Relevant bibliographies by topics / Zr-Cu

Academic literature on the topic 'Zr-Cu'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Zr-Cu":

1

Cai, Yanqing, Xinggang Chen, Qian Xu, and Ying Xu. "Anodic behaviour of Cu, Zr and Cu–Zr alloy in molten LiCl–KCl eutectic." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 181278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181278.

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The anodic dissolution behaviours of Cu, Zr and Cu–Zr alloy were analysed in LiCl–KCl at 500°C by anode polarization curve and potentiostatic polarization curve. The results show that the initial and fast-dissolving potentials of Cu are −0.50 and −0.29 V, and Zr are −1.0 and −0.88 V, respectively. But, in the Cu–Zr alloy, the initial and fast-dissolving potentials of Cu are −0.52 and −0.41 V, and Zr are −0.96 and −0.92 V, respectively. The potentials satisfy the selection dissolution principle that Zr in the alloy dissolves first, while Cu is left in the anode and is not oxidized. The passivation phenomenon of Zr is observed in the quick dissolution of Zr, while it is not observed in the Cu–Zr alloy. Moreover, from the above anodic dissolution results, potentiostatic electrolysis of Cu–Zr alloy was carried out at −0.8 V for 40 min, and the anodic dissolution mechanism and kinetics of Zr in Cu–Zr alloy were also discussed. In the initial stage, Zr dissolves as Zr 4+ ions from the alloy surface and enters into the molten salt, leaving a Cu layer called ‘dissolving layer’ on the surface of the alloy. After that, another layer between the matrix and ‘dissolving layer’ called ‘diffusion–dissolution layer’ appears. Zr diffuses in the alloy matrix and dissolves as Zr 4+ ions on the surface of the ‘diffusion–dissolution layer’ continuously, and Zr 4+ ions diffuse through the ‘dissolving layer’ and enter into the molten salt finally. In addition, the factors affecting the dissolution of Cu–Zr alloy, such as time and potential, were also investigated. The dissolution loss increases with the increasing dissolution potential and time, while the dissolution rate increases with the increasing dissolution potential and declines with the prolonging dissolution time.
2

Zhilli, Dong, Atsushi Sekiya, Wataru Fujitani, and Shigenori Hori. "Age Hardening of Cu-Zr and Cu-Zr-Si Alloys." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 53, no. 7 (1989): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.53.7_672.

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3

Dinda, G. P., H. Rösner, and G. Wilde. "Cold-rolling induced amorphization in Cu–Zr, Cu–Ti–Zr and Cu–Ti–Zr–Ni multilayers." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 353, no. 32-40 (October 2007): 3777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.05.147.

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4

Liu, C. J., and J. S. Chen. "Influence of Zr additives on the microstructure and oxidation resistance of Cu(Zr) thin films." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 2 (February 2005): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0068.

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In this work, the microstructure and oxidation resistance of pure Cu, Cu(0.2 at.% Zr) and Cu(2.5 at.% Zr) alloy films deposited on SiO2/Si by sputtering were explored. Upon annealing, the Zr additives diffused to the free surface and reacted with the residual oxygen in the vacuum system. An additional ZrO2 layer formed and covered the Cu(2.5 at.% Zr) film surface after annealing at 700 °C for 30 min. Simultaneously, of the three films, the Cu(2.5 at.% Zr) film exhibited the highest degree of Cu(111) preferred orientation and the lowest degree of void growth upon annealing. Additionally, the Cu(2.5 at.% Zr) film pre-annealed at 700 °C showed a superior oxidation resistance when annealed at 200 °C in air for 15 min. Microstructure and oxidation resistance of Cu(Zr) alloy films were clearly affected by the ZrO2 layer formed via the segregation of Zr additives, and the connection is discussed.
5

Pi, Zhao Hui, Guang Qiang Li, Yan Ping Xiao, Zhan Zhang, Zhuo Zhao, and Yong Xiang Yang. "An Experimental Investigation on the Solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.324.

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An experimental investigation on the solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn alloy was conducted in a resistance furnace. The solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn alloy was determined by investigating the influence of different conditions such as the ratio of Cu-Sn alloy and temperature. The solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn alloy changes with the proportion of Cu and Sn, and it increases with the increasing of Cu content. The experimental temperature has a significant effect on the solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn alloy. The maximum solubility of Zr in Cu-Sn alloy is 6.2 mass % at 900 °C with the mass ratio of Cu : Sn = 8:2.
6

Zhang, J. Y., Y. Liu, J. Chen, Y. Chen, G. Liu, X. Zhang, and J. Sun. "Mechanical properties of crystalline Cu/Zr and crystal–amorphous Cu/Cu–Zr multilayers." Materials Science and Engineering: A 552 (August 2012): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.056.

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7

Kondoh, Katsuyoshi, Junji Fujita, Junko Umeda, and Tadashi Serikawa. "Estimation of Compositions of Zr-Cu Binary Sputtered Film and Its Characterization." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2008 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/518354.

