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Albuquerque, Carolina, Davide Pagnossin, Kirsten Landsgaard, Jessica Simpson, Derek Brown, June Irvine, Denise Candlish, Alison E. Ridyard, Gillian Douce, and Caroline Millins. "The duration of antibiotic treatment is associated with carriage of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridioides difficile in dogs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0245949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245949.
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Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of human antibiotic-associated diarrhoeal disease globally. Zoonotic reservoirs of infection are increasingly suspected to play a role in the emergence of this disease in the community and dogs are considered as one potential source. Here we use a canine case-control study at a referral veterinary hospital in Scotland to assess: i) the risk factors associated with carriage of C. difficile by dogs, ii) whether carriage of C. difficile is associated with clinical disease in dogs and iii) the similarity of strains isolated from dogs with local human clinical surveillance. The overall prevalence of C. difficile carriage in dogs was 18.7% (95% CI 14.8–23.2%, n = 61/327) of which 34% (n = 21/61) were toxigenic strains. We found risk factors related to prior antibiotic treatment were significantly associated with C. difficile carriage by dogs. However, the presence of toxigenic strains of C. difficile in a canine faecal sample was not associated with diarrhoeal disease in dogs. Active toxin was infrequently detected in canine faecal samples carrying toxigenic strains (2/11 samples). Both dogs in which active toxin was detected had no clinical evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Among the ten toxigenic ribotypes of C. difficile detected in dogs in this study, six of these (012, 014, 020, 026, 078, 106) were ribotypes commonly associated with human clinical disease in Scotland, while nontoxigenic isolates largely belonged to 010 and 039 ribotypes. Whilst C. difficile does not appear commonly associated with diarrhoeal disease in dogs, antibiotic treatment increases carriage of this bacteria including toxigenic strains commonly found in human clinical disease.
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Arnaout, Youssef, Evelyne Picard-Meyer, Emmanuelle Robardet, Julien Cappelle, Florence Cliquet, Frédéric Touzalin, Giacomo Jimenez, and Zouheira Djelouadji. "Assessment of virus and Leptospira carriage in bats in France." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 20, 2023): e0292840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292840.
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With over 1,400 species worldwide, bats represent the second largest order of mammals after rodents, and are known to host major zoonotic pathogens. Here, we estimate the presence of pathogens in autochthonous bat populations. First, we set out to check our samples for PCR amplification efficiency by assessing the occurrence of inhibited PCR reactions from different types of bat samples with amplifying the housekeeping gene β-actin. Second, we investigated the presence of five targeted pathogens in a French bat population using PCR. We targeted viral RNA of Canine distemper virus, Alphacoronavirus, Lyssavirus, Rotavirus and bacterial Leptospira DNA. To do so, we screened for these viruses in bat faecal samples as well as in oropharyngeal swab samples. The presence of Leptospira was assessed in urine, kidney, lung and faecal samples. Results showed a frequency of inhibited reactions ranging from 5 to 60% of samples, varying according to the sample itself and also suspected to vary according to sampling method and the storage buffer solution used, demonstrating the importance of the sampling and storage on the probability of obtaining negative PCR results. For pathogen assessment, rotavirus and alphacoronavirus RNA were detected in Myotis myotis, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis emarginatus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bats. Rotaviruses were also detected in Barbastella barbastellus. The presence of alphacoronavirus also varied seasonally, with higher frequencies in late summer and October, suggesting that juveniles potentially play an important role in the dynamics of these viruses. Leptospira DNA was detected in M. myotis and M. daubentonii colonies. The 16S rRNA sequences obtained from Leptospira positive samples showed 100% genetic identity with L. borgpetersenii. Neither canine distemper virus nor lyssavirus RNA were detected in any of the tested samples. This study is the first to show the presence of Leptospira in autochthonous French bats in addition to coronavirus and rotavirus RNA previously reported in European autochthonous bats.
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Merino-Tejedor, A., P. Nejsum, E. M. Mkupasi, M. V. Johansen, and Annette Olsen. "Molecular identification of zoonotic hookworm species in dog faeces from Tanzania." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 3 (April 2, 2018): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x18000263.
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AbstractThe presence and distribution of various species of canine hookworms in Africa are poorly known. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to identify the hookworm species present in canine faecal samples from Morogoro, Tanzania, using molecular techniques. Faecal samples from 160 local dogs were collected and hookworm positive samples processed to recover larvae for further molecular characterization. DNA was extracted from pools of larvae from individual samples (n = 66), which were analysed subsequently using two different molecular approaches, polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing. The PCR-RFLP technique detected only the presence of the ubiquitousAncylostoma caninumin the 66 samples. However, by species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing we identified ten samples withA. braziliense, two withUncinaria stenocephalaand five withA. ceylanicum. Thus, all four known species of canine hookworms were identified in Morogoro, Tanzania. To our knowledge this is the first report of the detection of the presence ofU. stenocephalaandA. ceylanicumin Africa using molecular techniques. In addition to their veterinary importance, canine hookworms have zoonotic potential and are of public health concern.
