Tesis sobre el tema "1816-1855"

"Why did George Eliot live and Currer Bell die?" Victorian pseudonymity is seldom treated to any critical scrutiny - the only sustained interest has been in reading masculine pseudonyms as masks for "disreputable femininity," signs of the woman writer's "anxiety of authorship." This thesis proposes that pseudonymity is not a capitulation to gender ideology, but that a nom de plume is an exaggerated version of any authorial signature - the abstraction (or Othering) of a self into text which occurs in the production of "real" authors as well as fictional characters. After an introductory chapter presenting the theoretical issues of selfhood and authorship, I go on to discuss milieu - the contexts which produced Bronte and Eliot - including a brief history of pseudonymous novelists and the Victorian publishing and reviewing culture. The third and fourth chapters deal with pseudonymity as heccéité, offering "biographies" of the authorial personas "Currer Bell" and "George Eliot" rather than the women who created them, thus demonstrating the problems of biography and the relative, multiple status of identity. The three following chapters explore the concerns of pseudonymity through a reading of the novels: I treat Jane Eyre, Villette, and even Shirley as "autobiographical" in order to address the construction of self and narrative; I examine how Eliot's realist fictions (notably Scenes of Clerical Life, Romola, Middlemarch and Daniel Deronda) trouble the "reality"/"fiction" binary; and finally I read Bronte specifically for her engagement with "dress," using queer theories of performativity with Victorian theories of clothing and conduct to question "readability" itself. My final chapter is concerned with agencement (adjustment) and "mythmaking": the posthumous biographical and critical practices surrounding these two writers reveal that an author's "name," secured through literary reputation, is not static or inevitable, but the result of constant process and revision.

Thanks, in part, to critical studies like Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic and Patricia Beer's Reader, I Married Him, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte has come to be regarded as the standard feminist text; that is, when someone wants to demonstrate a particular principle of feminist criticism or a traditionally feminine concern, she generally points to Jane Eyre. As critics like Gilbert and Gubar have shown us, Bronte's novel is not merely a Gothic romance; it reveals a feminine consciousness struggling to assert itself within the nineteenth-century patriarchal social and religious structures. Jane Eyre, therefore, would naturally lend itself to a critical study based on the concerns of feminist spirituality, especially the notion of women's communities and reflections of a feminine divinity. I propose a critical study of Jane Eyre, like the one Carol Christ conducted on the works of Kate Chopin, Margaret Atwood, Doris Lessing, Adrienne Rich and Ntozake Shange in Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on a Spiritual Quest, in which Christ examines spiritual awakening of a female consciousness in the writings of these five authors.Though Jane Eyre, seems at first glance to work within a standard Christian, or patriarchal, religious structure, there are elements of a feminine divinity, even an attempt to re-create (as Mary Daly would say) God so that He perhaps more closely resembles the early, androgynous Hebrew Yaweh: Iahu-Anat, or Ashtoreth (Diane Stein, The Women's Spirituality Book, Llewellyn Publications, 1987, pp. 78). Jane Eyre asks guidance from the Moon, who in turn addresses her as "daughter'; then too, she clearly rejects the Christian Church, as evidenced by her highly symbolic refusal of St. John's proposal of marriage, for instance. However, despite her intuitive recognition of the feminine power and wisdom that is hers to draw upon and her rejection of the institution of patriarchal religion, she does not ultimately, I believe, reject a masculine God, nor does she replace Him with an androgynous God. Yet the aspects of the feminine divinity she discovers and the women's community (the nurturing influence of her cousins Diana and Mary, so named for the archetypal moon and the virgin) in which she finds herself lead lead her to a subconscious acceptance of the feminine divinity within herself.I propose then to trace the development of a feminine divinity in Jane Eyre, which culminates in a rejection of the Church and follows the individuation process of Jane Eyre herself. Completion of this project will requires research into four principal areas:1) Feminist literary criticism on Jane Eyre--in order to familiarize myself with the feminine and feminist significance of such a reflection, and possibly place Jane traditions it falls into and those, like Gilbert & Gubar's, that center on it and also to determine to what extent the notion of a feminine divinity has been recognized in the novel.2) Archetypal psychology and criticism--strictly concerning the process of individuation and manifestations of the Goddess and those figures associated with Her; for example, near the end of the novel Mr. Rochester is compared to Vulcan and I would like to pursue to what extent he can be seen in light of a Hephesties/Demeter syzygy.3) Jane Eyre criticism that discusses the spiritual or religious aspects of the novel--since Jane Eyre has obvious religious implications, spiritual issues have not been ignored by the critics (I am most eager to read Elisabeth Jay's The Religion of the Heart: Anglican Evangelicalism and the Nineteenth Century Novel, for instance); however, my previous research has not unearthed a feminist spirituality critical approach to Jane Eyre.4) Issues of women's spirituality--particularly those concerning communities of women, Goddess worship and ritual behavior, and images and symbols of the Goddess. Such research will allow me to determine to what extent a sense of a feminine divinity is reflected in Jane Eyre, come to a conclusion about the meaning and Eyre into a tradition of women writers on a spiritual Research in community management of the severely mentally ill has been scarce. Two primary components of community care in particular need evaluation,residential arrangements and styles of "case management." The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction of two types of residential arrangements (single- and double-occupancy) and two types of case management ("assertive" and "limited") in a 2 X 2 design. Participants were individuals with a severe mental illness served by CMHS, Inc. Individuals were matched on DSM-III-R diagnoses and sex: 8 had roommates and received assertive case management, 5 had roommates and limited case management, 5 lived alone and received assertive case management, and 5 lived alone with limited case management. Data were obtained from three independent sources: (1) each client was interviewed using the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire (DCMHQ) and the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) on four separate occasions over three consecutive months; (2) frequency of client contact with family members over the same time interval was tracked by case managers; and (3) concurrent attendance in day treatment sessions, diagnosis, number of previous hospitalizations, and approximate number of months of previous hospitalization were obtained from community mental health center records. DCMHQ scores for acute symptoms and interpersonal conflict were combined into an index called problems, while ISSB scores measured social support received. Monthly followups for. three consecutive months were used to obtain stable estimates of problems and support. Significant positive correlations were found between family involvement and problems, family involvement and residential arrangements, social support and problems, group attendance percentage and age, problems and social support, and a marginal relationship between residence and social support. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between case management and problems, social support and number of previous hospitalizations, group attendance percentage and problems, and residence and age. In multiple regression involving all predictors, the variables other than roommating and case management, (i.e., average family involvement, number of previous hospitalizations, program attendance, and age, considered together) predicted both problems reported and support received, while as second and third steps in the regression analysis case management and residence did not significantly predict problems or social support. In other words, once chronicity (i.e., number of previous hospitalizations), family contact, age, and group attendance were controlled, case management and residence both vanished as predictors. Future studies should consider these factors, and other aspects of the natural context, when evaluating community interventions for the mentally ill in a more controlled experimental design. With respect to developing new research for community adjustment, recommendations for more controlled studies were made and two new community intervention procedures were described.
Department of English

