Academic literature on the topic 'Zooxanthelles'
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Journal articles on the topic "Zooxanthelles"
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Suharsono. "ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE Symbiodinium microadriaticum LIVING IN THE SEA ANEMONE Anemonia viridis." Marine Research in Indonesia 28 (May 11, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v28i0.412.
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The zooxanthella, Symbiodinum microadriaticum, an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate shows variation in its ultrastructure within its population in the sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. Such variation included the number of thylakoid, the structure of inclusions and the structure of amphiesma. The string-like structure was also found in the nucleoplasm. Some zooxanthellae have a branching or double pyrenoid with two or three stalks. Under certain condition, which are not clearly understood, two or three zooxanthellae are enclosed within one very thick membrane.
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Lohr, Jayme, Colin B. Munn, and William H. Wilson. "Characterization of a Latent Virus-Like Infection of Symbiotic Zooxanthellae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 9 (March 9, 2007): 2976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02449-06.
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ABSTRACT A latent virus-like agent, which we designated zooxanthella filamentous virus 1 (ZFV1), was isolated from Symbiodinium sp. strain CCMP 2465 and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy and analytical flow cytometry revealed the presence of a new group of distinctive filamentous virus-like particles after exposure of the zooxanthellae to UV light. Examination of thin sections of the zooxanthellae revealed the formation and proliferation of filamentous virus-like particles in the UV-induced cells. Assessment of Symbiodinium sp. cultures was used here as a model to show the effects of UV irradiance and induction of potential latent viruses. The unique host-virus system described here provides insight into the role of latent infections in zooxanthellae through environmentally regulated viral induction mechanisms.
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Ulstrup, Karin E., Michael Kühl, and David G. Bourne. "Zooxanthellae Harvested by Ciliates Associated with Brown Band Syndrome of Corals Remain Photosynthetically Competent." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 6 (January 26, 2007): 1968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02292-06.
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ABSTRACT Brown band syndrome is a new coral affliction characterized by a local accumulation of yet-unidentified ciliates migrating as a band along the branches of coral colonies. In the current study, morphologically intact zooxanthellae (= Symbiodinium) were observed in great numbers inside the ciliates (>50 dinoflagellates per ciliate). Microscale oxygen measurements and variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis along with microscopic observations demonstrated that zooxanthellae within the ciliates are photosynthetically competent and do not become compromised during the progression of the brown band zone. Zooxanthellae showed similar trends in light acclimation in a comparison of rapid light curve and steady-state light curve measures of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence. Extended light exposure of steady-state light curves resulted in higher quantum yields of photosystem II. The brown band tissue exhibited higher photosynthetically active radiation absorptivity, indicating more efficient light absorption due to a higher density of zooxanthellae in the ciliate-dominated zone. This caused relatively higher gross photosynthesis rates in the zone with zooxanthella-containing ciliates compared to healthy coral tissue. The observation of photosynthetically active intracellular zooxanthellae in the ciliates suggests that the latter can benefit from photosynthates produced by ingested zooxanthellae and from photosynthetic oxygen production that alleviates diffusion limitation of oxic respiration in the densely populated brown band tissue. It remains to be shown whether the zooxanthellae form a stable symbiotic association with the ciliate or are engulfed incidentally during grazing on coral tissue and then maintained as active inside the ciliate for a period before being digested and replaced by new zooxanthellae.
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Lathuilière, Bernard. "Faune corallienne des récifs toarciens du Moyen Atlas marocain, première approche." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.6.533.
