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Duman, Isa. "Coke characterization on HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5, and Fe-Ni/ZSM-5 from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226910.
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The combustion of fossil fuels has for a long time been a problem from an environmental and sustainability point of view, especially when it comes to the emissions of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The environmental concern has for instance shifted the attention towards finding new sustainable alternatives for producing chemicals and fuels, as a substitute to today’s dependence on fossil based crude oil. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of biomass is an excellent way to produce valuable chemicals and fuels using renewable resources. However, the process has some drawbacks, for example rapid deactivation of catalysts due to coke formation. Little is known about the characteristics of the formation of catalytic coke from pyrolysis processes, which should be a vital concern in future industrial processes. This thesis is dedicated to investigate the chemical coke characteristics found on zeolitic catalysts. Four zeolites of the type ZSM-5 were chosen for this thesis to deduce any chemical differences in the coke: HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5, and Fe-Ni/ZSM-5. The coke were characterized by TGA, GC/MS, and FTIR. The results show that Fe/ZSM-5 produced the highest amount of coke compared to the other zeolites, where HZSM-5 had the lowest amount of coke formation. The coke consisted mainly of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons, dominated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The content of ketones and alcohols in the coke found on HZSM-5 was higher compared to the metal-doped zeolites, while the formation of naphthalenes was lower. The FTIR results also show that coke was mainly comprised of aromatic hydrocarbons. However, traces of alkanes and alkenes reveal that the coke may have a greater variety than the GC/MS analysis suggests. The results show interesting features when metals are introduced to the zeolitic structure, at least when it comes to coke formation. The metal-doping of zeolites certainly seems to alter the chemistry of the catalytic reactions, compared to the parent zeolite. The differences in the chemical characteristics found in the coke are certainly interesting, and it could mean that the chemistry of the bio-oil also varies depending on the metals chosen for the ZSM-5. The new properties that metals introduce to the parent catalyst may open up new possibilities in industrial catalytic processes, and allow industries to take more advantage of the great benefits that biomass has to offer.Förbränning av fossila bränslen har under lång tid utgjort ett problem ur miljö- och hållbarhetssynpunkt, i synnerhet gällande utsläppen av koldioxid. En större miljömedvetenhet har gett upphov till sökandet efter nya råvaror för att framställa bränslen och kemikalier, utan att förlita sig på fossil råolja. Katalytisk pyrolys av biomassa är ett utmärkt sätt att framställa värdefulla kemikalier från förnybara källor. Processen står dock inför en del tekniska utmaningar, bland annat en snabb deaktivering av använda katalysatorer genom koksning. Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka den kemiska sammansättningen av koks, som bildats på zeolitkatalysatorerna. Mer specifikt, att försöka undersöka huruvida den kemiska sammansättningen av koks skiljer sig mellan katalysatorn HZSM-5 och metalldopad HZSM-5. Fyra katalysatorer valdes för detta examensarbete, nämligen HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5 och Fe-Ni/ZSM-5. Kokset har analyserats genom termogravimetrisk analys (TGA), gaskromatograf kopplad med en masspektrometer (GC/MS), samt Fourier-transform-infraröd-spektroskopi (FTIR). Resultaten visar att Fe/ZSM-5 bildade en större mängd koks jämfört med de andra zeoliterna, varpå HZSM-5 hade lägst halt koks. Utöver detta bestod kokset till största del av aromatiska- och cykliska kolväten, speciellt polycykliska aromatiska kolväten. Innehållet av ketoner och alkoholer i kokset var störst för HZSM-5, medan bildandet av naftalenföreningar ökade för de metalldopade zeoliterna. FTIR-analysen gav även upphov till signaler som är signifikanta för både alkaner och alkener. Därför kan det innebära att kokset innehar en större kemisk variation än vad GC/MS-analysen påvisade. Resultaten visar intressanta egenskaper hos metallmodifierade zeoliter, i synnerhet gällande koksbildning. Det verkar som att de metalldopade zeoliterna påverkar de katalytiska reaktionerna som sker i katalysatorn, jämfört med den obehandlade katalysatorn. Skillnaderna i den kemiska sammansättningen hos kokset för de olika katalysatorerna är definitivt intressant och kan indikera att det även kan föreligga skillnader i den kemiska sammansättningen hos bio-olja, beroende på vilken metall ZSM-5 har behandlas med. De nya egenskaperna som metaller bidrar med till ZSM-5 kan öppna upp nya möjligheter i industriella katalytiska processer, vilket även kan medföra att industrier bättre kan ta tillvara på de fantastiska egenskaper biomassa innehar.
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Nada, Majid Hameed. "Greener synthesis of nanocrystalline ZSM-5." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3149.
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Nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolite, which is a well-known catalyst used in a variety of applications in industry, environment, and medicine, can be synthesized using different methods. However, a big challenge in synthesizing nanocrsytalline ZSM-5 is the use of an organic template such as TPAOH, which is very expensive. The template is required to facilitate the growth of the nanocrsytalline ZSM-5 during the synthesis. However, to use the nanocrsytalline ZSM-5, the template has to be removed by a calcination process to open the pores and reveal the active surface of the nanocrystalline ZSM-5. The calcination process requires a high temperature for a long time to remove the organic template. Consequently, synthesizing nanocrystalline ZSM-5 by using a templated method is considered to be time, energy, and materials inefficient. In addition, the production of CO2 from the calcination process is a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, finding another method to synthesize nanocrystalline ZSM-5 without using an organic template would be beneficial. Here, nanocrystalline ZSM-5 was synthesized successfully in high yield and quality by using a seed-assisted method and without using the organic template. In addition, the effect of synthesis temperature, synthesis time, basic environment, amount of seeds, size of seeds, aging time, and use of calcined and uncalcined seeds are investigated in this study. The synthesized nanocrystalline ZSM-5 materials were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas adsorption isotherm (BET/BJH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Balakrishanan, I. "Catalytic reactions over zsm-5 zeolites." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1985. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3229.
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Albahar, Mohammed. "Selective toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolite." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/selective-toluene-disproportionation-over-zsm5-zeolite(bcc7a677-3234-470f-be44-fdefa2bd7350).html.
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This research aimed at improving p-xylene selectivity in toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolite by exploring the effect of crystal size and various post synthetic modification methods. A comprehensive study of the effect of different modifications on the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyridine adsorption, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), BET surface area by N2 adsorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance of each catalyst was studied in a fixed bed reactor at a temperature 475 ðC, WHSV 3-83 h-1 and two different pressures (1 and 10 bar). ZSM-5 zeolites with different crystal sizes (5, 50 and 100 ÃÂμm) were synthesized in house and compared with the commercially obtained ZSM-5 having a crystal size of 0.5 ÃÂμm. The increase in crystal size improved p-xylene selectivity which was attributed to the diffusion constraints imposed by the longer diffusion path lengths of large crystals. The highest p-xylene selectivity (58 %) was achieved over ZSM-5 with the largest crystal size 100 ÃÂμm at the highest WHSV 83 h-1. However, it was accompanied by a low conversion (2 wt. %). ZSM-5 with crystal size of 5 ÃÂμm delivered the best results in terms of the combination of para-selectivity (40 %) and toluene conversion (15 wt. %). The p-xylene produced in the channels of ZSM-5 can quickly isomerise to o-xylene and m-xylene on the external unselective acid sites. Different post modification methods were applied in this study in attempt to suppress the fast isomerization reaction by deactivating the external acid sites. This was achieved to some extent by depositing an inert silica layer using different silica agents, amounts and number of modification cycles and as a result p-xylene selectivity was significantly improved (84 %), especially over large crystals 5 ÃÂμm. The decrease in Brà̧nsted acidity (FTIR) suggested the success of the silylation method. Furthermore, impregnation of lanthanum and phosphorus on ZSM-5 improved p-xylene selectivity (40 %). FTIR measurements showed a drastic drop in the number of Brà̧nsted and Lewis acid sites after loading phosphorus which led to a large reduction in toluene conversion. Lanthanum impregnation had less effect on conversion and increased selectivity with decreased Brà̧nsted sites and pore volume reduction showed by N2 adsorption suggesting some pore narrowing. There are several approaches that can be considered in future to further improve p-xylene selectivity. Improving the synthesis of large crystals to balance acidity and crystal size can lead to the enhancement of p-xylene selectivity. Also, performing toluene disproportionation on optimised pre-coked ZSM-5 large crystals at high pressure can help to maintain the conversion while increasing p-xylene selectivity. Another approach would be to apply silylation modification to extruded large crystals ZSM-5.
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Aguilar-Mamani, Wilson. "Crystallization of NBA-ZSM-5 from kaolin." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Kemiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63169.
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ZSM-5 is an aluminosilicate zeolite with high Si/Al ratio with suitable properties for catalysis, ion exchange, adsorption and membrane applications. The main goal of this thesis was to study the growth of ZSM-5 zeolite crystals from inexpensive natural sources of silica and alumina, as well as n-butylamine (NBA) as a low-cost structure directing agent. The first objective of this work was to develop pathways to synthesize ZSM-5 crystals from kaolin clay or diatomaceous earth, two inexpensive natural sources of silica and alumina (Paper I). In the case of kaolin, a heat treatment was used in order to form amorphous metakaolinite. Subsequently, dealumination of the raw materials by acid leaching made it possible to reach appropriate Si/Al ratios and to reduce the amount of impurities. Finally, leached metakaolinite or diatomaceous earth was reacted with sodium hydroxide and NBA. After synthesis optimization, both sources of aluminosilicates were found to behave differently during the course of synthesis and to lead to slightly different reaction products. The final products exhibited Si/Al ratios in the range 10-20. The use of leached diatomaceous earth allowed to reach higher yield of ZSM-5 crystals within comparable synthesis times. However, low amounts of mordenite were inevitably formed as a by-product, which was related to the high calcium content of diatomaceous earth. Therefore, the rest of the thesis focused on the kaolin system. In order to study the growth mechanism of ZSM-5 from leached metakaolinite, a proper methodology to gain local compositional data by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on aluminosilicates was developed (Paper II). Zeolite A was used as a model system that could be ion-exchanged with various elements. In order to evaluate the reliability of the measurements, inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) and EDS were compared. The EDS method developed in this work resulted in molar ratios very close to theoretical values and was therefore found more reliable than ICP-SFMS. Therefore, the method developed for zeolite A was applied in the rest of the thesis work to study the formation and growth of ZSM-5 crystals. The second part of this work focused on the kaolin system in order to understand the nucleation and growth processes of the ZSM-5 crystals. This system was heterogeneous, due to the formation of a gel upon heating of the synthesis mixture. First, the internal structure of the gel was investigated (Paper III). Second, a kinetic study was performed and compared with microstructural observations (Paper IV). Finally, the mechanisms leading to Al-zoning and dendritical growth of the zeolite crystals were investigated (Paper V). The characterization of the intermediate phases during the different stages of the hydrothermal synthesis were analyzed by different analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), extreme high resolution-scanning electron microscopy (XHR-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen gas adsorption. These investigations led to several important conclusions: 1) The walls of the gel were shown for the first time to be inhomogeneous and to possess a biphasic internal structure consisting of a mesoporous skeleton of aluminosilicate nanoparticles embedded in a silicate-rich soluble matrix of soft matter. 2) The kinetic study and microstructural evidences indicated that the early crystals were fully embedded inside the gel phase and that crystal growth was retarded, as the formation of the gel occurred simultaneously with the early growth of the crystals. Hence, nucleation and growth appeared to be solution mediated. 3) Finally, the Al zoning of the crystals was related to the biphasic internal structure of the gel, since the silicate-rich matrix was preferentially consumed first. 4) The dendrites present at the surface of the crystals during most of the growth process were shown to be caused by the presence of a web of nanoparticles, most likely originating from the mesoporous skeleton inside the gel. In the future, these findings are expected to lead to optimized synthesis pathways of catalysts with homogeneous properties and to contribute to the development of poor regions in Bolivia.
