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Journal articles on the topic 'Zooxanthelles'
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Suharsono. "ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE Symbiodinium microadriaticum LIVING IN THE SEA ANEMONE Anemonia viridis." Marine Research in Indonesia 28 (May 11, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v28i0.412.
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The zooxanthella, Symbiodinum microadriaticum, an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate shows variation in its ultrastructure within its population in the sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. Such variation included the number of thylakoid, the structure of inclusions and the structure of amphiesma. The string-like structure was also found in the nucleoplasm. Some zooxanthellae have a branching or double pyrenoid with two or three stalks. Under certain condition, which are not clearly understood, two or three zooxanthellae are enclosed within one very thick membrane.
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Lohr, Jayme, Colin B. Munn, and William H. Wilson. "Characterization of a Latent Virus-Like Infection of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 9 (March 9, 2007): 2976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02449-06.
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ABSTRACT A latent virus-like agent, which we designated zooxanthella filamentous virus 1 (ZFV1), was isolated from Symbiodinium sp. strain CCMP 2465 and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy and analytical flow cytometry revealed the presence of a new group of distinctive filamentous virus-like particles after exposure of the zooxanthellae to UV light. Examination of thin sections of the zooxanthellae revealed the formation and proliferation of filamentous virus-like particles in the UV-induced cells. Assessment of Symbiodinium sp. cultures was used here as a model to show the effects of UV irradiance and induction of potential latent viruses. The unique host-virus system described here provides insight into the role of latent infections in zooxanthellae through environmentally regulated viral induction mechanisms.
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Ulstrup, Karin E., Michael Kühl, and David G. Bourne. "Zooxanthellae Harvested by Ciliates Associated with Brown Band Syndrome of Corals Remain Photosynthetically Competent." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 6 (January 26, 2007): 1968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02292-06.
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ABSTRACT Brown band syndrome is a new coral affliction characterized by a local accumulation of yet-unidentified ciliates migrating as a band along the branches of coral colonies. In the current study, morphologically intact zooxanthellae (= Symbiodinium) were observed in great numbers inside the ciliates (>50 dinoflagellates per ciliate). Microscale oxygen measurements and variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis along with microscopic observations demonstrated that zooxanthellae within the ciliates are photosynthetically competent and do not become compromised during the progression of the brown band zone. Zooxanthellae showed similar trends in light acclimation in a comparison of rapid light curve and steady-state light curve measures of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence. Extended light exposure of steady-state light curves resulted in higher quantum yields of photosystem II. The brown band tissue exhibited higher photosynthetically active radiation absorptivity, indicating more efficient light absorption due to a higher density of zooxanthellae in the ciliate-dominated zone. This caused relatively higher gross photosynthesis rates in the zone with zooxanthella-containing ciliates compared to healthy coral tissue. The observation of photosynthetically active intracellular zooxanthellae in the ciliates suggests that the latter can benefit from photosynthates produced by ingested zooxanthellae and from photosynthetic oxygen production that alleviates diffusion limitation of oxic respiration in the densely populated brown band tissue. It remains to be shown whether the zooxanthellae form a stable symbiotic association with the ciliate or are engulfed incidentally during grazing on coral tissue and then maintained as active inside the ciliate for a period before being digested and replaced by new zooxanthellae.
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Lathuilière, Bernard. "Faune corallienne des récifs toarciens du Moyen Atlas marocain, première approche." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.6.533.
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Abstract Des récifs ont été décrits dans le Toarcien supérieur du Moyen Atlas Marocain [Elmi et al., 2002]. Ils sont localisés dans le synclinal de Awragh-Afennourir (Moyen Atlas occidental) immédiatement au sud du Moyen Atlas tabulaire. Ce sont des biohermes placés au sommet de blocs basculés. Leur épaisseur varie de 1 à 12 m. Ils reposent sur une formation datée de la zone à Levisoni, sous zone à Gemma et sont couverts par des sédiments appartenant à la partie supérieure de la zone à Meneghini. Leur paléolatitude était de 18°N. Un ensemble de 18 échantillons de coraux collectés par S. Elmi sont ici analysés. Ils constituent un témoignage exceptionnel de faune corallienne récifale pour cet étage. Les taxons appartenant aux genres Cladophyllia, Diplocoenia ?, Montlivaltia (deux espèces), Thecosmilia (deux espèces), Isastrea ?, Latomeandra, Periseris, Microphyllia (trois espèces), et Proleptophyllia (deux espèces), ont été identifiés. La faune inclut 12 formes coloniales et 7 solitaires. Parmi les spécimens coloniaux, les formes méandroïdes avec un haut niveau d’intégration colonial sont bien représentées et fournissent un argument fort pour la présence de zooxanthelles symbiotiques. L’examen des textures micritiques et des croûtes microbialitiques, associé avec le développement important des microarchitectures pennulaires suggèrent un récif sous le niveau d’action des vagues de beau temps et des eaux plutôt mésotrophiques. Les coraux, leur forme et leur diversité, permettent de diagnostiquer des récifs de zone photique, à une profondeur et une latitude optimale. Les extensions stratigraphiques de plusieurs genres sont agrandies : nouvelle première occurrence pour Cladophyllia, Latomeandra et Periseris (peut être aussi Diplocoenia) et nouvelle dernière occurrence pour Proleptophyllia classiquement considéré comme Pliensbachien. La seule monographie disponible à caractère général sur les coraux du Lias du Maroc [Beauvais, 1986] identifie 15 taxons génériques pour le Toarcien. Tous proviennent du Haut Atlas et seulement 3 taxons sont communs avec les résultats présentés ici. La vue générale est celle d’une faune qui ressemble davantage à celle des communautés récifales du Dogger qu’à celle du Pliensbachien.
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Frankowiak, Katarzyna, Ewa Roniewicz, and Jarosław Stolarski. "Photosymbiosis in Late Triassic scleractinian corals from the Italian Dolomites." PeerJ 9 (March 16, 2021): e11062. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11062.
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During the Carnian, oligotrophic shallow-water regions of the western Tethys were occupied by small, coral-rich patch reefs. Scleractinian corals, which already contributed to the formation of the reef structure, owed their position most probably to the symbiosis with dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae). Using microstructural (regularity of growth increments) and geochemical (oxygen and carbon stable isotopes) criteria of zooxanthellae symbiosis, we investigated whether this partnership was widespread among Carnian scleractinians from the Italian Dolomites (locality Alpe di Specie). Although corals from this locality are renowned from excellent mineralogical preservation (aragonite), their skeletons were rigorously tested against traces of diagenesis Irrespective of their growth forms, well preserved skeletons of corals from the Dolomites, most frequently revealed regular growth bands (low values of coefficient of variation) typical of modern zooxanthellate corals. Paradoxically, some Carnian taxa (Thamnasteriomorpha frechi and Thamnasteriomorphasp.)with highly integrated thamnasterioid colonies which today are formed exclusively by zooxanthellate corals, showed irregular fine-scale growth bands (coefficient of variation of 40% and 41% respectively) that could suggest their asymbiotic status. However, similar irregular skeletal banding is known also in some modern agariciids (Leptoseris fragilis) which are symbiotic with zooxanthellae. This may point to a similar ecological adaptation of Triassic taxa with thamnasterioid colonies. Contrary to occasionally ambiguous interpretation of growth banding, all examined Carnian corals exhibited lack of distinct correlation between carbon (δ13C range between 0.81‰ and 5.81‰) and oxygen (δ18O values range between −4.21‰ and −1.06‰) isotope composition of the skeleton which is consistent with similar pattern in modern zooxanthellates. It is therefore highly likely, that Carnian scleractinian corals exhibited analogous ecological adaptations as modern symbiotic corals and that coral-algal symbiosis that spread across various clades of Scleractinia preceded the reef bloom at the end of the Triassic.
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Ben-Haim, Yael, Maya Zicherman-Keren, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis by the Novel Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (July 2003): 4236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.4236-4242.2003.
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ABSTRACT Coral bleaching is the disruption of symbioses between coral animals and their photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). It has been suggested that large-scale bleaching episodes are linked to global warming. The data presented here demonstrate that Vibrio coralliilyticus is an etiological agent of bleaching of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. This bacterium was present at high levels in bleached P. damicornis but absent from healthy corals. The bacterium was isolated in pure culture, characterized microbiologically, and shown to cause bleaching when it was inoculated onto healthy corals at 25°C. The pathogen was reisolated from the diseased tissues of the infected corals. The zooxanthella concentration in the bacterium-bleached corals was less than 12% of the zooxanthella concentration in healthy corals. When P. damicornis was infected with V. coralliilyticus at higher temperatures (27 and 29°C), the corals lysed within 2 weeks, indicating that the seawater temperature is a critical environmental parameter in determining the outcome of infection. A large increase in the level of the extracellular protease activity of V. coralliilyticus occurred at the same temperature range (24 to 28°C) as the transition from bleaching to lysis of the corals. We suggest that bleaching of P. damicornis results from an attack on the algae, whereas bacterium-induced lysis and death are promoted by bacterial extracellular proteases. The data presented here support the bacterial hypothesis of coral bleaching.
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Cervino, James M., Raymond L. Hayes, Shawn W. Polson, Sara C. Polson, Thomas J. Goreau, Robert J. Martinez, and Garriet W. Smith. "Relationship of Vibrio Species Infection and Elevated Temperatures to Yellow Blotch/Band Disease in Caribbean Corals." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6855-6864.2004.
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ABSTRACT The bacterial and temperature factors leading to yellow blotch/band disease (YBD), which affects the major reef-building Caribbean corals Montastrea spp., have been investigated. Groups of bacteria isolated from affected corals and inoculated onto healthy corals caused disease signs similar to those of YBD. The 16S rRNA genes from these bacteria were sequenced and found to correspond to four Vibrio spp. Elevating the water temperature notably increased the rate of spread of YBD on inoculated corals and induced greater coral mortality. YBD-infected corals held at elevated water temperatures had 50% lower zooxanthella densities, 80% lower division rates, and a 75% decrease in chlorophyll a and c 2 pigments compared with controls. Histological sections indicated that the algal pyrenoid was fragmented into separate segments, along with a reconfiguration and swelling of the zooxanthellae, as well as vacuolization. YBD does not appear to produce the same physiological response formerly observed in corals undergoing temperature-related bleaching. Evidence indicates that YBD affects primarily the symbiotic algae rather than coral tissue.
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Garren, Melissa, and Farooq Azam. "New Method for Counting Bacteria Associated with Coral Mucus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 18 (July 23, 2010): 6128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01100-10.
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ABSTRACT The ability to count bacteria associated with reef-building corals in a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective manner has been hindered by the viscous and highly autofluorescent nature of the coral mucus layer (CML) in which they live. We present a new method that disperses bacterial cells by trypsinization prior to 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and quantification by epifluorescence microscopy. We sampled seawater and coral mucus from Porites lobata from 6 reef sites influenced by wastewater intrusion and 2 reef sites unaffected by wastewater in Hawaii. Bacterial and zooxanthella abundances and cell sizes were quantified for each sample. Bacteria were more abundant in coral mucus (ranging from 5.3 × 105 ± 1.0 × 105 cells ml−1 to 1.8 × 106 ± 0.2 × 106 cells ml−1) than in the surrounding seawater (1.9 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105 cells ml−1 to 4.2 × 105 ± 0.2 × 105 cells ml−1), and the mucus-associated cells were significantly smaller than their seawater counterparts at all sites (P < 0.0001). The difference in cell size between mucus- and seawater-associated bacteria decreased at wastewater-influenced sites, where simultaneously mucus bacteria were larger and seawater bacteria were smaller than those at uninfluenced sites. The abundance of zooxanthellae in mucus ranged from 1.1 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105 cells ml−1 to 3.4 × 105 ± 0.3 × 105 cells ml−1. The frequency of dividing cells (FDC) was higher in the surrounding seawater than in mucus, despite finding that a 1,000-fold-higher zooxanthella biovolume than bacterial biovolume existed in the CML. Establishment of a standardized protocol for enumeration will provide the field of coral microbial ecology with the urgently needed ability to compare observations across studies and regions.
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Purnomo, Pujiono Wahyu. "Zooxanthellae Life Model and Massalization Growth in the Artificial Environment Waters." Saintek Perikanan : Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2012): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.6.1.46-54.
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Zooxanthellae are part of the phototropic dinoflagellates. This organism always live as symbiotically with several marine invertebrates. Relationship between zooxanthellae and coral are mutualistic with the transfer nutritif and phisiologis character. With this character, no coral can live without zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae have vital control on the coral and sessile life. Model of relationship between zooxanthellae and coral are adopted in the artificial environment for take the massalization culture zooxanthellae in the artificial environment. This study was purposed to : (a) Evaluating of environment limiting factors to support optimum growth of zooxanthellae in the artificial environment; (b) Evaluating of purification culture of zooxanthellae and (c) Formulating nutritif to maintenance of maximum gorwth of zooxanthellae. The experiment took place in Natural food and Genetic laboratory of Main Centre of Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Jepara from August 2004 to September 2005. The result showed that: (a) The optimum irradiance for growth of zooxanthellae is green radiance (with comparison 490 - 550 nm); (b) The optimum temperature for growth of zooxanthellae are 20 – 25oC and (c) Adding of 200 µM NaNO3 with repeat again for 16 days, Key Words: Zooxanthellae, Life Model,Massalization Growth
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LaJeunesse, Todd C. "Zooxanthellae." Current Biology 30, no. 19 (October 2020): R1110—R1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.058.
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Hirose, Mamiko, and Michio Hidaka. "Early Development of Zooxanthella-containing Eggs of the Corals Porites cylindrica and Montipora digitata: The Endodermal Localization of Zooxanthellae." Zoological Science 23, no. 10 (October 2006): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.873.
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Fu, Jian-Rong, Jie Zhou, Yan-Ping Zhang, and Li Liu. "Effects of Caulerpa taxifolia on Physiological Processes and Gene Expression of Acropora hyacinthus during Thermal Stress." Biology 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121792.
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An increasing ecological phase shift from coral-dominated reefs to macroalgae-dominated reefs as a result of anthropogenic impacts, such as eutrophication, sedimentation, and overfishing, has been observed in many reef systems around the world. Ocean warming is a universal threat to both corals and macroalgae, which may alter the outcome of competition between them. Therefore, in order to explore the effects of indirect and direct exposure to macroalgae on the physiological, biochemical, and genetic expression of corals at elevated temperature, the coral Acropora hyacinthus and highly invasive green algae Caulerpa taxifolia were chosen. Physiologically, the results exhibited that, between the control and direct contact treatments, the density and chlorophyll a content of zooxanthella decreased by 53.1% and 71.2%, respectively, when the coral indirectly contacted with the algae at an ambient temperature (27 °C). Moreover, the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in coral tissue were enhanced by interacting with algae. After an increase of 3 °C, the density and chlorophyll a content of the zooxanthella reduced by 84.4% and 93.8%, respectively, whereas the enzyme activities of SOD and CAT increased 2.3- and 3.1-fold. However, only the zooxanthellae density and pigment content decreased when Caulerpa taxifolia was co-cultured with Acropora hyacinthus at 30 °C. Molecularly, different from the control group, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) such as Rab family, ATG family, and Casp7 genes were significantly enriched in the endocytosis, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways, regardless of whether Acropora hyacinthus was directly or indirectly exposed to Caulerpa taxifolia at 27 °C. Under thermal stress without algae interaction, the DEGs were significantly enriched in the microbial immune signal transduction pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway, while multiple cellular immunity (IFI47, TRAF family) and oxidative stress (CAT, SODC, HSP70) genes were upregulated. Inversely, compared with corals without interaction with algae at 30 °C, the DEGs of the corals that interacted with Caulerpa taxifolia at 30 °C were remarkably enriched in apoptosis and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, including the transcription factors such as the Casp family and TRAF family. In conclusion, the density and chlorophyll a content of zooxanthella maintained a fading tendency induced by the macroalgae at ambient temperatures. The oxidative stress and immune response levels of the coral was elevated at 30 °C, but the macroalgae alleviated the negative effects triggered by thermal stress.
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Salim, Resni Agustina, Ratna Diyah Palupi, and Ira. "DENSITAS ZOOXANTHELLAE KARANG FOLIOSE PADA KEDALAMAN BERBEDA (ZONA TERUMBU KARANG) DI PERAIRAN WAWORAHA KECAMATAN SOROPIA." Jurnal Sapa Laut (Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan) 5, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsl.v5i2.12168.
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Zooxanthellae merupakan mikroalga yang berperan penting bagi pertumbuhan karang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui densitas zooxanthellae karang foliose pada 3 zona terumbu karang yang berbeda (reef flat, reef crest, reef slope) di Perairan Waworaha kecamatan soropia, Konawe. Pengambilan data telah dilakukan pada April sampai Mei 2017 melalui dua tahapan yaitu pengambilan sampel jaringan karang foliose di perairan dan perhitungan zooxanthellae di laboratorium.. Pengambilan sampel karang foliose dilakukan dengan metode koleksi bebas (free handpicking) dengan mengunakan alat SCUBA sedangkan analisisi densitas zooxanthellae dilakukan dengan metode homogenisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa densitas zooxanthellae karang foliose di lokasi penelitian rata-rata sebesar 5.1x 106 sel/cm2. Densitas zooxanthellae berdasarkan zona terumbu karang di Perairan Waworaha tercatat paling tinggi pada zona reef flat (7.7 x 106 sel/cm2) diikuti zona reef crest (4.5 x 106 sel/cm2) dan yang terendah berada pada zona reef slope (3.2 x 106 sel/cm2). Perbedaan densitas zooxanthellae pada karang foliose lebih dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan intensitas cahaya.Kata kunci : Densitas zooxanthellae, karang foliose, Perairan Waworaha, zona terumbu karang
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Pangaribuan, Tumpal Hasudungan, Prijadi Soedarsono, and Churun Ain. "HUBUNGAN KANDUNGAN NITRAT DAN FOSFAT DENGAN DENSITAS ZOOXANTHELLAE PADA POLIP KARANG Acropora sp. DI PERAIRAN TERUMBU KARANG PULAU MENJANGAN KECIL, KARIMUN JAWA." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 2, no. 4 (October 29, 2013): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v2i4.4277.
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Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki produktivitas tinggi. Nutrien merupakan salah satu faktor penentu terpeliharanya produktivitas perairan. Adanya asumsi ketersediaan cahaya, keberadaan zooxanthellae dan nutrien menjadi faktor yang penting. Permasalahannya adalah, apakah dukungan ini didapatkan dari ketersediaan nutrien di lingkungan perairan atau di dalam polip karang. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, maka penelitian ini akan mempelajari dukungan nutrien di dalam polip karang dan pengaruhnya terhadap keberadaan zooxanthellae. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kondisi penutupan karang di daerah pulau Menjangan Kecil, mengetahui total nitrat dan total fosfat, densitas zooxanthellae, hubungan kandungan antara total nitrat dan total fosfat terhadap densitas zooxanthellae di polip karang Acropora sp. di perairan terumbu karang pulau Menjangan kecil, Karimun Jawa. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif eksplanatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penutupan karang di perairan pulau Menjangan Kecil stasiun I 73,6% kategori baik dan stasiun II 76% kategori sangat baik. Terdapat hubungan antara kandungan nitrat dan fosfat pada polip karang Acropora sp. dengan densitas zooxanthellae. Pada sampel polip di dapat densitas zooxanthellae sebesar : 44 × 106 sel/ml - 78,5 × 106 sel/ml. Pengukuran nitrat pada sampel polip di dapat hasil sebesar: 14,78% - 21,09%. Pengukuran kandungan fosfat, pada sampel polip di dapat hasil sebesar: 23,4% - 28,18%. Nilai koefisien determinasi R2 antara total nitrat dengan densitas zooxanthellae sebesar 0,939 dimana mengandung pengertian pengaruh total nitrat terhadap densitas zooxanthellae adalah 93,9 %. Koefisien determinasi R2 antara total Fosfat dengan densitas zooxanthellae sebesar 0,514 dimana mengandung pengertian pengaruh total fosfat terhadap densitas zooxanthellae adalah 51,4 %. Hal ini mengindikasi semakin tinggi kandungan nitrat dan fosfat maka semakin tinggi pula densitas zooxanthellae di dalam polip karang Acropora sp. dan parameter kualitas air diukur sebagai data pendukung.
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Ambariyanto, Ambariyanto, and Alferd Y. Ko'ou. "Are Zooxanthellae Really Sensitive? Response of Zooxanthellae Size Exposed to Several Pollutants." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 22, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.4.213-218.
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Pollution is one of the important issues faced by marine resources including zooxanthellae, which is known to be very sensitive to environmental changes. Some pollutants have been reported to have adverse effects on zooxanthellae, however, their sensitivity in regards to changes on cell size of these algae has not been widely explored. This study examined the effects of pollutants on the sensitivity of zooxanthellae through changes in size. Zooxanthellae were isolated from corals Porites lutea, Acropora aspera, and Montipora digitata collected from Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. These algae were exposed to pollutants i.e. heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb) and nutrients (ammonium and phosphate) at concentrations of 5,10,15 ppb and 5,10,15 μM, respectively. Zooxanthellae size were measured five hours after pollutants exposure. The results showed that all treatments reduced the size of zooxanthellae. Algae isolated from P. lutea are the least affected by pollutants and the highest percentage cell size reduction was found in phosphate treatment. However, reduction on the size of algae were not statistically significant. These results indicate that in relation to reduction in the size, zooxanthellae are not sensitive to pollutants. Keywords: Zooxanthellae, pollutants, sensitivity, size reduction
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Ambariyanto, Ambariyanto, Diah Permata Wijayanti, Munasik Munasik, Puji Eka Purnama, Mu’alimah Hudatwi, Ni Made Ernawati, and Alferd Y. Ko'ou. "Are Zooxanthellae Really Sensitive? Response of Zooxanthellae Size Exposed to Several Pollutants." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.1.19-24.
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Pollution is one of the important issues faced by marine resources including zooxanthellae, which is known to be very sensitive to environmental changes. Some pollutants have been reported to have adverse effects on zooxanthellae, however, their sensitivity in regards to changes on cell size of these algae has not been widely explored. This study examined the effects of pollutants on the sensitivity of zooxanthellae through changes in size. Zooxanthellae were isolated from corals Porites lutea, Acropora aspera, and Montipora digitata collected from Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. These algae were exposed to pollutants i.e. heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb) and nutrients (ammonium and phosphate) at concentrations of 5,10,15 ppb and 5,10,15 μM, respectively. Zooxanthellae size were measured five hours after pollutants exposure. The results showed that all treatments reduced the size of zooxanthellae. Algae isolated from P. lutea are the least affected by pollutants and the highest percentage cell size reduction was found in phosphate treatment. However, reduction on the size of algae were not statistically significant. These results indicate that in relation to reduction in the size, zooxanthellae are not sensitive to pollutants. Keywords: Zooxanthellae, pollutants, sensitivity, size reduction
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Kritiyasari, Dwi, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo, and Suryanti Suryanti. "PERTUMBUHAN ZOOXANTHELLAE BERDASARKAN TIGA SPESIES KARANG BERBEDA DARI PERAIRAN PULAU PANJANG, JEPARA." Maspari Journal : Marine Science Research 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56064/maspari.v13i1.13443.
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Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu ekosistem khas perairan pesisir tropik, yang ditandai dengan keanekaragaman jenis biota tinggi yang hidup di dalamnya. Zooxanthellae adalah salah satu penyusun karang yang paling penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan laju pertumbuhan Zooxanthellae dari tiga jenis inang karang yang berbeda dan juga mengetahui faktor fisik yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan Zooxanthellae. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode eksperimen. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November – Desember 2019 di Laboratorium Pengembangan Wilayah Pantai (LPWP) Jepara dengan pengambilan spesimen karang di perairan Pulau Panjang. Data hasil pengukuran laju pertumbuhan di analisis menggunakan SPSS Anova One Way dan data hasil pengukuran fisik dikaji secara deskriptif. Densitas awal Zooxanthellae yang ditanam dari spesies Acropora sp. sebanyak 1,70 x 108 sel/mL, Porites sp. sebanyak 1,74 x 108 sel/mL, dan spesies Favites sp. sebanyak 1,77 x 108 sel/mL. Faktor lingkungan yang dikontrol meliputi cahaya, suhu, salinitas, pH, dan nutrien mempengaruhi pola pertumbuhan Zooxanthellae. Rata-rata densitas Zooxanthellae dari spesies Acropora sp. sebanyak 1,57 x 108 sel/mL, Porites sp. sebanyak 1,63 x 108 sel/mL, dan Favites sp. sebanyak 0,97 x 108 sel/mL. Porites sp.memiliki pertumbuhan paling rendah dibandingkan dengan Acropora sp.dan Favites sp.Perbedaan pertumbuhan Zooxanthellae diperkirakan karena perbedaan jenis clade Zooxanthellae dari ketiga karang tersebut.Kata Kunci : Clade, densitas, lingkungan, pertumbuhan, spesies.
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Coates, Anthony G., and Jeremy B. C. Jackson. "Clonal growth, algal symbiosis, and reef formation by corals." Paleobiology 13, no. 4 (1987): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300008988.
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The occurrence of zooxanthellae in Recent scleractinian corals is strongly correlated with their growth form, corallite size, and degree of morphological integration of corallites. The great majority of zooxanthellate corals are multiserial with small, highly integrated corallites, whereas most corals lacking zooxanthellae are solitary or uniserial colonial forms with large, poorly integrated corallites. Beginning in the Jurassic, fossil scleractinian faunas are morphologically similar to Recent faunas dominated by zooxanthellate species, strongly implying that most scleractinians contained zooxanthellae by that time. Evidence for Siluro–Devonian tabulates and Triassic scleractinians is equivocal but still suggests the presence of zooxanthellae in these corals. In contrast, morphological evidence suggests that rugosan corals lacked zooxanthellae.Most populations of Recent zooxanthellate corals contribute to reef formation, but many do not. Similarly, fossil corals interpreted to contain zooxanthellae on morphological grounds did not always form reefs. Recent reef formation depends upon a host of environmental factors that have little to do with the possession of zooxanthellae per se. Coral morphology should be a better predictor of the presence of zooxanthellae in fossil corals than their association with reefs.
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Jones, Ross J., and D. Yellowlees. "Regulation and control of intracellular algae (= zooxanthellae) in hard corals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1352 (April 29, 1997): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0033.
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To examine algal (= zooxanthellae) regulation and control, and the factors determining algal densities in hard corals, the zooxanthellae mitotic index and release rates were regularly determined in branch tips from a colony of a staghorn coral, Acropora formosa , recovering from a coral ‘bleaching’ event (the stress–related dissociation of the coral–algal symbiosis). Mathematical models based upon density–dependent decreases in the algal division frequency and increases in algal release rates during the post–bleaching recovery period accurately predict the observed recovery period (≈ 20 weeks). The models suggest that (i) the colony recovered its algal population from the division of the remaining zooxanthellae, and (ii) the continual loss of zooxanthellae significantly slowed the recovery of the coral. Possible reasons for the ‘paradoxical’ loss of healthy zooxanthellae from the bleached coral are discussed in terms of endodermal processes occurring in the recovering coral and the redistribution of newly formed zooxanthellae to aposymbiotic host cells. At a steady–state algal density of 2.1 × 10 6 zooxanthellae cm −2 at the end of the recovery period, the zooxanthellae would have to form a double layer of cells in the coral tissues, consistent with microscopic observations. Neighbouring colonies of A. formosa with inherently higher algal densities possess proportionately smaller zooxanthellae. Results suggest that space availability and the size of the algal symbionts determines the algal densities in the coral colonies. The large increases in the algal densities reported in corals exposed to elevated nutrient concentrations (i.e between a two– and five–fold increase in the algal standing stock) are not consistent with this theory. We suggest that increases of this magnitude are a product of the experimental conditions: reasons for this statement are discussed. We propose that the stability of the coral–algal symbiosis under non–stress conditions, and the constancy of zooxanthellae densities in corals reported across growth form, depth and geographic range, are related to space availability limiting algal densities. However, at these densities, zooxanthellae have attributes consistent with nutrient limitation.
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Lakastri, Lavia, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo, and Max Rudolf Muskananfola. "PENGARUH KEDALAMAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS PRIMER DAN DENSITAS ZOOXANTHELLAE PADA KARANG DOMINAN DI PULAU CEMARA KECIL, KARIMUNJAWA." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 7, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v7i4.22667.
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Pulau Cemara Kecil merupakan salah satu pulau yang dijadikan tujuan wisata di Kepulauan Karimunjawa. Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki produktivitas tinggi. Nitrat merupakan nutrien sebagai salah satu faktor penentu terpeliharanya produktivitas perairan. Penelitian ini mempelajari perbedaan jumlah sel zooxanthellae yang berpengaruh terhadap nilai produktivitas primernya dan kandungan nitrat yang diserap terhadap perbedaan kedalaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan produktivitas primer bersih (NPP) ekosistem terumbu karang, kandungan nitrat dan densitas zooxanthellae pada kedalaman 1 meter dan 5 meter. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Cemara Kecil pada bulan Maret 2018 dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh jenis karang yang dominan adalah Acropora sp. (26,58%) dan Porites sp (40,38%) dengan tutupan karang hidup pada kedalaman 1 meter (70,5%) kategori baik, kedalaman 5 meter (76,83%) kategori sangat baik. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (sig.) pada densitas zooxanthellae (sig = 0,02) dan NPP (sig = 0,01) di kedalaman 1 meter dan 5 meter pada kedua jenis karang. Perbedaan yang kurang signifikan pada konsentrasi nitrat (sig = 0,395) pada kedua kedalaman. Nilai densitas Zooxanthellae dan NPP lebih tinggi pada kedalaman 1 meter dibandingkan kedalaman 5 meter. Kedalaman mempengaruhi jumlah sel zooxanthellae pada karang sehingga akan berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas primer yang dihasilkan. Penyerapan kandungan nitrat oleh zooxanthellae berbeda dipengaruhi oleh faktor fisika kimia lingkungan. Pulau Cemara Kecil is one of the island used as a tourist destination in Karimunjawa. Coral reef are coastal ecosystems that have high productivity. Nitrate is a nutrient as a determining factor for the preservation of marine productivity, nutrients becomes an important factor. This research will study the differences in zooxanthellae cells that effected on their primary productivity value and nitrate absorbed by the depth difference. The purpose of this research is to know the differences of coral reef Net Primary Productivity (NPP), nitrate concentration and density of zooxanthellae at depth of 1 meter and 5 meter. This study was conducted in Cemara Kecil Island on March 2018, with descriptive method. The research results obtained are the dominant species of coral Acropora sp. (26,58%) and Porites sp. (40,38%) with living coral cover at a depth of 1 meter (70,5%) categories are good, the depth of 5 meter (76,83%) categories are very good. There is a significant difference (sig) on the density of zooxanthellae (sig = 0,03) and NPP (sig = 0,01) at a depth of 1 meter and 5 meters on both types of coral. Less significant differences in the concentration of nitrates (sig = 0,395) on both the depth. Zooxanthellae densities values higher than NPP at a depth of 1 meter compared to a depth of 5 meters. Depth affect the density of zooxanthellae on corals so influential is also against the resulting primary productivity. Absorption of different content of nitrate by zooxanthellae are influenced b factors of chemical – physics environment.
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Hirose, M., RA Kinzie, and M. Hidaka. "Early development of zooxanthella-containing eggs of the corals Pocillopora verrucosa and P. eydouxi with special reference to the distribution of zooxanthellae." Biological Bulletin 199, no. 1 (August 2000): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542708.
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Muhammad, Fadel, Neviaty Putri Zamani, Meutia Samira Ismet, and Muhammad Irlan Assidiq Kusuma Ramadhan. "The Effect of Plastic Waste Attachment on Branching Coral to Zooxanthellae Abundance in the Kelapa Dua Island Waters, Seribu Islands." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i1.18146.
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HighlightLight intensity from plastic waste was positively correlated with the abundance of zooxanthellae in corals.The abundance of zooxanthellae between sack plastic and clear plastic treatment tended to be the same.The treatment of packaging plastic was treated with the lowest light intensity.The treatment of black plastic was the treatment that produced the lowest abundance of zooxanthellae. AbstractCoral growth in Indonesia was being disrupted due to the continued threat of environmental change, such as littering to the beach. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the attachment of different colored plastic waste to the rate of zooxanthellae abundance on branching corals in Kelapa Dua Island waters. Branching coral colony samples consisted of the genus Acropora and Porites with a total of 15 fragments of coral colonies at the depth of 80-90 cm were tested with a treatment of the attachment plastic wastes (control, clear plastic, plastic sack, plastic packaging, and black plastic) for four days. The zooxanthellae abundance was calculated using the APHA (American Public Health Association) formula. The results of zooxanthellae abundance on the closure treatment of branching coral samples with black plastic and control had the lowest and highest values by 4.25 x 105 cells/cm2 and 1.38 x 106 cells/cm2. The results of the linear regression test showed that there was a significant relationship between plastic waste with low light intensity and a decrease of zooxanthellae abundance in coral colonies with the equation Y of 972.78x + 653402, determination index (R2) of 0.68, and correlation index (r) of 0.83. These results indicated that the attachment of plastic waste to branching coral colonies could be a stressor on coral animals in reducing light intensity, which caused a reduction of zooxanthellae abundance as coral endosymbiont.
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Rembet, Unstain N. W. J. "Simbiosis Zooxanthellae dan Karang Sebagai Indikator Kualitas Ekosistem Terumbu Karang." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.1.1.2012.502.
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TINJAUAN TEORITIS SIMBIOSIS ZOOXANTHELLAE DAN KARANG SEBAGAI INDIKATOR KUALITAS EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG Unstain NWJ Rembet1 ABSTRACT A symbiotic process between zooxanthellae and corals can support the adaptative factors in terms of natural vulnerability criteria. The proposed consideration are 1) the symbiosis between zooxanthellae and corals provides phenomenal contributions to coral evolutionary process and 2) the criteria used by Gomez and Yap have been merely based on live coral cover that is still becoming key tools for the evaluation of coral reef health status measure. These criteria have been weaker and weaker due to neglecting the feature of intra- and interspesific relationship in coral biota itself. Therefore, the use of zooxanthellae and coral symbiotic relationship is thought of being able to complete the coral reef quality evaluation since its information could address this relationship feature beside on the basis of response to environmental pressures. Keywords : symbiotic, zooxanthellae, coral. ABSTRAK Proses simbiosis antara zooxanthellae dengan karang dapat memberikan suatu support terhadap faktor penyesuai dalam hal ini dari segi kriteria kerentanan alami. Pertimbangan yang diajukan adalah (1) simbiosis antara karang dengan zooxanthellae memberikan konstribusi fenomenal dalam proses evolusi karang dan (2) kriteria yang dipergunakan saat ini dari analisis Gomez dan Yap hanya didasarkan atas tutupan karang hidup yang sampai sekarang menjadi acuan bagi evaluasi tingkat status kesehatan terumbu. Kriteria tersebut dipandang mengalami kelemahan karena mengabaikan sifat hubungan intra dan ekstraspesifik dari biota karang itu sendiri. Atas dasar hal tersebut, maka penggunaan hubungan simbiosis zoxanthellae dan karang dipandang dapat melengkapi evaluasi kualitas terumbu karang karena informasinya dapat menjelaskan sifat hubungan intra dan ekstra spesifik, disamping atas dasar respon terhadap tekanan lingkungan. Kata kunci : simbiosis, zooxanthellae, karang. 1 Laboratorium Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Terpadu, FPIK UNSRAT
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Guo, Zhuojun, Xin Liao, Tingyu Han, Junyuan Chen, Chunpeng He, and Zuhong Lu. "Full-Length Transcriptomics Reveal the Gene Expression Profiles of Reef-Building Coral Pocillopora damicornis and Symbiont Zooxanthellae." Diversity 13, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13110543.
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Since the last century, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality have occurred almost annually in tropical or subtropical seas. When the temperature exceeds the tolerant limit of a coral–zooxanthellae holobiont, it induces physiological stress and disrupts the vulnerable fine-tuned balance between the two partners, leading to bleaching. The gene expression profiles of a scleractinian coral and its symbiotic zooxanthellae can offer important information with which to decipher this balanced relationship at the functional level of genes. Here, we sequence a full-length transcriptome of a well-known, common and frequently dominant reef-building coral, Pocillopora damicornis, to acquire gene expression information for the coral–zooxanthellae holobiont. To this end, we identify 21,926 and 465 unique genes in the coral and algal symbiont, respectively, and examine the functional enrichment among these genes based on GO (gene ontology) terms and KEGG (the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways. The results show that the zooxanthellae provide for their coral host through energy and nutrition metabolism by photosynthesis, and that both the coral host and zooxanthellae have an anti-stress molecular mechanism, though the two parties have independent abilities to survive in the short term. This work sheds light on the valuable gene expression profile of a coral–zooxanthellae holobiont and provides grounds for further molecular biological research to support ecological protection work.
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Lieng, Lieng, Efriyeldi, and Thamrin. "DENSITY ZOOXANTHELLA BASED ON THE LIFE FORM OF CORAL ON MARAK ISLAND WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.3.3.209-216.
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This study aims to determine differences in zooxanthella density based on the life forms of coral Acropora Branching, Submassive Acropora, Branching, Foliose, Heliopora and comparing zooxanthella densities between the forms of coral form. This study was conducted in January-February 2020 on Marak Island, Nagari Sungai Pinang, West Sumatera Province. Zooxanthella density was calculated at the Marine Biology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Riau. The survey methode was used in this study, where the data collected was primary data. Coral Sampling was done by free collection using the SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus). The result of study in the waters of Marak Island, West Sumatera on Acropora Branching corals were in the range of 0.004-0.13×106 cells/cm2. Acropora Submassive range of 2.95- 3.56×106 cells/cm2. Branching range of 2.41-2.59×106 cells/cm2. Foliose range of 0.44-1.09×106 cell/cm2. Heliopora range of 1.30-1.59×106 cell/cm2. The highest zooxanthella density was in Submassive Acropora and the lowest in Acropora Branching corals due to different forms of growth and temperature influences. Different forms of coral growth affect the zooxanthella density on a coral and the success of coral growth depends on the zooxanthella density and the size of the corallite of each coral life form.
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Chaudhari, Lochan, and Charvi Trivedi. "Inducing Heat Tolerance in Corals Using Genetic Modification in Host and Symbiont Simultaneously." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 14655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.14655ecst.
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Corals live in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae. Coral bleaching occurs when the zooxanthellae are expelled out of the corals, with as little as two degrees increase in water temperature. Our proposed hypothesis is that establishing a symbiotic relationship between genetically modified corals and genetically modified algae (zooxanthellae) can provide better heat tolerance towards the warming oceans. There is a lot of research underway in genetically modifying either corals or zooxanthellae. We propose to combine these various research into a single project and try to predict the outcomes. The main objectives of this work are to identify various attempts in making the corals and their symbionts heat resistant, maybe by assisted evolution, and present the best possible combination as the solution to bleaching. We plan to build theoretical models based on the gene regulation of both organisms.
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Hii, Yii-Siang, Abol Munafi Ambok Bolong, Teng-Teng Yang, and Hock-Chark Liew. "Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Two Scleractinian Corals:Porites cylindrica(Dana, 1846) andGalaxea fascicularis(Linnaeus, 1767)." Journal of Marine Biology 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/215196.
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This study reveals the effect of elevatedpCO2onPorites cylindricaandGalaxea fascicularis. The corals responded differently under elevatedpCO2. Zooxanthellae cell density, cell mitotic index, and photosynthesis rate ofP. cylindricadecreased drastically under the elevatedpCO2. At the end of the experiment,P. cylindricasuffered from a declining calcium carbonate precipitation rate.G. fascicularisincreased its respiration rate and expelled 71% of its symbiotic zooxanthellae algae under elevatedpCO2. Photosynthetic pigments in the remaining zooxanthellae algae increased from 1.85 to 11.5 times to sustain its photosynthetic outputs. At the end of the experiment,G. fascicularismanaged to increase the rate of its calcium carbonate precipitation. IncreasepCO2in the atmosphere may affect species diversity of coral reefs.
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Hotmariyah, Hotmariyah, Munasik Munasik, and Puji Rahmadi. "Valuasi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Gili Matra menggunakan Analisis Emergy." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v26i1.17134.
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The main problem in assessing coral reef ecosystems is selecting the right method to describe their ecological potential. The percentage of live coral cover has so far been used to indicate the condition of coral reefs. This assessment method is easy to apply but has not been able to describe the value of the ecosystem for the benefit of loss or damage to coral reef ecosystems. Further analysis based on energy use for the delivery of ecosystem services is needed, which is called Emergy analysis. This study aims to determine the value of coral reef ecosystems in the Pulau Gili Matra Marine Protected Area, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara using Emergy analysis. Valuation of ecosystem services in the total emergy calculations is carried out by collecting data on live coral cover, biomass of zooxanthellae, reef fish and megabenthos in different management zones, i.e. core zone, utilization zone and fisheries zone. Meanwhile, energy supplies from outside the system, namely the sun and tides are also included in this total emergy calculation. The results show that the highest total emergy value is found in the core zone, 1.44E+15 sej/year while the lowest is in the fisheries zone, 2.94E+14 sej/year. Equalizing the value of the coral reef ecosystem with money, using the calculation of the Emergy to Money Ratio (EMR), the EMR value is 5.75E+07 sej per Rupiah (Rp). As a result, the value of the coral reef ecosystem is Rp 7.115.291/m2/year in the core zone and Rp 4.261.099/m2/year in the fishery zone. The value of a coral reef ecosystem can be determined from the condition of the coral reef which includes variables on live coral cover, biomass of zooxanthellae, reef fish and megabenthos. Permasalahan utama dalam penilaian ekosistem terumbu karang adalah memilih metode yang tepat untuk menggambarkan potensi ekologinya. Persentase tutupan karang hidup sejauh ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi terumbu karang. Metode penilaian ini mudah untuk diterapkan tetapi belum mampu menggambarkan nilai ekosistem untuk kepentingan kerugian atau kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang. Diperlukan analisis lanjutan berbasis penggunaan energi untuk menyediakan layanan ekosistem yang disebut analisis Emergy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai (value) ekosistem terumbu karang di Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Gili Matra, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat menggunakan analisis Emergy. Penilaian layanan ekosistem berupa penghitungan total emergy dilakukan melalui pengumpulan data tutupan karang hidup, biomassa zooxanthella, ikan terumbu karang dan megabentos di zona pengelolaan yang berbeda, yaitu zona inti, pemanfaatan dan perikanan. Sedangkan pasokan energi dari luar sistem, yaitu matahari dan pasang surut juga disertakan dalam perhitungan total emergy ini. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa nilai total emergy di zona inti memiliki nilai tertinggi, sebesar 1.44E+15 sej/th sedangkan yang terendah di zona perikanan yaitu 2.94E+14 sej/th. Penyetaraan nilai ekosistem terumbu karang dengan nilai uang, menggunakan perhitungan rasio emergy terhadap mata uang (Emergy to Money Ratio/EMR), nilai EMR adalah 5.75E+07 sej per Rupiah (Rp). Nilai ekosistem terumbu karang sebesar Rp. 7.115.291/m2/th di zona inti dan sebesar Rp. 4.261.099/m2/th di zona perikanan. Nilai ekosistem terumbu karang hasil analisis Emergy dapat ditentukan dari kondisi terumbu karang yang meliputi variabel tutupan karang hidup, biomassa zooxanthellae, ikan terumbu karang dan megabentos.
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Liu, Yunqing, Xin Liao, Tingyu Han, Ao Su, Zhuojun Guo, Na Lu, Chunpeng He, and Zuhong Lu. "Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing of the Scleractinian Coral Montipora foliosa Reveals the Gene Expression Profile of Coral–Zooxanthellae Holobiont." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2021): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121274.
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Coral–zooxanthellae holobionts are one of the most productive ecosystems in the ocean. With global warming and ocean acidification, coral ecosystems are facing unprecedented challenges. To save the coral ecosystems, we need to understand the symbiosis of coral–zooxanthellae. Although some Scleractinia (stony corals) transcriptomes have been sequenced, the reliable full-length transcriptome is still lacking due to the short-read length of second-generation sequencing and the uncertainty of the assembly results. Herein, PacBio Sequel II sequencing technology polished with the Illumina RNA-seq platform was used to obtain relatively complete scleractinian coral M. foliosa transcriptome data and to quantify M. foliosa gene expression. A total of 38,365 consensus sequences and 20,751 unique genes were identified. Seven databases were used for the gene function annotation, and 19,972 genes were annotated in at least one database. We found 131 zooxanthellae transcripts and 18,829 M. foliosa transcripts. A total of 6328 lncRNAs, 847 M. foliosa transcription factors (TFs), and 2 zooxanthellae TF were identified. In zooxanthellae we found pathways related to symbiosis, such as photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Pathways related to symbiosis in M. foliosa include oxidative phosphorylation and nitrogen metabolism, etc. We summarized the isoforms and expression level of the symbiont recognition genes. Among the membrane proteins, we found three pathways of glycan biosynthesis, which may be involved in the organic matter storage and monosaccharide stabilization in M. foliosa. Our results provide better material for studying coral symbiosis.
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Suryono, Chrisna Adhi. "Uji Lethal Concentration (LC) Senyawa Cyanida pada Karang Tingkat Laboratatorium dalam Kaitannya sebagai Bahan Penangkap Ikan Hias." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 18, no. 3 (May 27, 2016): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v18i3.529.