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Agresti, Andrea, Federica Berrilli, Michela Maestrini, Isabel Guadano Procesi, Enrico Loretti, Niccolò Vonci, and Stefania Perrucci. "Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy)." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010012.
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In sheltered dogs, the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis is frequently high and may include potential zoonotic genotypes. The prevalence, genotypes and potential risk factors of G. duodenalis were assessed in 168 dogs from four kennels (Pistoia, Prato, Florence, Valdarno) in Tuscany, central Italy and compared with data from previous Italian studies. The prevalence of other intestinal parasites was also investigated. Individual dog faecal samples collected from each kennel were examined by parasitological techniques and a rapid immunoassay for the detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium faecal antigens. On Giardia-positive samples, molecular analysis was performed for genotype identification. Overall, 69 dogs scored positive for G. duodenalis (41%), but significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the four kennels and sampling seasons. The potentially zoonotic assemblages A and B and the canine-specific assemblage C (Pistoia: A-AII, B, C; Prato: A-AII, B; Florence: A-AII; Valdarno: A and C) were identified. Toxocara canis (8.9%), Trichuris vulpis (3.6%), hookworms (1.19%) and Cryptosporidium sp. (0.6%) were also identified. The high prevalence of G. duodenalis and the identification of potentially zoonotic genotypes in all examined kennels underline the need to improve routine parasite monitoring and control measures and to provide insights into the zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis.
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Afonso, E., and A. C. Goydadin. "Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) guano." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 10 (May 30, 2018): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818001279.
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AbstractAlthough bats are increasingly recognised as potential reservoir hosts of human zoonotic pathogens, bacteria in bats are still poorly studied. To investigate the DNA faecal prevalence of the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, we sampled 23 lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) maternity colonies located in buildings (churches, barns) in rural villages of eastern France. A total of 552 faecal samples were collected from 278 individuals. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was detected in the faeces of 63 individuals (22.7%). Such high prevalence might suggest persistent infection in bats and/or a frequent consumption of insect preys carrying bacteria. Faecal DNA prevalence varied highly among colonies but was not related to the colony size. Faecal DNA prevalence was the highest in the Jura Department, where the density of ticks is known to be the highest across the study area. Because the sampled bats live in close proximity to humans, we discuss how concerning the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA in bat guano is for humans frequenting places of worship that shelter bats. We also advocate future research to understand what a high faecal DNA prevalence in bat guano really implicates in terms of bacteria transmission.
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Ferreira, Ana, Ana Margarida Alho, David Otero, Lídia Gomes, Rolf Nijsse, Paul A. M. Overgaauw, and Luís Madeira de Carvalho. "Urban Dog Parks as Sources of Canine Parasites: Contamination Rates and Pet Owner Behaviours in Lisbon, Portugal." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5984086.
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Dog parks represent a recent trend in western countries, enabling owners to spend quality time with their pets in a controlled environment. Despite their growing popularity, few studies have been performed to date on these parks to investigate dog intestinal parasitic infections and soil contamination. The present study examined 369 faecal and 18 soil samples collected from 3 dog parks in Greater Lisbon, Portugal. Additionally, 102 interviews were performed with dog owners to assess dog-walking behaviours and parasite risk. In total, 33% of the faecal dog samples were infected with at least one parasitic agent: hookworms (16.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (11.9%), Giardia spp. (11.4%), Toxascaris leonina (1.1%), Cystoisospora spp. (1.1%), Toxocara spp. (0.5%), and Sarcocystis sp. (0.3%). The soil of all the parks was contaminated with hookworm eggs. This is the first study performed in a European urban area to assess canine faecal contamination and parasitic agents in dog parks. Our results highlight the potential of these parks as a source of transmission for canine parasites, including some with zoonotic potential. Public awareness and effective preventive measures should be promoted to minimise the health-risk impact to both animals and humans, under the scope of environmental and public health.
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Kohansal, Mohammad Hasan, Asghar Fazaeli, Abbasali Nourian, Ali Haniloo, and Koorosh Kamali. "Dogs’ gastrointestinal parasites and their association with public health in Iran." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0024.