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Callahan, Jordan J. "Silver-embedded ZSM-5 Zeolites: a Reliable SERS Substrate." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342104242.
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Winstanley, Alastair W. "Characterisation and catalytic studies of ZSM-5 zeolite." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334462.
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Fergie-Woods, J. W. "NMR studies on the din zeolite ZSM-5." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304211.
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Cowley, Michele. "Conversion of n-pentenes over H-ZSM-5." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5370.
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Bibliography: leaves 89-93.The skeletal isomerisation of I-pentene provides the feed stock 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-I-butene for the production of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), an octane booster for petrol. Benzene, toluene, xylenes and ethylbenzene (BTX+EB) are good or even better octane boosters, although the use of benzene is limited due to its carcinogenic nature. From an industrial point of view, these compounds are therefore of importance. The conversion of I-pentene over H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was studied in a fixed-bed micro reactor.
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Lai, Re Gavalas George R. "Synthesis and characterization of ZSM-5 zeolite membranes /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2001. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-11102005-103556.
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Barros, Ivoneide de Carvalho Lopes. "Estudo e aplicação dos Sistemas ZSM-5 contendo nióbio." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2007. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1363.
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A incorporação do metal nióbio em peneiras moleculares microporosas promove novas propriedades a esses materiais. Nesse sentido, foram preparados catalisadores suportados com 2 - 25 % em massa de óxido de nióbio(V) sobre zeólita ZSM-5 de duas fontes: Zeolyst e FCC/Petrobrás. A natureza do metal tem um papel importante na alteração da distribuição e força dos sítios ácidos na superfície do suporte. As amostras foram submetidas a um estudo térmico a fim de otimizar parâmetros e evitar uma possível redução das propriedades ácidas do catalisador por desidroxilação. Os catalisadores modificados, Nb(x)HZSM-5, foram caracterizados através da combinação de métodos térmicos (TG, DTA, DSC) e espectroscópicos (FT-IR e FT-Raman e IR-DRIFT), bem como de RMN-MAS de 29 vi Si e 27Al e CP/MAS de 29Si, DRX, ICP-AES e medidas de área superficial específica (método BET), visando a obtenção de informações estruturais e de estabilidade dos sólidos. As propriedades catalíticas foram verificadas com auxílio das reações modelo de dessulfurização do tiofeno e esterificação do ácido oléico. Para monitorar o rendimento desses processos, foram utilizadas as técnicas de FRX e RMN 1H. Resultados de RMN e DRX indicaram que a estrutura da zeólita contendo Nb não sofreu desaluminização após tratamento térmico, explicada pela presença da unidade Si-O-Nb na estrutura das zeólitas por espectroscopia de FT-IR e Raman. Análises térmicas comfirmaram que a impregnação de NbO25 reduziu a desidroxilação da zeólita ZSM-5, promovendo uma estabilização térmica. A área BET e o volume de poro diminuem gradualmente nesses sólidos com o aumento da quantidade de Nb após calcinação. Outrossim, investigou-se a natureza dos sítios ativos pelo método de pré-adsorção de uma base, utilizando piridina como molécula prova. Bandas de absorção de piridina no infravermelho referentes a sítios ácidos de Brönsted e de ligação de hidrogênio foram observadas para os sistemas derivados de ZSM-5 da Zeolyst. Nos sistemas Nb(x)HZSM-5 derivados da FCC/Petrobrás foram observados, além dos dois sítios citados, uma pequena fração de sítios ácidos de Lewis. Isto justifica a maior acidez apresentada nas zeólitas impregnadas com 2 e 5 % de NbO25, quando comparadas às suas correspondentes amostras da Zeolyst, independente da calcinação. As análises de FRX indicaram que a adsorção de tiofeno sobre os catalisadores modificados foi bem superior (quase o dobro nas amostras derivadas da Petrobrás) ao do catalisador de partida, destacando maior interação do organossulfurado quando o catalisador contém 5 % de NbO25, e observando uma queda a partir de 15 %, sendo explicado pelo excesso da monocamada do óxido, conforme DRX e FT-Raman. A presença do cobre também exerce influência sobre a eficiência do processo de dessulfurização, otimizando-o. Finalmente, foi mostrado que entre as amostras modificadas, a melhor conversão na esterificação do ácido oléico ocorre com Nb(5)HZSM-5, corroborando com os resultados da dessulfurização, embora o catalisador sem Nb tenha apresentado maior atividade catlítica nas mesmas condições. __________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Incorporation of niobium into microporous molecular sieves brings up new properties for these materials. Supported catalysts containing 2 - 25 wt.% of niobium oxide were prepared over ZSM-5 from two manufacturers: Zeolyst e FCC/Petrobrás. The metal nature has a fundamental role in the changes of distribution and strength of acid sites on the original support surface. The samples were subjected to thermal studies optimizing parameters to avoid a possible reduction of acid properties by dehydroxylation. The modified catalysts, Nb(x)HZSM-5, were characterized by the combination of thermal (TG, DTA, DSC) and spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman and IR-DRIFT) methods, besides 29 viiSi and 2729Al MAS and Si CP-MAS NMR, XRD, ICP-AES and measurements of specific surface area (BET method) in order to obtain structural and stability information about the solids. Catalytic properties were verified through model reactions of thiophene desulfurization and oleic acid esterification. XRF and 1H NMR were used to monitor yields. NMR and XRD results showed that the zeolite structure containing Nb did not undergo dealumination after thermal treatment, according to the presence of Si-O-Nb units on the zeolites structure by FT-IR and Raman studies. Thermal analyses confirm that the impregnation of NbO25 reduces ZSM-5 dehydroxylation, thus promoting a thermal stabilization. BET method for Zeolyst ZSM-5 indicated that area and pore volume decreased with the increase of Nb on the calcined samples. In addition, it was investigated the nature of active sites by pre adsorption of pyridine. Infrared pyridine absorption bands related to Brönsted and hydrogen bond acid site types were observed for Zeolyst ZSM-5 systems. For the systems Nb(x)HZSM-5 using HZSM-5 from FCC/Petrobrás it was observed, besides the two abovementioned acid sites, a small faction of Lewis acid sites. This justifies the higher acidity showed by 2 and 5 wt.% NbO25 impregnated on zeolite, when compared to the Zeolyst samples, independent of calcination procedure. XRF analyses indicated that the thiophene adsorption over modified catalysts was improved in relation to the parent catalyst, emphasizing higher interaction of organosulfur compound when the catalyst has 5 wt.% of NbO25. It was observed a decrease for 15 wt.% explained by excess of oxide monolayer, according to XRD and FT-Raman results. Copper presence also affects the efficiency of desufurization process, optimizing it. Finally, it was showed that among the modified samples, the better conversion of oleic acid esterification occurs to Nb(5)HZSM-5 in agreement to desulfurization results, although the parent catalyst has showed higher catalytic activity at same conditions.
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SCHEIBLER, Janaina Rafaella. "Síntese de membranas zeolíticas (ZSM-5/y-ALUMINA e ZSM-5/a-ALUMINA) por Pore-Plugging para permeação de gás N2." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/315.
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Entre as membranas inorgânicas microporosas, as membranas zeolíticas constituem uma tecnologia promissora, devido às suas potenciais aplicações normalmente na desidratação do álcool, separação de moléculas de gás, separação de isômeros ou em processos químicos, incluindo reações de esterificação. Sob este aspecto, torna-se imprescindível o estudo das rotas de preparação desses materiais, visando desenvolver produtos com qualidade e a baixo custo. Portanto, a inovação deste estudo se dá na síntese de membranas zeolíticas via método de síntese poreplugging visando a utilização das membranas inorgânicas para permeação gasosa de N2. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos os seguintes materiais: zeólita ZSM-5, membranas cerâmicas (γ-alumina e α-alumina) e as membranas zeolíticas (ZSM5/γ-alumina e ZSM-5/α-alumina). A zeólita ZSM-5 foi sintetizada por meio do método hidrotérmico. As membranas cerâmicas (γ-alumina e α-alumina) foram preparadas a partir da técnica de conformação de pós cerâmicos e posteriormente submetidas à sinterização a uma temperatura de 1000 ºC/1h e 1200 ºC/1h respectivamente. A preparação das membranas zeolíticas (ZSM-5/γ-alumina e ZSM-5/α-alumina) foi realizada com base no método pore in plugging. As amostras foram caracterizadas a partir das técnicas de difração de raios X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados experimentais permitem diversas conclusões acerca do desenvolvimento dos materiais: zeólita ZSM-5, membranas cerâmicas (γ-alumina e α-alumina) e membranas zeolíticas (ZSM-5/γ-alumina e ZSM-5/α-alumina). A partir da difração de raios X, foi possível verificar que o método de síntese empregado, foi efetivo na obtenção da zeólita ZSM-5. O difratograma apresentou picos característicos de uma zeólita ZSM-5 quando comparada ao padrão. Os resultados obtidos por DRX para as membranas cerâmicas (γ-alumina e α-alumina) demonstraram a formação de picos característicos do óxido de alumínio, os materiais são cristalinos e puros. Para o método pore-plugging pode se dizer que é um método promissor, pois mostrou uma formação satisfatória da camada zeolítica no resultado do DRX de ambas as membranas zeolíticas (ZSM-5/γ-alumina e ZSM-5/α-alumina).
Among the microporous inorganic membranes, zeolite membranes are a promising technology due to their potential applications normally in alcohol dehydration, separation of gas molecules, separation of isomers or chemical processes, including esterification reactions. In this regard, it is essential to study the preparation of these materials routes in order to develop products with quality and low cost. Therefore, innovation of this study gives the synthesis of zeolite membranes via pore-plugging synthesis method aimed at the use of inorganic membranes for gas permeation N2. In this work the following materials were developed: ZSM-5 zeolite, ceramic membranes (γ-alumina and α-alumina) and zeolitic membranes (ZSM-5/γ-alumina and ZSM-5/α-alumina). Zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Ceramic membranes (γ-alumina and α-alumina) were prepared from the ceramic powder forming technique, and subsequently subjected to a sintering temperature of 1000 °C/1h and 1200 °C/1h respectively. The preparation of zeolite membranes (ZSM-5/γ-alumina and ZSM-5/α-alumina) was carried out based on the method in pore plugging. The samples were characterized from the techniques of X diffraction and scanning electron microscopy rays. The experimental results allow several conclusions about the development of materials: zeolite ZSM-5, ceramic membranes (γ-alumina and α-alumina) and zeolite membranes (ZSM-5/γ-alumina and ZSM-5/αalumina). From the X-ray diffraction, it found that the method of synthesis used was effective in obtaining the zeolite ZSM-5. The XRD pattern showed peaks characteristic of ZSM-5 compared to the standard. The results obtained by XRD ceramic membranes (γ-alumina and α-alumina) showed the formation of peaks characteristic of aluminum oxide, the materials are crystalline and pure. For the poreplugging method can be said to be a promising method because it showed a satisfactory formation of the zeolite layer on the result of XRD both zeolite membranes (ZSM-5/γ-alumina and ZSM-5/α-alumina).