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Abstract Des récifs ont été décrits dans le Toarcien supérieur du Moyen Atlas Marocain [Elmi et al., 2002]. Ils sont localisés dans le synclinal de Awragh-Afennourir (Moyen Atlas occidental) immédiatement au sud du Moyen Atlas tabulaire. Ce sont des biohermes placés au sommet de blocs basculés. Leur épaisseur varie de 1 à 12 m. Ils reposent sur une formation datée de la zone à Levisoni, sous zone à Gemma et sont couverts par des sédiments appartenant à la partie supérieure de la zone à Meneghini. Leur paléolatitude était de 18°N. Un ensemble de 18 échantillons de coraux collectés par S. Elmi sont ici analysés. Ils constituent un témoignage exceptionnel de faune corallienne récifale pour cet étage. Les taxons appartenant aux genres Cladophyllia, Diplocoenia ?, Montlivaltia (deux espèces), Thecosmilia (deux espèces), Isastrea ?, Latomeandra, Periseris, Microphyllia (trois espèces), et Proleptophyllia (deux espèces), ont été identifiés. La faune inclut 12 formes coloniales et 7 solitaires. Parmi les spécimens coloniaux, les formes méandroïdes avec un haut niveau d’intégration colonial sont bien représentées et fournissent un argument fort pour la présence de zooxanthelles symbiotiques. L’examen des textures micritiques et des croûtes microbialitiques, associé avec le développement important des microarchitectures pennulaires suggèrent un récif sous le niveau d’action des vagues de beau temps et des eaux plutôt mésotrophiques. Les coraux, leur forme et leur diversité, permettent de diagnostiquer des récifs de zone photique, à une profondeur et une latitude optimale. Les extensions stratigraphiques de plusieurs genres sont agrandies : nouvelle première occurrence pour Cladophyllia, Latomeandra et Periseris (peut être aussi Diplocoenia) et nouvelle dernière occurrence pour Proleptophyllia classiquement considéré comme Pliensbachien. La seule monographie disponible à caractère général sur les coraux du Lias du Maroc [Beauvais, 1986] identifie 15 taxons génériques pour le Toarcien. Tous proviennent du Haut Atlas et seulement 3 taxons sont communs avec les résultats présentés ici. La vue générale est celle d’une faune qui ressemble davantage à celle des communautés récifales du Dogger qu’à celle du Pliensbachien.
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Frankowiak, Katarzyna, Ewa Roniewicz, and Jarosław Stolarski. "Photosymbiosis in Late Triassic scleractinian corals from the Italian Dolomites." PeerJ 9 (March 16, 2021): e11062. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11062.
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During the Carnian, oligotrophic shallow-water regions of the western Tethys were occupied by small, coral-rich patch reefs. Scleractinian corals, which already contributed to the formation of the reef structure, owed their position most probably to the symbiosis with dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae). Using microstructural (regularity of growth increments) and geochemical (oxygen and carbon stable isotopes) criteria of zooxanthellae symbiosis, we investigated whether this partnership was widespread among Carnian scleractinians from the Italian Dolomites (locality Alpe di Specie). Although corals from this locality are renowned from excellent mineralogical preservation (aragonite), their skeletons were rigorously tested against traces of diagenesis Irrespective of their growth forms, well preserved skeletons of corals from the Dolomites, most frequently revealed regular growth bands (low values of coefficient of variation) typical of modern zooxanthellate corals. Paradoxically, some Carnian taxa (Thamnasteriomorpha frechi and Thamnasteriomorphasp.)with highly integrated thamnasterioid colonies which today are formed exclusively by zooxanthellate corals, showed irregular fine-scale growth bands (coefficient of variation of 40% and 41% respectively) that could suggest their asymbiotic status. However, similar irregular skeletal banding is known also in some modern agariciids (Leptoseris fragilis) which are symbiotic with zooxanthellae. This may point to a similar ecological adaptation of Triassic taxa with thamnasterioid colonies. Contrary to occasionally ambiguous interpretation of growth banding, all examined Carnian corals exhibited lack of distinct correlation between carbon (δ13C range between 0.81‰ and 5.81‰) and oxygen (δ18O values range between −4.21‰ and −1.06‰) isotope composition of the skeleton which is consistent with similar pattern in modern zooxanthellates. It is therefore highly likely, that Carnian scleractinian corals exhibited analogous ecological adaptations as modern symbiotic corals and that coral-algal symbiosis that spread across various clades of Scleractinia preceded the reef bloom at the end of the Triassic.
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Ben-Haim, Yael, Maya Zicherman-Keren, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral Pocillopora damicornis by the Novel Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (July 2003): 4236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.4236-4242.2003.
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ABSTRACT Coral bleaching is the disruption of symbioses between coral animals and their photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). It has been suggested that large-scale bleaching episodes are linked to global warming. The data presented here demonstrate that Vibrio coralliilyticus is an etiological agent of bleaching of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. This bacterium was present at high levels in bleached P. damicornis but absent from healthy corals. The bacterium was isolated in pure culture, characterized microbiologically, and shown to cause bleaching when it was inoculated onto healthy corals at 25°C. The pathogen was reisolated from the diseased tissues of the infected corals. The zooxanthella concentration in the bacterium-bleached corals was less than 12% of the zooxanthella concentration in healthy corals. When P. damicornis was infected with V. coralliilyticus at higher temperatures (27 and 29°C), the corals lysed within 2 weeks, indicating that the seawater temperature is a critical environmental parameter in determining the outcome of infection. A large increase in the level of the extracellular protease activity of V. coralliilyticus occurred at the same temperature range (24 to 28°C) as the transition from bleaching to lysis of the corals. We suggest that bleaching of P. damicornis results from an attack on the algae, whereas bacterium-induced lysis and death are promoted by bacterial extracellular proteases. The data presented here support the bacterial hypothesis of coral bleaching.
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Cervino, James M., Raymond L. Hayes, Shawn W. Polson, Sara C. Polson, Thomas J. Goreau, Robert J. Martinez, and Garriet W. Smith. "Relationship of Vibrio Species Infection and Elevated Temperatures to Yellow Blotch/Band Disease in Caribbean Corals." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6855-6864.2004.
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ABSTRACT The bacterial and temperature factors leading to yellow blotch/band disease (YBD), which affects the major reef-building Caribbean corals Montastrea spp., have been investigated. Groups of bacteria isolated from affected corals and inoculated onto healthy corals caused disease signs similar to those of YBD. The 16S rRNA genes from these bacteria were sequenced and found to correspond to four Vibrio spp. Elevating the water temperature notably increased the rate of spread of YBD on inoculated corals and induced greater coral mortality. YBD-infected corals held at elevated water temperatures had 50% lower zooxanthella densities, 80% lower division rates, and a 75% decrease in chlorophyll a and c 2 pigments compared with controls. Histological sections indicated that the algal pyrenoid was fragmented into separate segments, along with a reconfiguration and swelling of the zooxanthellae, as well as vacuolization. YBD does not appear to produce the same physiological response formerly observed in corals undergoing temperature-related bleaching. Evidence indicates that YBD affects primarily the symbiotic algae rather than coral tissue.
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Garren, Melissa, and Farooq Azam. "New Method for Counting Bacteria Associated with Coral Mucus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 18 (July 23, 2010): 6128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01100-10.
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ABSTRACT The ability to count bacteria associated with reef-building corals in a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective manner has been hindered by the viscous and highly autofluorescent nature of the coral mucus layer (CML) in which they live. We present a new method that disperses bacterial cells by trypsinization prior to 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and quantification by epifluorescence microscopy. We sampled seawater and coral mucus from Porites lobata from 6 reef sites influenced by wastewater intrusion and 2 reef sites unaffected by wastewater in Hawaii. Bacterial and zooxanthella abundances and cell sizes were quantified for each sample. Bacteria were more abundant in coral mucus (ranging from 5.3 × 105 ± 1.0 × 105 cells ml−1 to 1.8 × 106 ± 0.2 × 106 cells ml−1) than in the surrounding seawater (1.9 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105 cells ml−1 to 4.2 × 105 ± 0.2 × 105 cells ml−1), and the mucus-associated cells were significantly smaller than their seawater counterparts at all sites (P < 0.0001). The difference in cell size between mucus- and seawater-associated bacteria decreased at wastewater-influenced sites, where simultaneously mucus bacteria were larger and seawater bacteria were smaller than those at uninfluenced sites. The abundance of zooxanthellae in mucus ranged from 1.1 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105 cells ml−1 to 3.4 × 105 ± 0.3 × 105 cells ml−1. The frequency of dividing cells (FDC) was higher in the surrounding seawater than in mucus, despite finding that a 1,000-fold-higher zooxanthella biovolume than bacterial biovolume existed in the CML. Establishment of a standardized protocol for enumeration will provide the field of coral microbial ecology with the urgently needed ability to compare observations across studies and regions.
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Purnomo, Pujiono Wahyu. "Zooxanthellae Life Model and Massalization Growth in the Artificial Environment Waters." Saintek Perikanan : Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2012): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.6.1.46-54.
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Zooxanthellae are part of the phototropic dinoflagellates. This organism always live as symbiotically with several marine invertebrates. Relationship between zooxanthellae and coral are mutualistic with the transfer nutritif and phisiologis character. With this character, no coral can live without zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae have vital control on the coral and sessile life. Model of relationship between zooxanthellae and coral are adopted in the artificial environment for take the massalization culture zooxanthellae in the artificial environment. This study was purposed to : (a) Evaluating of environment limiting factors to support optimum growth of zooxanthellae in the artificial environment; (b) Evaluating of purification culture of zooxanthellae and (c) Formulating nutritif to maintenance of maximum gorwth of zooxanthellae. The experiment took place in Natural food and Genetic laboratory of Main Centre of Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Jepara from August 2004 to September 2005. The result showed that: (a) The optimum irradiance for growth of zooxanthellae is green radiance (with comparison 490 - 550 nm); (b) The optimum temperature for growth of zooxanthellae are 20 – 25oC and (c) Adding of 200 µM NaNO3 with repeat again for 16 days, Key Words: Zooxanthellae, Life Model,Massalization Growth
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LaJeunesse, Todd C. "Zooxanthellae." Current Biology 30, no. 19 (October 2020): R1110—R1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.058.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Zooxanthelles"
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Denis, Vianney. "Capacités et modalités d’adaptation de deux espèces de coraux zooxanthellés aux perturbations climatiques et anthropiques (île de la Réunion, Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04058955.