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AbstractIntroduction:Dogs harbour zoonotic parasites that cause serious infections in humans, such as visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, cystic echinococcosis, and alveolar echinococcosis. Studies on dogs’ gastrointestinal parasites in different geographical locations are required to increase knowledge of the risk of canine zoonoses in human populations.Material and Methods:The presence of parasites was examined in 450 faecal samples collected from eight zones of Zanjan province, northwest Iran from June to November 2015. The samples were examined using the sedimentation concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining.Results:Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 86 (19.1%) faecal samples.Sarcocystisspp. (7.3%),Taenia/Echinococcusspp. (5.6%),Toxocaraspp. (1.8%), andCystoisosporaspp. (1.6%) were the most common parasites observed. The other detected parasites consisted ofDicrocoelium dendriticum(0.7%),Eimeriaspp. (0.7%),Cryptosporidiumspp. (0.4%),Physalopteraspp. (0.4%),Giardiaspp. (1.3%), andSpirocerca lupi(1.3%). The lowest parasite infection rates belonged toTrichuris vulpisandAcanthocephalans(0.2% each).Conclusion:This study provides current information on the infection rates in dog populations in Zanjan Province. Furthermore, the study shows a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections, including zoonotic ones and particularlyTaenia/Echinococcusspp., potentially transmissible to humans and thus relevant to public health.
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Vernerová, Eva, Nela Dvořáková, Vlasta Svobodová, and Jiří Bureš. "Factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites and lungworm in dogs and assessment of antiparasitic drug use patterns." Acta Veterinaria Brno 91, no. 2 (2022): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202291020171.
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Dogs are hosts of parasites with different pathogenicities and zoonotic risks. The aim of our study was to assess factors that could affect the occurrence of endoparasitic infections in dogs using questionnaires for owners and examining canine faeces. Based on the responses of dog owners, we evaluated ways of the preventive and therapeutic use of antiparasitic drugs. One faecal sample was obtained from each dog (391 samples total), and then examined by flotation, larvoscopic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. We focused on zoonotic tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia crassiceps. The answers in the dog owners’ questionnaires showed that owners most often dewormed their dogs irregularly (96.4%), namely, twice a year (24.3%). In coprological examinations the following parasites were detected: Giardia spp., Cystoisospora ohioensis complex, Neospora caninum/Hammondia heydorni, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Capillaria spp., Trichuris spp., Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Ancylostoma spp. and Taenia spp. A total of 4 out of 391 PCR investigated samples of faeces were positive for DNA of Taenia species. Sequences were obtained for 3 of them, confirming 100% identity with T. crassiceps. The zoonotic helminths Toxocara canis were the more prevalent species (9.3%, 4.3%, 1.9% group A, B, C). We consider the presence of T. crassiceps in 3 dog faecal samples to be serious due to its zoonotic potential. Data collected within this study showed that the prevention against endoparasites carried out at the breeders’ discretion is insufficient to ensure the health of their dogs or to cover the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Ahmed, W., A. Goonetilleke, and T. Gardner. "Implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in southeast Queensland, Australia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 6 (June 2010): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-037.
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The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of Escherichia coli , enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens for assessing the microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and assessing whether the concentrations of these faecal indicators can be used to predict the presence or absence of specific zoonotic bacterial or protozoan pathogens. From a total of 100 samples tested, 58%, 83%, and 46% of samples were found to be positive for, respectively, E. coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens spores, as determined by traditional culture-based methods. Additionally, in the samples tested, 7%, 19%, 1%, 8%, 17%, and 15% were PCR positive for Aeromonas hydrophila lip, Campylobacter coli ceuE, Campylobacter jejuni mapA, Legionella pneumophila mip, Salmonella invA, and Giardia lamblia β-giardin genes, respectively. However, none of the samples was positive for E. coli O157 lipopolysaccharide, verocytotoxin 1, and verocytotoxin 2 and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein genes. The presence or absence of these potential pathogens did not correlate with any of the faecal indicator bacterial concentrations as determined by a binary logistic regression model. The roof-harvested rainwater samples tested in this study appeared to be of poor microbiological quality, and no significant correlation was found between the concentration of faecal indicators and pathogenic microorganisms. The use of faecal indicator bacteria raises questions regarding their reliability in assessing the microbiological quality of water and particularly their poor correlation with pathogenic microorganisms. The presence of one or more zoonotic pathogens suggests that the microbiological analysis of water should be performed and that appropriate treatment measures should be undertaken, especially in tanks where the water is used for drinking.
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Brunton, L., J. S. Knapp, J. Heritage, and H. M. Miller. "A comparison of the gut microbiota in indoor and outdoor reared pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028702.
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The bacterial populations present in the porcine gut play an important role in pig health. A number of factors may influence these populations including diet, medication and environment. To identify what effects rearing environments have on the gut microbiota, this study compares the numbers of four common groups of gut organisms – enterococci, Bacteroides spp., lactobacilli and coliforms – in faecal samples taken from pigs reared either indoors or outdoors. The presence of three zoonotic bacteria – Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile, and Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 -was also assessed to determine whether rearing environment might influence the threat of zoonotic infections.
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Jokinen, Cassandra C., Hans Schreier, William Mauro, