Academic literature on the topic '中世纪所有权'

从19世纪中叶以后，新加坡潮州社群（潮帮）发生过数次的纷争，有些还导致社群出现分化和帮权发生变迁。本文梳理了这些纷争的起因与过程、所涉及的人物、以及潮人社群的反应，探讨纷争的结果对潮人社群权力结构的整合和权力关系所带来的变化。作者指出权力关系和权力中心不是静止的，它会随着社群内在因素和外部环境的变化而有所反应。因此，一个社群在长期发展过程中遇到的一些权力的纷争是一种不可避免的整合，还可能有积极的作用，它或许致使社群权力关系紧张并发生变迁，但不一定会造成社群的分化。

如今，中国社会的城镇化进程加快，社会对商业用地和居住用地的需求也在急剧增加，所以对乡镇的土地进行征收是必然的历史趋势。但从20 世纪90 年代开始，有很长一段时间里中国在土地征收中的生态补偿缺失问题上一直没有得到有效解决。农民作为农村生活的居民以及土地的使用者，在征地过程中生态补偿的缺失毫无疑问会直接对农民的权利造成消极的影响，这主要体现在农民的生存权、发展权还有环境权受到损害上。农民是国家粮食生产的重要主体，要想维护社会的稳定，增强民族的凝聚力，必须在保证农民利益的前提下完善生态补偿机制。

社会工作本土化对面对西方文化霸权产生下的社会工作模式的本土应用是必需的反省。但本土化本身就是一个非常复杂的过程，社会工作本质也异常复杂，因此社会本土化基本是一个不易进行的反省。本文作者尝试从有关本地文献中去检视香港社会工作本土化的发展。香港社会工作从 “西方化” 的西方理论的硬套，慢慢地对香港本土的处境有所反省，到九十年代这讨论变得比较热闹。社会工作理念的本土反省和地道知识追寻也揭开序幕。寄望廿一世纪香港社会工作本土化能从理念和处境的反省渐渐展开对本土社会工作理论的追寻。 Social work indigenisation is a necessary reflection under the Western cultural imperialism. However, indigenisation is a highly complicated and multi-dimensional process. The natures of social work are also controversial and diversified. In this paper, the writer tries to discuss the process of indigenisation in social work practice in Hong Kong. It seems that social work practice in Hong Kong gradually removed its attachment on "Westernised model" to reflection of local social and cultural contexts. In the 1990s, the debates on indigenisation began to gain enough momentum for a more comprehensive and holistic reflection of social work practice in Hong Kong.

摘要：本文以二十世纪二十年代初上海华人股票市场的迅速兴起及崩溃为例探讨殖民主义、民族主义和中国文化的问题。论文有三条相互交织的线索。第一部分介绍了上海交易所建立的事件和关键人物。第二部分介绍了民族主义的分支，帝国主义和城市的半殖民地结构—特别是民族主义者借以为股票交易所发展提供合法性证明和针对中国资本的民族单纯性而制造忧患意识的方式。第三部分介绍了在经济泡沫时期以及市场崩塌后出现于上海报刊的有关经济问题的大众讨论和分析以及从这些讨论和分析中产生的道德和意识形态窘境。仅参照经济学常规来解释上海交易所的运作并将其视为当时的中国人对西方模式的拙劣模仿是不够的。上海作为中西“交往区” 的特殊地域性和半殖民地性质所提供的多重模式、相互限制的殖民权威、政治及民族主义话语等都是催生并推动1920-1921年上海股票市场发展的主要因素。论文透过对那些导致众多上海股票交易所建立的事件和关键人物以及由这一新经济形式衍生的意识形态的概括介绍揭示了上海早期股票市场经历的多重不平等权力机构和思想文化的作用，特别是民族主义者制造忧患意识的方式。 关键词：上海 股票市场 民族主义 中西交往区 文化 道德