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Les communautés coralliennes récifales vont subir de profonds changements dans les prochaines décennies. Les potentiels d‟acclimatation et d‟adaptation à des changements environnementaux sont comparés entre deux espèces de coraux Scléractiniaires zooxanthellés dominantes des récifs coralliens réunionnais : le stratège K Porites lutea et le stratège r Acropora muricata. Différents traits des holobiontes (survie, croissance, régénération, biomasse des tissus, contenu en protéines, composition lipidique) et de leurs zooxanthelles (identité génétique, paramètres photosynthétiques) sont caractérisés in situ sur deux à quatre sites des platiers récifaux peu profonds, distants au plus de 11 km. Leurs conditions environnementales offrent une large gamme de variation de température, d‟éclairement, d‟hydrodynamisme et de teneurs en éléments nutritifs. P. lutea, associée à des zooxanthelles thermotolérantes Symbiodinium C15, présente un fort potentiel d‟acclimatation. Après transplantation dans un environnement nouveau, P. lutea ajuste rapidement sa croissance et son contenu en protéines, sans présenter de mortalité. En revanche, A. muricata, associée à des zooxanthelles thermosensibles C2/C3, ne présente pas de telles capacités d‟acclimatation et montre une mortalité élevée. Toutes les caractéristiques d‟A. muricata (excepté sa biomasse de tissus) ainsi que les paramètres photosynthétiques et la biomasse de tissus de P. lutea sont marqués par une « empreinte » du site originel. Cette plasticité phénotypique limitée suggère une différenciation génétique à petite échelle. Chez A. muricata, elle se traduit par une tolérance accrue aux fortes températures dans l‟environnement le plus variable. A. muricata montre également des capacités régénératrices supérieures à celles de P. lutea. Chez cette dernière, la régénération est corrélée à l‟éclairement et la température, via leur contrôle des performances photosynthétiques des zooxanthelles symbiotiques. Une alternance saisonnière autotrophie/hétérotrophie est décelée chez A. muricata dans le site le plus exposé au milieu océanique. La plasticité phénotypique de P. lutea, espèce longévive, lui permet de s‟acclimater à des conditions environnementales changeantes. Les capacités de rétablissement d‟A. muricata couplées à une capacité d‟adaptation locale permettraient aussi à cette espèce opportuniste de survivre aux modifications du milieu attendues dans le cadre du changement global, dans des limites restant à définir pour ces deux ScléractiniairesReef coral communities will undergo major changes in the next decades. The potentials of acclimatization and adaptation to environmental changes are compared between two zooxanthellate scleractinian corals dominant on Reunion coral reefs: the K-strategist Porites lutea and the r-strategist Acropora muricata. Different traits of the holobionts (survival, growth, regeneration, tissue biomass, protein content, lipid composition) and their zooxanthellae (genetic identity, photosynthetic parameters) are characterized in situ in two to four shallow reef flat sites, less than 11 km apart. Their environmental conditions offer a wide range of temperature, light, hydrodynamism and nutrient levels. P. lutea which is associated to the thermotolerant zooxanthellae Symbiodinium C15 has a high potential for acclimatization. After transplantation to a new environment, P. lutea quickly adjusts its growth and protein content, without suffering any mortality. In contrast, A. muricata, which is combined with the thermosensitive zooxanthellae C2/C3, does not display such a capacity for acclimatization and showed a high mortality. All the characteristics (except tissue biomass) of A. muricata and photosynthetic parameters, as well as tissue biomass of P. lutea, are marked by an "imprint" of the original site. This limited phenotypic plasticity suggests a genetic differentiation at small-scale. In A. muricata, it results in an increased tolerance to high temperatures in the most fluctuating environment. A. muricata also shows greater regenerative capacities than P. lutea. In the latter species, regeneration is correlated to solar radiation and temperature, through their control of the photosynthetic performance of symbiotic zooxanthellae. A seasonal change in autotrophy vs heterotrophy is detected in A. muricata at the site where exposition to oceanic environment is the highest. The phenotypic plasticity of P. lutea, a long-lived species, allows it to acclimatize to changing environmental conditions. Recovery capacities of A. muricata, in relation to its adaptive capacity to local conditions, would also allow this opportunistic species to live through the environmental changes that are expected in the context of global change, but within limits yet to be defined for these two scleractinian species
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REYNAUD, VAGANAY STEPHANIE. "Controle environnemental de la physiologie et de la composition isotopique du squelette des scleractiniaires a zooxanthelles : approche experimentale." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5406.