Charlotte Brontë, retirée dans les landes désolées du Yorkshire, tente d'harmoniser ses personnages et leur environnement afin de donner une perception plus aigüe de leur isolement. Les héroïnes, surtout, cherchent une forme d'intégration par leur fusion avec le cosmos. Cette approche tout à fait personnelle met en relief tous les aspects de la vie intérieure : les émotions, les passions et les souffrances acquièrent une plus grande force évocatrice par le pouvoir de l'imagination. On peut remarquer, dans l'expression littéraire de Charlotte Brontë, deux aspirations contradictoires : à la fois désir intense et peur obsédante de la solitude ; la recherche de l'équilibre entre ces tendances antinomiques crée une névrose que seuls l'amour et l'amitié ont le pouvoir de guérir. L’aspect androgyne des personnages brontéens traduit en fait le malaise et la solitude de la femme écrivain dans le monde littéraire de l'époque. Ce que Charlotte Brontë montre (et dénonce parfois), c'est l'injustice du sort qui est fait aux femmes célibataires à l'époque victorienne et leur isolement insupportable : les héroïnes doivent lutter contre les préjugés de leur entourage et leur combat accentue cette solitude ; ces femmes étouffent stoïquement leurs désirs et leurs faiblesses afin de mieux surmonter les obstacles de l'existence. Les personnages brontéens accomplissent un pèlerinage qui les amène, après bien des souffrances, à une meilleure connaissance d'eux-mêmes ; ils atteignent une forme de sagesse et d'accomplissement après la rencontre avec "l'autre" qui peut les comprendre et communiquer avec eux
Charlotte Brontë, withdrawn in the dreary "moors" of Yorkshire, tries to harmonize her characters and their background so as to give a keener perception of their isolation. The heroines especially, seek a form of integration by their fusion with the cosmos; this very personal approach brings out all the aspects of consciousness: emotions, passions and sufferings thus gain a greater suggestive force through the transforming power of imagination. There are, in charlotte Brontë's literary expression, two contradictory aspirations: at the same time a strong desire and a fear of solitude; the guest for a balance between these antinomic tendencies creates a neurosis that can only be cured by love and friendship. The androgynous aspect of the brontean characters reveals women writers' malaise and solitude in the literary world of the time. What Charlotte Brontë shows (and sometimes exposes) is single women's predicament and unbearable isolation in the victorian era: the heroines must struggle against prejudice and their fight increases their solitude; these women stifle their desires and weaknesses so as to overcome the obstacles of existence. The brontean characters perform a pilgrimage which brings them to a better knowledge of their inner self; they achieve a form of wisdom and fulfilment after they have met their "alter ego" who can understand them and communicate with them

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Charlotte Bronte's novels, the importance accorded to female homosocial relationships - such as friendship and the mother-daughter relationship - challenges the conventional structure of the Victorian realist novel, in which the focus of the female protagonist's development is almost exclusively on the eventual achievement of heterosexual marriage Structurally. heterosexual marriage at closure re-establishes the status quo that has been threatened or destabilised during the unfolding of the plot. Yet what Bronte's novels reveal, is that the status quo thus re-established also confirms patriarchy as a system in which the bonds between men are consolidated to maintain social, political and economic power as a male prerogative By contrast, the ideology that promotes marriage as the sine qua non of women's existence positions women as rivals and the representation of female homosocial relationships in the nineteenth-century novel is either relegated to the margins of the text or erased entirely. In Bronte's novels, the structural relationship between this conventional displacement of female homosocial relationships and the silencing and containment of female desire in heterosexual marriage at closure is consistently explored and subverted. In an increasingly complex process of rewriting the Victorian novel from a female perspective, Bronte's novels construct alternative plots that privilege the representation of female homosocial relationships even as they imitate conventional plot structure In so doing. the gendering of narrative voice as female lays claim to a female discourse of desire. which is rooted in female homosociality and inclusive of lesbian desire. Compulsory (female) heterosexuality which is exclusively domestic and maternal. IS therefore challenged by an alternative representation of female desire as defiant of the ngid categories Imposed by heterosexuality. because it is fiurd and multiple in Its expression This thesis explores the process of recuperation through which Bronte both places the representation of female hornosocial relationships at the centre of her novels and reveals patriarchal structures of control at work
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die romans van Charlotte Bronte konfronteer the sentraliteit van vroulike homososiale verhoudings - soos vriendskap en die moeder-dogter verhouding - die konvensionele struktuur van die Victoriaanse realistiese roman. Volgens hierdie konvensionele struktuur is die fokus van die vroulike protagonis se ontwikkeling bykans uitsluitlik gerig op haar uiteindelike toetrede tot 'n heteroseksuele huwelik. Struktureel gesproke herstel die heteroseksuele huwelik by die sluiting van die roman die status quo wat bedreig of gedestabiliseer is gedurende die ontplooing van die roman. Wat Bronte se romans egter aan die lig bring, is dat die status quo wat so herstel word, ook die patriargale sisteem bevestig - waarbinne die bande tussen mans gekonsolideer word ten einde sosiale politieke en ekonomiese mag as 'n manlike prerogatief te waarborg Die ideologie wat die huwelik voorhou as die sine qua non van die vrou se bestaan posisioneer vroue as mededingers, en hierdeur word die uitbeelding van vroulike homososiale verhoudings in die negentiende-eeuse roman verskuif na die buitewyke van die teks, of word dit algeheel uitgewis. In Bronte se romans word die strukturele verwantskap tussen hierdie konvensionele verplasing van vroulike homososiale verhoudings en die demping of beheer van vroulike begeerte in die heteroseksuele huwelik voortdurend in die roman se sluiting ondersoek en ondermyn In 'n proses wat 'n toenemend ingewikkelde herskrywing van die Victonaanse roman vanuit 'n vroulike qesiqspunt inhou. stel Bronte se romans alternatiewc verwikkelinqsplanne saam wat voorrang gee aan die uitbeelding van vroulike hornososiale verhoudings terwyl hierdie storieplanne konvensionele struktuurplanne naboots. Ole manier waarop die verteller se stem so vervroulik word gee uiting aan 'n vroulike diskoers van begeerte wat gewortel IS In vroulike hornososialiteit en wat lesbiese begeerte insluit Verpliqte (vroullke) heteroseksualiteit. wat uitsluitlik huislik en moederlik IS, word dus gekonfronteer deur 'n alternatiewe uitbeeldinq van vroulike begeerte wat die rigiede kateqoriee opqele deur heteroseksualiteit verwerp en meer vloeibare en veelsoortiqe vorme van ultdrukklng daarstel Hierdie tests ondersoek die herstellinqsprcses waardeur Bronte die uitbeeldinq van vroulike hornososiale verhoudinqs sentraal plaas In haar romans, terwyl sy terselfdertyd die werkswyses van patriargale beheerstrukture aan die lig bring.

Un tour d'horizon de l'étendue de la diffusion de Jane Eyre et de Wuthering Heights et de la qualité de leur réception à l'échelle mondiale de 1847 à 1969, une approche de l'imagination et de la sensibilité de leurs auteurs dans le cadre de l'évolution du roman féminin et de la société au début de l'ère victorienne ont été nécessaires pour mieux comprendre leur présence à Madagascar et les éventuelles réactions de leurs lectrices dans cette partie du monde. Il est alors apparu que ceci est fonction des thèmes qui y sont développés. Touchant la femme, ses aspirations amoureuses, ses fonctions, son comportement au sein de la société victorienne, ces thèmes ont été regroupés sous trois rubriques : représentations de la femme, romantisme, idéologies victoriennes. Avant d'analyser leur impact, nous avons étudié les moyens de leur pénétration et le contexte de leur réception en Imerina, mettant en relief les résultats d'une enquête auprès de leur public, l'importance des structures de diffusion, celles de l'enseignement et de la langue française, outil de leur propagation. Cette réceptivité repose sur trois facteurs : - la communauté des évidences : Charlotte et Emily Brontë sont des femmes évoquant des problèmes spécifiquement féminins la communauté de culture liée, d'une part, à des analogies culturelles entre l’Angleterre et l’Imerina et d'autre part, à la venue au 19eme siècle de missionnaires protestants britanniques à Madagascar qui a laissé un impact profond sur les mentalités, entrainant une adhésion aux valeurs victoriennes, véhiculées
For more than a century (1847-1969), Jane Eyre and Wuthering heights had been the objects of a world-wide attention as the impressive number of translations, editions, adaptations and critical works concerning those attests. This had led us to examine their most striking features within the context of the feminine novel in England. It then becomes obvious that such a popularity was due to their authors ‘views on women and their social functions, on romanticism (with an emphasis on love) and on Victorianism in so far as the two novels are representative of the trends and ideas of the Victorian era (conservatism, evangelism, sentimentalism, didacticism, prudery). A scrutiny of the way they were introduced in Imerina together with a general portrait of their Malagasy women readers in the 60 help to a better understanding of their impact. These reveal the importance of commercial exchange, literacy, education, translation and that of French language. Our conclusion is that three elements account for their popularity: - first, a community of interests their main subject being the eternal dilemma of women torn apart between their aspirations to more freedom and consideration and their feminine conditions - second, a community of culture: the presence of British protestant missionaries in Imerina in the nineteenth century has left an enduring influence on the minds causing a spontaneous identify

This thesis is a study of the presentation of the orphan child in eighteenth and early nineteenth century English literature, and focuses on William Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. It is concerned with assessing the extent to which the orphan children in each of the works are liberated from familial and social constraints and structures and to what end. Chapter One examines the major thematic concern of the extent to which the motif of the orphan child represents a wronged innocent, and whether this symbol can also, or alternatively, be presented as a revolutionary force that challenges society's status quo in Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience. Chapter Two considers the significance of the child "lost" and "found", which forms the explicit subject of six of Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience and explores the treatment of these conditions, and their differences and consequences for the children concerned. Chapter Three focuses on Charlotte Bronte's depiction of the orphan in Jane Eyre, which presents two models of the orphan child: the protagonist Jane, and Helen Burns. The chapter examines these two models and their responses to orphan-hood in a hostile world where orphans are mistreated by family and society alike. Chapter Four determines whether the orphan constitutes a subversive threat to the family in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights and also explores the notion that, although orphan-hood often entails liberation from adult guardians, it also comprises vulnerability and exposure. The thesis concludes by considering the extent to which orphan-hood can involve a form of liberation from the confines of social structures, and what this liberation constitutes for each of the three authors.