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Zr-Cu amorphous films were prepared by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering on glass substrate using two kinds of the elemental composite targets: Cu chips on Zr plate and Zr chips on Cu plate. It was easy to precisely control chemical compositions of sputtered films by selecting the chip metal and the number of chips. It is possible to accurately estimate the film compositions by using the sputtered area and the deposition rate of Cu and Zr. XRD analysis on every as-sputtered film showed the broadened pattern. Zr-rich composition film, however, revealed a small peak at the diffraction angle of , and Cu-rich one indicated it at . TEM and electron diffraction analysis on the former also showed the main Zr ring patterns and its streaks. Zr-rich composition film with Cu content of 34 at% or less indicated a good corrosion resistance by salt spray test. On the other hand, Cu-rich version with 74 at% Cu or more was poor in corrosion resistance. This was because Zr was reactively passive, and caused the spontaneous formation of a hard non-reactive surface film that inhibited further corrosion than Cu.
8

Oh, Ki Hwan, Hob Yung Kim, and Sun Ig Hong. "Mechanical and Microstructural Analyses of Three Layered Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Zr/Cu-Ni-Zn Clad Material Processed by High Pressure Torsioning (HPT)." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1161.

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Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Zr/Cu-Ni-Zn three layered clad plates were prepared by high pressure torsioning (HPT) at room temperature and theirmicrostructural and mechanical analyses wereperformed. No intermetallic compounds were observed at Cu-Zr/Cu-Ni-Zn interfaces in the as-HPTed and heat-treated Cu/Ni-Zn/Cu-Zr/Cu-Ni-Zn clad plates. The strength of as-HPTed clad plate reached up to 610 MPa with the ductility of 14%. After heat treatment at 500oC, Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Zr/Cu-Ni-Zn clad plate exhibited the strength up to 490 MPa and the ductility of 28 %. The clad plate fractured all together at the same time without discontinuous drop of the stress until final fracture. The excellent mechanical reliability and the good interfacialbonding strength can be attributed to the absence of detrimental interfacial reaction compounds between Cu-Ni-Zn and Cu-Zr.
9

Zhai, Yan Nan, Hun Zhang, Kun Yang, Zhao Xin Wang, and Li Li Zhang. "Improvement of Zr-N Diffusion Barrier Performance in Cu Metallization by Insertion of a Thin Zr Layer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1148.

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In order to increase the failure temperature of Zr-N diffusion barrier for Cu, the effect of insertion of a thin Zr layer into Zr-N film on Zr-N diffusion barrier performance in Cu metallization was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and 4-point probe technique. XRD,SEM ,AES and FPP results show that the insertion of a thin Zr layer into Zr-N film improves barrier properties significantly when the ZrN / Zr/ZrN barrier layers are deposited by RF reactive magnetron sputtering and Zr-N(10nm)/Zr (5nm)/Zr-N(10nm) barrier tolerates annealing at 700°C for 1 h without any breaking and agglomerating Cu film. This interpretes that insertion of a thin Zr layer into Zr-N film is attributed to the densification of grain boundaries in ZrN/Zr/ZrN films followed by the reduction of fast diffusion of Cu through ZrN /Zr/ ZrN multilayered films.
10

Kim, Young-Min, and Byeong-Joo Lee. "A modified embedded-atom method interatomic potential for the Cu–Zr system." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 4 (April 2008): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0130.

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A modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) interatomic potential for the Cu–Zr system has been developed based on the previously developed MEAM potentials for pure Cu and Zr. The potential describes fundamental physical properties and alloy behavior of the Cu–Zr binary system reasonably well. The applicability of the potential to atomistic investigations of mechanical and deformation behavior for the Cu–Zr binary and Cu–Zr-based multicomponent amorphous alloys is also demonstrated by showing that fully relaxed and realistic amorphous structures can be generated by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Zr-Cu":

1

Carrasco, Valenzuela Wilson Rodrigo. "Cristalización de Aleaciones Amorfas Cu – Zr – Al." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103378.

