam as severas crises e problemáticas sociais emergindo sobre uma educação do (in)visível e (in)sensível no universo da amazônia paraense do séc. XX. [Recebido em: 27 mar. 2022 – Aceito em: 10 out. 2022]
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Siwiec, Tadeusz, Lidia Kiedryńska, Klaudia Abramowicz, Aleksandra Rewicka y Piotr Nowak. "BOD measuring and modelling methods - review". Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 43, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2011): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0100-8.
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BOD measuring and modelling methods - reviewThe article presents the method of measuring BOD in wastewater and characteristic different models which can by used for describing changes of BOD in next days. In the paper described eight models: Moore et al. (1950), Thomas (1950), Navone (1960), Fujimoto (1964), Hewitt et al. (1979), Adrian and Sanders (1992-1993) as well as Young and Clark (1965) used by Adrian and Sanders (1998), Borsuk and Stow (2000) and Manson et al. (2006). Comparison the models suggests that changing of BOD during the time are better describes by models second order or double exponential model (Manson et al. 2006) than models the first order.
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Mackness, BS, S. Wroe, C. Wilkinson y D. Wilkinson. "Confirmation of Thylacinus from the Pliocene Chinchilla Local Fauna." Australian Mammalogy 24, n.º 2 (2002): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02237.
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A variety of fossil mammals has been recovered from the freshwater, fluviatile sediments of the Chinchilla Sand (sensu Woods 1960) and is collectively known as the Chinchilla Local Fauna (Archer and Bartholomai 1978). Included in this exclusively Pliocene fauna are marsupial carnivores (Bartholomai 1962, 1976; Wroe and Mackness 1998; 2000a,b); bandicoots (Mackness et al. 2000); phascolarctomorphs (De Vis 1889, Archer 1977); diprotontontoids (De Vis 1887, 1891, 1895; Longman 1921); marsupial lions (Bartholomai 1962); macropodids (Bartholomai 1963, 1973, 1975); bats (Hand et al. 1999) and rodents (Godthelp 1990). In addition, there are several reports of thylacinids from the fauna (De Vis 1893, 1894; Ride 1964; Dawson 1982).
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Silva, Juliana Carolina da. "Entre Símbolos e Instituições: a construção da memória no patrimônio urbano e artístico de Jacarezinho (PR)". Fragmentos de Cultura 26, n.º 3 (13 de octubre de 2016): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/frag.v26i3.3250.
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Resumo: observação da construção da cidade de Jacarezinho/PR, através de símbolos e suas relações com instituições e políticas públicas. Estudo da memória impressa de 1950 a 1960 na revista O Norte Paraná Illustrado (1930), no Jornal Tribuna do Norte (1961) e fotografias (1950 a 1960). Simbologias deste local podem ser confundidas com símbolos que caracterizam a região, numa construção política e institucional para a formação da cultura local de cidades do “Norte Pioneiro”, cuja identidade aludia ao progresso. Com esta constatação, buscamos rever memórias e propomos observar os símbolos, a cidade e a memória por outro prisma: o individual. Compreender influências da dimensão institucional da produção simbólica pela percepção de artistas populares ao longo de 1980 a 2000, e a relação entre memória individual, coletiva e espaços e linguagens sociais, usando principalmente obras artes plásticas e esculturas. Por fim, buscamos contribuir para discussão em torno das influências do poder nas memórias e sua reformulação na subjetividade do patrimônio artístico. Palavras-chave: Memórias. Instituições. Símbolos. Arte. Jacarezinho/PR.