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Fernandes, Juliana Esteves. "Catalisadores Cu-, Co- ou Fe-ZSM-5 caracterização e avaliação na redução de NO a N2 com hidrocarbonetos na presença ou ausência de vapor de água." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4146.
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Previous issue date: 2005-03-04Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The minimization of the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere has been one of the great goals in the area of environmental protection. Among the possible processes to treat the NOx, the selective catalytic reduction of NO with hydrocarbons (SCR-HC) has presented important expectations. For this process, the metal/ZSM-5 type catalysts have appropriate levels of conversion in oxidative conditions. In this context, the aim of this work was to prepare Cu, Co and FeZSM-5 catalysts. The samples were characterized by XRD, DRS-UVVIS, FTIR, H2-TPR, SEM and tested in the reduction of NO to N2 with propane or methane in oxidative atmosphere in the presence or absence of water steam. The H2-TPR data showed that the cationic species present in the prepared Cu, Co and FeZSM-5 catalysts, after thermal activation, were mainly Cu2+ (Cuα 2+ e Cuβ 2+), Co2+ and Fe3+ cations located in charge compensation sites in the zeolite, respectively. From FTIR and DRS-UVVIS it was also possible identify oxide species, which were present in a lower content. In the reduction of NO to N2 in the absence of water steam, the CuZSM-5 catalysts showed higher levels of conversion of NO than those based in Co and Fe. However, the FeZSM-5 catalysts showed, in this condition, activity at lower temperatures. This behavior makes them potentially interesting to be applied for practical purposes. On the other hand, in the presence of water steam, it was verified a higher loss of activity of the CuZSM-5 catalyst, which was totally restored removing the water in the feed. For the Co and FeZSM-5 catalysts, the activity loss in the presence of water steam was partially recovered during time on stream.
A minimização das emissões de óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) na atmosfera tem sido um dos grandes desafios da área de proteção ambiental. Dentre os processos para o tratamento dos NOx possíveis, a redução catalítica seletiva do NO com hidrocarbonetos (RCS-HC) vem apresentando excelentes perspectivas. Para este processo os catalisadores metal/zeólita ZSM-5 possuem adequados níveis de conversão em condições oxidantes. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo preparar catalisadores Cu, Co e FeZSM-5. As amostras foram caracterizadas por DRX, DRS-UVVIS, FTIR, RTP-H2, MEV e sua atividade verificada através da redução de NO a N2 com propano ou metano em atmosfera oxidante, na presença ou ausência de vapor de água. Os resultados de RTP-H2 mostraram que as espécies presentes nos catalisadores Cu, Co e FeZSM-5, após ativação térmica, foram principalmente os cátions Cu2+ (Cuα 2+ e Cuβ 2+), Co2+ e Fe3+ compensando carga na zeólita, respectivamente. A partir de FTIR e DRS-UVVIS foi possível, também, identificar espécies oxidas, as quais estavam presentes em teores menores. Na redução de NO a N2 na ausência de vapor de água os catalisadores CuZSM-5 apresentaram maiores conversões de NO que os contendo Fe ou Co. Entretanto, os catalisadores FeZSM-5 apresentaram, nessa condição, atividade em temperaturas menores, o que mostra uma vantagem para o seu uso prático. Na presença de vapor de água, verificou-se uma maior queda da atividade no catalisador CuZSM-5, somente recuperada com a retirada desse composto na alimentação, sendo que para os catalisadores CoZSM-5 e FeZSM-5 a perda de atividade foi parcialmente recuperada ao longo do tempo.
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Ohayon, David. "Thermally stable ZSM-5 zeolite materials with new microporosities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39073.pdf.
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Seyedeyn-Azad, Fakhry. "Nitrogen monoxide reduction over ZSM-5 zeolite-supported catalysts /." Title page, summary and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs519.pdf.
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Alnaimi, Essa. "Maximizing propylene selectivity while minimizing dry gas yield in FCC unit through post synthetic modifications of nano ZSM-5." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/maximizing-propylene-selectivity-while-minimizing-dry-gas-yield-in-fcc-unit-through-post-synthetic-modifications-of-nano-zsm5(fca15721-f78d-47b8-aec6-586c880fecba).html.
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This research explored different catalytic cracking zeolite additives to improve propylene selectivity and minimize dry gas yield. A comprehensive study of the effect of zeolite structure, pore system and crystal size on maximizing propylene production in FCC unit and the effect of post synthetic modifications on the physicochemical properties and cracking activity of ZSM-5 was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyridine adsorption fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), 27Al and 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) and the catalytic cracking using n-heptane, as a model compound for heavy naphtha. The catalytic performances of these additives were evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor unit using n-heptane as a model compound for naphtha at temperatures 450 - 500 oC and W/F 38 - 92 gcat.h/mol. A range of zeolites were tested with ZSM-5 showing the optimum results at high feed conversion. Further studies on ZSM-5 crystal size illustrated that nano ZSM-5 (300 nm) was superior compared to the regular ZSM-5 (2000 - 4000 nm) in achieved conversion level and propylene selectivity. These improvements were attributed to the shorter path lengths for the reactant reducing diffusion constraints significantly. Modifying nano ZSM-5 acidity using steaming, acid leaching and silanation showed significant improvement over nano ZSM-5 parent. Mild steaming of nano ZSM-5 improved both n-heptane conversion and propylene selectivity whilst severe steaming only improved propylene selectivity. This work attempted to address the often discussed catalytic activity enhancement from mild steaming and identified newly created moderate acid sites as the source of increased activity. Dealumination by acid leaching decreased the total aluminium content of nano ZSM-5 and changed the Brønsted/Lewis ratio. Increasing the B/L ratio, increased the conversion and propylene selectivity. In addition, this research focussed for the first time on the silanation of nano ZSM-5 and its effect on n-heptane cracking, in particular, propylene and dry gas selectivity. Silica was deposited on the external surface of nano ZSM-5 neutralising the acidic sites and as a result, dry gas yield was significantly decreased due to the elimination of non-selective cracking. However, the trade off with conversion was high.
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Manstein, Heiko. "The chemical vapour deposition of Tetraethoxysilane on Zeolite ZSM-5." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5290.
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Bibliography: leaves 119-124.This thesis reports on the investigation of a cyclic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method eliminating unwanted surface reactions and enhancing shape selective properties by depositing inert silica onto the external surface of zeolite ZSM-5. A CVD treatment consists out of a deposition, flushing and heating step followed by calcination in flowing air. Modifications are carried out in up to 33 cycles on one and the same sample employing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silica precursor at deposition temperatures ranging from 50 to 400°C. After each CVD treatment the catalyst is tested with appropriate test reactions in order to quantify the extent of modification. The gradual inertisation of the external surface is followed with the catalytic cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (1,3,5-TiPB) which is too bulky to enter the micro-pore structure of ZSM-5. The disproportination of toluene (TDP) is employed to monitor changes of the internal activity and alterations in the shape selective properties of the catalyst. The analysis of reactor effluent during the deposition, flushing and heating step of the modification cycle allows investingating the reaction pathway. The deposition reaction proceeds with the reaction of the alkoxy groups of TEOS with the terminal hydroxyls of the zeolite under the formation of ethanol.
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Nash, Robin John. "Aromatization of alkenes by gallium/H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21518.
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Gallium/H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts have been extensively researched for the aromatization of liquified petroleum gas (LPG). In 1989 BP and UOP collaborated to commission a pilot plant in Grangemouth, Scotland, for the aromatization of propane and butane. This plant, based on a technology called the Cyclar process, used continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) and a gallium impregnated ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst to achieve yields of ca. 65% aromatics, mainly benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) [Guisnet and Gnep, 1992]. As a result of the Fischer-Tropsch process used by SASOL Ltd., South Africa is in an internationally unique position, in that it has a surplus of long chain linear alkenes with carbon numbers in the range C6-C8 . There could be large economic incentives to convert these alkenes into more valuable products, like alcohols or aromatics. Thus the purpose of this project was to determine if gallium/H-ZSM-5 catalysts, similar to those used in the Cyclar process, would be suitable for the aromatization of long chain alkenes. Three methods were investigated for the introduction of gallium into ZSM-5: (i) physical mixing with gallium oxide; (ii) impregnation by incipient wetness with gallium nitrate; (iii) ion-exchange with gallium nitrate. The catalysts were. tested with regard to their catalytic activity for the aromatization of 1-hexene and 1-octene.
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Junkes, Janaína Accordi. "Síntese in situ de zeólita ZSM-5 sobre substratos biomórficos." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89667.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T01:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 238625.pdf: 2068747 bytes, checksum: 0a827d4722d9eae5b0326824a19793e8 (MD5)
Uma tecnologia desenvolvida recentemente para produzir materiais microcelulares é a fabricação de cerâmicas biomórficas, que é a reprodução das morfologias de madeira por biomodelagem, onde as características estruturais da madeira nativa são mantidas no produto cerâmico. O objetivo deste trabalho é o recobrimento in situ de diferentes substratos biomórficos (Al2O3, TiO2 e SiAlON) com a zeólita ZSM-5. Para conseguir o revestimento in situ, uma síntese hidrotérmica foi usada. A síntese hidrotérmica foi realizada a 150ºC em uma autoclave, variando os tempos de síntese em 72, 96, 120, 144 e 168h. Subseqüentemente a cerâmica foi calcinada a 550ºC durante 5h. Adicionalmente, diversas razões molares de SiO2/Al2O3 (17, 27, 37, 47 e 57) foram testadas para verificar sua influência na cristalização da zeólita. A composição das fases dos produtos cerâmicos foi determinada por difração de raios X. A microestrutura foi caracterizada pelo microscópio eletrônico de varredura, e a área de superfície específica foi determinada por isotermas de adsorção de N2 usando o método de B.E.T. A área de superfície específica aumentou significativamente, até 30 vezes, para todas as amostras, que faz os compósitos de cerâmica-zeólita candidatos potenciais para aplicações catalíticas e tecnologias de adsorção/separação devido a sua porosidade específica e hierárquica, capacidade de peneira molecular e força termomecânica relativamente elevada.
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Losch, Pit. "Synthesis and characterisation of zeolites, their application in catalysis and subsequent rationalisation : methanol-to-olefins (MTO) process with designed ZSM-5 zeolites." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF035/document.
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Cette thèse s'articule autour des zéolithes, plus particulièrement leur synthèse, leur caractérisation et leur application comme catalyseurs hétérogènes. Dans certains cas, la compréhension des phénomènes encontrés au cours de ce processus nécessitait un travail de rationalisation. Ce dernier ingrédient permet une réelle amélioration continue, ou une conception sur mesure d'un catalyseur pour une réaction. Les zéolithes sont des aluminosilicates, microporeux et cristallins, qui se définissent et se différencient de part leur arrangement 3D de tétraèdres (SiO4 et AlO4) . Il a été essayé d'utiliser des zéolithes conçues sur mesures en tant que catalyseurs pour des réactions faisant partie d'une chimie renouvelable. Ainsi, ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre des concepts de la chimie verte et de l'addition graduelle de complexité moléculaire. Au cours de cette thèse, la boucle itéative de l'amélioration continue a mené à deux reprises à un catalyseur très adapté au processus catalytique en question: d'une part l'halogènation d'aromatiques a été effectuée en phase liquide, il s'agit d'un procédé liquide-solide pour lequel le meilleur catalyseur résulte en une zéolithe béta (H-*BEA) avec une porosité hiérarchisée. Au contraire, la réaction de la conversion du méthanol en oléfines (MTO) une réaction gas-solide semble avoir comme catalyse uroptimal des zéolithes de type ZSM-5 sans porosité hierarchisée, mais ayant des tailles cristallines élevées, une qualité cristalline proche de la perfection (sans défauts) et une densité de sites acides très dispersesThis work revolved around the synthesis, characterisation and application of zeolites in heterogeneous catalysis. In some cases, counterintuitive observations and results needed a thorough rationalisation, which allowed a truly continuous improvement, or rational design of a catalyst for a given reaction. Zeolites are crystalline and microporous aluminosilicates, which are defined and differ one from another through their 3D arrangement of tetrahedra (SiO4 and AlO4).It has been aimed to design heterogeneous catalysts for reactions that fit in the concepts of a sustainable chemistry. Thus, this works describes and tried to respect the concepts of green chemistry and carbon upgrading. Remarkably, during this thesis the feedback looped continuous improvement approach has led twice to adapted catalysts for a catalytic chemical transformation: the liquid-solid continuous flow halogenation of aromatics was best performed with nanosized H-*BEA zeolites exhibiting a hierarchical porosity. In contrast, the gas-solid Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) process needed an unusual catalyst. Indeed based on our study, large and perfectly crystalline H-ZSM-5 crystals with a disperse Brønsted acidity were the optimum catalyst
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Aguilar, Wilson. "Study of the Synthesis of ZSM-5 from Inexpensive Raw Materials." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Kemiteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16976.
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ZSM-5 is an aluminosilicate with high silica ratio with suitable properties for catalysis, ion exchange, adsorption and membrane applications. ZSM-5 is usually produced industrially from concentrated systems in which there is formation of an amorphous gel phase. Typical syntheses of ZSM-5 require sources of silicon and aluminium, a mineralizer and an organic molecule as so-called templating agent. The silicon and aluminum sources widely used for the synthesis are pure reagent chemicals and in particular quaternary ammonium compounds like tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxides (TPA-OH), are employed as templating agents. Unfortunately, these compounds are rather expensive. Demand for inexpensive sources of aluminosilicates for the synthesis of ZSM-5 has increased during the last two decades. Natural raw materials such as kaolin clay and diatomaceous earth (diatomite) are two potential inexpensive sources of silica and alumina. Moreover, the molecule n-butylamine (NBA) has been reported as a low-cost templating agent to replace the quaternary ammonium compounds. The aim of this work was to show for the first time that leached metakaolinite or diatomite in combination with sodium hydroxide and n-butylamine could be used as inexpensive raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 without using an additional source of silica. After synthesis optimization, both sources of aluminosilicate were found to behave differently during the course of synthesis and led to slightly different products. The chemical composition of the raw materials and the products were determined using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). Crystallinity was examined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), the morphology was studied by extreme-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (XHR-SEM) and the specific surface area was estimated from nitrogen adsorption data by the BET method. The chemical composition of individual crystals was determined by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Dealumination of the raw materials by acid leaching made it possible to reach appropriate SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and reduced the amount of impurities. The final ZSM-5 products had a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in the range 20 – 40. The use of leached diatomite allowed reaching higher yield of ZSM-5 crystals within comparable synthesis times. However, low amounts of mordenite were formed, which was related to the high calcium content of diatomite. Another considerable advantage of diatomite over kaolin is that diatomite does not require heat treatment at high temperature to convert the kaolin to reactive metakaolin. Further characterization of the system by XHR-SEM and EDS at low voltage was carried out in order to understand the nucleation and early growth of the ZSM-5 zeolite crystals. The observations with unprecedented detail strongly suggest that nucleation and the succeeding growth occurs on the gel surface. The growth rates in the various crystallographic directions already at an early stage are such that the shape of the growing crystals resembles that of the final crystals. However, as the early growth is interface mediated, the growth rate along the gel particles is high and the gel particles will become partially embedded inside the growing crystals at an early stage. The Si and Al nutrients are probably transported along the solid/liquid interface and possibly through the liquid in the form of nanoparticles detaching from the gel. The organic template was initially contained in the liquid. However, it remains unclear at which stage the template becomes incorporated in the solid material. EDS at low voltage was also used to gain compositional information about the sodium/calcium ion exchanged products and extraneous phases when kaolin and Bolivian montmorillonite clay were used for the synthesis of zeolite A by alkali fusion. In order to evaluate the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the synthesized zeolite, ICP-SFMS and EDS were compared. The EDS method used in this work resulted in (Na,Ca)/Al ratios in equivalent moles very close to 1.0 as expected and was therefore found more reliable than ICP-SFMS to measure cation exchange capacity for zeolite A. To summarize, the present work shows that it was possible to synthesize well-crystallized ZSM-5 zeolite from inexpensive raw materials such as leached metakaolin or leached diatomite, sodium hydroxide and n-butyl amine. Furthermore, the crystallization mechanism evidenced in this system might be more general and also apply for other concentrated systems, e.g. those using TPA as structure-directing. Finally, this work displays that EDS at low voltage can provide valuable local compositional information in the field of zeolite synthesis.Godkänd; 2014; 20140430 (andbra); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Wilson Aguilar-Mamani Ämne: Kemisk teknologi/Chemical Technology Uppsats: Study of the Synthesis of ZSM-5 from Inexpensive Raw Materials Examinator: Biträdande professor Johanne Mouzon, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Ph.D. Linda Sandström, Energy Technology Centre in Piteå Tid: Torsdag den 19 juni 2014 kl 14.00 Plats: C305, Luleå tekniska universitet
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LETICHEVSKY, SONIA. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE MORDENITE, FERRIERITE AND ZSM-5 ZEOLITES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12172@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Neste trabalho, as zeólitas mordenita, ferrierita e ZSM-5 foram preparadas através de síntese hidrotérmica com a variação dos parâmetros fontes de alumínio e silício, quantidade de água, utilização de sementes, temperatura e tempo de cristalização com a finalidade de obter zeólitas nanocristalinas. As amostras preparadas foram caracterizadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, difração de raios-X com refinamento através do método de Rietveld, adsorção física de N2, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e ressonância magnética nuclear no estado sólido de 27Al e 29Si. Para se obter um controle do tamanho de cristal foi importante encontrar um equilíbrio entre temperatura e tempo de síntese. A fonte de alumínio mais adequada seria o aluminato de sódio enquanto que a de silício variou de acordo com tipo de zeólita. Foram obtidas amostras de mordenita de tamanho médio de cristalito entre 56 e 292 nm com diferentes percentuais de cristalinidades. As amostras de ferrierita preparadas possuíam tamanho médio de cristalito entre 61 e 82 nm. Já em relação à ZSM-5, foram obtidas uma amostra de tamanho médio de cristalito de 46 nm e uma de 58 nm. Este estudo mostrou a necessidade do conhecimento aprofundado da influência dos diversos parâmetros, individualmente, no processo de cristalização de cada uma zeólitas para se obter um controle eficaz do tamanho da zeólita. Finalmente, foi possível propor um mecanismo de cristalização para cada zeólita estudada.
In this work, the mordenite, ferrierite and ZSM-5 zeolites were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, modifying the parameters aluminium and silicium sources, water content, seeding, crystallization time and temperature. The objective was to obtain nanocrystalline zeolites. The prepared samples were characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, N2 physical adsorption, atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and 27Al and 29Si solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. To achieve crystal size control it was important to find the equilibrium between synthesis time and temperature. Sodium aluminate was found to be the most suitable aluminium source. As for the silicium source, each zeolite type had a more suitable source. Mordenite samples with crystallite size between 56 and 292 nm and different crystallinity percentages were obtained. Ferrierite samples with crystallite size between 61 and 82 nm were obtained. Two ZSM-5 samples with crystallite size of 46 nm and 58 nm were prepared. This study showed that to obtain an efficient crystal size control, it is necessary to have a deep knowledge of the influence of all individual parameters in each zeolite`s crystallization process. Finally, it was possible to propose a crystallization mechanism to each zeolite studied.
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Zhang, Yanping. "Nitric oxide decomposition over metal ion-modified Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11260.
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Capdeillayre, Chloé. "Reduction catalytique sélective de NO par NH3 sur Fe-ZSM-5." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20156.
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Weber, Reinier Willem. "The characterization and elimination of the external acidity of ZSM-5." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18301.
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The zeolite ZSM-5 is well-known for its unique intersecting channel system. This channel system has a great bearing on the shape-selective properties and the long life-times of ZSM-5. In this study, ZSM-5 was modified in various ways to eliminate the external acidity of the catalyst to further improve these properties, and the success and effects of these modifications were investigated primarily using temperature programmed desorption techniques. The internal surface of ZSM-5, a medium pore zeolite, plays a major role in the shape selective properties of this catalyst, due to the diffusional restrictions imposed by the channel system on bulky molecules. Even though the number of acid sites on the external surface is small compared to the total number of acid sites, these easily accessible and non-shape selective acid sites may provide a high turnover rate for non-shape selective reactions. Furthermore, the main cause of deactivation of ZSM-5 is thought to be the formation of polyaromatic molecules on the external surface, which block access to the channels of the catalyst.
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Khangkham, Supaporn. "Catalytic degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) by zeolites and regeneration of used zeolites via ozonation." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9227/1/khangkham.pdf.