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El estudio de las aleaciones amorfas ha cobrado importancia en la actualidad debido a las singulares propiedades físicas y mecánicas que éstas presentan, como una alta resistencia a la corrosión y buena resistencia mecánica. Recientes estudios efectuados a aleaciones metálicas amorfas de CuZr muestran que éstas poseen ductilidades superiores a otras aleaciones amorfas. El mecanismo de deformación plástica en vidrios metálicos involucra la formación de bandas de corte, y la presencia de nanocristales juega un papel importante en dicho proceso. En el presente trabajo se estudió la cristalización y formación de nanocristales en las aleaciones amorfas Cu-Zr-Al con diferentes porcentajes de aluminio (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 y 10 % en peso). Las aleaciones producidas mediante atomización en la Universidad de California sede Davis, fueron caracterizadas mediante Difracción de Rayos X (DRX), Calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), nanoindentación y Microscopía electrónica de alta resolución (HR-TEM). Los polvos con las aleaciones para los análisis fueron divididos en 2 tipos: polvos sin recocer, tal como fueron recibidos desde UC Davis, y polvos recocidos, que son los polvos posterior al análisis DSC, en que éstos fueron calentados desde temperatura ambiente hasta 550ºC. A partir de los difractogramas de polvos sin tratamiento térmico, se observó el estado inicialmente vítreo de las aleaciones. Un nuevo análisis DRX a los polvos recocidos reveló la formación de estructuras cristalinas y la presencia del compuesto Cu10Zr7 en todas las aleaciones. De las curvas calorimétricas se observó que las temperaturas de transición vítrea y de cristalización aumentan con el incremento del contenido de aluminio en la aleación. La aleación que presentó el mayor tramo de líquido subenfriado y, por lo tanto, una mayor estabilidad frente a la cristalización fue aquella con un 2.5 % de aluminio. Además esta aleación fue la que liberó una mayor energía entálpica durante la reacción de cristalización, siendo la con mejor habilidad para formar una estructura vítrea. Del análisis energético se obtuvo que la energía de activación para el comienzo de la cristalización aumenta con el contenido de aluminio. Se observó que al aumentar el contenido de aluminio en las aleaciones amorfas, la dureza aumenta. Así es como las aleaciones con 5 y 10% en peso de aluminio presentaron durezas elevadas: 520 y 608 [HV] respectivamente. Estos valores resultan ser muy superiores a los presentados por otras aleaciones metálicas de base cobre. De las observaciones de HR-TEM, se pudo comprobar el estado predominantemente amorfo de los polvos sin recocer a escala atómica. Sin embargo, en estas aleaciones se encontró la presencia de pequeños nanocristales de unos 5 [nm] insertos en la matriz amorfa. Los análisis de espectroscopía de rayos X confirmaron diferencias en la composición química de las zonas amorfas y las zonas cristalinas, siendo estas últimas más ricas en cobre que las zonas amorfas. Las observaciones de los polvos recocidos con 0 y 7.5 % de Al mostraron la desaparición de la estructura amorfa y la formación de cristales de Cu10Zr7 en ambas aleaciones, además de la posible formación del compuesto Al3Zr4 en la aleación con 7.5 % en peso de Al.
2

Xu, Min. "Crystallization of Zr₂Pd(subscript x)Cu(₁₋(subscript x)) and Zr₂Ni(subscript x)Cu(₁₋(subscript x)) metallic glass." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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3

Абдулов, А. Р. "Термодинамические свойства расплавов Cu-Ti-Zr, Cu-Ni-Ti, Cu-Fe-Ti и моделирование их склонности к аморфизации." Diss. of Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Донбасская государственная машиностроительная академия, 2008.

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4

Ismail, Nahla. "Electrochemical Hydrogen Absorption by Zr-Cu-Al-Ni Metallic Glasses." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2002. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1037185293084-48289.

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Effect of electrochemical absorption of hydrogen has been studied on the Zr-based amorphous alloys. The influence of hydrogen absorption on the stability of the amorphous phase and its crystallisation was investigated. Additionally, the cathodic hydrogen reaction mechanism on the surface of the alloy, the reversibility of the absorbed hydrogen and the hydrogen diffusion in the alloy were studied. These alloys are able to absorb large amounts of hydrogen (>1:1 hydrogen to metal ratio) but a rearrangement of the amorphous matrix takes place so that Cu rich areas are detected on the surface and Zr-hydride may precipitate. The thermal stability and crystallisation behaviour depends on the hydrogen concentration in the alloy. At low hydrogen concentration, the thermal stability deteriorates and primary crystallisation of Cu and/or Cu-rich phases is observed. At high hydrogen concentration, primary crystallisation of Zr-hydride takes place. The cathodic polarisation behaviour of amorphous Zr-based alloys as derived from Tafel plots reveals three characteristic potential regions reflecting the different mechanisms of hydrogen on the surface. In the Tafel region, hydrogen discharge and adsorption takes place on the alloy surface as fast steps reactions followed by the rate determining electrodic desorption reaction step in competition with hydrogen absorption as a fast step. In the further negative potential region, the current density is independent on the potential as both the Volmer and the Heyrowsky reactions take place at the same rate and the hydrogen mass transfer from the solution to the electrode surface is the rate-determining step. In the high polarisation region, all the partial hydrogen reactions take place intensively. The reversibility of the absorbed hydrogen tests reflects the possibility of hydrogen desorption from different energy sites in the amorphous alloy. The diffusion of hydrogen in the Zr-based alloys is comparable with that in the crystalline Pd and it is reduced in the pre-hydrogenated samples.
5

Casas, Gómez Camilo Andrés. "Simulación Dinámica Molecular de Aleaciones Amorfas de Cu-Zr-Al." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/102475.

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6

Kosiba, Konrad. "Flash-Annealing of Cu-Zr-Al-based Bulk Metallic Glasses." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-222874.