Three of the most notable English women authors, Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, and George Eliot, explore similar themes of the individual, particularly the young woman, in relation to a hierarchical, patriarchal society, more specifically a crumbling paternalist society. My focus is on three Victorian novels' representations of society's transformation from a paternalistic nature to one of greater individualism; and in particular, I explore how women defined for themselves positions of power within these structures. So this study is twofold, one on representations of gender and the other of class; for the two are inseparable in discussing power relationships of Victorian women. Austen, Bronte, and Eliot understood and, to some degree, accepted the pervasive paternal values. Their novels, however, do not advocate radical social change; rather, their heroines willingly turn to domesticity. I aim to argue that each author, although dissatisfied with aspects of society, did not desire to radically alter women's role within society. The fictitious lives they created became both a representation and a critique of the ideologies surrounding them. The texts of Emma, Jane Eyre, and Middlemarch are representative of traditional social norms and yet question some of the culture's dominant codes, especially in relation to paternalism and gender. What strikes me about these novels is that although the female characters are limited by society, they are not ineffectual. Rather the authors portray women in control of their lives and able to make choices for themselves within the framework of society. My research includes social, philosophical, and political attitudes of the decades in which each novel was written, as well as personal philosophies held by Austen, Bronte, and Eliot in relation to gender and class and the influence of these philosophies in their art. Finally, my reading of the texts explicates evidences of the culture's and author's attitudes in relation to paternalism and gender.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma leitura de O Morro dos Ventos Uivantes (1847), de Emily Brontë, e de Jane Eyre (1847), de Charlotte Brontë, com foco nas convenções góticas contidas nas duas obras e observando as maneiras como tais convenções interferem nos movimentos das duas protagonistas, Catherine e Jane, cada uma lutando para se adaptar ao seu espaço e, ao mesmo tempo, para realizar seus anseios. Apesar de as duas obras serem estruturalmente diferentes uma da outra, ambas compartilham uma atmosfera gótica intensa, bem como uma consequente densidade psicológica que influencia a disposição mental das duas protagonistas. A leitura dos dois romances foi conduzida com a finalidade de explorar as relações encontradas entre os aspectos estruturais, sociais e psicológicos envolvidos, ressaltando os elementos góticos que representam os desafios que Catherine e Jane são forçadas a enfrentar. A obra The Coherence of Gothic Conventions (1986), da crítica literária Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, é utilizada para identificar e contextualizar a capacidade que as imagens góticas têm de traduzir o peso imposto pelas convenções sociais sobre o processo natural de crescimento das duas protagonistas. Considerando que esse peso é consideravelmente ampliado pelas práticas sociais ligadas a questões de gênero, foi explorado o conceito de Gótico Feminino, como apresentado pela Professora Carol Margaret Davison. Especial atenção é reservada para as imagens relacionadas com espaço – o espaço psicológico necessário para o crescimento emocional das protagonistas; e o espaço físico, que determina onde e como elas devem se movimentar. Aqui o suporte teórico é oferecido pelas poéticas dos elementos primitivos, de Gaston Bachelard, para análise do corpo de imagens apresentadas nos dois romances. A conclusão comenta as soluções encontradas por Catherine Earnshaw e Jane Eyre para abrir caminho e superar os obstáculos que se lhes apresentam; e também ressalta o quanto as convenções góticas conseguem revelar sobre a estrutura social que elas representam.
This thesis consists of a reading of Emily Brontë‘s Wuthering Heights (1847) and Charlotte Brontë‘s, Jane Eyre (1847), focusing on the body of Gothic conventions they hold, and the ways in which such conventions interfere with the movements of the two female protagonists, Catherine and Jane, each struggling to fit into their space, while trying to accomplish their desires. Although the two works are structurally different in several ways, they share an intense Gothic atmosphere and its consequent psychological density, which influences the mental frame of the two protagonists. In order to explore the relations among the structural, social and psychological aspects involved, a reading of the novels has been conducted, focusing on the presence of Gothic elements that stand for the challenges Catherine and Jane are bound to face. Literary critic Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick‘s work The Coherence of Gothic Conventions (1986) is used to identify and contextualise the capacity of Gothic imagery to reveal the weight of social conventions upon the natural process of growth of the two protagonists. Inasmuch as the pressure becomes intensified by the rules of gender settlements, the concept of Female Gothic is explored, as presented by Professor Carol Margaret Davison. Particular attention is paid to the imagery related to space – psychological space for the protagonists to grow emotionally, and physical space, as determinant of where and how they must move. Here the theoretical support is offered by Gaston Bachelard‘s poetics of the primitive elements, unveiling the body of images presented in the two novels. The conclusion indicates the solutions found by Catherine Earnshaw and by Jane Eyre to find their way and overcome the obstacles they meet; with comments on how revealing Gothic imagery is of the social conventions it represents.

Au cœur de l'écriture de Charlotte et Emily Brontë se trouve la question de la formation de l'identité et du saisissement de soi par le sujet (essentiellement féminin). Dans Jane Eyre, Villette, Wuthering Heights et la poésie d'Emily Brontë, le lecteur suit personnages principaux et personae tout au long d'un parcours qui les amène à prendre possession d'eux-mêmes, à trouver leur place dans le monde, à s'y inscrire et à pouvoir transmettre une vision de leur intériorité. Le processus d'intériorisation comprend quatre phases. La première s'organise autour de la perception. Les sujets découvrent le monde et apprennent à son contact la nécessité de rechercher, voire de créer la sensation d'appartenance pour atteindre le bonheur. Déçus par le monde, ils se replient alors sur eux-mêmes, et commence alors la phase de ressenti. Les sujets passent de la perception à l'intellection, forment leurs schémas mentaux, et tentent de recréer en eux-mêmes, virtuellement, les conditions du bonheur. L'imagination joue un rôle majeur dans cette entreprise, mais à terme, le refuge intérieur devient un enfermement, par l'expansion pathologique de l'intériorité et le manque de réel. Les sujets ressentent alors l'impérieuse nécessité d'extérioriser. La troisième phase s'amorce donc autour des problématiques d'expression. Les sujets, à travers la prise de parole, l'écriture et la pratique picturale, trouvent des canaux pour épancher leur intériorité autant que pour la mettre en forme. Le résultat de leur extériorisation donne lieu à la quatrième phase, celle du reçu, au cours de laquelle les lecteurs intimes et performants continuent l'entreprise de construction de l'identité
The development of identity and the process of self-possession is at the heart of Charlotte and Emily Brontë's writing. In Jane Eyre, Villette, Wuthering Heights and Emily Brontë's poetry, the reader follows the characters and personae (who are essentially female) through the life-voyage which brings them to get to know themselves, find their place in the world, inscribe themselves in it and transmit a vision of their interiority. The process of interiorisation consists in four phases. The first phase is about perception. The subjects discover the world and learn from this contact the necessity of searching for, and even recreating, the sense of belonging in order to gain happiness. Disappointed in the world, they withdraw into themselves, and the phase of feeling starts. The subjects shift from perception to intellection, shape their mental patterns, and try to recreate within themselves, virtually, the conditions of happiness. Imagination plays a major part in this process, but eventually, the inner shelter becomes a prison through the pathological expansion of interiority and the lack of reality. The third phase then begins, revolving around the idea of expression. The subjects, through speech, writing or painting, find ways to let out as much as frame their interiority. The result of their exteriorisation brings about the fourth phase, that of reception, during which intimate and competent readers carry on the process of the construction of identity