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Catalytic degradation of PMMA was successfully performed at temperatures below 300°C. The use of zeolite catalyst could reduce reaction temperature in comparison with an ordinary thermal degradation process. It was found that the product distribution obtained from batch experiment depends on zeolite acid properties whereas the composition of the liquid fraction is directly related to the shape selectivity of the catalyst. A continuous fixed bed process was designed that allowed to obtain MMA monomer as main product. The increase of reaction temperature from 200 to 270°C showed a positive effect on the liquid product yield. However, at higher temperatures, the light product was further cracked into gaseous products. Significant deactivation of ZSM-5 catalyst was observed after 120 hours of operation, resulting in a decrease in liquid product yield. Regeneration of the coked ZSM-5 extrudates was achieved by oxidation with ozone at low temperatures, below 150°C. The effects of temperature, GHSV and inlet concentration of ozone on carbon removal efficiency were studied. Carbon removal with ozone started at 50°C and reached a maximum of 80% at 100°C. Higher temperatures were not beneficial due to the strong limitation of ozone diffusion which confines radical production then the regeneration process to the outer surface. In optimal conditions, ozonation almost fully restored the zeolite activity without damaging the texture and active sites of zeolite, as shown from the results of regenerated catalyst in PMMA cracking
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Prechtl, Petra. "Study of N₂O decomposition over Fe-ZSM-5 with transient methods /." Lausanne : EPFL, 2007. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3884.
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Thèse Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, no 3884 (2007), Faculté des sciences de base SB, Section de chimie et génie chimique, Institut des sciences et ingénierie chimiques ISIC (Laboratoire de génie de la réaction chimique LGRC). Dir.: Lioubov Kiwi, Albert Renken.
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Räuchle, Konstantin. "Untersuchungen an nickelhaltigen ZSM-5-Zeolith-Katalysatoren zur simultanen Stickoxidreduktion mit Propen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1141740585628-02228.
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Stickoxide (NOx) und Distickstoffoxid (N2O) entstehen bei der Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe in Gegenwart von Luft und gehören auf Grund ihrer toxischen bzw. klimaschädigenden Wirkung zu den Luftschadstoffen. In der Arbeit wird die simultane Reduktion von NOx und N2O an nickelbeladenen Zeolithen vom Typ H-ZSM-5 mit Propen als Reduktionsmittel untersucht. Die experimentellen Arbeiten wurden unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen mit einem Katalysatorbett durchgeführt. Der Einfluss des Nickelgehalts und der Acidität des zeolithischen Trägermaterials auf Umsatz und Selektivität der Reduktion werden diskutiert. Ausgehend von den gewonnenen Ergebnissen wird ein wahrscheinlicher Reduktionsmechanismus vorgeschlagenNitric and nitrous oxides (NOx, N2O) are part of toxic and climate damaging airborne pollutants and will be produced by combustion of fossil fuels in present of air. In this work the simultaneous reduction of NOx and N2O with propene has been investigated using nickel impregnated zeolites of type H-ZSM-5 as catalytic active material. The experiments have been done using one catalyst bed and a synthetic gas mixture according to real existing environment conditions. The influence of nickel content as well as acidity of the support material on conversion and selectivity have been discussed. Using the experimental results a possible reaction mechanism has been submitted
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Welscher, Julia [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur Aufkristallisation von ZSM-5 Zeolithen auf sphärische Trägermaterialien / Julia Welscher." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149579579/34.
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Connerton, Jan. "Cu-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302406.
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Fergie-Woods, J. W. "NMR studies on the dynamics of small molecules in zeolite ZSM-5." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355099.
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Armstrong, Robert. "Partial oxidative upgrading of ethane with Fe- and Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/59701/.
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The selective oxidation of lower alkane components of natural gas, such as ethane, to partial oxygenates remains a major challenge for both industry and academia. At present 60% of industry’s 7.8 Mt annual acetic acid demand is met through the carbonylation of methane, the operation of which is highly energy intensive, leads to formation of corrosive iodide by-products and requires high pressures of CO. Meanwhile ethene, a feedstock of great industrial importance, is produced via steam cracking of alkanes such as ethane, a process which is typically operated at > 800 oC and accounts for ca. 40% of the petrochemical industry’s annual energy consumption. The development of an atom efficient, low temperature, environmentally benign process for the direct conversion of ethane to either of these molecules would circumvent the need for current practices and thereby represent an important milestone in the valorisation of natural gas. The heterogeneous catalyst system explored in this thesis is based upon zeolite (ZSM-5) catalysts, which may be modified via post synthesis deposition of either or both of iron and copper and are shown to selectively transform ethane to a variety of higher value products including but not limited to ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and ethene under mild, environmentally benign conditions (H2O2 as oxidant, water as solvent, temperatures of < 90oC). C-C scission of C2 products led to formation of carbon centred radicals and yielded C1 products including methylhydroperoxide, methanol and formic acid, whilst deep oxidation yielded CO2, typically at selectivities of < 5%. The method by which catalysts were prepared was shown to impact significantly upon catalyst performance, with chemical vapour impregnation, a novel vapour deposition technique being shown to yield highly active catalysts. Investigations of reaction conditions such as ethane pressure, ethane partial pressure, temperature, oxidant concentration and catalyst mass [Chapter 1] III were conducted in a batch reaction system. All parameters were found to impact significantly upon both catalytic activity and product distributions allowing for directed selectivity to either ethanol or acetic acid as major product. Through extensive mechanistic studies, it was shown that a complex reaction scheme operates with these catalysts, which results in the primary C2 products ethanol, ethylhydroperoxide and ethene. Of these the former two were shown to undergo consecutive oxidation to acetaldehyde and acetic acid, whilst ethene was shown to react under test conditions to yield acetic acid. Additionally, upon deposition of Cu2+ onto ZSM-5 catalysts ethene was shown to become the major reaction product, with selectivities of 45.5% at 1.15% conversion. Following development under batch reaction conditions, the ZSM-5 catalysts were then applied under a continuous flow regime through co-feeding of an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and mixed ethane/ argon feed through a custom built fixed bed trickle bed reactor system. Through optimisation of reaction conditions 23% ethane conversion to acetic acid (73% selectivity) was observed. Through varying the catalyst bed makeup, turnover frequencies equal to those observed at comparable conditions under batch reaction conditions were observed, thereby showing the viability for translating this catalyst system to a more industrially viable continuous flow system. High ethene and acetic acid selectivities of 37.8% and 43.0% were observed, respectively at 3.3% ethane conversion upon testing of 1.25% Fe 1.25% Cu/ZSM-5 (30) within this regime at 50 oC. Subsequent studies focused upon elucidating the role played by aluminium sites within the zeolite framework in catalyst activity and determining product selectivities. This has led to the development of Cu/ZSM-5 and FeCu/ZSM-5 catalysts which are not only highly active for the activation of ethane, but also highly selective for the formation of ethene, with productivity to ethene alone shown to reach 25.6 mol (ethene) kg-1 (catalyst) [Chapter 1] IV h-1 (at 50% ethene selectivity). Through studies of ZSM-5 catalysts of varying support composition, headway has been made in decoupling the effects which increased exchange capacity (aluminium content) has upon catalyst performance, thereby paving the way for future development of more active, selective catalysts for the transformation of ethane to higher value products, specifically ethene. An interesting aspect of this work was the discovery that copper oxide particle size and size distribution may be controlled through varying of the ZSM-5 support’s SiO2/Al2O3 ratio due to a metal support interaction.
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Biriaei, Rouholamin. "Synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites and their application in furan deoxygenation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70276.
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L'épuisement des réserves de combustibles fossiles et l'augmentation de la demande énergétique ainsi que les problèmes économiques, politiques et environnementaux liés aux combustibles fossiles ont rendu impératif le développement de processus de production de carburants et de produits chimiques renouvelables. La source de carbone durable la plus abondante et la moins chère qui puisse être utilisée comme matière première pour la production de carburants renouvelables et de matières premières chimiques est la biomasse lignocellulosique. Le liquide produit à partir de la pyrolyse de la biomasse est appelé huile de pyrolyse ou bio-huile. Ce liquide contient un mélange complexe de composés résultant de la dégradation d'unités de construction de la biomasse, cellulose, hémicellulose et la lignine. Il a un faible pouvoir calorifique et une teneur élevée en oxygène. Il est acide et contient des particules de charbon solide. Il est donc incompatible avec les carburants actuels à base de pétrole, est thermiquement instable et se dégrade avec le temps. Par conséquent, la valorisation de la bio-huile est inévitable afin de résoudre les problèmes associés aux huiles de pyrolyse et de les utiliser comme carburants et produits chimiques renouvelables. La désoxygénation catalytique est l'une des méthodes prometteuses qui ont été largement étudiées afin d'éliminer l'oxygène atomique et de valoriser ces huiles. Cependant, il y a encore plusieurs problèmes tels qu'une faible sélectivité en aromatiques et oléfines et la formation de coke. Ainsi, le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs et procédés est indispensable pour surmonter les préoccupations mentionnées. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, la synthèse et la caractérisation d'une série d'échantillons de ZSM-5 mésoporeux sont discutées. Le copolymère tribloc Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) a été utilisé comme matrice de phase méso et la synthèse a été suivie par une méthode d'ajustement du pH permettant d'obtenir un matériau ZSM-5 bien cristallisé avec des méso-canaux de taille 8-10 nm. Les matériaux résultants ont été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X, microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM), adsorption / désorption d'azote, microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), résonance magnétique nucléaire à l'état solide (MAS-RMN) et désorption en température programmée de l'ammoniac (TPD). La difficulté de la méthode développée est d'effectuer la croissance de cristaux de zéolithe avec un réseau de pores mésostructuré d'une manière coopérative, en évitant à la fois une séparation de phase entre les unités de surfactant et de zéolithe pendant la cristallisation et la formation d'un matériau mésoporeux amorphe séparé. Dans la deuxième partie, l'effet de la mésoporosité sur la désoxygénation du furane en termes de production d’aromatiques et de désactivation du catalyseur par une étude comparative entre des échantillons de ZSM-5 mésoporeux et microporeux, est étudié. Les catalyseurs mésoporeux ont été préparés selon le procédé décrit dans la première partie avec des rapports Si / Al de 30 et 60. De plus, deux taux différents de WHSV de 5,5 et 11 h-1 ont été utilisés dans les essais. On a trouvé que le taux de conversion du furane initial était plus élevé pour les catalyseurs microporeux, qui se désactivaient cependant rapidement, sur 2 heures de fonctionnement. D'autre part, les catalyseurs mésoporeux ont montré une activité plus régulière avec une légère vitesse de désactivation. La sélectivité globale en aromatiques par rapport aux catalyseurs mésoporeux était plus élevée que par rapport à celle des catalyseurs microporeux. Au chapitre 4, l'effet de l'incorporation de sites actifs métalliques (Zn) sur les taux de conversion du furane, la production d'aromatiques et la formation de coke est discuté. Deux séries de catalyseurs microporeux et mésoporeux avec Si / Al = 30 ont été préparées à différentes charges métalliques de 2 et 5% en poids. Les résultats de la caractérisation par diffraction des rayons X (XRD) n'ont révélé aucun pic supplémentaire par rapport au spectre de la zéolithe, indiquant la bonne dispersion du zinc. Le taux initial de conversion de furane était plus élevé pour les catalyseurs microporeux; il augmentait avec une augmentation de la charge de métal, mais les échantillons mésoporeux se sont rapidement désactivés après 2 heures de fonctionnement. De plus, la sélectivité en aromatiques avec le benzène comme produit principal a été augmentée et la formation de coke a été réduite pour les échantillons mésostructurés.Depleting fossil fuel reserves and increase of energy demands along with economical,political, and environmental issues related to the fossil fuels have made it imperative to develop processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals. The most plentiful and cheap sustainable source of carbon that can be used as a feedstock for the production of renewable fuels and commodity chemical feedstocks is lignocellulosic biomass. The liquid produced from the pyrolysis of biomass is designated as pyrolysis oil or bio-oil. This liquid contains acomplex mixture of compounds resulting from the degradation of biomass building units,cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It has a low heating value and high oxygen content, isacidic, contains solid char particles, is incompatible with current petroleum-based fuels, isthermally unstable, and degrades with time. Therefore, upgrading of bio-oil is inevitable inorder to resolve the issues associated with pyrolysis oils and to use them as renewable fuelsand chemicals. Catalytic deoxygenation is one the promising methods which have been extensively studied in order to remove atomic oxygen and valorizing these oils. However, there are still several issues such as low selectivity into aromatics and olefins and coke formation. Thus, developing new catalysts and processes is a must to overcome the mentioned concerns.In the first part of this thesis, the synthesis and characterization of a series of mesoporousZSM-5 samples are discussed. Pluronic P123 triblock copolymer (EO20PO70EO20) was used as the meso-phase template and synthesis was followed by a pH adjusting methodallowing obtaining a well-crystallized ZSM-5 material with meso-channels of size of 8-10nm. The resulting materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) and ammonia temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analyses. The significance of the developed method is to perform the growth of zeolite crystals with a mesostructured pore lattice in a cooperative manner,avoiding both a phase separation between the surfactant and zeolite units during crystallization and the formation of a separate amorphous mesoporous material. In the second part, the effect of mesoporosity on deoxygenation of furan in terms of aromatic production and catalyst deactivation through a comparative study between mesoporous andmicroporous ZSM-5 samples, is studied. The mesoporous catalysts were prepared accordingto the method described in part one with Si/Al ratios of 30 and 60. Moreover, two differentWHSV rates of 5.5 and 11 h-1 were employed in the reaction tests. It was found that the initialfuran conversion was higher over the microporous catalysts, which however deactivated rapidly, over 2 hours of time on-stream. On the other hand, the mesoporous catalysts showeda steadier activity with a slight deactivation rate. The overall selectivity to aromatics over the mesoporous catalysts was higher than over the microporous ones. In chapter 4, the effect of the incorporation of zinc metallic active sites on the conversion,aromatic production and coke formation rates is discussed. Two series of microporous and mesoporous catalyst with Si/Al=30 were prepared at different metal loadings of 2 and 5 wt.%.The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed no extra peaks compared to thoseof the Zn free materials, indicating the good dispersion of zinc. The initial furan conversionrate was higher over the microporous catalysts, and increased by increasing the metal loading,however the microporous samples, deactivated rapidly after 2 hours of time on-stream. Inaddition, the aromatic selectivity with benzene as the major product was increased and coke formation was reduced over the mesostructured zeolites.