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Willis, Julie. "From home to civic: designing the Australian school". History of Education Review 43, n.º 2 (30 de septiembre de 2014): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-02-2014-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the design of state school buildings in Australia from the 1880s to the 1980s to establish common threads or similar concerns evident in their architecture at a national level. Design/methodology/approach – The researcher compiled a significant data set of hundreds of state schools, derived from government, professional and other publications, archival searches and site visits. Standard analytical methods in architectural research are employed, including stylistic and morphological analysis, to read the designs for meaning and intent. Findings – The data set was interrogated to draw out major themes in school design, the identification of which form the basis of the paper's argument. Four major themes, identifiable at a national level, are identified: school as house; school as civic; school as factory; and school as town. Each theme reflects a different chronological period, being approximately 1900-1920, 1920-1940, 1940-1960 and 1960-1980. The themes reflect the changing representation of aspiration for the school child and their engagement with wider society through the architecture of the school. Originality/value – The paper considers, for the first time, the concerns of educational architecture over time in Australia on a consciously national, rather than state, level.
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Jenkins, Jeffery A. y Justin Peck. "Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941–1950". Law and History Review 31, n.º 1 (febrero de 2013): 139–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248012000181.
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The mid-1960s witnessed a landmark change in the area of civil rights policy in the United States. After a series of tortuous internal battles, with Southern legislators using all available procedural tools to maintain their states' discriminatory Jim Crow legal systems, the United States Congress adopted two statutes—the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965—which insured civil and political equality for all Americans. The Acts of 1964 and 1965 were the culmination of a decade-long struggle by black Americans to secure the citizenship rights that had been denied to them for more than a half century. Beginning with the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision, the civil rights movement built momentum, as formal organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) grew in strength and informal (grass roots) organizations spread throughout the South and the Nation. As national public opinion shifted increasingly toward providing new civil rights guarantees for blacks, Congress responded with new legislation: the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (the first civil rights law since 1875), the Civil Rights Act of 1960, and a legislative proposal to prohibit the poll tax in 1962 (which would be ratified by three-quarters of the states in 1964 and become the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution).
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مهاوش, محمد. "العلاقات الأمريكية البلغارية (1959- 1963)". Journal of Misan Researches 18, n.º 36 (1 de enero de 2023): 288–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52834/jmr.v18i36.135.
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توضح هذه الدراسة طبيعة الدبلوماسية بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وبلغاريا التي بدأت في عام 1903، وقد تم تعليقها من عام 1941 إلى عام 1947، ولكن بعد عدة مشكلات قطعتها الولايات المتحدة مع بلغاريا في عام 1950، إذ بدأت الاخيرة عدت محاولات لإعادة العلاقات والتي تكللت بعودتها عام 1959، ولكن لم يتم فتح المفوضية إلا في عام 1960، ورغم عودة العلاقات لكنها لم تكن بمستوى جيد من التطور والاستقرار خصوصاً بعد تعرقل عملية تسوية المطالبات المالية الامريكية، ومطالب بلغاريا الحصول على حقوق الدولة الاولى بالرعاية التجارية، ولكن اكثر ما اثر في استقرار تلك العلاقة ردود الافعال البلغارية على الازمات التي حدثت خلال عام 1961، منها التعرض لممثلي البعثة الدبلوماسية للمفوضية في واشنطن من مضايقات، وكذلك بسبب العملية الامريكية التي تعرضت لها كوبا من قبل الولايات المتحدة باسم (خليج الخنازير) وازمة جدار برلين، وكذلك خلال عام 1962، مما عرض المفوضية الامريكية في صوفيا إلى عدة تظاهرات غاضبة بسبب ازمة الصواريخ في كوبا، لتهدأ العلاقات مع وفاة الرئيس الامريكي جون كينيدي 1963.
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LIS, BARBARA y JERZY A. LIS. "Hypsipyrgias joseliae, a new species of lace bugs (Heteroptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) from New Guinea with a key to species of the genus Hypsipyrgias, and comments on three allied genera Hypsipyrgias Kirkaldy, 1908, Diplocysta Horváth, 1925, and Hypsotingis Drake, 1960". Zootaxa 4958, n.º 1 (14 de abril de 2021): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.19.