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Le squelette des scleractiniaires a zooxanthelles (coraux) constitue une base de donnees sur les parametres environnementaux potentiellement importante. Leur utilisation est de plus en plus frequente dans la reconstitution des paleoenvironnements des zones tropicales, pour lesquelles peu de sources d'informations sont actuellement disponibles. L'utilisation de coraux cultives en aquarium permet de controler tres precisement tous les parametres environnementaux et de n'en faire varier qu'un seul a la fois. Une technique experimentale permettant la culture de coraux (stylophora pistillata, acropora sp. Et montipora verrucosa) en conditions controlees a ete mise au point avec succes. Cette methode permet d'echantillonner avec une grande precision le squelette et les tissus neoformes. Cette technique a ete utilisee afin de determiner des relations entre certains parametres environnementaux et les isotopes stables du squelette (et des tissus). Ainsi, une diminution du 1 8o s q l a ete mise en evidence lorsque la temperature ou la salinite de l'eau augmentait. Le 1 8o s q l semblait aussi affecte par la photosynthese : le 1 8o s q l augmentait lorsque la photosynthese etait stimulee. En revanche, le 1 3c s q l semblait plutot influence par la calcification : une stimulation de ce parametre entrainait une augmentation du 1 3c s q l. Une relation entre la temperature et le 1 3c s q l a ete mise en evidence chez acropora sp. Cette nouvelle approche experimentale ouvre de nombreuses perspectives dans le domaine de la validation des traceurs geochimiques (isotopes stables et elements traces). Les efforts doivent a present porter sur la mise en culture de colonies d'autres genres, notamment porites.
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Gattuso, Jean-Pierre. "Ecomorphologie, métabolisme, croissance et calcification du scléractiniaire à zooxanthelles Stylophora pistillata (Golfe d'Agaba, Mer Rouge) influence de l'éclairement /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605301r.
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AL-MOGHRABI, SALIM. "Metabolisme et transport des nutriments dans un modele d'association symbiotique animal-vegetal : les microcolonies d'un scleractiniaire a zooxanthelles galaxea fascicularis." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE4588.
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Galaxea fascicularis (linne, 1758), corail scleractiniaire a zooxanthelles, constitue une espece dominante des recifs frangeants indo-pacifiques. La difficulte d'elevage des coraux a rend leur etude en laboratoire difficile. Afin de contourner cette difficulte, la premiere etape de ce travail a consiste en la mise au point d'une technique originale de culture de polypes isoles dont le squelette est completement recouvert de tissu, les microcolonies. Une fois l'outil biologique mis au point, le but de ce travail a ete l'etude des relations physiologiques entre l'hote animal et son symbionte intracellulaire, la zooxanthelle, du point de vue de l'autotrophie et de l'heterotrophie. En ce qui concerne l'autotrophie, les resultats demontrent clairement que la photosynthese des zooxanthelles in hospite depend de l'adsorption par les tissus animaux du bicarbonate dissous dans l'eau de mer. Pour effectuer le transport de bicarbonate, les cellules animales possedent au moins deux transporteurs ioniques differencies par leur sensibilite au sodium externe. De plus, l'anhydrase carbonique est indispensable pour assurer une photosynthese maximale des zooxanthelles. En ce qui concerne l'heterotrophie, nos resultats demontrent que les microcolonies de galaxea fascicularis sont capables d'absorber les acides amines dissous dans l'eau de mer a des concentrations de l'ordre de la micromole. Deux principaux mecanismes d'absorption de la valine ont ete mis en evidence: une importance absorption diffusionnelle, et une absorption dependante de transporteurs membranaires a haute affinite. Ces transporteurs sont differencies par leur sensibilite au sodium externe, leur activite est regulee par la lumiere et l'etat nutritionnel des microcolonies. L'analyse de la composition en acides gras, utilises comme biomarqueurs, des microcolonies et des zooxanthelles isolees a egalement ete effectuee afin de determiner les sources de nourriture de l'animal. La composition en acides gras des colonies temoin a ete comparee a celles de colonies nourries ou non nourries durant une experimentation de 50 jours
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Marchioretti, Manuel. "Nouvelles données écophysiologiques chez les scléractiniaires à zooxanthelles du genre stylophora(Schweigger,1819) : perspectives d'applications à la restauration des récifs coralliens." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE5271.