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Räuchle, Konstantin. "Untersuchungen an nickelhaltigen ZSM-5-Zeolith-Katalysatoren zur simultanen Stickoxidreduktion mit Propen." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24674.
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Stickoxide (NOx) und Distickstoffoxid (N2O) entstehen bei der Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe in Gegenwart von Luft und gehören auf Grund ihrer toxischen bzw. klimaschädigenden Wirkung zu den Luftschadstoffen. In der Arbeit wird die simultane Reduktion von NOx und N2O an nickelbeladenen Zeolithen vom Typ H-ZSM-5 mit Propen als Reduktionsmittel untersucht. Die experimentellen Arbeiten wurden unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen mit einem Katalysatorbett durchgeführt. Der Einfluss des Nickelgehalts und der Acidität des zeolithischen Trägermaterials auf Umsatz und Selektivität der Reduktion werden diskutiert. Ausgehend von den gewonnenen Ergebnissen wird ein wahrscheinlicher Reduktionsmechanismus vorgeschlagen.Nitric and nitrous oxides (NOx, N2O) are part of toxic and climate damaging airborne pollutants and will be produced by combustion of fossil fuels in present of air. In this work the simultaneous reduction of NOx and N2O with propene has been investigated using nickel impregnated zeolites of type H-ZSM-5 as catalytic active material. The experiments have been done using one catalyst bed and a synthetic gas mixture according to real existing environment conditions. The influence of nickel content as well as acidity of the support material on conversion and selectivity have been discussed. Using the experimental results a possible reaction mechanism has been submitted.
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Modutwane, Angel Tumelo. "The optimization of the ZSM-5 catalyst activity with respect to crystallinity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6697.
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In the synthesis of zeolites optimization of factors such as crystallinity, which encapsulates morphology, and acidity can result in optimal activity. Optimal activity is vital in chemical industries due to the fact that it results in higher yields, better selectivities and lower operational costs. In this project the effect of crystallinity on activity is investigated to get a better understanding of performance in terms of activity of amorphous, partially crystalline and highly crystalline materials using isomerisation of para-xylene as the probe reaction.
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Andersen, Bo. "Propene oligomerization over steam dealuminated and boron and phospherous modified ZSM-5." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22049.
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Bibliography: pages 203-210.ZSM-5 was modified with boron and phosphorus compounds in an attempt to improve the selectivity of the catalyst with respect to the linearity of the liquid product of propene oligomerization. Boron was incorporated into the zeolite framework by inclusion in the synthesis gel. Boralite catalysts made in this way and containing very low Al contents had only weak acidity as was evident from only one, low temperature NH3 desorption peak at ca. 190 °C. These catalysts showed poor propene oligomerization activity as a result of the weak acidity arising from the weak B(OH)Si site and reduced catalyst free volume. The latter was ascribed to occluded B₂O₃ species. Activity of these catalysts was proportional to Al, rather than B content. No appreciable selectivity changes were observed for any of these catalysts. In an attempt to enhance the acidity and hence the activity of the boralite catalysts, mild fluorination treatments were carried out. A boralite catalyst containing 550 ppm Al and 1.2 wt% boron was treated with mild HF at room temperature. The activity of the catalyst was significantly reduced. The activity of the catalyst was essentially restored to its former level upon subsequent NH₄F treatment. The catalyst then contained 120 ppm Al and 0.8 wt% boron. Although some activity enhancement was achieved through mild fluorination, the catalyst utilization values (CUV) remained an order of magnitude lower than the CUV of unmodified ZSM-5. Catalytic activity remained proportional to trace Al content.
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Freiding, Jens. "Extrusion von technischen ZSM-5-Kontakten und ihre Anwendung im MTO-Prozess." Karlsruhe Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996982949/04.
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Egues, Silvia Maria da Silva. "Utilização de zeolitas ZSM-5 na decomposição direta do monoxido de nitrogenio." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1996. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/76544.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro TecnologicoMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T11:19:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T20:29:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 105629.pdf: 2044186 bytes, checksum: 8b39df6ba20a5f0095840110cd428b0e (MD5)
Este trabalho apresenta a atividade catalítica das zeólitas ZSM-5, para a reação de decomposição do NO, com diferentes razões molares de sílica/alumina (SAR), trocadas ionicamente com cobre e com cério. Foram estudados os efeitos de temperatura de reação, tempo de contato e concentração de NO na alimentação sobre a conversão do NO a N2. Também analisou-se a influência da SAR e do tipo de cátion trocado (Cu+2 e Ce+4). A temperatura variou entre 250-650°C, o tempo de contato (massa / fluxo) foi de 1,0-2,0 g.s.cm-3 e a concentração foi de 1,0-5,0% vol de NO em hélio. As atividades das Cu-ZSM-5 iniciaram-se por volta de 300°C alcançando seu máximo a 400-500°C, a temperaturas mais altas a atividade decaiu. O tempo de contato onde houve maior conversão foi de 2,0 g.s.cm-3 com concentração de NO/He no gás de alimentação de 3,0%. A atividade das zeólitas demonstrou forte dependência com o SAR, aumentando com a diminuição deste. A zeólita trocada com íon cério não apresentou atividade catalítica nas condições de reação empregadas.
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Sousa, Zilacleide da Silva Barros. "Transformação de metanol em olefinas leves catalisada por zeólitas HZSM-5." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3225.
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A reação de transformação de MeOH em olefinas leves foi investigada sobre zeólitas HZSM-5 com razões SiO2/Al2O3 (SAR) iguais a 30, 80 e 280. As propriedades ácidas e texturais da amostra com SAR 30 foram modificadas por impregnação com ácido fosfórico. A caracterização físico-química das amostras foi realizada empregando-se as técnicas de FRX, fisissorção de N2, DRX, DTP de NH3 e IV com adsorção de piridina. O desempenho catalítico das mesmas foi comparado tanto em condições reacionais similares (mesma T, pressão parcial de MeOH e WHSV) como em condições de isoconversão. Verificou-se, que quanto maior a SAR da zeólita, menor a densidade total e a força dos sítios ácidos presentes, sendo este efeito mais significativo para os sítios de Brönsted. O efeito do aumento da SAR favoreceu a estabilidade catalítica e a formação de olefinas leves, principalmente propeno. No caso das amostras contendo fósforo, foi observada uma redução linear na área específica BET e no volume de microporos com o aumento do teor de fósforo. Estes resultados, aliados aos obtidos por DRX, sugerem que a redução mais significativa na área específica e no volume de microporos pode ser associada à redução na cristalinidade e à formação de espécies amorfas contendo fósforo, que bloqueariam a estrutura porosa da zeólita. Não se observou alteração significativa na força dos sítios fracos, enquanto a força dos sítios fortes diminuiu significativamente. As amostras apresentando menor SAR e menor teor de fósforo foram mais ativas. Por outro lado, em condições de isoconversão de 916%, a amostra mais seletiva à formação de olefinas foi aquela com maior SAR. Dentre as amostras impregnadas, aquela contendo 4% de fósforo foi a mais seletiva a propeno, enquanto a que continha 6% foi mais seletiva a eteno. A amostra com SAR igual a 280 foi investigada variando-se a temperatura de reação (400, 500 e 540C) e a pressão parcial de metanol (0,038; 0,083 e 0,123 atm), através de um planejamento experimental do tipo Box-Benhnken (32). O rendimento otimizado em olefinas leves foi alcançado a 480C e 0,08 atm. O modelo proposto descreveu bem os dados experimentais e evidenciou a existência de uma faixa ótima de temperatura para maximização do rendimento em propeno e eteno, o qual foi também afetado pela pressão parcial de MeOH na faixa estudada.