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Salah satu cara menagkap ikan hias yang efektip adalah dengan cara membius dengan menggunakan cyanida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui letathal concetration senyawa cyanida terhadap karang Porites lutea dan Galaxea fascicularis. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah split plot RAK dengan ulangan 3 kali. Jenis karang merupakan kelompok utama dan konsentrasi cyanida merupakan sub-kelompok. Pengamatan yang diamati adalah jumlah zooxanthellae dan prosentase kematian karang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan semakin tinggi konsentrasi cyanida menunjukan semakin tinggi prosentase kematian karang. Demikain pengaruhnya terhadap zooxanthellae, semakin tinggi konsentrasi cyanida semakin kecil jumlah zooxanthellae pada karang. Hasil uji anova terhadap tingkat kematian karang dan jumlah zooxanthellae.menunjukan pengaruh yang sangat nyata (P<0,001).Kata kunci : Cyanida, LC, karang, dan ikan hiasOne of the most effective to capture ornamental fishes by using cyanide unconscious. The purpose of this study was to conduct LC of cyanide compound on coral Porites lutea and Galaxea fascicularis. The split plot randomized block design with 3 replicate was use on this study. While the kind of corals as the main block and the cyanide concentration as the sub-block. The study focusing on the analyzed of the number of zooxanthellae and the percentage mortality of corals. The results of the study shows, increasing cyanide concentration affected increasing percentage mortality of coral and decreasing the number of zooxanthellae on the coral. The result of ANOVA test showed highly differences significantly (p<0.001).Keywords: Cyanide, LC, coral and artistic fishes
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Khuzma, Nur Latifah, Agung Suryanto, and Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo. "HUBUNGAN KANDUNGAN NITRAT DENGAN DENSITAS ZOOXANTHELLAE PADA BEBERAPA JENIS KARANG DI REEF FLAT PULAU PARI KEPULAUAN SERIBU JAKARTA." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 5, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v5i4.14423.
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ABSTRAKPulau Pari merupakan salah satu pulau yang berada di tengah-tengah gugusan. Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki produktivitas tinggi. Nitrat merupakan nutrien sebagai salah satu faktor penentu terpeliharanya produktivitas perairan, maka penelitian ini akan mempelajari dukungan nitrat di dalam polip karang dan pengaruhnya terhadap keberadaan zooxanthellae. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberagaman jenis karang, faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi karang, kandungan nitrat dan densitas zooxanthellae pada beberapa jenis karang di reef flat Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-April 2016 dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh jenis karang yang dominan adalah Acropora sp., Porites sp., dan Montipora sp., dengan penutupan karang hidup di stasiun I (dermaga) 36,4% kategori sedang, stasiun II (pemukiman penduduk) 22,4% kategori buruk dan stasiun III (jauh dari aktivitas penduduk) 67,2% kategori baik. Koefisien determinasi R2 antara nitrat dengan densitas zooxanthellae pada masing-masing jenis karang dominan memiliki nilai R² yang berbeda yaitu karang Acropora palifera diperoleh R²= 0.787 dapat diartikan bahwa variabel bebas X memiliki pengaruh kontribusi sebesar 78,7% terhadap variabel Y 21,3%, pada jenis karang Acropora divaricata diperoleh R²= 0.989 memiliki pengaruh kontribusi sebesar 98,9% terhadap variabel Y 1,1% dan jenis karang Porites cylindrica R²= 0.955 memiliki pengaruh kontribusi sebesar 95,5% terhadap variabel Y 4,5% lainnya dipegaruhi faktor lain diluar variabel X dari hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa nilai R² diatas 0,5 yang berarti semakin erat hubungan antara variabel X dan Y. Semakin tinggi kandungan nitrat di dalam polip karang, maka semakin tinggi pula densitas zooxanthellae yang dikandungnya. Kata kunci: Beberapa Jenis Karang; Nitrat; Densitas Zooxanthellae; Pulau Pari ABSTRACT Pari Island is one island in the middle of the Thousand Islands cluster. Nitrate is a nutrient as a determining factor for the preservation of marine productivity, nutrients becomes an important factor. The problem is, whether the support is derived from the availability of nitrate in the water or in the coral polyps. Related to the above, this research will study the nitrate support in coral polyps and their effects on the presence of zooxanthellae. The purpose of this study is to determine the diversity of coral species, environmental factors affecting the coral, nitrate content and the density of zooxanthellae in some types of coral on the Pari Island Reef Flat in Thousand Islands Jakarta. This study was conducted in March to April 2016, with descriptive method. The results obtained are the the dominant coral species Acropora sp., Porites sp., and Montipora sp., With live coral cover in the station I (pier) of 36,4% medium category, station II (residential) of 22.4% poor category and station III (away from the population activity) of 67,2% good category.The coefficient of R2 determination between nitrate with a density of zooxanthellae in each the dominant coral species have different values R² is Acropora palifera obtained R²= 0.787 means that the independent variable X has the effect of a contribution of 78,7% to 21,3% Y variables, the coral species Acropora divaricata obtained R²= 0.989 has the effect of a contribution for 98,9% to 1,1% Y variables and coral species Porites cylindrica R²= 0.955 has the effect of a contribution of 95,5% to other variable Y 4,5% influenced other than the variable X of the results showed that the value of R² above 0,5 which means that the closer the relationship between the variables X and Y. the higher the nitrate content in coral polyps, the higher the density of zooxanthellae contains. Keywords: Types of Corals; Nitrate; Zooxanthellae Density; Pari Island
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Patthanasiri, Kamonphon, Thaithaworn Lirdwitayaprasit, Thamasak Yeemin, Ing-on Thongcamdee, and Nantapak Potisarn. "Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Coral Bleaching in Laboratory." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 13, no. 1 (2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2022.13.1.1367.
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Coral bleaching occurs when cell density or the concentration of photosynthetic pigments of the endosymbionts, zooxanthellae are decreased. This incident may possibly be caused by some environmental stresses, especially under conditions of elevated temperature, decrease in water salinity, or a combination of these factors. To determine the role of temperature and salinity on zooxanthellae and coral bleaching this study was conducted in aquariums under laboratory conditions on cauliflower coral Pocillopora damicornis. The samples were collected from three sites around Samaesan Island, Chonburi, Thailand. Three sets of experiments were conducted at three levels of temperature: room temperature 27 (control), 30, and 33 oC respectively. At each temperature level, three levels of salinities; 10, 20 and 30 (control) psu were tested as well. Coral bleaching percentage and zooxanthellae density in the water column were observed every 6 hours during the period of 72 hours. The results showed that when coral exposed to the highest temperature (33 oC) under the lowest salinity (10 psu), 50-90% bleaching was found and higher symbiont densities in the water column were detected. These results suggested that the combination of the high temperature and low salinity had synergistic effects on coral bleaching and zooxanthellae.
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Rifa’i, M. Ahsin, Ambo Tuwo, Budimawan Budimawan, and Andi Niartiningsih. "Densitas Simbion Alga Zooxanthellae pada Anemon Laut Stichodactyla gigantea Alam dan Hasil Reproduksi Aseksual." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2014): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.15.1.15-23.
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The aims of this research were to discover the density of algae symbiont of zooxanthellae in the giant carpet anemone (Stichodactyla gigantea) from the nature and the asexual reproduction by longitudinal body fragmentation technique. The research was conducted from October 2007 to July 2008, in The Hatchery of University of Hasanuddin Marine Station in Barrang Lompo Island for seed production and coral reefs area of Barrang Lompo Island for the implementation of culture. The series of study was started with parental collection and acclimatization of anemones, fragmentation of the body, culturing anemones in the coral reefs area and collection of algae zooxanthellae which is conducted every two months. The results of this study indicated the difference of zooxanthellae density from nature and asexual reproduction anemones. The highest density of zooxanthellae algae found in the non fragmented or nature population (AA) (10.84 x 106 cell/cm2), followed by the anemone which was resulted from 2 parts body fragmentation (AF2) (10.24 x 106 cells/cm2), and the anemone which was resulted from 4 parts body fragmentation (AF4) (9.17 x 106 cell/cm2 ). Whereas, between the good coral (KB) and bad coral (KR) not significant.
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Fine, Maoz, Laura Steindler, and Yossi Loya. "Endolithic algae photoacclimate to increased irradiance during coral bleaching." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03120.
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The photoacclimation of endolithic algae (of the genus Ostreobium) inhabiting the skeleton of the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica during a bleaching event was examined. Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence techniques in situ were used to assess the photosynthetic efficiency of endolithic algae in the coral skeleton and the symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in the coral tissue. Relative photosynthetic electron transport rates (ETRs) of the endolithic algae under bleached areas of the colony were significantly higher than those of endolithic algae from a healthy section of the colony and those of zooxanthellae isolated from the same section. Endolithic algae under healthy parts of the colony demonstrated an ETRmax of 16.5% that of zooxanthellae from tissue in the same section whereas endolithic algae under bleached sections showed ETRmax values that were 39% of those found for healthy zooxanthellae. The study demonstrates that endolithic algae undergo photoacclimation with increased irradiance reaching the skeleton. As PAM fluorometry has become a major tool for assessing levels of stress and bleaching in corals, the importance of considering the contribution of the endolithic algae to the overall chlorophyll fluorescence measured is highlighted.