O presente trabalho explora a interdisciplinaridade ao analisar as heroínas de Jane Eyre de Charlotte Brontë e Pride and Prejudice de Jane Austen, bem como suas respectivas recriações em adaptações para o cinema e para a televisão. Evidenciando as retomadas dos romances para as mídias cinematográfica e televisiva, a pesquisa perpassou o olhar por filmes e seriados de 1934 a 2011, porém o estudo faz um recorte e analisa dois filmes e duas minisséries, entre outras, que recriam as personagens principais, tendo em vista a proximidade temporal das produções e o gosto pessoal da investigadora desta pesquisa. As protagonistas Jane Eyre e Elizabeth Bennet constituem-se em figuras femininas e literárias marcantes que continuam a viver no imaginário tanto do público leitor quanto do espectador, bem como são fontes de estudos da academia e de fruição em geral, reunindo interessados e admiradores sem restrições. Desta forma, o foco repousa nos romances, na minissérie Jane Eyre, de 2006, da diretora Susanna White; no filme homônimo, de 2011, do diretor Cary Fukunaga; na minissérie Pride and Prejudice, de 1995, de Simon Lang; e no filme de 2005, sob a direção de Joe Wright. Esta investigação lança um olhar, em um primeiro momento, ao interesse dirigido à busca dos textos das autoras como material para adaptações, focando as protagonistas como o cerne de tais retomadas. Além disso, neste trabalho investigativo, se realiza uma leitura crítica particular dos romances, dos filmes e dos seriados. Não se buscam tanto os pontos de contato e de afastamento entre as heroínas e suas respectivas recriações ou entre as mídias envolvidas quanto se procuram os elementos denotadores dos efeitos na leitora e na espectadora personificadas na autora da pesquisa em relação às construções das personagens principais, bem como no que concerne às suas recriações em imagens na cultura ocidental do século XX e XXI. Na tentativa de iluminar com maior profundidade a permanência das heroínas por meio das narrativas tanto literárias quanto fílmicas e televisivas ao longo do tempo, o presente exame se debruça sobre a relação entre leitor e romance, bem como entre espectador, filme e seriado. A abordagem focaliza, desta forma, na esteira do pensamento de Iser, que se baseou nos postulados de Ingarden; a questão dos espaços vazios. A projeção do preenchimento dos vazios do texto dialoga, diretamente, com a mídia fílmica, visto que o espectador, entendido como ser ativo, necessita, também, contrabalançar possíveis lacunas. Num segundo momento, o estudo se dirige propriamente à caracterização e à apreensão do que compõe Jane Eyre e Elizabeth Bennet, tanto as personagens dos romances quanto as recriações nos filmes e nas minisséries componentes do corpus desta pesquisa. Ao almejar a compreensão das nuances que formam as personalidades das heroínas, o que é determinante em suas ações, a análise contempla elementos que representam papéis marcantes para se conhecer as particularidades componentes das protagonistas. Em terceiro lugar, o enfoque passa a ser o contexto, em suas variadas acepções, tais como social, comportamental e, mesmo, geográfico, a serviço do entendimento de quem são essas heroínas, tendo em vista que o espaço que as envolve é crucial na revelação do que as torna ímpares. Contando com excertos e fragmentos retirados das seis narrativas, examina-se as facetas de comportamento que as autoras imprimem em seus textos para se possam distinguir os recursos que os diretores utilizam, juntamente com suas equipes, nas recriações, na cultura ocidental, das protagonistas dentro de cenários que as marcam em cada uma das narrativas. Assim, busca-se a essência do que as tornam referenciais para leitores e espectadores.
The present study explores interdisciplinarity by analyzing the heroines of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, as well as their respective recreations in cinema and television adaptations. Evincing the transit of novels to cinema and television media, the study looked at films and series from 1934 to 2011, focusing, however, on two films and two miniseries, among others, that recreate the main characters, in view of the temporal proximity of the productions and the personal taste of the researcher of this study. The protagonists Jane Eyre and Elizabeth Bennet are remarkable literary female figures who continue to live in the minds of both the reader and the spectator, and are sources for academic studies and general enjoyment. Thus, the focus lies on the novels; on the 2006 miniseries Jane Eyre, directed by Susanna White; on the 2011 film with the same title, directed by Cary Fukunaga; on the 1995 miniseries Pride and Prejudice, by Simon Lang; and on the 2005 film, directed by Joe Wright. Firstly, this study focuses on the interest for the works of the authors as materials for adaptations, focusing on the protagonists as the center of such adaptations. Furthermore, a particular critical reading of the novels, the films and the series is carried out, seeking not so much the contact and distance points between the heroines and their respective recreations, or between the media involved, but seeking the elements that show the effects on the reader and spectator, personified here in the author of this research, concerning the constructions of the main characters, as well as with regard to their recreations in images to the western culture of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In an attempt to shed light on the permanence of the heroines through both literary and filmic narratives over time, the research looks at the relationship between reader and novel, as well as between spectator and film and series. The approach focuses, therefore, in the light of Iser’s thought, which was based on the postulates of Ingarden, on the issue of blank spaces. The projection of filling in the empty spaces of the text are directly convergent to reading/interpreting filmic media, since the viewer, seen as an active being, also needs to counterbalance possible gaps. Secondly, the study addresses the characterization and the understanding of what comprises Jane Eyre and Elizabeth Bennet in the novels and in the films and miniseries adaptations which are part of the corpus of this research. By trying to understand the nuances that form and individualize the personalities of the heroines, which is decisive in their actions, the analysis includes elements that represent roles that are significant to know the particularities of the protagonists. Thirdly, the focus shifts to the context in its many traits, such as social, behavioral, and even geographical, in order to understand who these heroines are, considering that the space that surrounds them is crucial in the revelation of what makes them unique. Relying on excerpts and fragments taken from the six narratives, the facets of behavior that the authors impress in their texts are examined to distinguish the resources that the directors and their teams use in the recreations, for the contemporary western culture, of the protagonists in the scenarios that mark them in each of the narratives. Thus, the aim is the search for the essence of what makes them an updated reference for readers and spectators.

L'enfance des jeunes Brontë a été marquée par leurs jeux littéraires : ils ont créé un monde imaginaire dans lequel s'affrontaient héros réels et fictifs, en consignant leurs aventures dans de minuscules manuscrits. L'étude de ces textes permet d'observer chez Charlotte Brontë le processus de formation d'une écriture dialogique, qui se maintient dans les romans de maturité. Sa nouvelle situation énonciative lorsqu'elle soumet ses écrits au public amène toutefois un changement dans son rapport au lectorat, car ses nouveaux critiques ne dissocient pas dans leur réponse la femme de l'artiste. Ceci se traduit par la construction de deux Lecteurs Modèles, qui se voient chacun attribuer un rôle spécifique au sein d'un même texte. Les narrateurs font appel à la clémence du Lecteur Modèle / Juge, tandis qu'ils sollicitent – parfois simultanément – l'aptitude au déchiffrement du Lecteur Modèle / Interprète. Cette thèse a pour ambition d'identifier et d'analyser les différentes stratégies narratives résultant de cette création textuelle d'un double Lecteur Modèle, ce qui permet dans un second temps d'éclairer le sens des romans. Ces stratégies incluent notamment l'insertion de textes seconds ou de références intertextuelles, ainsi que la sémantisation d'éléments non-textuels, tels que les arts visuels ou les artisanats féminins. Cette intrication de plusieurs objets de déchiffrement crée des espaces d'équivoque et d'indécidabilité, qui doivent alors être investis par le lectorat empirique
The Brontës' childhood was informed by their literary games: they created an imaginary world where they staged the confrontations between their heroes, real or fictitious, and which they used as a setting for numerous tales. A close study of these early writings sheds light on the formation, in Charlotte Brontë's work, of a dialogical mode of writing, which remains present throughout her later novels. Her new enunciative situation as she submits her work to the public at large leads to a shift in her perception of her readership: her new critics do not dissociate in her the woman from the writer, and assess her texts accordingly. This results in the creation of two Model Readers, each of whom is given a specific role within the frame of a same text. Brontë's narrators ask for the leniency of the Model Reader / Judge, at the same times as they call upon the Model Reader / Interpretant's aptitude at deciphering signs. This thesis aims at identifying and analysing the narrative strategies resulting from the creation of a double Model Reader, which help understand the meaning of the novels. These strategies include the insertion within the text of secondary texts or intertextual references, as well as the semanticisation of non-textual elements, such as visual arts or accomplishments. This intrication of various cyphers creates a locus of equivocation and undecidability, which must be invested by the empirical readership