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(Bulk) metallic glasses ((B)MGs) are known to exhibit the highest yield strength of any metallic material (up to 5GPa), and show an elastic strain at ambient conditions, which is about ten times larger than that of crystalline materials. Despite these intriguing mechanical properties, BMGs are not used as structural materials in service, so far. The major obstacle is their inherent brittleness, which results from severe strain localization in so-called shear bands. MGs fail due to formation and propagation of shear bands. A very effective way to attenuate the brittle behaviour is to incorporate crystals into the glass. The resulting BMG composites exhibit high strength as well as plasticity. Cu-Zr-Al-based BMG composites are special to that effect, since they combine high strength, plasticity and work-hardening. They are comprised of the glass and shape-memory B2 CuZr crystals, which can undergo a deformation-induced martensitic transformation. The work-hardening originates from the martensitic transformation and overcompensates the work-softening of the glass. The extent of the plasticity of BMG composites depends on the volume fraction, size and particularly on the distribution of the B2 CuZr crystals. Nowadays, it is very difficult, if not impossible to prepare BMG composites with uniformly distributed crystals in a reproducible manner by melt-quenching, which is the standard preparation method. Flash-annealing of BMGs represents a new approach to overcome this deficiency in the preparation of BMG composites and is the topic of the current thesis. Cu46Zr46Al8 and Cu44Zr44Al8Hf2Co2 BMGs were flash-annealed and afterwards investigated in terms of phase formation, crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties. Flash-annealing is a process, which is characterized by the rapid heating of BMGs to predefined temperatures followed by instantaneous quenching. A temperature-controlled device was succesfully developed and built. The Cu-Zr-Al-based BMGs can be heated at rates ranging between 16 K/s and about 200 K/s to temperatues above their melting point. Rapid heating is followed by immediate quenching where cooling rates of the order of 1000 K/s are achieved. As a BMG is flash-annealed, it passes the glass-transition temperature, Tg, and transforms to a supercooled liquid. Further heating leads to its crystallization and the respective temperature, the crystallization temperature, Tx, divides the flash-annealing of BMGs into two regimes: (1) sub-Tx-annealing and (2) crystallization. The structure of the glass exhibits free volume enhanced regions (FERs) and quenched-in nuclei. Flash-annealing affects both heterogeneities and hence the structural state of the glass. FERs appear to be small nanoscale regions and they can serve as initiation sites for shear bands. Flash-annealing of Cu-Zr-Al-based BMGs to temperatures below Tg leads to structural relaxation, the annihilation of FERs and the BMG embrittles. In contrast, the BMG rejuvenates, when flash-annealed to temperatures of the supercooled liquid region (SLR). Rejuvenation is associated with the creation of FERs. Compared to the as-cast state, rejuvenated BMGs show an improved plasticity, due to a proliferation of shear bands, which are the carrier of plasticity in MGs. Flash-annealing enables to probe the influence of the free volume in bulk samples on their mechanical properties, which could not be studied, yet. In addition, B2 CuZr nanocrystals precipitate during the deformation of flash-annealed Cu44Zr44Al8Hf2Co2 BMGs. Deformation-induced nanocrystallization does not occur for the present as-cast BMGs. Flash-annealing appears to stimulate the growth of quenched-in nuclei, which are subcritical in size and can also dissolve, once the BMG is heated to temperatures in the SLR. Rejuvenation represents a disordering process, whereas the growth of quenched-in nuclei is associated with ordering. There is a competition between both processes during flash-annealing. The ordering seems to lead to a “B2-like” clustering of the medium range of Cu44Zr44Al8Hf2Co2 BMGs with increasing heating duration. So far, there does not exist another method to manipulate the MRO of BMGs. If Cu44Zr44Al8Hf2Co2 BMGs are flash-annealed to temperatures near Tx, most likely compressive resiudal stresses develop near the surface, which is cooled faster than the interior of the BMG specimen. They hinder the propagation of shear bands and increase the plasticity of flash-annealed BMGs in addition to rejuvenation and deformation-induced nanocrystallization. If BMGs are heated to temperatures above Tx, they start to crystallize. Depending on the exact temperature to which the BMG is flash-annealed and subsequently quenched, one can induce controlled partial crystallization. Consequently, BMG composites can be prepared. Both Cu-Zr-Al-based BMGs are flash-annealed at various heating rates to study the phase formation as a function of the heating rate. In addition, Tg and Tx are identified for each heating rate, so that a continuous heating transformation diagram is constructed for both glass-forming compositions. An increasing heating rate kinetically constrains the crystallization process, which changes from eutectic (Cu10Zr7 and CuZr2) to polymorphic (B2 CuZr). If the Cu-Zr-Al-based BMGs are heated above a critical heating rate, exclusively B2CuZr crystals precipitate, which are metastable at these temperatures. Thus, flash-annealing of Cu46Zr46Al8 and Cu44Zr44Al8Hf2Co2 BMGs followed by quenching enables the preparation of B2 CuZr BMG composites. The B2 precipitates are small, high in number and uniformly distributed when compared to conventional BMG composites prepared by melt-quenching. Such composite microstructures allow the direct observation of crystal sizes and numbers, so that crystallization kinetics of deeply supercooled liquids can be studied as they are flash-annealed. The nucleation kinetics of devitrified metallic glass significantly diverge from the steady-state and at high heating rates above 90 K/s transient nucleation effects become evident. This transient nucleation phenomenon is studied experimentally for the first time in the current thesis. Once supercritical nuclei are present, they begin to grow. The crystallization temperature, which depends on the heating rate, determines the crystal growth rate. At a later stage of crystallization a thermal front traverses the BMG specimen. In levitation experiments, this thermal front is taken as the solid-liquid interface and its velocity as the steady-state crystal growth rate. However, the thermal front observed during flash-annealing, propagates through the specimen about a magnitude faster than is known from solidification experiments of levitated supercooled liquids. As microstructural investigations show, crystals are present in the whole specimen, that means far ahead of the thermal front. Therefore, it does not represent the solid-liquid interface and results from the collective growth of crystals in confined volumes. This phenomenon originates from the high density of crystals and becomes evident during the heating of metallic glass. It could be only observed for the first time in the current thesis due to the high temporal resolution of the high-speed camera used. The heating rate and temperature to which the BMG is flash-annealed determine the nucleation rate and the time for growth, respectively. The size and number of B2 CuZr crystals can be deliberately varied. Thus mechanical properties of B2 CuZr BMG composites can be studied as a function of the volume fraction and average distance of B2 particles. Cu44Zr44Al8Hf2Co2 BMG specimens were flash-annealed at a lower and higher heating rate (35 K/s and 180 K/s) to different temperatures above Tx and subsequently subjected to uniaxial compression. BMG composites prepared at higher temperatures show a lower yield strength and larger plastic strain due to the higher crystalline volume fraction. They not only exhibit plasticity in uniaxial compression, but also ductility in tension as a preliminary experiment demonstrates. Furthermore, nanocrystals precipitate in the amorphous matrix of BMG composites during deformation. They grow deformation-induced from quenched-in nuclei, which are stimulated during flash-annealing. In essence, flash-annealing of BMGs is capable of giving insight into most fundamental scientific questions. It provides a deeper understanding of how annealing affects the structural state of metallic glasses. The number and size of structural heterogeneities can be adjusted to prepare BMGs with improved plasticity. Furthermore, crystallization kinetics of liquids can be studied as they are rapidly heated. Transient nucleation effects arise during rapid heating of BMGs and they cannot be described using the steady-state nucleation rate. Therefore, an effective nucleation rate was introduced. Besides, the flash-annealing process rises the application potential of BMGs. The microstructure of BMG composites comprised of uniformly distributed crystals and the glass, can be reliably tailored. Thus, flash-annealing constitutes a novel method to design the mechanical properties of BMG composites in a reproducible manner for the first time. BMG composites, which exhibit high strength, large plasticitiy and as in the case of B2 CuZr BMG composites as well work-hardening behaviour, can be prepared, so that the intrinsic brittleness of monolithic BMGs is effectively overcome.
7