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Wooldridge, S. A. "Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae." Biogeosciences 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2013): 1647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1647-2013.
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Abstract. Impairment of the photosynthetic machinery of the algal endosymbiont ("zooxanthellae") is the proximal driver of the thermal breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis ("coral bleaching"). Yet, the initial site of damage, and early dynamics of the impairment are still not well resolved. In this perspective essay, I consider further a recent hypothesis which proposes an energetic disruption to the carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) of the coral host, and the resultant onset of CO2-limitation within the photosynthetic "dark reactions" as a unifying cellular mechanism. The hypothesis identifies the enhanced retention of photosynthetic carbon for zooxanthellae (re)growth following an initial irradiance-driven expulsion event as a strong contributing cause of the energetic disruption. If true, then it implies that the onset of the bleaching syndrome and setting of upper thermal bleaching limits are emergent attributes of the coral symbiosis that are ultimately underpinned by the characteristic growth profile of the intracellular zooxanthellae; which is known to depend not just on temperature, but also external (seawater) nutrient availability and zooxanthellae genotype. Here, I review this proposed bleaching linkage at a variety of observational scales, and find it to be parsimonious with the available evidence. Future experiments are suggested that can more formally test the linkage. If correct, the new cellular model delivers a valuable new perspective to consider the future prospects of the coral symbiosis in an era of rapid environmental change, including: (i) the underpinning mechanics (and biological significance) of observed changes in resident zooxanthellae genotypes, and (ii) the now crucial importance of reef water quality in co-determining thermal bleaching resistance.
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Mien, Pham Thi, Nguyen Kim Hanh, Nguyen Minh Hieu, Phan Minh Thu, Hoang Trung Du, Vo Hai Thi, Nguyen Trinh Duc Hieu, Le Tran Dung, and Nguyen Huu Huan. "A study on bacteria associated with three hard coral species from Ninh Thuan waters by epifluorescence and most diluted culture method." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/2/10814.
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Coral associated bacteria and their host are currently one of the interested issues for research and scientists worldwide. The densities of zooxanthellae and bacteria associated with three most prevalent species Acropora hyacinthus, Acropora muricata and Acropora robusta in Hang Rai, Ninh Thuan was evaluated over time by staining with SYBR Gold and direct counting with epifluorescence method. The most dominant bacteria were isolated by culture dependent method. The densities of zooxanthellae and bacteria ranged from 0.39–1.83×107 cell/g, and 0.83–2.52×108 cell/g, respectively. Bacterial density in the 3 months was significantly different compared to the density of the bacteria in ambient water. Total heterotrophic bacteria, comma shaped bacteria and bacillus form showed negatively correlated with pH, PO4, while zooxanthellae showed no correlation with all factors.
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van Oppen, Madeleine J. H. "Mode of zooxanthella transmission does not affect zooxanthella diversity in acroporid corals." Marine Biology 144, no. 1 (September 16, 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1187-4.
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Banin, Ehud, Sanjay K. Khare, Fred Naider, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Proline-Rich Peptide from the Coral PathogenVibrio shiloi That Inhibits Photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.4.1536-1541.2001.
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ABSTRACT The coral-bleaching bacterium Vibrio shiloibiosynthesizes and secretes an extracellular peptide, referred to as toxin P, which inhibits photosynthesis of coral symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae). Toxin P was produced during the stationary phase when the bacterium was grown on peptone or Casamino Acids media at 29°C. Glycerol inhibited the production of toxin P. Toxin P was purified to homogeneity, yielding the following 12-residue peptide: PYPVYAPPPVVP (molecular weight, 1,295.54). The structure of toxin P was confirmed by chemical synthesis. In the presence of 12.5 mM NH4Cl, pure natural or synthetic toxin P (10 μM) caused a 64% decrease in the photosynthetic quantum yield of zooxanthellae within 5 min. The inhibition was proportional to the toxin P concentration. Toxin P bound avidly to zooxanthellae, such that subsequent addition of NH4Cl resulted in rapid inhibition of photosynthesis. When zooxanthellae were incubated in the presence of NH4Cl and toxin P, there was a rapid decrease in the pH (pH 7.8 to 7.2) of the bulk liquid, suggesting that toxin P facilitates transport of NH3 into the cell. It is known that uptake of NH3 into cells can destroy the pH gradient and block photosynthesis. This mode of action of toxin P can help explain the mechanism of coral bleaching by V. shiloi.
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Wooldridge, S. A. "Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2012): 8111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8111-2012.
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Abstract. Impairment of the photosynthetic machinery of the algal endosymbiont ("zooxanthellae") is the proximal trigger for the thermal breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis ("coral bleaching"). Yet, the primary site of thermal damage is not well resolved. In this perspective essay, I consider further a recent hypothesis which proposes an energetic disruption to the carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) of the coral host, and the resultant onset of CO2-limitation within the photosynthetic "dark reactions", as a unifying cellular mechanism. The hypothesis identifies the enhanced retention of photosynthetic carbon for zooxanthellae (re)growth following an initial irradiance-driven expulsion event as the cause of the energetic disruption. If true, then it implies that the onset of the bleaching syndrome and setting of upper thermal bleaching limits are emergent attributes of the coral symbiosis that are ultimately underpinned by the characteristic growth profile of the intracellular zooxanthellae; which is known to depend not just on temperature, but also external (seawater) nutrient availability and zooxanthellae genotype. Here, I review this proposed bleaching linkage at a variety of observational scales, and find it to be parsimonious with the available evidence. This provides a new standpoint to consider the future prospects of the coral symbiosis in an era of rapid environmental change, including the now crucial importance of reef water quality in co-determining thermal bleaching resistance.
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Bedwell-Ivers, Hayley E., Marguerite S. Koch, Katherine E. Peach, Luke Joles, Elizabeth Dutra, and Carrie Manfrino. "The role of in hospite zooxanthellae photophysiology and reef chemistry on elevated pCO2 effects in two branching Caribbean corals: Acropora cervicornis and Porites divaricata." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 4 (March 24, 2016): 1103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw026.
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Previous studies suggest uniform reductions in coral calcification under ocean acidification (OA); however, greater tolerance has been observed under natural diel metabolic signals present on reefs. In addition, few studies have examined the role of in hospite zooxanthellae energetics on coral OA tolerance. In this study, we examined zooxanthellae photosynthesis and coral calcification responses using seawater with natural metabolic dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) dynamics from a fringing back reef on Little Cayman Island, Caribbean. The experimental design included Acropora cervicornis and Porites divaricata microcolonies grown in continuously flowing seawater with (∼1000 μatm) and without (∼500 μatm) CO2 enrichment to year 2100 predicted levels. Calcification rates were measured weekly, while linear extension and zooxanthellae photosynthesis were determined at the termination of the 28 d experiment. Results showed A. cervicornis microcolonies maintained both photosynthesis and calcification under elevated CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) relative to controls. However, photosynthesis and calcification rates of P. divaricata microcolonies were reduced by ∼80 and 20%, respectively, under relatively high [DIC]:[H+] ratios and aragonite saturation states (Ωarag). Porites divaricata calcification response to elevated pCO2 was linked to photophysiological dysfunction of the algal symbiont, an indicator that this species was metabolically depressed under elevated pCO2. In contrast to calcification, linear extension rates were unaffected by pCO2 in both species. Future studies should investigate how elevated pCO2 may compromise zooxanthellae–coral interactions with an emphasis on DIC uptake pathways.
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BLANK, R. J. "Evolutionary Differentiation in Gymnodinioid Zooxanthellae." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503, no. 1 Endocytobiolo (July 1987): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40635.x.
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Lau, Yee Wah, Frank R. Stokvis, Yukimitsu Imahara, and James D. Reimer. "The stoloniferous octocoral, Hanabira yukibana, gen. nov., sp. nov., of the southern Ryukyus has morphological and symbiont variation." Contributions to Zoology 88, no. 1 (May 11, 2019): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191355.
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Stoloniferan octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) are a relatively unexplored fauna in the Ryukyus (southern Japan), known to be a tropical marine region of high biodiversity and endemism of species. Specimens of stoloniferous octocorals were collected during fieldwork along the coasts of two islands (Okinawa and Iriomote) in the Okinawa Prefecture. Despite their phenotypic polyp variation, this study shows their morphological and molecular uniqueness, leading to the description of a new genus with a single species: Hanabira yukibana, gen. nov., sp. nov. They are placed within the Clavulariidae and form a sister clade basally to the genus Knopia Alderslade & McFadden, 2007 and species of Clavularia Blainville, 1830. The polyps of this new species show morphological variation in both shape and sclerite density, but there is conformity in the typical overall petal shaped tentacles, which have fused pinnules (pseudopinnules). Depending on the densities of their sclerites and their photosynthetic endosymbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) of the family Symbiodiniaceae, there is a characteristic sheen present in the tentacles. Moreover, the zooxanthellae hosted by our specimens form a clear, small-scale biogeographic pattern; all H. yukibana specimens from Okinawa Island contained zooxanthellae of the genus Cladocopium Lajeunesse & H.J. Jeong, 2018 (= former Symbiodinium ‘Clade C’) and all specimens from Iriomote Island hosted zooxanthellae of the genus Durusdinium LaJeunesse, 2018 (= former Symbiodinium ‘Clade D’). These results show the potential for variation among the Symbiodiniaceae floras within octocorals, something that has not yet been investigated for the large majority of zooxanthellate octocoral species.