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This dissertation aims to investigate how the Charlotte Brontë s literary project presents in the novel, Jane Eyre (1847), through female authorship, and, as its transposition into Cinema, the movie version by Cary Joji Fukunaga´s Jane Eyre (2011) occurs. The literary project of the author focuses on the issue of gender and its concern was to give voice to the women of her time. The director´s project for this movie comes from melodrama to the triumph of love search. The purpose of analysis is to understand how the interpretation of this source-novel occurs in the 21st century, with the aim of examining how this story is reread, seeking current interpretive understanding of the novel through the film. Thus, this study will demonstrate the importance of the periodization as proposed by Jameson (1992) for the reading of the novel and its transcreation, according to Campos (2004), considering the relationship between economic s, political, social and aesthetic characteristics of each period, as also teaches Candido (1967). The research was developed through the reading the novel, of the theoretical works about the author as well as the director and analysis of filmic narrative.
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo demonstrar como o projeto literário de Charlotte Brontë se apresenta no romance Jane Eyre (1847), por meio da autoria feminina, como ocorre sua transposição para o Cinema, na versão fílmica, de Cary Joji Fukunaga, Jane Eyre (2011). O projeto literário da autora concentra-se na questão de gênero e sua preocupação foi a de dar voz à mulher de seu tempo. O projeto do diretor para esse filme parte do melodrama para o triunfo da busca pelo amor. O intuito de análise é perceber como ocorre a interpretação desse romance-fonte no século XXI, com o objetivo de analisar como essa história é relida, buscando a compreensão interpretativa desse romance-fonte na atualidade pelo olhar fílmico. Neste âmbito, este estudo demonstrará a importância da periodização conforme proposto por Jameson (1992) para a leitura do romance e de sua transcriação, de acordo com Campos (2004), considerando as relações entre as características econômicas, políticas, sociais e estéticas de cada período, conforme também nos ensina Candido (1967). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio da leitura do romance, de obras teóricas sobre a autora e o diretor e análise da narrativa cinematográfica.

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Jane Eyre, the most applauded novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë, has been investigated by the literary critics from the last decades from many different perspectives, due to the complex and unsettling quality of this classic formation novel (bildungsroman). Among the most visible critical tendencies, we can emphasize the feminist reading of this Brontë‟s narrative, which, in the 1970‟s, meaningfully contributed to the insertion of this work in the canon of the western feminine writing. Nevertheless, more recently, some authors have been inclined to study the religiosity of the novel, connecting this issue with other elements of the narrative, without presenting, however, a deeper reflection about the manifestations of sacredness in the novel. We believe that these manifestations are mainly linked to the modern notion of subjectivity, a concept which was improved and exalted by the romantic movement, an influential aesthetic movement, originated and developed during the decades preceding the publication of Brontë‟s novel. Therefore, the present thesis aims at promoting an interpretation of Jane Eyre from the sacred perspective, related to the romantic notion of subjectivity, and also to the concept of drama, which permeates the protagonist‟s formation process. In this process, the opposition social / natural symbolically corresponds to the opposition profane / sacred. Society and nature are the places where the heroine transits, experiencing conflicts and sufferings, which are indispensable for her formation process and for the maturation of her character. We attempt to demonstrate, thus, that although the protagonist‟s formation trajectory marked by dramatic events occurs in the direction of a preparation to the practical, profane and social world, this trajectory does not prescind of a symbolical relation with sacredness, which is mainly expressed through the mystical relation established between the subjectivity and nature. In this way, we hope our research contributes to the interdisciplinary literary studies, generally, and to the critical studies of this important novel by Charlotte Brontë, more specifically.
Jane Eyre, o mais aclamado romance da escritora inglesa Charlotte Brontë, tem sido investigado pela crítica literária das últimas décadas sob as mais diversas perspectivas, devido ao caráter complexo e inquietante desse clássico romance de formação (bildungsroman). Dentre as tendências críticas mais visíveis, destaca-se a leitura feminista dessa narrativa de Brontë, que, na década de 1970, contribuiu, significativamente, para a inserção dessa obra no cânone da escrita feminina ocidental. No entanto, mais recentemente, alguns autores têm se voltado para a temática da religiosidade do romance, relacionando essa questão a outros elementos da narrativa, sem apresentar, contudo, uma reflexão mais profunda acerca das manifestações do sagrado no romance. Acreditamos que essas manifestações estão vinculadas, principalmente, à noção moderna de subjetividade, conceito aprimorado e exaltado pelo Romantismo, influente movimento estético, originado e desenvolvido nas décadas anteriores à publicação do romance de Brontë. Assim, a presente tese tenciona promover uma interpretação de Jane Eyre pelo viés da sacralidade, atrelada à noção romântica de subjetividade, e também ao conceito de dramaticidade, o qual permeia o processo de formação da protagonista. Neste, a oposição social / natural corresponde, simbolicamente, à oposição profano / sagrado, sendo a sociedade e a natureza os domínios por onde a heroína transita, vivenciando conflitos e sofrimentos, imprescindíveis para a sua experiência formativa e para a maturação de seu caráter. Procuramos demonstrar, assim, que, apesar de a trajetória formativa da protagonista, pontuada por eventos dramáticos, ocorrer no sentido da preparação para o mundo prático, profano e social, esse percurso não prescinde da relação simbólica com a sacralidade, que se manifesta, principalmente, por meio da relação mística estabelecida entre a subjetividade e a natureza. Desse modo, esperamos que a nossa pesquisa contribua para os estudos literários interdisciplinares, de modo geral, e para o arcabouço crítico desse importante romance de Charlotte Brontë, mais especificamente.

Les études consacrées aux Brontë prennent souvent le parti de juxtaposer des chapitres concernant tout à tour chacune des trois sœurs ou de ne traiter que de l’une d’entre elles. Le présent travail se propose d’appliquer une méthode comparative à l’ensemble des romans des sœurs Brontë : Wuthering Heights (1847) d’Emily, Agnes Grey (1847) et The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) d’Anne, Jane Eyre (1847), Shirley (1849), Villette (1853) et The Professor (écrit avant Jane Eyre, mais publié de façon posthume en 1857) de Charlotte, et de les replacer dans le contexte du renouveau évangélique qui marque, par son activisme, le macrocosme victorien, mais aussi le microcosme de Haworth, où Patrick Brontë, leur père, est alors pasteur. L’analyse de la (ré)formation des enfants et des adultes dans les trois œuvres, à la lumière de leur contexte culturel et dans le respect de leur logique interne, permet de constater que les romans partent d’une vision similaire du monde, à savoir celle d’un monde déchu. En revanche, les orientations que choisissent les romancières pour faire échec à cette déchéance initiale sont différentes et rendent compte du rapport distinct qu’elles entretiennent avec leur tradition religieuse d’origine ainsi qu’avec certains mouvements littéraires comme le romantisme. Les sœurs Brontë n’accordent pas la même importance au rôle de la formation et de la réforme et n’abordent pas non plus de manière identique la question du salut qui y est associée. C’est en réalité la définition de l’engagement des personnages principaux, c’est-à-dire des héroïnes, qui pose problème