Nekouie, Vahid. "Deformation behaviour of a Zr-Cu-based bulk metallic glass." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25246.

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While inelastic mechanical behaviour of crystalline materials is well-understood in terms of lattice defects, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) pose significant challenges in this respect due to their disordered structure. They can be produced by rapid cooling from the liquid state (among other technique) and, thus can be frozen as vitreous solids. Due to the absence of a long-range order in atomic structure and a lack of defects such as dislocations, BMGs generally show unique mechanical properties such as high strength and elastic limit, as well as good fracture toughness and corrosion resistance. Typically, inorganic glasses are brittle at room temperature, showing a smooth fracture surface as a results of mode-I brittle fracture. At small scale, it was well documented that inelastic deformation of bulk metallic glasses is localised in thin shear bands. So, in order to understand deformation mechanisms of BMGs comprehensively, it is necessary to investigate formation of shear bands and related deformation process. In this thesis, a history of development of BMGs is presented, followed by a review of fundamental mechanisms of their deformation.
8

Frigerio, Jean-Marc. "Densités d'états électroniques d'alliages métalliques amorphes Cu-y, Cu-Zr déterminées par spectroscopie optique et d'électrons." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066184.

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Alliages constitués d'un métal à bande d remplie Cu et d'un métal de début de transition y ou Zr. Etude de l'influence du remplissage de la bande 4d sur la stabilité et la structure électronique des alliages amorphes. Comparaison de la relaxation structurale des deux types d'échantillons par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage et par diffusion centrale de rayons x. Etude de l'absorption optique et de la contribution des transitions interbandes. Les mesures de photoémission et de photoémission inverse confirment les résultats optiques.
9

Maria, Felipe Henrique Santa. "Análise térmica da influência do oxigênio na amorfização de ligas baseadas em Cu-Zr." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-23052018-105250/.

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Os vidros metálicos baseados em Cu-Zr representam uma classe bastante promissora para a categoria de materiais estruturais, tendo em vista suas interessantes propriedades resultantes da natureza amorfa. Sabe-se que o oxigênio tem grande influência na formação da estrutura amorfa e consequentemente nas propriedades dessa classe de materiais. No presente trabalho, ligas amorfas baseadas em Cu-Zr foram analisadas termicamente a fim de se observar o comportamento das mesmas frente à contaminação com oxigênio. As análises térmicas foram realizadas em um equipamento de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), e as temperaturas características como de transição vítrea, cristalização, fusão e líquidus foram determinadas. Concluiu-se que conforme a literatura apresenta, o processo de cristalização é favorecido pela presença de oxigênio, causando uma queda na energia de ativação dos processos de cristalização das ligas trabalhadas. Através de ensaios que simularam tratamentos térmicos, cristalizou-se controladamente as amostras amorfas baseadas em Cu-Zr a fim de formar compósitos entre cristais e vidros metálicos buscando diminuir a fragilidade das ligas.
Cu-Zr-based bulk metallic glasses represent a very promising class of structural materials with interesting properties resulting from the amorphous nature. It is known that oxygen has a great influence on the formation of the amorphous structure and consequently on the properties of these materials. In the present work, Cu-Zr-based amorphous alloys were thermally analyzed in order to observe their behavior against oxygen contamination. Thermal analyzis were performed on a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) equipment, and characteristic temperatures as glass transition, crystallization, melting and liquidus were determined. It was concluded that, according to the literature, the crystallization process is favored by the presence of oxygen, causing a decrease in the activation energy of the crystallization processes of the worked alloys. Through tests that simulated heat treatments, the amorphous samples were crystallized in order to form composites between crystals and metallic glasses in order to reduce the brittleness of the alloys.
10

Pauly, Simon. "Phase formation and mechanical properties of metastable Cu-Zr-based alloys." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-39545.