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Wooldridge, S. A. "A hypothesis linking sub-optimal seawater <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> conditions for cnidarian-<i>Symbiodinium</i> symbioses with the exceedence of the interglacial threshold (> 260 ppmv)." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (November 23, 2011): 11215–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-11215-2011.
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Abstract. Most scleractinian corals and many other cnidarians host intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts ("zooxanthellae"). The zooxanthellae contribute to host metabolism and skeletogenesis to such an extent that this symbiosis is well recognised for its contribution in creating the coral reef ecosystem. The stable functioning of cnidarian symbioses is however dependent upon the host's ability to maintain demographic control of its algal partner. In this review, I explain how the modern envelope of seawater conditions found within many coral reef ecosystems (characterised by elevated temperatures, rising pCO2, and enriched nutrient levels) are antagonistic toward the dominant host processes that restrict excessive symbiont proliferation. Moreover, I outline a new hypothesis and initial evidence base, which support the suggestion that the additional "excess" zooxanthellae fraction permitted by seawater pCO2 levels beyond 260 ppmv significantly increases the propensity for symbiosis breakdown ("bleaching") in response to temperature and irradiance extremes. The relevance of this biological threshold is discussed in terms of historical reef extinction events, glacial-interglacial climate cycles and the modern decline of coral reef ecosystems.
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Jandang, Suppakarn, Voranop Viyakarn, Yuki Yoshioka, Chuya Shinzato, and Suchana Chavanich. "The seasonal investigation of Symbiodiniaceae in broadcast spawning, Acropora humilis and brooding, Pocillopora cf. damicornis corals." PeerJ 10 (June 14, 2022): e13114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13114.
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The density and diversity of Symbiodiniaceae associated with corals can be influenced by seasonal changes . This study provided the first annual investigation of Symbiodiniaceae density and diversity associated with Acropora humilis and Pocillopora cf. damicornis corals in the Gulf of Thailand using both zooxanthellae cell count and next-generation sequencing (ITS-1, ITS-2 regions) techniques, respectively. The results from this study indicated that zooxanthellae cell densities in both coral species differ significantly. The number of zooxanthellae was negatively correlated with the physical environment variable (light intensity). The diversity within A. humilis consisted of two genera, Cladocopium (Cspc_C3: 56.39%, C3w: 33.62%, C93type1: 4.42% and Cspf: 3.59%) and a small amount of Durusdinium (D1: 1.03%) whereas P. cf. damicornis was found to be 100% associated with Durusdinium (D1: 95.58%, D6: 1.01% and D10: 2.7%) suggesting that each coral species may select their appropriate genus/species of Symbiodiniaceae in response to local environmental stressors. The results of this study provided some information on the coral-Symbiodiniaceae relationship between seasons, which may be applied to predict the potential adaptation of corals in localized reef environments.
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Wooldridge, S. A. "A hypothesis linking sub-optimal seawater <I>p</I>CO<sub>2</sub> conditions for cnidarian-<I>Symbiodinium</I> symbioses with the exceedence of the interglacial threshold (>260 ppmv)." Biogeosciences 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2012): 1709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1709-2012.
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Abstract. Most scleractinian corals and many other cnidarians host intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts ("zooxanthellae"). The zooxanthellae contribute to host metabolism and skeletogenesis to such an extent that this symbiosis is well recognised for its contribution in creating the coral reef ecosystem. The stable functioning of cnidarian symbioses is however dependent upon the host's ability to maintain demographic control of its algal partner. In this review, I explain how the modern envelope of seawater conditions found within many coral reef ecosystems (characterised by elevated temperatures, rising pCO2, and enriched nutrient levels) are antagonistic toward the dominant host processes that restrict excessive symbiont proliferation. Moreover, I outline a new hypothesis and initial evidence base, which support the suggestion that the additional "excess" zooxanthellae fraction permitted by seawater pCO2 levels beyond 260 ppmv significantly increases the propensity for symbiosis breakdown ("bleaching") in response to temperature and irradiance extremes. The relevance of this biological threshold is discussed in terms of historical reef extinction events, glacial-interglacial climate cycles and the modern decline of coral reef ecosystems.
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Hudatwi, Mu'alimah, Diah permata Wijayanti, Ambariyanto Ambariyanto, and Michio Hidaka. "Fitness of Cassiopea polyps Inoculated with Different Types of Symbionts." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 27, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.27.2.151-158.
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The specificity of the relationship between cnidarian hosts and symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) differs among host species. Some cnidarian hosts can establish symbiotic relationship with various types of zooxanthellae, while others exhibit high fidelity to specific symbiont type. It is not known how compatibility or specificity of the relationship is determined. We hypothesized that some cnidarian hosts select symbiont type that leads to highest fitness when the host is flexible with symbiont type and more than one types of symbionts are available. As a first step to study this possibility, compatibility of clonal polyps of Cassiopea sp. with six strains of cultured zooxanthellae and the fitness of the host associated with different types of symbionts were studied. Polyp diameter was measured and the number of asexual buds were calculated as a measure of host fitness. The number of zooxanthellae in host and in asexual buds was also measured as a measure of symbiont fitness. Three strains KB8 (clade A), Y106 (clade A), and K100 (clade B) were compatible with the Cassiopea polyps, while other three strains, Y103 (clade C), K111 (clade D), and K102 (clade F) were incompatible. No clear difference in the fitness was found among the polyps inoculated with compatible and incompatible symbiont strains. In one experiment, a compatible strain Y106 seemed to decrease host fitness, but this should be checked by further studies. This study suggests that feeding regimes and long observation period might be important when fitness of hosts associated with different types of symbionts is investigated.
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Leggat, William, Elessa M. Marendy, Brett Baillie, Spencer M. Whitney, Martha Ludwig, Murray R. Badger, and David Yellowlees. "Dinoflagellate symbioses: strategies and adaptations for the acquisition and fixation of inorganic carbon." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 3 (2002): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01202.
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Dinoflagellates exist in symbiosis with a number of marine invertebrates including giant clams, which are the largest of these symbiotic organisms. The dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium sp.) live intercellularly within tubules in the mantle of the host clam. The transport of inorganic carbon (Ci) from seawater to Symbiodinium (=zooxanthellae) is an essential function of hosts that derive the majority of their respiratory energy from the photosynthate exported by the zooxanthellae. Immunolocalisation studies show that the host has adapted its physiology to acquire, rather than remove CO2, from the haemolymph and clam tissues. Two carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms (32 and 70 kDa) play an essential part in this process. These have been localised to the mantle and gill tissues where they catalyse the interconversion of HCO3- to CO2, which then diffuses into the host tissues. The zooxanthellae exhibit a number of strategies to maximise Ci acquisition and utilisation. This is necessary as they express a form II Rubisco that has poor discrimination between CO2 and O2. Evidence is presented for a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) to overcome this disadvantage. The CCM incorporates the presence of a light-activated CA activity, a capacity to take up both HCO3-and CO2, an ability to accumulate an elevated concentration of Ci within the algal cell, and localisation of Rubisco to the pyrenoid. These algae also express both external and intracellular CAs, with the intracellular isoforms being localised to the thylakoid lumen and pyrenoid. These results have been incorporated into a model that explains the transport of Ci from seawater through the clam to the zooxanthellae.
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Garrison, Keith E., and Catherine Kuo. "Progress in the development of a cell culture system to study the immune responses of reef-building corals." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 59.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.59.1.
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Abstract Previous work in the laboratory has focused on using fragments of aquaculture-raised specimens of the stony coral Acropora and Montipora. We are interested in these species because Acropora has an expanded immune gene repertoire in comparison to the closely-related anemone species Nematostella, especially in the number of TLR and IL-1R genes. However, space restrictions and maintaining acceptable water chemistry parameters pose a challenge to working with samples of stony corals in this form. In addition, coral fragments are complex holobionts that contain a mixture of coral cells, photosynthetic zooxanthelle, and bacteria, all on a calcium carbonate skeletal matrix. We seek a simplified model system of coral cells growing in isolation to facilitate performing the virus isolation, propagation, and controlled infection experiments that we think are necessary to advance our understanding of coral disease and immune responses. A number of protocols exist to propagate coral cells in a mixture of artificial seawater and typical mammalian cell growth medium. We compared the results of mechanical versus enzymatic isolation of coral tissues from the underlying skeletal matrix. We performed microscopic assessments of the coral and endosymbiont cells immediately following isolation and again after one week in culture. The endosymbiont zooxanthelle are easily visually distinguishable, and appear to persist longer under our culture conditions than the coral cells. It is unclear whether this is due to an improved ability of the zooxanthelle to live independently, or increased susceptibility of the coral cells to pathogen infections not eliminated by antibiotics in the culture medium.
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McLaughlin, John J. A., and Paul A. Zahl. "AXENIC ZOOXANTHELLAE FROM VARIOUS INVERTEBRATE HOSTS*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 77, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb36892.x.
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Streamer, M., Y. R. McNeil, and D. Yellowlees. "Photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in zooxanthellae." Marine Biology 115, no. 2 (February 1993): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00346335.
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