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
English Literature

Esta tesis doctoral explora las traducciones de literatura en lengua inglesa producidas en el franquismo todavía comercializándose en la actualidad y analiza el impacto que ejercen en el lector contemporáneo. En particular se ha examinado la versión de Jane Eyre llevada a cabo por Juan G. de Luaces publicada por la editorial Iberia en 1943 y que Espasa Calpe ha sacado al mercado en 2011 en la colección “Austral”. A excepción de exiguas modificaciones estilísticas, las supresiones y los cambios retóricos de la versión de Luaces se mantienen en esta reciente edición, prolongando criterios traductológicos generalizados en la España de posguerra. El análisis comparativo entre la novela de Charlotte Brontë y la traducción ha revelado abundantes supresiones y modificaciones de aspectos relacionados con los roles de género, modelos familiares, religión e intertextualidad. Por otra parte, se han producido alteraciones de aspectos retóricos como el cambio del tiempo verbal, el modo narrativo, los apóstrofes al lector y el heterolingüismo. El análisis ha sido complementado mediante la utilización de una metodología teórica interdisciplinar que aglutina el enfoque cultural y la sociología crítica bourdieusiana en los estudios de traducción junto al examen paratextual y el análisis de la censura. Por una parte, la aproximación a la traducción como una práctica sociocultural ha resultado operativa para ofrecer una investigación más exhaustiva del producto final y también de las posibles causas de las modificaciones llevadas a cabo en la traslación. Por consiguiente, se ha estudiado el contexto histórico en el que influyen condicionantes específicos (poder, ideología, manipulación, intereses nacionales o religión) así como el entramado social en el que funcionan los agentes involucrados en el proceso de traducción (motivaciones personales y profesionales o posición en la estructura jerárquica del “campo”, entre otros). En segundo lugar, el examen de la censura presente en ambos contextos, institucional en el primero y económica en el segundo, junto con otros tipos de “manipulación”, ha servido para proporcionar una dimensión adicional a la interpretación sociocultural. El análisis paratextual se suma a estas perspectivas, ofreciendo información tanto sobre el objeto final y su presentación al público lector como sobre los discursos que circulan a su alrededor, que influirán en su recepción. La exploración de estos elementos ha demostrado la anacronía de esta versión sexagenaria y la distorsión de la obra más reconocida de la autora británica, distinguida con un notable grado de capital simbólico desde mediados del siglo XIX. En línea con el planteamiento bourdieusiano se ha inferido que en la comercialización de Jane Eyre de 2011 el principio heterónomo ha prevalecido a la adecuación del contenido en el contexto actual.
The ongoing production of translations produced during the Franco regime begs the question of what the contemporary reader makes of a text generated over seventy years earlier. The thesis centres on the 1943 translation into Spanish of Charlotte Brontë’s renowned Jane Eyre, the labour of Juan G. de Luaces, who had established a name for himself as a journalist, poet and writer of prose fiction in 1920s and 30s Spain. Following the Civil War, Luaces became the country’s most prolific translator of literary texts from English into Spanish. An analysis has been set up to compare the 1943 translation and 2011 version, which reveals how gender issues, family models, religion, together with other ideological or rhetorical features were modified or suppressed in order to adjust to the regime’s dictates. Both cultural and sociological theories applied to translation have been drawn upon whilst a paratextual assessment together with an examination of the impact of censorship, generated by both self and state, have created an interdisciplinary approach which substantiates the comparative analysis and ultimately accounts for the manipulations in the 1943 version, echoed in the 2011 publication.

This thesis is a study of rebellious child protagonists in Victorian bildungsroman. It discusses five novels ??? Jane Eyre, The Mill on the Floss, What Maisie Knew, Vanity Fair and Kim ??? that feature ???radical child??? protagonists who use indirect methods of narrative control to resist conservative models of character development. It argues that these novels form a subset of subversive English bildungsromane, which threaten the genre???s traditionally liberal values. Theories of narrative desire, reader seduction and discursive manipulation are used to reveal how the radical child in the Victorian bildungsroman takes command of the reader???s sympathy and gains power over the realist text, despite its physical and social powerlessness. Especially important is the presence of a fantasy counterplot, which coexists with, and ultimately undermines, the bildungsroman???s realistic surface narrative of successful socialisation. The counterplot allows radical child protagonists to develop in a non-linear manner that contradicts bourgeois ideals of stable progress. Focusing instead on sites of rupture between the individual and society, subversive bildungsromane resist both the dialectical model of character, which aims to harmoniously unite the protagonist with the realist world, and the dialogic model of interaction, which requires the restriction of personal liberty for the common good. This rebellious child in the Victorian bildungsroman thus represents an assault on the genre???s democratic ideals. Rejecting compromise, the radical child replaces the bildungsroman???s central ethic of interpersonal responsibility with an individualistic ethic of domination. Indeed, the thesis argues that the appeal of such child protagonistslies in their rejection of the obligatory, but anticlimactic, exchange of freedom for security that underpins the realist bildungsroman???s social contract, a rejection attractive to the reader precisely because it is unrealisable in reality. Finally, the thesis compares this radical child with the Gothic monster. While the monster is punished for its subversion, the radical child???s counterplot enables it to enact most of its subversive desires unpunished. The conservative English bildungsroman thus becomes a more effective way of representing asocial energies than the more obviously radical Gothic genre, which openly displays its anti-democratic sentiments.

La culture populaire, celle de la paysannerie de l’Angleterre est présente, de manière diffuse, dans le roman anglais du 19e siècle. Cette étude examine les aspects multiformes des coutumes, superstitions et pratiques populaires dans le roman anglais, de Scott à Hardy. Après avoir défini, de manière théorique d'abord, puis à l'aide d'exemples précis, l'héritage culturel antérieur au 19e siècle, l'étude s'efforce de montrer comment Scott, les sœurs Brontë, George Eliot et Thomas Hardy emploient et adaptent cette culture populaire à leurs créations romanesques. L'imprégnation dans l'enfance et la jeunesse a familiarisé les écrivains à cette culture orale, aux contes, légendes et ballades. Dans l'oeuvre de Scott, il s'agit d'une exploration des valeurs anciennes d’Ecosse, des coutumes des hautes-terres, par exemple, dans le contexte global de la récupération du merveilleux superstitieux. Avec les sœurs Brontë, c'est le fantastique des contes et ballades, celui du surnaturel; avec la différence que là où Charlotte se préoccupe davantage de fantaisie, de fantasmagorie, Emily se tourne vers les superstitions et le merveilleux des ballades populaires. La seconde partie du travail porte sur George Eliot et Thomas Hardy comme écrivains régionalistes, tous deux traitant du folklore, le plus souvent local, qu'ils appréhendent selon leur sensibilité personnelle. George Eliot prend du recul par rapport aux rites et coutumes qu'elle ne renie pas, mais dont elle déplore le travestissement. Dans ses œuvres, rites et coutumes fonctionnent comme un discours, un langage servant à illustrer la théorie qui lui est chère de la communauté bien intégrée. Avec Hardy, l'on voit le folklore à l'œuvre. L'auteur emploie les divertissements dans leurs formes les plus variées pour enrichir la substance de ses œuvres romanesques. Danses, fêtes populaires et rites agraires, tout cela est présent dans ses œuvres. Le rapprochement de toutes ces œuvres nous amène à la conclusion que le roman anglais du 19e siècle repose sur une solide tradition de culture populaire ; et que sa genèse est indissociable de celle-là
Agarian popular culture is an important component of the nineteenth-century english novel. This thesis is an attempt to map out the manifestations of customs, beliefs and popular superstitions, in the english novel, from Walter Scott to Thomas Hardy. The first chapter of this dessertation deals with the cultural heritage. Next, follow the chapters on Scott, Emily, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot and finally, Hardy who availed themselves of the popular culture they had known and observed, in order to give substance and depth to their fiction. Scott taps the customs, beliefs, of the scottish highlands aiming, in so doing, at the rivival of ancient popular culture. Whereas the Brontë sisters approach it differently. Charlotte is more sensitive to fantasay, fantasmagoria and mental issues ; Emily deals with the supernatural germane to the ballad tradition (fairies, ghost-lores, witchcraft and demonology). The second part of the dissertation reviews George Eliot and Hardy as regional novelists who explore the folklore and local customs of their respective midlands and dorsetshire. In george eliot's treatment, satire and irony take the lead over romanticism. In Hardy’s works one can observe the richness and depth of dorsetshire folklore : popular feasts, fair-grounds, superstitions, and sundry customs and beliefs are handled vividly. As a conclusion, the thesis states that the rise of the english novel is closely related to the genesis of folklore scholarship and popular culture