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Hypsipyrgias joseliae sp. n. (Heteroptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) from New Guinea is described, illustrated and compared with its two relatives, namely H. telamonides Kirkaldy, 1908 from Australia, and H. euphues Drake and Ruhoff, 1962 from Lord Howe Island. Key to species of the genus Hypsipyrgias is also provided. Two genera very closely related to Hypsipyrgias Kirkaldy, 1908, namely Hypsotingis Drake, 1960 and Diplocysta Horváth, 1925 are re-diagnosed. Diplocysta globuliformis Hacker, 1928, D. papuana Drake, 1960, D. rustica, Drake, 1960 and D. thaleia Drake and Ruhoff, 1965 are transferred from Diplocysta to Hypsotingis.
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Décarie, David y Marie-Frédérique Desbiens. "Le « roman-essai » (1934-1947). Un précurseur de l’essai littéraire au Québec?" @nalyses. Revue des littératures franco-canadiennes et québécoise 15, n.º 1 (23 de julio de 2020): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/analyses.v15i1.4760.
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Cet article vise à décrire un nouveau type de roman qui apparaît dans les années 1930 et 1940 au Québec et que nous proposons de nommer « romans-essais ». Notre article repère dans 9 oeuvres hybrides tenant à la fois du roman et de l’essai de nombreuses caractéristiques communes (tantôt thématiques, tantôt formelles). Cet article rapproche de plus le roman-essai de la forme plus spécifique de l’essai (parfois appelée « essai littéraire ») qui a connu un développement important au Québec dans les années 1950 et 1960 et émet l’hypothèse qu’il s’agirait d’un précurseur de ce genre.
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Vaneckova, Pavla, Stephen Wade, Marianne Weber, John M. Murray, Paul Grogan, Michael Caruana, Emily Banks y Karen Canfell. "Birth-cohort estimates of smoking initiation and prevalence in 20th century Australia: Synthesis of data from 33 surveys and 385,810 participants". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 5 (21 de mayo de 2021): e0250824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250824.
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The aim of our study was to quantify sex-specific patterns of smoking prevalence and initiation in 10-year birth cohorts from 1910 to 1989 in Australia. We combined individual data of 385,810 participants from 33 cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1962 and 2018. We found that age-specific smoking prevalence varied considerably between men and women within birth cohorts born before 1960. The largest difference was observed in the earliest cohort (1910–1919), with up to 37.7% point greater proportion of current smokers in men than in women. In subsequent cohorts, the proportion decreased among men, but increased among women, until there was no more than 7.4% point difference in the 1960–69 birth cohort. In the 1970–79 and 1980–89 cohorts, smoking among men marginally increased, but the proportion was at most ~11.0% points higher than women. Our analysis of initiation indicated that many women born before the 1930s who smoked commenced smoking after age 25 years (e.g., ~27% born in 1910–19); compared to at most 8% of men in any birth cohort. The earliest birth cohort (1910–1919) had the greatest difference in age at initiation between sexes; 26.6 years in women versus 19.0 in men. In later cohorts, male and female smokers initiated increasingly earlier, converging in the 1960–69 cohort (17.6 and 17.8 years, respectively). While 22.9% of men and 8.4% of women initiated smoking aged < = 15 in the 1910–1919 cohort, in the latest cohort (1980–89) the reverse was true (21.4% and 28.8% for men and women, respectively). Marked differences in smoking prevalence and age at initiation existed between birth cohorts of Australian men and women born before 1960; after this, sex-specific trends in prevalence and initiation were similar. Understanding these patterns may inform the evaluation of tobacco control policies and the targeting of potential interventions for exposed populations such as lung cancer screening.
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Kerkhof, Jasper van der. "Indonesianisasi of Dutch economic interests, 1930-1960 : The case of Internatio". Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 161, n.º 2 (2009): 181–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003707.