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GOIRAN, CLAIRE. "La symbiose entre les scleractiniaires et les dinoflagelles : physiologie des zooxanthelles symbiodinium sp. du corail galaxea fascicularis, hors de l'association symbiotique." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE4800.
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L'association symbiotique entre les coraux scleractiniaires et les dinoflagelles (zooxanthelles) est a la base meme de l'existence des recifs coralliens, cependant les mecanismes physiologiques permettant la vie en symbiose de ces organismes sont mal connus. Le present travail a donc ete entrepris afin d'elucider certains de ces mecanismes. Pour cela, les zooxanthelles du scleractiniaire galaxea fascicularis ont ete etudiees hors de l'association symbiotique. Les zooxanthelles ont ete preparees de deux manieres differentes. La premiere, qui est l'isolation a partir des tissus de l'hote, produit des zooxanthelles fraichement isolees ou fiz, la seconde, qui consiste en la culture des dinoflagelles in vitro produit des zooxanthelles de culture ou cz. Lorsque les zooxanthelles sont isolees a partir des tissus de l'hote et transferees en eau de mer, la composition ionique du milieu exterieur change brutalement. En reponse a ce choc ionique, la concentration de sodium intracellulaire des fiz double durant la premiere demi-heure. Rapidement, des mecanismes de regulation se mettent en place, et la concentration de sodium revient a la valeur initiale. Les mecanismes grace auxquels les zooxanthelles absorbent le carbone inorganique utilise pour la photosynthese ont ete etudies. Les resultats semblent montrer que les cz absorbent le bicarbonate. Les fiz, en revanche, utiliseraient le gaz carbonique. Ces resultats mettent en evidence l'adaptation des deux types de zooxanthelles a leur environnement habituel: eau de mer ou cellule animale
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Hill, Ross. "Coral bleaching : photosynthetic impacts on symbiotic dinoflagellates /." Electronic version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/526.
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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Science.Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. This involves the expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae, known as zooxanthellae, from the coral host. Coral bleaching is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. This thesis examined a number of sites within the light reactions of photosynthesis and evaluated the efficiency of photoprotective heat dissipating pathways. Upon expulsion, the capacity for long-term survivorship of expelled zooxanthellae in the water column was also assessed. A reduction in photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency during exposure to elevated temperature and high light (bleaching conditions) was found to be highly dependent upon the increase in abundance of QB non-reducing PSII centres (inactive PSII centres), indicating damage to the site of the secondary electron acceptor, QB, resulting in a limited capacity for its reduction. Therefore, this reduced the rate of the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor, QA-. Fast induction curve (FIC) analysis of the rise from minimum fluorescence to maximum fluorescence revealed a lower amplitude in the J step along this curve, which was consistent with a reduction in the rate of QA reoxidation. This photoinhibition of PSII was found to occur once the effectiveness of excess energy dissipation through energy-dependent quenching and state-transition quenching was exceeded, suggesting that these mechanisms were incapable of preventing photodamage. Antenna size heterogeneity showed little change under bleaching conditions with a significant increase in PSIIbeta only apparent in one species of coral. The thermostability of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and thylakoid membrane were found to increase during exposure to bleaching conditions and exceeded bleaching thresholds of corals. This rapid rise in temperature-dependent thermostability also occurred over seasons, where variation in ocean temperatures was matched by gradual shifts in OEC and thylakoid membrane thermotolerance. Variation in thermostability between species was not found to be linked to zooxanthellae genotype, and instead was related to the bleaching susceptibility of the host. Despite this capacity for resilience to bleaching conditions, the PSII reaction centres did not exhibit such a mechanism for rapid acclimatisation. Corals can only be as tolerant to bleaching conditions as their most sensitive component allows. The formation of nonfunctional PSII centres is therefore suggested to be involved in the initial photochemical damage to zooxanthellae which leads to a bleaching response. Zooxanthellae were found to be expelled irrespective of OEC function and thylakoid membrane integrity, as these sites of the photosynthetic apparatus were still intact when cells were collected from the water column. Although zooxanthellae were photosynthetically competent and morphologically intact upon expulsion, their longevity in the water column was dependent on the time of expulsion following the onset of bleaching and the ambient water temperatures. The survivorship of these zooxanthellae was restricted to a maximum of 5 days in the water column which suggests that unless expelled zooxanthellae inhabit other environs of coral reefs which may be more favourable for survival, their capacity for persistence in the environment is extremely limited. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements are a common tool for investigating photosynthetic impacts to in hospite zooxanthellae of corals. Pathways causing dark-reduction of the plastoquinone pool are shown to be active in corals and affect measurements which require dark-adaptation. Pre-exposure to far-red light was found to be an effective procedure to oxidise the inter-system electron transport chain and ensure determination of the true maximum quantum yield of PSII and accurate FICs. It is concluded that the trigger for coral bleaching lies in the photosynthetic apparatus of zooxanthellae and evidence is presented in support of this impact site not being the OEC or thylakoid membrane.