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In the course of this PhD thesis metastable Cu50Zr50-xTix (0≤ x ≤ 10) and (Cu0.5Zr0.5)100-xAlx (5 ≤ x ≤ 8) alloys were prepared and characterised in terms of phase formation, thermal behaviour, crystallisation kinetics and most importantly in terms of mechanical properties. The addition of Al clearly enhances the glass-forming ability although it does not affect the phase formation. This means that the Cu-Zr-Al system follows the characteristics of the binary Cu-Zr phase diagram, at least for Al additions up to 8 at.%. Conversely, the presence of at least 6 at.% Ti changes the crystallisation sequence of Cu50Zr50-xTix metallic glasses and a metastable C15 CuZrTi Laves phase (Fd-3m) precipitates prior to the equilibrium phases, Cu10Zr7 and CuZr2. A structurally related phase, i.e. the “big cube” phase (Cu4(Zr,Ti)2O, Fd-3m), crystallises in a first step when a significant amount of oxygen, on the order of several thousands of mass-ppm (parts per million), is added. Both phases, the C15 Laves as well as the big cube phase, contain pronounced icosahedral coordination and their formation might be related to an icosahedral-like short-range order of the as-cast glass. However, when the metallic glasses obey the phase formation as established in the binary Cu-Zr phase diagram, the short-range order seems to more closely resemble the coordination of the high-temperature equilibrium phase, B2 CuZr. During the tensile deformation of (Cu0.5Zr0.5)100-xAlx bulk metallic glasses where B2 CuZr nanocrystals precipitate polymorphically in the bulk and some of them undergo twinning, which is due to the shape memory effect inherent in B2 CuZr. Qualitatively, this unique deformation process can be understood in the framework of the potential energy landscape (PEL) model. The shear stress, applied by mechanically loading the material, softens the shear modulus, thus biasing structural rearrangements towards the more stable, crystalline state. One major prerequisite in this process is believed to be a B2-like short-range order of the glass in the as-cast state, which could account for the polymorphic precipitation of the B2 nanocrystals at a comparatively small amount of shear. Diffraction experiments using high-energy X-rays suggest that there might be a correlation between the B2 phase and the glass structure on a length-scale less than 4 Å. Additional corroboration for this finding comes from the fact that the interatomic distances of a Cu50Zr47.5Ti2.5 metallic glass are reduced by cold-rolling. Instead of experiencing shear-induced dilation, the atoms become more closely packed, indicating that the metallic glass is driven towards the more densely packed state associated with the more stable, crystalline state. It is noteworthy, that two Cu-Zr intermetallic compounds were identified to be plastically deformable. Cubic B2 CuZr undergoes a deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation to monoclinic B19’and B33 structures, resulting in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP effect). On the other hand, tetragonal CuZr2 can also be deformed in compression up to a strain of 15%, yet, exhibiting a dislocation-borne deformation mechanism. The shear-induced nanocrystallisation and twinning seem to be competitive phenomena regarding shear band generation and propagation, which is why very few shear offsets, due to shear banding, can be observed at the surface of the bulk metallic glasses tested in quasistatic tension. The average distance between the crystalline precipitates is on the order of the typical shear band thickness (10 - 50 nm) meaning that an efficient interaction between nanocrystals and shear bands becomes feasible. Macroscopically, these microscopic processes reflect as an appreciable plastic strain combined with work hardening. When the same CuZr-based BMGs are tested in tension at room temperature and at high strain rate (10-2 s-1) there seems to be a “strain rate sensitivity”, which could be related to a crossover of the experimental time-scale and the time-scale of the intrinsic deformation processes (nanocrystallisation, twinning, shear band generation and propagation). However, further work is required to investigate the reasons for the varying slope in the elastic regime. As B2 CuZr is the phase, that competes with vitrification, it precipitates in a glassy matrix if the cooling rate is not sufficient to freeze the structure of the liquid completely. The pronounced work hardening and the plasticity of the B2 phase, which are a result of the deformation-induced martensitic transformation, leave their footprints in the stress-strain curves of these bulk metallic glass matrix composites. The behaviour of the yield strength as a function of the crystalline volume fraction can be captured by the rule of mixtures at low crystalline volume fractions and by the load bearing model at high crystalline volume fractions. In between both of these regions there is a transition caused by percolation (impingement) of the B2 crystals. Furthermore, the fracture strain can be modelled as a function of the crystalline volume fraction by a three-microstructural-element body and the results imply that the interface between B2 crystals and glassy matrix determines the plastic strain of the composites. The combination of shape memory crystals and a glassy matrix leads to a material with a markedly high yield strength and an enhanced plastic strain. In the CuZr-based metastable alloys investigated, there is an intimate relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties. The insights gained here should prove useful regarding the optimisation of the mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses and bulk metallic glass composites.
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Books on the topic "Zr-Cu":

1

Predel, B., ed. B - Ba … Cu - Zr. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6.