Cette thèse analyse les notions dialectiques incarnées dans Jane Eyre et dans Wuthering Heights afin d’éclairer les phénomènes dialectiques littéraires, sociopolitiques, et/ou subjectifs présents dans les deux romans. Le mot “dialectique,” approprié dans cette recherche, porte au moins trois connotations: étymologique, marxiste et kristévane. D’abord, la perspective dialectique est appelée à analyser les formes littéraires rivales, le romantisme rémanent et le victorianisme dominant, qui convergent vers la grande ligne de démarcation poétique dans les deux romans. Puis, en faisant référence au concept de l’interpellation et à la notion des “Deux Nations” qui caractérise la société victorienne, cette thèse s’engage dans une interprétation dialectique sur l’interaction entre le sujet et l’idéologie dominante afin d’explorer comment les idéologies du « getting on » et du « self-help » à l’ère victorienne influencent les vies de la famille Brontë, comment les deux romancières reflètent ces valeurs sociopolitiques dominantes dans leurs créations de Jane Eyre et de Heathcliff, et comment les sœurs Brontë dépeignent la lutte et le pèlerinage à travers lesquels le héros et l’héroïne transcendent le fossé social qui reste posé entre les deux nations. Finalement, fondée sur l’héréthique de Julia Kristeva, cette thèse enquête sur l’identification Heathcliff-Catherine en l’interprétant comme une autre éthique de subjectivité. Globalement, la thèse met en lumière trois niveaux remarquables de significations dialectiques des palimpsestes brontëens en dévoilant la profondeur de leur art
This doctoral thesis analyzes the dialectic notions incarnated in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights so as to shed light on the literary, sociopolitical, and/or subjective dialectic phenomena epitomized in the two novels. The word “dialectic,” appropriated in this research, carries at least three connotations: etymological, Marxist and Kristevan. At first, the dialectic perspective is drawn on to analyze the rival literary forms, the residual Romanticism and the dominant Victorianism, that converge at the great divide of poetics in the two novels in a similar yet subtly different manner. Then, referring to the concept of interpellation and the notion of the “Two Nations” that so well characterizes the Victorian society, the thesis engages in a dialectic interpretation of the interaction between the subject and the dominant ideology of his/her time with an aim to explore how the “getting on” and “self-help” ideologies of the Victorian age influence the lives of the Brontë family, how Charlotte and Emily Brontë reflect the dominant sociopolitical values in the creation of Jane Eyre and Heathcliff, and how the Brontë sisters depict the struggle and pilgrimage through which their hero and heroine transcend the social chasm that lies between the Two Nations. At last, based on the herethics of Julia Kristeva, this dissertation probes into the Heathcliff-Catherine identification and interprets it as an otherwise ethics of subjectivity. Altogether, the thesis scrapes three significant layers of the Brontëan palimpsests of dialectic significations and lays bare the profundity of their art

This dissertation comprises an exploration of the concept of home and its link to propriety as it was imposed on women, focussing specifically on Jane Eyre and Villette by Charlotte Bronte. These novels share a preoccupation with notions of 'home' and what this means to the female protagonists. The process of writing on the part of the author, Charlotte Bronte, and the act of first-person narration on the part of the two female protagonists, Jane Eyre and Lucy Snowe, is significant in that the "muted culture" of women (Showalter 1999: xx) of the nineteenth century was given authorial and authoritative power in their stories. Questions of identity and location developed from Jane Eyre's and Lucy Snowe's being orphans, penniless and without homes. Subsequently issues of ownership and self-sufficiency emerged in their stories, all of which found particular focus in the home. This "muted culture", examined through the theories of marxism and new historicism, is also illuminated by a feminist analysis of Jane Eyre and Villette which reveals that the marginal female figures are entitled to, or deserving of, the privileges of home and selfhood only once they have made some sacrifice for this "unthinkable goal of mature freedom" (Gilbert & Gubar 2000:339). The exploration of 'home' finds resonance in a post-colonial context, as Bronte encompassed marginal figures in her society who remained homeless, bereft of their stories due to the effect of drastically "interrupted experiences" (Ndebele 1996: 28) in the process of identity formation. The situated analysis of the concept of home operates in two contexts in this thesis, that of nineteenth-century Britain and twentieth-century South Africa. Njabulo Ndebele states that South Africans have been marked by the experience of homelessness, "The loss of homes! It is one of the greatest of South African stories yet to be told" (1996: 28-9). By drawing on Bronte to illuminate the concept of home, a South African reader is able to further an understanding of the multi-faceted nature of this concept and to see that the new possibilities claimed for marginal figures at the periphery may have their origins in the representation of an earlier woman writer's "double-edged" (Eagleton 1988: 73) representation of 'home' .
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

Leung, Eva.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-138).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgment --- p.iv
Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter One: --- Misrecognition / Non-Recognition
Chapter Section One: --- the lack of the first bond --- p.14
Chapter Section Two: --- the significant others --- p.37
Chapter Section Three: --- the other important individuals --- p.67
Chapter Chapter Two: --- Recognition
Chapter Section One: --- recognition bringing at-homeness --- p.93
Chapter Section Two: --- abused recognition --- p.105
Chapter Section Three: --- recognising the strangers in the selves --- p.114
Conclusion --- p.130
Works Cited --- p.133

This thesis is comprised of two articles that examine sympathy, material culture, and ownership in Victorian literature. In the first article, I explore the figure of the heiress in the Victorian literary tradition, focusing on Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. George Eliot marked the heiress figure as unsympathetic, no matter her incarnation: whether the moralist of popular fiction or madwoman of gothic fiction, she is representative of excess and indulgence—ideas that society wanted to condemn in harmony with Georges Batailles's observation that a time of indulgence will be checked by a return to conservative bourgeois ideals. The heiress is made a vessel for these cultural anxieties, representing both the desire for and reaction against material possession within the larger male imperial imaginary landscape. The heiress is a way for the male protagonist to indulge in a decadent coming-of-age narrative before being scalded by his secular desires, abandoning this dream for bourgeois security. I employ the criticism of Batailles, Laura Brown, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, etc., in order to discover how the heiress is objectified and controlled, yet, in the greater narrative structure, finds ways to act outside of the male linguistic system as an agent for change—bringing about the collapse of the fake set and props of the material world. In the second article, I examine Charles Dickens's attempts to control his printed materials and his belief that he could coalesce the expanding literate public into a faithful readership. However, Dickens was troubled by illicit reproductions of his work by the popular presses. In order to look at Dickens's concerns not only over losing control of his product, but also having the emotional essence of his characters and stories compromised, I turn to Bleak House which, critics have established, is in part a treatise against unlicensed copies. I argue that the character of Lady Dedlock serves as a representation of Dickens since she, like him, relies on the popular press in order to maintain her social standing, yet she also imagines that she is above them—though, in reality, much of her "private" life is already in public hands. I focus, specifically, on an unlicensed image of Lady Dedlock (that she is unaware of) that has been reproduced in a collection that anyone can purchase. In the end, Dickens allows his fiction to speak for him, forcing the reader to process the invasive horror of unlicensed copies through the emotion they feel for the actual, authentic woman.
Graduation date: 2012
Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from June 20, 2012 - June 20, 2014

This dissertation explores the ambiguous nature of the social criticism in Charlotte Brontë’s novels — Jane Eyre, Shirley, Villette and The Professor — particularly pertaining to patriarchal ideology and its associated power relations. I shall explore how, through her novels, Brontë sought to redefine subjectivity and the feminine ideal, and in so doing, reconfigure patriarchy’s gender norms and its ideologies which were oppressive to women. However, Brontë’s varying contestation of and acquiescence to female Victorian stereotypes, along with her equivocal representation of ideology, identity, gender, and the self, undermine her efforts to create a new model of womanhood and female empowerment. Nonetheless, through Brontë’s intimate depiction of her characters’ struggles between their desires and patriarchal prescripts, she offers a novel, more indirect and significant challenge to the patriarchal status quo. In this way, Brontë’s social criticism is confined by her conservatism.
English Studies