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Savage, Anne Margaret. "Genetic diversity and photosynthetic characteristics of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium)." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369298.
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Toyoshima, Junko. "Cell migration of zooxanthellae in the coral Montipora capitata." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7050.
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Squire, Louise R. "Natural variations in the zooxanthellae of temperate symbiotic Anthozoa." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/natural-variations-in-the-zooxanthellae-of-temperate-symbiotic-anthozoa(a6342fd8-ff91-441e-85db-8b5b1c59167e).html.
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Few previous studies of zooxanthellae have considered temperate Anthozoan symbioses. The present study investigates how the characteristics of zooxanthellae symbiotic with temperate Anthozoa vary in response to natural variations in environmental parameters. Variations in the number (density), division rate, size and ultrastructure of zooxanthellae from the temperate anemones Anemonia viridis (Forskal) and Anthopleura ballii (Cocks) were examined in response to season, water depth and artificial irradiance (A. viridis in aquaria). In addition, variations in chlorophyll concentrations were considered in intertidal and laboratorymaintained A. viridis. Zooxanthellae from both intertidal and shallow subtidal A. viridis showed variations which correlated with seasonal variations in environmental parameters. Zooxanthella density in intertidal A. viridis showed an inverse relationship with temperature, daylength and sunshine. Higher zooxanthella density was observed in A. viridis from a shallow, subtidal habitat during February 1998 (2.06 ± 0.11 x 108 cells g"' wet weight) than during July 1998 (1.01 ± 0.09 x 108 cells g'' wet weight; T= 7.67, p< 0.001). Stereological analysis of transmission electron micrographs showed that zooxanthellae in intertidal A. viridis had significantly higher chloroplast volume fraction during February (32.1 ± 1.5 %) than July (21.8 ± 2.1 %; T= 4.07, p<0.05). The proportion of chlorophyll a per zooxanthella was significantly higher in December than all other months except January (ANOVA, F= 5.62 p<0.05). The zooxanthellae of A. viridis may thus photoadapt to low winter irradiances by increasing zooxanthellae density, chloroplast volume and the proportion of chlorophyll a per cell. By contrast, zooxanthellae from A. viridis maintained in artificial irradiances in the laboratory of 4 µmol m=2 s' and 20 pmol m2 s' showed no variation in density or ultrastructure, due either to the low irradiances used or a lack of variation in other physical parameters compared to the field. A. ballii zooxanthella density responded to both depth and season and was lower at 6m during summer than at 6m during winter and at 18 m during both summer and winter. Chloroplast volume fractions in A. ballii was not affected by depth during winter, nor by season at 18 in. Starch and lipid stores in zooxanthellae from both A. viridis and A. ballii responded to seasonal fluctuations. Lipid was present in zooxanthellae during summer (intertidal A. viridis, volume fraction 19.8 ± 3.4 %) and absent during winter, and starch volume was significantly higher from zooxanthellae in A. ballii at 6 in in winter (14.3 ± 4.2 %) than 18 min winter (4.7 ± 1.6 %) or summer (4.7 ± 1.1 %; ANOVA, F= 6.04 p< 0.05). It is concluded that the zooxanthellae of the temperate anemones A. viridis and A. ballfi show variations in zooxanthellae characteristics which correspond to variations in dayto-day weather, season and water depth.
Books on the topic "Zooxanthelles"
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Avise, John C. From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1.
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Kegel, Kathryn A. Lab and field work with the temperate sea anomene, Anthopleura elegantissima. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2005.
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Palmer, Janise. SEARUN Project. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 2000.
