Academic literature on the topic 'Контрреформація'

The article studies the Counter-Reformation process in Germany and the neighboring European ter-ritories in a wider context as a complex of geopolitical, social and religious problems growing in Europe in the 15th and the 16th centuries. The study aims at finding connections between the Reformation processes launched by Martin Luther and the subsequent course of German history during the Counter-Reformation. The article focuses on the situation in Germany against a wider background of the developments in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. This paper con-tinues the author’s previous article on the German Reformation and Martin Luther’s role in it. It ex-amines the consequences of the Reformation that brought Germany on the edge of a humanitarian disaster in the Thirty Years’ War. The course of the war, as well as its geopolitical causes and con-sequences for Germany and for the whole of Europe are also investigated. The author describes and analyzes a broad historical and political context which determined the circumstances and reasons for many European states’ participation in the Thirty Years’ War, as well as the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia.

Larin I. V. «The Book About the Common Faith» (1619) in the context of early Baroque polemical literature. – The Manuscript right. The dissertation for obtains the degree of Candidate of Science (Philology), speciality – 10.01.01 – Ukrainian literature. – V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. – Kharkiv, 2013. The author of the research paper systematizes scientific knowledge about Zakharia Kopystenskyi’s works, distinguishing the research characteristics in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods. The complete analysis of the poetics of the apologetic treatise «The Book About the Common Faith» as a phenomenon of early modern Ukrainian literature is carried out in the paper. The focus is given to the rhetorical stylistic devices that are used in the work by the polemicist. Besides, a base of primary treatise sources is given in the thesis; the genre types of inserted novels, the methods of their artistic understanding and interpretation, the emotional component of relations between the author and the reader, the peculiarities of the contrast comparing of the literary material are characterized. Also the rhetorical and literary treatise genres are determined, the theological, ethnic and cultural problems of Zakharia Kopystenskyi’s interest is outlined. The thesis soundly proved the Baroque rhetoric of «The Book About the Common Faith». This apologetic treatise contains a lot of figures of speech, including figures of thought, word, and units of figures of word and speech. The work has a clear compositional structure; it is divided into two parts, which in their turn are divided thematically into paragraphs. Each paragraph corresponds to a separate question of religious controversy. Much attention is paid by Zackaria Kopystenskyi to the theme of the divine nature of Jesus Christ, the theme of the Holy Spirit origin and the sacrament of the Eucharist. The author touches upon the polemical issues of church history, the problem of the necessity to pray for the dead, the existence of the purgatory, the necessity of children baptizing, etc. At that some scholastic devices and controversy methods are identified in the treatise. Zakharia Kopystenskyi on the base of ancient logic systematizes the knowledge of God, trying to make problems of faith understandable. Exemplary material for him is the works of the Church Fathers. From the literary point of view the works can be related by genre criterion to apologetic polemical treatises, because on its pages Zakharia Kopystenskyi tries to defend by rational arguments in discussions with opponents the truth of the religious beliefs of Orthodox Christians. «The Book About the Common Faith» distinguishes itself with characteristic Baroque high culture quoting of various sources – from historical and legal documents to patristic and Holy Scripture. Zakharia Kopystenskyi also shows his knowledge of theological treatises by the authors of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, of the works by contemporary scholars and historians. The treatise «The Book About the Common Faith», like most early modern Ukrainian works, is notable for compilations. Although it should be noted that the functions of Zakharia Kopystenskyi as the author go beyond capturing information. The writer chooses the sector of problematic issues, arguments and solutions to the raised problems, thereby revealing his creative personality and demonstrating his educational level. By subject area, probative material, basis of the primary sources and theological manner the treatise by Kiev theologian has much in common with the following works: «The Key of Heaven» by Herasim Smotrytskyi, «The Apokrisis» by Christopher Philalet, the book «Of the Common True Orthodox Faith» by Vasyl Surazhskyi, «Antigrafe» and «Threnos» by Meletij Smotritskyi and accordingly «The Palinode». In these polemical treatises and pamphlets direct textual coincidences, alike reminiscences and allusions are present. Zakharia Kopystenskyi, as well as his literary predecessors, compositionally structures the work thematically, first of all taking into account the main disputable controversy issues. The theologian develops counter-reformation line in the Ukrainian theology of the beginning of the XVII century. It is undeniable that «The Book About the Common Faith» continued the apologetic tradition in early modern Ukrainian literature. The main tendencies of the Kiev philological circle in the second decade of the 17th century are reflected in the treatise, namely counter-reformation pathos, scientific character of approaches, rhetorical.
Ларін Ю. В. «Книга о вѣрѣ єдиной» (1619 р.) у контексті ранньої барокової полемічної літератури – На правах рукопису. Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата філологічних наук за спеціальністю 10.01.01 – українська література. – Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна. – Харків, 2013. Автор дослідження систематизував наукові знання про творчість Захарії Копистенського, виокремлюючи характерні риси студій вчених у дожовтневий, радянський та сучасний періоди. У роботі зроблений цілісний аналіз поетики апологетичного трактату «Книга о вѣрѣ єдиной» як явища ранньомодерної української літератури. Основна увага зосереджена на риторичних стилістичних засобах, які полеміст використовує у творі. Крім цього, в дисертації розкрито джерельну базу твору, схарактеризовані жанрові типи вставних новел, способи їх художнього засвоєння й інтерпретації, емоційний складник взаємин автора й читача, особливості контрастного зіставлення літературного матеріалу. Також встановлюється риторичний і літературний жанр трактату, окреслюється коло теологічних й етнокультурних проблем, що цікавлять Захарію Копистенського. На підставі контекстного осмислення цих відомостей розкривається вплив «Книги о вѣрѣ єдиной» на ранньомодерний полемічний дискурс та розвиток богословської дискусії в Україні кін. XVI – поч. XVII ст.