Abstract Based on the judicial archives of Li Town, Hebei Province, from the 1990s to the present, and six re-investigations of Houjiaying village, one of the six villages that the Japanese Mantetsu researchers studied in the 1930’s and 1940’s, this article uses the testamentary instruments and fieldwork research to show how intestate succession was gradually formed through the intertwined relationship between property and old-age support in contemporary rural North China. Testamentary instruments indicate the parental rights to dispose of their property and the questions-and-answers interview files reveal the old-age maintenance considerations that lie behind the provisions of the testaments. The fieldwork material plays a key role in connecting these two aspects by providing necessary background and relevant facts. This new empirical finding further confirms that old-age support is always considered a prerequisite to property succession. Testamentary succession differs from traditional modes of disposing of property and of succession in Qing and Republican China, but merges well property inheritance with concerns for the maintenance of the elderly. Although the law had undergone tremendous changes along with political and economic change, the tightly intertwined relationship between property inheritance and old-age support remains unaltered on the whole. Neither the simple continuation of traditional succession forms, nor the newly introduced modern concept of “individual property rights” can provide an explanation for this persistent relationship between property inheritance and old-age support. (This article is in Chinese.) 摘要 本文利用河北省李镇20世纪90年代至今的司法所档案，及对《惯调》所载的其中一个村庄——侯家营村——的六次回访调查. 借助档案中的遗嘱文书、问答记录和田野材料，考察了遗嘱继承在当代华北乡村的逐渐生成，以及遗嘱-赡养的结合. 遗嘱文书显现出来了父母对财产自由处分的形成，而问答记录恰好提供了审视遗嘱生成背后的赡养问题，田野材料则为两者的连接提供了背景材料和相关事实，显示了遗嘱（财产自由处分）-赡养的相互勾连这一全新的经验事实，遗嘱-赡养的结合又进一步证实了村民普遍将赡养作为财产继承的前提. 遗嘱代表着不同于清代和民国时期乡村财产的处分和继承形式，但是它却与赡养极好地结合了在一起. 民国至今，伴随着政治经济的变迁，法律也发生了巨大的变化， 但在财产继承上不变的是，财产和赡养的紧密缠绕关系. 这既不能为继承习惯延续一说所概括，也不能被现代的“个人财产权”所解释. 至于其未来变化的趋势，还有待于材料的进一步挖掘和持续的观察.

The thesis aims to clarify the historical profile, the particular characteristics and the various dissertations of the Medieval property theory dominium utile and to confront it with analogue institutions in traditional Chinese law. The author intends to confirm that dominium utile was by nature the reflection of a Medieval idea of property on the giurisprudence. Considered as an artificial introduction of the Civil Law, the dominium utile was frequently described as a secondary property by the doctores. Yet such a dipendent feature doesn't diminish the role it played on both theoritical and practical dimension. Dominium utile is deeply rooted in the system of property elaborated by Bartolus, thus reveals how the Medieval giurists emphysized the economic essence of property at the expense of the unity and exclusivity of dominium. The Roman dominium now is replaced by the Medieval dominia. In spite of the harsh rebukes of the legal humanists who were active in the 16th century, dominium utile won the support of many illustrious jurists thanks to its irreplacable value for the jurists who were engaged in responding to land problems of that time. The separation of two dominia exists in traditional Chinese law, too. Diffrent from the European experience, in China the separation of property was realized by customary law. People gave a particular attention to the economic value of a land to the extent that the tenant could claim the property of the surface of the land, while the owner had nothing more than the property of the bottom. The customary law tended to erode the formal property, which ended up becoming a right to the rent. This phenomenon can explain partly why the traditional Chinese law was not able to develop a modern conception of the property by itself. Aware of this deficit, the legislators of the Repubblic of China set out to suppress the separation of property by means of codification during the 1920s and the 1930s. For them, the establishment of a European property is necessary to modernize the country. Such a consideration doesn't disappear even afer the abolition of the codification of the Repubblic of China in Mainland China.