The writings of Charlotte Brontë are informed by the oppression that underpinned her society. Within the hierarchically structured society of Victorian England Brontë occupied a space of ‘otherness’ by virtue of her social position and her gender. Her desire to enter into the arena of creative writing, not usually the precinct of women, resulted in Brontë experiencing further backgrounding through her exclusion to this world. This thesis interrogates Brontë as a victim of oppression through its analysis of her life, particularly the early formative period of childhood and adolescence, and how she translated this oppression in her writings. This thesis confines its textual analysis to Brontë’s most widely known texts, Jane Eyre and Villette. Through the characterisations of not only the heroines and narrators of these novels, Jane Eyre and Lucy Snowe, but also the other characters who inhabit these texts, Brontë consciously and unconsciously explored alienation, disenfranchisement, oppression and control. This thesis examines the way in which Brontë was informed by her world and indoctrinated by the hierarchical structure of her society making her as unaware to the manifestations of oppression in some situations as she was aware to it in others. The theoretical approach in this thesis is informed by sociologists who engaged in studies of oppression - Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels. In investigating alienation in both Brontë’s life and her work, this thesis also concerns itself with the research of Harry C. Triandis on collectivism and individualism. Central also to the arguments and analysis presented is the work of activist and writer Audre Lorde and her assertion of the ‘mythical norm’.

This dissertation makes two arguments: First, it elaborates a depressive genealogy of the Victorian novel that asserts a category of realism rooted in affect rather than period or place. Second, it argues for a critical strategy called "depressive reading" that has unique purchase on this literary history. Drawing on Melanie Klein's "depressive position," the project asserts an alternative to novel theories that are rooted in sympathy and desire. By being attentive to mood and critical disposition, depressive reading homes in on the barely-contained negativities of realism. Through readings of novels by William Makepeace Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, and Charlotte Brontë, it explores feelings of ambivalence, soreness, and dislike as aesthetic responses and interpretations, as well as prompts to varieties of non-instrumentalist ethics. In the final chapter, the psychological and literary strategy of play emerges as a creative and scholarly possibility.

“Missing Homes” examines three nineteenth-century authors whose experiences of displacement from home, professions and/or class influenced their literary innovations. Displacement is not a new theme to scholars of nineteenth-century literature, who have established it as a defining experience of an era characterized by financial crises, industrial development, migration and empire. However, scholarship on displacement has often focused on how novels train readers to manage the experience of displacement and has depicted the emotions like nostalgia that arise from it as potentially compensatory or reconciliatory to the dynamics of capitalism. “Missing Homes” departs from these narratives to explore authors who found displacement anything but manageable or liberating and whose works illustrate a more unstable spectrum of emotional responses to displacement and its dire long-term consequences. Attention to these authors, I argue, offers a parallel theory of nostalgia in which the unsettled longing for a place to call home registers political discontent with the relationship between the individual and the collective rather than reconciles the individual to displacement. Departing from critics who have focused primarily on the work performed by metaphors and figures of the domestic, “Missing Homes” engages in biographical readings of the lives, economic circumstances and fiction of Edgar Allan Poe, Charlotte Brontë and Charles Dickens to show how they pursued fantasies of securing homes that could remove them from undesirable personal, economic and political conditions. The failures of these fantasies reveal how conventional narratives describing how individuals might attain security often fail in the face of collective economic conditions in which attaining objects like a home is both economically challenging and often emotionally unfulfilling. Although the variables of their lives were different, I suggest that these authors’ stories of displacement fail to perform therapeutic or intervening work, because the problem of displacement is rooted in material conditions that narrative innovation alone cannot resolve. Instead, readers should derive from these texts and their failures the need for more collective forms of security.

Cheung Fung-Ling.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-112).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter Two --- Passionate Impulses in Childhood and Adolescence --- p.26
Chapter Chapter Three --- Moral Dilemmas in Love --- p.52
Chapter Chapter Four --- The Ultimate Return --- p.75
Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion --- p.99
Notes --- p.104
Bibliography --- p.106

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy, Johannesburg, 2016.
This thesis is concerned with the meeting point between theatre and religion in the mid-Victorian consciousness, and the paradoxical responses that this engendered particularly in the novels and thought of Dickens, Newman and Charlotte Brontë. It contributes to the still growing body of critical literature that attempts to tease out the complex religious influences on Dickens and Brontë and how this manifests in their fiction. Newman is a religious writer whose fictional treatment of spiritual questions in Callista (1859) is used as a foil to the two novelists. There are two dimensions to this study: on the one hand it is concerned with the broader cultural anti-Catholic mood of the period under consideration and the various ways in which this connects with anti-theatricality. I argue that in the search for a legitimate means of expressing religious sentiments, writers react paradoxically to the latent possibilities of the conventions of religious ceremony, which is felt to be artificial, mystical, transcendent and threatening, inspiring the same contradictory responses as the theatre itself. The second dimension of this study is concerned with the way in which these sentiments manifest themselves stylistically in the novels under consideration: through a close reading of Barnaby Rudge (1841), Pictures From Italy (1846), and Villette (1852), I argue that in the interstices of a wariness of Catholicism and theatricality there is a heightening of language, which takes on a ritual dimension, evoking the paradoxical suggestions of transcendent meaning and artificiality associated with performance. Newman’s Callista (1859) acts as a counterpoint to these novels, enacting a more direct and persuasive argument for the spiritual value of ritual. This throws some light on the realist impulse in the fiction of Brontë and Dickens, which can be thought of as a struggle between a language that seeks to distance and explain, and a language that seeks to perform, involve, and inspire. In my discussion of Barnaby Rudge (1841) I argue that the ritual patterns in the narrative, still hauntingly reminiscent of a religious past, never become fully embodied. This is because the novel is written in a style that could be dubbed “melodramatic” because it both gestures towards transcendent presences and patterns and threatens to make nonsense of the spiritual echoes that it invokes. This sense of a gesture deferred is also present in the travelogue, Pictures from Italy (1846). Here I argue that Dickens struggles to maintain an objective journalistic voice in relation to a sacramental culture that is defined by an intrusive theatricality: he experiences Catholic practices and symbolism as simultaneously vital, chaotic and elusive, impossible to define or to dismiss. In Villette (1852) I suggest that Charlotte Brontë presents a disjuncture between Lucy’s ardour and the commonplace bourgeoisie world that she inhabits. This has the paradoxical effect of revitalising the images of the Catholic religion, which, despite Lucy’s antipathy, achieves a ghostly presence in the novel. In Callista (1859), I suggest that Newman concerns himself with the ritual possibilities and limitations of fiction, poetry and theatre. These dramatic and literary categories invoke and are ultimately subsumed in Christian ritual, which Newman considers the most refined form of language – the point at which detached description gives way to communion and participation. Keywords: Victorian literature, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, John Henry Newman, ritual, religion, realism, theatricality, anti-Catholicism

In this studyi apply a feminist-narratological grid to the works under discussion. I show how narration is used as strategy to highlight issues of concern to women, hereby attempting to make a contribution in the relatively new field of feminist narratology. Chapter One provides an analysis of Pride and Prejudice as an example of a feminist statement by Jane Austen. The use of omniscient narration and its ironic possibilities are offset against the central characters' perceptions, presented by means of free indirect style. Chapter Two examines The Tenant of Wildfell Hall as a critique of Wuthering Heights, both in its use of narrative frames and in its at times moralistic comment. The third and fourth chapters focus on Charlotte Bronte. Her ambivalences about the situation of women, be they writers, narrators or characters, are explored. These are seen to be revealed in her narrative strategies, particularly in her attainment of closure, or its lack. Chapter Five explores the increasing sophistication of the narrative techniques of Elizabeth Gaskell, whose early work Mary Barton is shown to have narrative inconsistencies as opposed to her more complex last novel Wives and Daughters. Finally, I conclude that while the authors under discussion use divergent methods, certain commonalities prevail. Among these are the presentation of alternatives women have within their constraining circumstances and the recognition of their moral accountability for the choices they make.
English Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (English)