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Dingman, Heather Christine. Environmental influence on algal symbiont populations in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. 1998.
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Blevins, James K. Comparative growth and metabolism of zooxanthellate and zoochlorellate Anthopleura elegantissima. 1991.
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Avise, John C. From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae: The Definitive Lyrical Guide to Nature’s Ways. Springer, 2018.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. Symbiotic interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0004.
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Symbiosis, where different species live together for prolonged periods, is ubiquitous and extremely important on coral reefs. The most important symbiosis is between corals and the microalgae (zooxanthellae) that live in their cells, without which coral reefs would not exist. This chapter focuses on the diversity of zooxanthellae, the linkage with coral calcification and the nutrition of the symbiosis, particularly the supply of photosynthetically fixed carbon to coral, and the conservation and recycling of essential nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) by this symbiosis. The acquisition and breakdown of the symbiosis, particularly under thermal stress (i.e. coral bleaching), is described. Other important coral–microbe symbioses involve cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, viruses, protozoans and endolithic algae and fungi that live in the coral skeleton. Symbioses between sponges and bacteria or algae are also important, as are the iconic associations between fish and various invertebrates (e.g. the sea anemone–anemonefish symbiosis) or other fish species.
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Wild, Ailsa, Aviva Reed, Briony Barr, and Gregory Crocetti. Zobi and the Zoox. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309610.
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With her home under threat from a warming ocean, Zobi, a brave rhizobia bacterium, teams up with a family of slow but steady Zoox (zooxanthellae). As the coral bleaches, everyone begins to starve...
Can Zobi and the Zoox work together to save the day?
This beautifully illustrated science-adventure story, set on the Great Barrier Reef, was originally published in 2015, but has been extensively re-written and revised to delight and captivate primary school-aged readers.
Zobi and the Zoox: A Story of Coral Bleaching is the first in the new Small Friends Books series – Stories of Partnership and Cooperation in Nature.
Book chapters on the topic "Zooxanthelles"
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Baker, Andrew C. "Zooxanthellae." In Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs, 1189–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_280.
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Burtscher, Martina M., Lisa A. May, Craig A. Downs, and Thomas Bartlett. "Zooxanthellae Viability Assay." In Diseases of Coral, 524–37. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118828502.ch39.
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Lampert, Kathrin P. "Cassiopea and Its Zooxanthellae." In The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future, 415–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31305-4_26.
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Avise, John C. "Mammalogy." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_1.
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Avise, John C. "Botany." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_10.
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Avise, John C. "Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 97–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_11.
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Avise, John C. "Ecology." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 107–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_12.
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Avise, John C. "Ethology." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 113–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_13.
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Avise, John C. "Evolution." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 121–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_14.
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Avise, John C. "Genetics." In From Aardvarks to Zooxanthellae, 129–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71625-1_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Zooxanthelles"
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Wojnar, Olek, Eric D. Swenson, and Gregory W. Reich. "Analyzing Carbohydrate-Based Regenerative Fuel Cells as a Power Source for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-395.
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Based on current capabilities, we examine the feasibility of creating a carbohydrate-based regenerative fuel cell (CRFC) as the primary power source for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for long endurance missions where station keeping is required. The CRFC power system evaluated in this research is based on a closed-loop construct where carbohydrates are generated from zooxanthellae, algae which create excess carbohydrates during photosynthesis. The carbohydrates are then fed to a carbohydrate fuel cell where electric power is generated for the UAV’s propulsion, flight control, payload, and accessory systems. The waste products from the fuel cell, carbon dioxide and water, are used by the zooxanthellae to create more carbohydrates, therefore mass is conserved in the process of power generation. The overall goal of this research is to examine the potential of CRFCs as a viable power source for UAV systems, to look at scaling issues related to different vehicle sizes and missions, and to identify sensitivities in the CRFC system to different system parameters, indicating the areas where technology improvements may make CRFCs a viable technology. Through simulations, a UAV is sized to determine if greater than 24 hour endurance flight is possible and these results are compared to UAVs using more traditional photo-cell based power systems. The initial results suggest that CRFCs have potential as a power system for long endurance UAVs, and could offer significant improvements to the overall system performance. The final outcome of this research is to identify the most important areas for more detailed follow-on work in designing a production-ready CRFC power system for long endurance UAVs.
Reports on the topic "Zooxanthelles"
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Polne-Fuller, Miriam. An Amoeba/Zooxanthellae Consortium as a Model System for Animal/Algal Symbiosis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209813.
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