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This article looks in detail into the process of indonesianisasi at Internatio, a major Dutch trading firm in Indonesia. I draw on Dutch archival records and the voluminous Dutch and international literature on the changing environment for Dutch private business in Indonesia in the 1950s. Internatio’s case is particularly instructive for the following reasons: – Internatio was a leading trading firm in Indonesia and regarded as a ‘trendsetter’ among the so-called ‘Big Five’, the leading Dutch import houses in the archipelago. – Successive Indonesian cabinets considered import trade crucial in the process of indonesianisasi, and for this reason the sector was targeted for policies aimed at wresting control from Dutch firms and encouraging the development of indigenous ones. – Internatio had a pivotal role in the Indonesian economy due to its extensive interests, not only in import trade but also in exports, estates, manufacturing, shipping, and insurance. The article is chronologically structured, distinguishing five periods: depression and diversification (1930-1940); the end of Dutch supremacy (1940-1945); revolution and rehabilitation (1945-1950); adjusting to new realities (1950- 1956); confrontation and nationalization (1956-1960).
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FERREIRA, MARCIA MILENA GALDEZ. "A INVENÇÃO DO ELDORADO MARANHENSE EM NARRATIVAS DE MIGRANTES NORDESTINOS (1930-1970): aportes teóricos metodológicos". Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 13, n.º 21 (30 de junio de 2016): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v13i21.528.
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O estudo aborda a transformação do Médio Mearim, no Maranhão, com a chegada e a fixação de milhares de camponeses, homens e mulheres, idosos, adultos, jovens e crianças, que se deslocam de outras áreas do Maranhão e de outros estados do Nordeste, principalmente do Ceará e Piauá, rumo a um suposto eldorado, nas décadas de 1930, 1940, 1950 e 1960. Em quatro décadas, muitas práticas sociais e culturais são tecidas no cotidiano de trabalho e de vida de pessoas com múltiplas experiências, e a fronteira agrácola é superada. Finda o tempo da terra sem dono e inicia o tempo da grilagem e da expropriação de inúmeros trabalhadores rurais.Palavras-chave: Migrantes nordestinos. Eldorado. Terra. Experiência. Narrativa.THE INVENTION OF MARANHENSE ELDORADO IN NORTHEASTERN MIGRANT NARRATIVES (1930-1970): methodological and theoretical contributionsAbstract: This study is about the transformation of the Medio Mearim region, in Maranhão, upon the arrival and settlement of thousands of small farmers, men and women, elders, adults, young people and children, arriving from other areas on Maranhão and other northeast states mainly Ceará and Puauá”™s looking for a supposed Eldorado, mostly during the 1930s to the 1960s. In four decades several cultural and social practices are forged along with the daily work and life of people with multiple experiences, overcoming the farming frontier . The ”no one”™s land era” comes to an end and then it begins a time of illegal land alienation and expropriation of countless small farm laborers.Keywords: Northeastern migrants. Eldorado. Land. Experience. Narratives.LA INVENCIÓN DEL ”ELDORADO MARANHENSE” EN NARRATIVAS DE MIGRANTES NORDESTINOS (1930-1970): aportaciones teóricas metodológicasResumen: Este estudio aborda la transformación del Medio Mearim, en Maranhão, con la llegada y predománio de millares de campesinos, hombres y mujeres, idoneos, adultos, jóvenes y niños, que se transportan de otras áreas del Maranhão y de otros estados de la region Nordeste, principalmente de Ceará y Piaui, en sentido a un hipotético eldorado, en las décadas de 1930, 1940, 1950 y 1960. En cuatro décadas, muchas prácticas sociales y culturales son formadas en el cotidiano de trabajo y de vida de personas con múltiplas experiencias, y la frontera agrácola es superada. Finaliza el tiempo de la tierra sin dueño e inicia el tiempo de los invasores de tierras y de la expropiación de inúmeros trabajadores rurales.Palabras clave: Migrantes nordestinos. Eldorado. Tierra. Experiencia. Narrativa.