Palavras-chave: ZSM-5, olefinas, propeno, eteno, processo MTO, fósforo.The MeOH transformation into light olefins was investigated over HZSM-5 zeolites with SiO2/Al2O3 (SAR) = 30, 80 and 280. The acidic and textural properties of the SAR 30 were modified by impregnation with orthophosphoric acid. Textural characterization and physiochemical like FRX, fisisorption of N2, DRX, DTP of NH3 and IR with pyridine adsorption were used. The catalytic performance of the samples evaluated and compared at both isoconversion and iso-operacional. It was verified, that the increase in SAR of the zeolite reduced acid site density and strenght of the acid sites, particularly for the Brönsted acid sites, favoring the catalytic stability and the formation of light olefins, mainly propene. The characterizations indicated a linearr reduction in the specific BET surface area and in the microporous volume with the increase of the phosphorous incorporation. These results, together with over obtained by DRX, suggest that the most significant reduction in the specific area and in the microporos volume can be associated to the reduction in the cristalinity as well as to the formation of amorphous species containing phosphorous, that would block the zeolite porous structure . No significant alteration was observed in the strenght of the weak sites, although the strong acid sites strenght significantly decreased. The low SAR and slow phosphorous incorporation ware more active. On the other hand, at isoconversion conditions (916), the most selective samples to olefins formation were those with high SAR. Among the impregnated samples, the one containing 4% of phosphorous was more selective to olefins. The sample with SAR equal to 280 was investigated under different reaction temperature (400, 500 and 540C) and methanol partial pressure (0,038; 0,083 and 0,123 atm), following Box-Benhnken (32) experimental planning type. The optimized light olefins yield was reached at 480C and 0,08 atm. The proposed model described well the experimental data and evidenced the existence of a range of temperature for maximization of the propene and ethene, which was also affected by the partial pressure of methanol in the studied range.
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Chupin, Cédric. "Réduction sélective du monoxyde d'azote par le méthane en présence d'oxygène sur Co-ZSM-5 et Fe-ZSM-5 : optimisation des catalyseurs, étude mécanistique et cinétique de la réaction." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10236.
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Cette étude s'inscrit dans la perspective environnementale d'élimination des NOx en utilisant comme agent réducteur le méthane, soit disponible sur site, soit contenu dans les effluents gazeux de chaudières domestiques et collectives. Le choix des catalyseurs s'est porté sur des zéolithes échangées Co-ZSM-5 et Fe-ZSM-5 dont les paramètres de synthèse tels que la nature et la concentration du sel précurseur ou la technique de préparation ont été étudiés. La caractérisation par MET, DRX, spectroscopie UV-VIS, XPS, RPE et RTP-H2 révèle la présence de micro-agrégats M-O de taille inférieure à 40 Å en forte interaction avec la zéolithe. Leur stabilité vis-à-vis de l'eau ou du SO2 est ainsi renforcée. Dans le cas des catalyseurs au fer, les micro-agrégats Fe-O, de structure octaédrique, présentent une réactivité intrinsèque supérieure à celle des ions de configuration tétraédrique. La concentration maximale en agrégats octaédrique (et donc une réactivité optimale) est obtenue lorsque le catalyseur est préparé par échange ionique en solution avec le nitrate de fer[exposant III]. Dans le cas des catalyseurs au cobalt, la teneur en micro-agrégats Co-O est maximale pour un degré d'échange de 60 %. Ils sont actifs à 500° C et très sélectif en azote, à l'inverse des particules d'oxydes CoO ou Co3O4, localisées à l'extérieur des canaux de la zéolithe et essentiellement oxydantes. Une étude approfondie du mécanisme et de la cinétique de la réaction a été réalisée en vue d'optimiser la préparation des catalyseurs Co-ZSM-5. Le mécanisme proposé s'appuie sur des mesures d'infrarouge in situ et de cinétique transitoire isotopique : NO est adsorbé sur les atomes de cobalt oxydés des micro-agrégats pour former un complexe Co-O-NO[exposant delta +] en forte interaction avec les groupes A1-OH de la zéolithe. En parallèle, le méthane est activé en groupe methoxy Co-O-CH3. Ces deux intermédiaires réagissent du fait du confinement imposé par la configuration stérique de la cavité zéolithique, avec la formation d'un complexe de type Co-ONOCH3 qui se décompose en N2 et CO2. Une description cinétique complète du processus catalytique est proposée avec une convergence remarquable entre les approches mécanistiques, cinétiques et les caractérisations physico-chimiques.
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Göhlich, Maik. "Zum Einfluss textureller, struktureller und acider Eigenschaften phosphorsäuremodifizierter ZSM-5-Zeolithe auf die heterogen-katalysierte Umsetzung von Glycerol." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-66789.
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Die Nutzung von Kraftstoffen auf der Basis von Biodiesel erlaubt es, konventionelle, etablierte Antriebstechniken mit Nachhaltigkeit zu kombinieren. Daher kann in den nächsten Jahren mit einer weiteren weltweiten Steigerung der Biodieselproduktion gerechnet werden. Damit verbunden ist jedoch auch ein Anstieg der anfallenden Menge an Glycerol, das bei der Herstellung von Biodiesel als Koppelprodukt entsteht. Da traditionelle Märkte für Glycerol kaum mehr Wachstum zeigen, müssen neue Wege zur effizienten Verwertung von Glycerol gefunden werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der heterogen-katalysierten Umsetzung von Glycerol zu Acrolein. Unter Verwendung von ZSM-5-Katalysatorproben mit unterschiedlichem Si/Al-Verhältnis und phosphorsäure-modifizierten Katalysatorproben konnte die Existenz von Synergieeffekten zwischen den texturellen, strukturellen und aciden Eigenschaften in der heterogen-katalysierten Glyceroldehydratisierung zu Gunsten der Acroleinselektivität eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Eine selektive Umsetzung von Glycerol zu Acrolein wird daher an solchen Katalysatorproben ermöglicht, die ausgewogene texturelle, strukturelle und acide Eigenschaften aufweisen.
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Guerra, Patricia. "Effect of supercritical water on coke formed during dodecane cracking with ZSM-5." Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1301.
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The objective of this work was to study the effect of supercritical water on coke formed on ZSM-5 during its use as a dodecane cracking catalyst. ZSM-5 coking was quantified at different reaction times, finding that the presence of supercritical water reduced coke formation by an order of magnitude or more. Coked samples were analyzed using several methods, including temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (DR-UV-vis) and UV-Raman. Coked produced in the absence of SCW was formed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with more than 4 aromatic rings containing alkyl side chains. Coke produced in the presence of SCW was formed by aromatics with 1 to 3 aromatic rings. The characteristics of coke formed in the absence of water on ZSM-5 that had been pretreated in SCW were intermediate to those of coke formed on fresh ZSM-5 in the presence and absence of water, suggesting that the presence of water influences coke properties. It was also verified that SCW can decrease coke formation due to its effect on Bronsted acidity of the catalyst and ability to promote coke gasification. The effect of coke deposits produced in the presence and absence of SCW on the rate of ethanol dehydration, a model reaction studied under diffusion-controlled conditions, indicated that SCD/SWC coke deactivated less the catalyst than SCD coke.
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Smith, Gordon Christopher. "Catalytic cracking of n-alkanes and n-alkylbenzenes over H-ZSM-5 zeolite." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12550.
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Mlimi, Kenneth Mpemane. "Metal modified mesoporous ZSM-5 as catalysts for the oligomerization of 1- hexene." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8423.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe use of diesel engines in vehicles and heavy machinery throughout the world has been slowly increasing in the past few decades. This has led to high demand for diesel and gasoline with high octane number. Diesel and gasoline are in high demand due to its qualities as fuels containing low or no sulfur and nitrogen compounds, making them environmentally friendly and the anti- knocking properties respectively. With these reasons and more, researchers have been studying processes like the catalytic oligomerization of olefins to produce synthetic fuels with augmented qualities and properties. The effectiveness of the process will depend on the quality of the catalyst.
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Langford, Steven Thomas. "The effect of oxygenates on the oligomerisation of propene over zeolite ZSM-5." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18297.
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The oligomerisation of alkenes such as propene and butene represents an important route to the production of environmentally clean transportation fuels. When these olefins originate from Fischer-Tropsch product streams they are often contaminated with small amounts of oxygenates such as acetic acid, ethanol, butanol, methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK), acetone and water. Complex feeds can result in competitive reaction between the feed components and may result in observed selectivities that cannot be predicted from pure component data alone. ZSM-5 has been shown to be an excellent catalyst for alkene oligomerisation and is also active for the conversion of oxygenates. When pure oxygenates are fed over ZSM-5 at oligomerisation temperatures, acetone and MEK cause the catalyst to deactivate and the conversions are low whereas ethanol and n-butanol are completely converted and no deactivation occurs. At 250°C acetic acid undergoes a low conversion (4%) and at higher temperatures a decrease in conversion is also observed with time. The decrease in conversion of acetone has been attributed to the formation of a surface cyclic ketonic species. During acetic acid reaction dehydroxylation of the zeolite has been proposed as the cause of decreasing activity with time but this work has shown that the catalyst is regenerable and the acidity of the catalyst, as determined by ammonia TPD, remains unchanged after reaction with acetic acid. The propene oligomerisation and hexane cracking activity of ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 30) is reduced when the catalyst is exposed to oxygenates such as acetic acid, ethanol, n-butanol, MEK, acetone and water (mole fraction in feed < 0.01). In the case of all except acetic acid the activity is almost completely restored when the oxygenate is removed. Acetic acid causes irreversible loss of activity for propene oligomerisation and hexane cracking at 250°C. For MEK and acetone the activity for propene oligomerisation is restored to a greater extent (90% for acetone and 50-60% for MEK) than acetic acid but not fully. The decrease in activity for propene oligomerisation and hexane cracking at 250°C is proposed to be due to site poisoning by preferential strong adsorption of the oxygenates, especially acetic acid, onto the zeolite surface. An adsorption complex for acetic acid and the surface hydroxyls has been proposed in which the bond angles and lengths of the molecule are similar to those observed in the formation of the acetic acid dimer, consistent with the proposed strong adsorption.
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DIMON, BIAOU. "Cinétique de formation de coke et régénération de zéolithes Y et ZSM 5." Poitiers, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993POIT2318.
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Les cinetiques de formation de coke sur zeolithes acides et leur regeneration ont ete etudiees par microgravimetrie. A temperature ambiante, l'adsorption d'alcenes sur zeolithes acides est accompagnee de la formation d'oligomeres et de leur retention dans les pores. Ces composes peuvent etre desorbes sous vide en augmentant la temperature jusqu'a 350c. Pour des temperatures allant de 120c a 450c, les cinetiques de formation de coke a partir de propene ont ete suivies sur deux zeolithes acides (ushy et hzsm 5). Elles dependent beaucoup des conditions operatoires (temperature, pression, temps de reaction). Quelle que soit la temperature, les vitesses de formation du coke augmentent avec la pression en propene. Au debut de la reaction, la vitesse de formation de coke diminue quand la temperature augmente. Les influences de la structure poreuse, de l'acidite et de la nature du coke ont ete mises en evidence. Le coke depose a 120c occupe un volume plus important que celui forme a 450c. Deux methodes de regeneration des zeolithes cokees ont ete employees. La thermodesorption sous vide permet d'eliminer totalement le coke forme a 120c en elevant la temperature jusqu'a 350c. Le coke forme a 450c est refractaire a ce traitement. Seule une thermodesorption sous dioxygene permet de l'eliminer. Au cours du cokage et de la regeneration, l'evolution du volume poreux est suivie en fonction du pourcentage de coke. De meme, celle de l'acidite pendant la formation de coke a 450c et pendant la regeneration sous dioxygene est suivie par thermodesorption programmee d'ammoniac et de pyridine. Toutes ces etudes ont ete realisees in situ par gravimetrie
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Foletto, Edson Luiz. "Estudos da decomposição direta do monóxido de nitrogênio sobre zeólitas ZSM-5 modificadas /." Florianópolis, SC, 1998. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/77446.