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Madelung, O., ed. Cr-Cs – Cu-Zr. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b47753.

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Motohiro, Kanno, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The precipitation processes of Cu-Zr-Cr alloys. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Cullen, E. M. The microstructural evolution of Al-Cu-Zr alloys during thermochemical processing. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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Zhang, Qi. The corrosion behaviour and the protection method of the 2091 T651 Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy. Manchester: UMIST, 1990.

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Kwon, Hae-Woong. A study of the microstructure and magnetic properties of a Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) [inferior] 7.1 alloy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Blackwell, Paul Leslie. Mechanical property, microstructural and textural development during the high temperature, slow strain rate deformation of Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy, AA8090. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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Effect of size of precipitates on recrystallization temperatures in Cu-Cr, Cu-Zr, and Cu-Zr-Cr alloys. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Predel, Bruno, and Felicitas Predel. B-Ac...Cu-Zr: Supplement to IV/5B. Springer, 2012.

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Ash, Beverly. Factors affecting superplastic stability in an Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloy. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Zr-Cu":

1

Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Ga-Zr." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 69–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_15.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Mo-Zr." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 111. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_26.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Sn-Zr." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 170–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_39.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Ta-Zr." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 172. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_40.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Be-Cu-Zr." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter, 337–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13850-8_74.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Ag-Cu-Zr." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 1: Systems from Ag-Al-Ca to Au-Pd-Si, 68–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03481-7_14.

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Predel, B. "Cu - Zr (Copper - Zirconium)." In B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 272–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_197.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Fe-Zr (231)." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 67–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_14.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Nb-Zr (241)." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 115–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_29.

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Carow-Watamura, U., D. V. Louzguine, and A. Takeuchi. "Cu-Ni-Zr (244)." In Physical Properties of Ternary Amorphous Alloys. Part 3: Systems from Cr-Fe-P to Si-W-Zr, 129–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14133-1_32.

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Conference papers on the topic "Zr-Cu":

1

SCHWETZ, M., R. SATO TURTELLI, R. GRÖSSINGER, and H. SASSIK. "CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR IN Fe-Zr-Cu-B." In Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Non-Crystalline Solids. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447225_0048.

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Ma, G., L. Kong, Y. Liang, T. Li, and T. Xiong. "Properties and Micro-Structure Analysis of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy Coating." In ITSC 2014, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, G. Mauer, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. DVS Media GmbH, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2014p0845.

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Abstract This study investigates the microstructure, thermal conductivity, hardness, and strength of Cu-Cr-Zr coatings produced by cold gas spraying. The elements in the powders were found to have a significant influence on microstructure, particle morphology, and strengthening mechanisms. The strengthening mechanisms of copper alloy coatings include fine crystal reinforcing, solution strengthening, work hardening, and dispersal reinforcing. Different mechanisms are shown to be more or less effective depending on powder composition and the presence of impurities. By filtering impurities before gas atomization, the thermal conductivity of as-sprayed Cu-Cr-Zr coatings can be improved by a factor of two.
3

Zhang, X. W., Q. J. Wang, X. Zhou, and B. Liang. "Tensile behavior of high temperature Cu-Cr-Zr alloy." In 2015 International Conference on Power Electronics and Energy Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/peee-15.2015.51.

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Vittek, Robert, Marcel Miglierini, Peter Švec, Dušan Janičkovič, Miroslav Mashlan, and Radek Zboril. "Hyperfine Interaction in Fe-Zr∕Ti-Cu-B Alloys." In MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference—MSMS '08. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3030845.

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Kopcewicz, M., A. Grabias, J. Latuch, M. Kowalczyk, Jirí Tucek, and Marcel Miglierini. "Novel Amorphous Fe-Zr-Si(Cu) Boron-free Alloys." In MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY IN MATERIALS SCIENCE—2010. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3473894.

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A. N., Medyankin, Alexandrov D. V., and Galenko P. K. "Features of Eutectic Growth of Cu-Zr Supercooled Binary Melts." In NANOMATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES-VI. Buryat State University Publishing Department, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/978-5-9793-0883-8-230-231.

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Sordelet, D. J., P. Huang, M. F. Besser, and E. Lepecheva. "Plasma Arc Spraying of Cu-Ti-Zr-Ni Amorphous Alloys." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0851.

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Abstract A brief feasibility study was performed to produce thermal spray coatings using gas atomized powders of Cu47Ti34-xZr11Ni8Six, where x=0 and 1. These alloys have previously been shown to be capable of forming metallic glasses having thick (1-2 cm) cross sections because they can be cooled from the melt at relatively low cooling rates (e.g., 100-102Ks-1). The properties of these metallic glasses include high strength, high elasticity and high fracture toughness. Amorphous plasma arc sprayed coatings were produced which were close in composition to the starting powders, and exhibited comparable glass transition and crystallization behavior. The amorphous structure of the as-sprayed coatings was used as a source for forming a range of partially devitrified and fully crystallized structures. The average hardness of the coatings increased from around 6 GPa to near 10 GPa as the degree of crystallization increased.
8

Tian, Ka, Baohong Tian, Yong Liu, Yi Zhang, and Kexing Song. "Study on thermal deformation behavior of Cu-Zr-Ce alloy." In 2016 International Conference on Civil, Structure and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/i3csee-16.2016.59.