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Raad, Mira. "Aromatisation du propane sur des catalyseurs bifonctionnels de type Ga-MFI : impact de la hiérarchisation de la zéolithe ZSM-5." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2298/document.
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Mélanger un oxyde de gallium avec une zéolithe H-ZSM-5 donne les mêmes résultats catalytiques en craquage du n-hexane, déshydrogénation du cyclohexane et en aromatisation du propane qu'un catalyseur préparer par échange cationique avec un sel de gallium. En fait, le véritable catalyseur est synthétisé lors du prétraitement sous hydrogène pendant lequel le suboxyde de gallium (Ga2O) issu de la réduction de Ga2O3 réagit avec les sites de Brønsted de la zéolithe pour donner des hydrures de gallium. La réaction de déshydrogénation des alcanes fait intervenir un site catalytique bifonctionnel composé d'un site de Lewis du Ga et d'un site basique généré par l'oxygène de la charpente zéolithique. L'activation du propane se produit sur un hydrure de gallium via un mécanisme de type alkyle. Les aluminosilicates dopés avec Ga sont plus performants que les gallosilicates, ce qui signifie que les espèces de gallium sont plus actives en extra-réseau que dans le réseau de la zéolithe.Le coke généré lors de l'aromatisation du propane est très polyaromatique avec plus de quinze noyaux benzéniques, localisé dans les micropores il s'avère très toxique. La création de mésopores intracristallins sans modifier les propriétés acides de la zéolithe (nombre et force des sites acides) est possible par un traitement alcalin. Leur présence permet de limiter les réactions de transfert d'hydrogène mais est peu efficace pour contrôler la croissance du coke, les mésopores sont mêmes négatifs pour la réaction de déshydrogénation rendant les catalyseurs bifonctionnels hiérarchisés inefficaces en aromatisation du propane ; l'étape cinétiquement limitante pour cette réaction étant la déshydrogénationThe mixing Ga2O3 with the H-ZSM-5 zeolite yields to the same catalytic performance in n-hexane cracking, cyclohexane dehydrogenation and propane aromatization than a bifunctional catalyst prepared by cationic exchange. The real catalyst appears upon hydrogen pretreatment in which gallium (Ga2O) suboxide that results from Ga2O3 reduction, reacts with the zeolite Brønsted sites to yield to gallium hydrides.The dehydrogenation reaction of alkanes involves a bifunctional catalytic site constituted of a Lewis site (Ga species) and basic site (an oxygen of the zeolite framework). The aluminosilicate catalysts loaded with Ga are more efficient than the gallosilicate catalysts, therefore extraframework gallium species is more active than the framework gallium species.The coke formed during the propane aromatization is very polyaromatic with more than fifteen benzenic rings, is very toxic. The creation of intracrystalline mesopores by alkaline treatment.preserves the acidic properties of the zeolite (number and strength of acidic sites). The mesopores allow limiting the hydrogen transfer reactions but is not very effective for impeding the growth of the coke, the presence of mesopores are even negative for the dehydrogenation reaction making inefficient the hierarchical bifunctional catalysts in propane aromatization; the kinetically limiting step for this reaction being dehydrogenation
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Gomes, Fagner Alves. "Isomerização do n-Hexano por platina suportada na zeólita H-ZSM-5 : efeito do teor de alumínio." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4078.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-01Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The objective of this study was to verify the influence of the Si/Al ratio (11.5, 15.0, 25.0, 40.0 and 140.0) in zeolite ZSM-5 in the conversion, activity, selectivity and stability as bifunctional catalysts (Pt/H-ZSM-5) applied to the isomerization reaction of n-hexane. To prepare the bifunctional catalysts, initially the zeolites were submitted, successively, to ion exchange with ammonium cations, ion exchange cations with platinum, calcination and activation process. From the results of the isomerization of n-hexane, it was observed that with the increase of the Si/Al ratio, that is, decreasing the amount of aluminum, there was a reduction in activity and conversion. This is due to decrease the number of acid sites present, responsible to isomerize the carbocation generated in these sites. In contrast, the increase of the Si/Al ratio leads to a better selectivity to the formation of isomers. Among the catalysts, the Pt/H-ZSM-5 (15.0) showed the best result of conversion and activity. In order to compare the Pt/H-ZSM-5 catalysts, the reaction was carried out using the isomerization catalyst Pt/H-Beta (9.0). This catalyst had the best result that all the others, this result may possibly be due to increased acidity of the material and its morphological characteristics, such as type and diameter of pores etc. and/or the crystallite size of zeolites used.
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da razão Si/Al (11,5, 15,0, 25,0, 40,0 e 140,0) na zeólita ZSM-5 através da conversão, atividade, seletividade e estabilidade de catalisadores bifuncionais (Pt/H-ZSM-5) aplicados a reação de isomerização do n-hexano. Para preparar os catalisadores bifuncionais, inicialmente as zeólitas foram submetidas, sucessivamente, a troca iônica das zeólitas com cátions amônio, troca iônica com cátions platina, processos de calcinação e ativação. A partir dos resultados da isomerização do nhexano observou que com o aumento da razão Si/Al, isto é, diminuição da quantidade de alumínio, obteve-se uma redução na atividade e conversão. Tal fato se deve a diminuição do número de sítios ácidos presentes, sendo que os mesmos são responsáveis por isomerizar os carbocátions gerados nos sítios. Em contrapartida, o aumento da razão Si/Al acarreta em uma melhor seletividade a formação dos isômeros. Dentre os catalisadores Pt/H-ZSM-5, o catalisador Pt/H-ZSM-5 (15,0) foi o que apresentou melhor resultado de atividade e conversão. A fim de comparar os catalisadores Pt/H-ZSM-5, a reação de isomerização do nhexano foi realizada utilizando o catalisador Pt/H-Beta (9,0). O mesmo obteve melhor resultado que todos os outros, podendo tal resultado ser, possivelmente, devido a maior acidez do material e suas características morfológicas, como tipo e diâmetro de poros etc. e/ou pelo tamanho do cristalito das zeólitas utilizadas.
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Albiero, Jalusa Konzen. "PRODUÇÃO DE OLEFINAS LEVES A PARTIR DE ETANOL EM ZSM-5 SINTETIZADA SEM DIRECIONADOR NITROGENADO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7987.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe petrochemical industry is currently strongly based on the production of light olefins ethylene and propylene, which are mainly produced by hydrocarbons from oil. Due to the environmental appeal and unstable oil market scenario, alternative routes to the production of these olefins are being developed, meanly regarding the use of alcohol as raw material. In this context, ethanol is highlighted with Ethanol to Olefins Process (ETO), in which there is catalytic conversion via reactions of dehydration, oligomerization, cracking, isomerization, among others. This work aims to obtain ethylene and propylene from ethanol using ZSM-5 zeolite as catalyst in its acid form. The synthesis of this material was performed using non-conventional sources of silicon and aluminum, kaolin and silica extracted from rice husk ash, and in the absence of nitrogenous templates. The use of seeds was employed together with ethanol, which acts as cotemplate of the zeolitic structure, in different quantities, and in different silica/alumina ratios and crystallisation times. The influence of each of these variables was evaluated with the support of a full factorial experimental design on the final characteristics of the synthesized samples, such as relative crystallinity, chemical composition and textural properties. All samples presented the characteristic crystal structure of ZSM-5 as verified by both X-ray diffractograms and infrared spectra. However, samples with small amounts of seed and ethanol added to short periods of crystallization presented lower crystallinities and specific areas in comparison to other samples. On the other hand, the use of high quantities of seed can lead to the formation of quartz when the crystallization time is extended. With the catalytic tests of ethanol conversion into olefins it was possible to evaluate the influence of synthesis variables, the residence time and the concentration of ethanol in feed, proving the importance of all synthesis variables in the distribution of the reaction products The total conversion of ethanol was observed in all tests made, evidencing the high activity of hZSM-5 in the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene, being the propylene yield strongly influenced by the reaction temperature and characteristics of the catalitic material, with a maximum yield of 27% at 500 °C. The HZSM-5 presented high stability under reaction conditions while maintaining the production of ethylene for more than 40 hours of reaction, whereas the coke formation drastically reduces the production of propylene still in the early hours of reaction.
A indústria petroquímica atualmente está fortemente baseada na produção das olefinas leves eteno e propeno, que são principalmente produzidas através de hidrocarbonetos oriundos do petróleo. Em virtude do apelo ambiental e do instável cenário do mercado de petróleo, rotas alternativas para a produção destas olefinas estão sendo desenvolvidas, principalmente no que tange a utilização de álcoois como matéria-prima. Neste contexto, o etanol ganha destaque com o processo Ethanol to Olefins (ETO), no qual se tem conversão catalítica via reações de desidratação, oligomerização, craqueamento, isomerização, entre outras. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a obtenção de eteno e propeno através de etanol empregando como catalisador a zeólita do tipo ZSM-5 na forma ácida. A síntese deste material foi realizada utilizando fontes não convencionais de silício e alumínio, o caulim e a sílica extraída da cinza da casca de arroz, e na ausência de direcionadores de estrutura nitrogenados. O emprego de sementes foi adotado juntamente com etanol, que atua como codirecionador da estrutura zeolítica, em diferentes quantidades, assim como em diferentes razões sílica/alumina e tempos de cristalização. A influência de cada uma destas variáveis foi avaliada com o auxílio do planejamento experimental fatorial completo nas características finais das amostras sintetizadas, como cristalinidade relativa, composição química e propriedades texturais. Todas as amostras obtidas apresentaram estrutura cristalina característica da ZSM-5, comprovada tanto nos difratogramas de Raios-X como nos espectros de absorção na região do Infravermelho. Entretanto, as amostras com pequenas quantidades de sementes e de etanol somadas a curtos períodos de cristalização apresentaram cristalinidades e áreas específicas reduzidas em relação às demais amostras. Em contrapartida, o emprego de elevadas quantidades de sementes pode levar a formação de quartzo quando o tempo de cristalização é prolongado. Com os testes catalíticos de conversão de etanol em olefinas foi possível avaliar a influência das variáveis de síntese, do tempo de residência e a concentração de etanol na alimentação, comprovando a importância de todas as variáveis de síntese na distribuição dos produtos da reação. A conversão total de etanol foi observada em todos os testes realizados, evidenciando a elevada atividade da HZSM-5 na desidratação de etanol a eteno, sendo o rendimento a propeno fortemente influenciado pela temperatura de reação e características do material catalítico, com máximo rendimento igual a 27% na temperatura de 500°C. A HZSM-5 apresentou elevada estabilidade nas condições de reação, mantendo a produção de eteno por mais de 40 horas de reação, enquanto que a formação de coque reduz drasticamente a produção de propeno ainda nas primeiras horas de reação.