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Bo Liu, Jijun Yang, Yuan Wang, and Kewei Xu. "Improvement of thermal stability of Cu/Cu(Zr)/p-SiOC:H film stack using an ultra-thin Zr(Ge) alloy film as an exhaustion interlayer." In 2010 IEEE 3rd International Nanoelectronics Conference (INEC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inec.2010.5424545.

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Sinkevič, Rita, and Vytautas Oškinis. "SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ KONCENTRACIJŲ TYRIMAI PAPRASTOSIOS EGLĖS (PICEA ABIES (L.) KARSTEN) SPYGLIUOSE." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.25.

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Sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos Vilniaus miesto urbanizuotoje teritorijoje augančių paprastųjų eglių spygliuose nustatytos 38-ose tyrimų vietose: miesto centre, pietuose, vakaruose, šiaurėje, rytuose. Rentgeno spindulių fluorescencinės spektrometrijos metodu nustatytos 11 sunkiųjų metalų – As, Cu, Zn, Zr, Sr, Rb, Se, Fe, Mn, Ti, Sc – koncentracijos. Rytinėje miesto dalyje nustatytos maksimalios Fe (445,18 μg·g–1), Zn (90,62 μg·g–1) ir Cu (27,9 μg·g–1) koncentracijos, miesto centre – Sc (216,79 μg·g–1), As (3,38 μg·g–1) ir Zr (8,22 μg·g–1) koncentracijos, vakarinėje dalyje – Sr (83,24 μg·g–1) ir Ti (149,08 μg·g–1) koncentracijos. Kai kurių sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos palygintos su kitų autorių Europos miestuose gautais rezultatais. Pateikiami Cu, Rb, Zn ir Sr koncentracijų pasiskirstymo Vilniaus mieste žemėlapiai.

Reports on the topic "Zr-Cu":

1

Safta, Cosmin, Gianluca Geraci, Michael S. Eldred, Habib N. Najm, David Riegner, and Wolfgang Windl. Interatomic Potentials Models for Cu-Ni and Cu-Zr Alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1475252.

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2

Vanderwalker, D. M. Precipitation on Dislocations in Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada221124.

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Kalay, Ilkay. Devitrification kinetics and phase selection mechanisms in Cu-Zr metallic glasses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1037980.

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Lapi, Suzanne E. Production of Positron Emitting Radiometals: Cu-64, Y-86, Zr-89. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1304997.

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Xu, Min. Crystallization of Zr2PdxCu1-x and Zr2NixCu1-x Metallic Glass. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939382.

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Schneider, S., U. Geyer, P. Thiyagarajan, and W. L. Johnson. Crystallization pathway in the bulk metallic glass Zr{sub 41.2}Ti{sub 13.8}Cu{sub 12.5}Ni{sub 10}Be{sub 22.5}. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510428.

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Besser, Matthew Frank. The Effect of Oxygen Contamination on the Amorphous Structure of Thermally Sprayed Coatings of Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni8Si1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/803302.

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Knight, R. D., and B. A. Kjarsgaard. Comparative pXRF and Lab ICP-ES/MS methods for mineral resource assessment, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331239.

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The Geological Survey of Canada undertook a mineral resource assessment for a proposed national park in northern Canada (~ 33,500 km2) spanning the transition from boreal forest to barren lands tundra. Bedrock geology of this region is complex and includes the Archean Slave Craton, the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Rae domain of the Churchill Province, the Paleoproterozoic Thelon and Taltson magmatic-tectonic zones, and the Paleoproterozoic East Arm sedimentary basin. The area has variable mineral potential for lode gold, kimberlite-hosted diamonds, VMS, vein uranium and copper, SEDEX, as well as other deposit types. A comparison of analytical methods was carried out after processing the field collected samples to acquire both the < 2 mm and for the < 0.063 mm size fractions for 241 surficial sediment (till) samples, collected using a 10 x 10 km grid. Analytical methods comprised: 1) aqua regia followed by ICP-MS analysis, 2) 4-acid hot dissolution followed by ICP-ES/MS analysis, 3) lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion methods followed by ICP-ES for major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements and, 4) portable XRF on dried, non-sieved sediment samples subjected to a granular segregation processing technique (to produce a clay-silt proxy) for seventeen elements (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, and Zr) Results indicate that pXRF data do not replicate exactly the laboratory 4-acid and fusion data (in terms of precision and accuracy), but the relationship between the datasets is systematic as displayed in x-y scattergrams. Interpolated single element plots indicate that till samples with anomalies of high and low pXRF concentration levels are synonymous with high and low laboratory-based analytical concentration levels, respectively. The pXRF interpolations thus illustrate the regional geochemical trends, and most importantly, the significant geochemical anomalies in the surficial samples. These results indicate that pXRF spectrometry for a subset of elements is comparable to traditional laboratory methods. pXRF spectrometry also provides the benefit of rapid analysis and data acquisition that has a direct influence on real time sampling designs. This information facilitates efficient and cost-effective field projects (i.e. where used to identify regions of interest for high density sampling), and to prioritize samples to be analyzed using traditional geochemical methods. These tactics should increase the efficiency and success of a mineral exploration and/or environmental sampling programs.

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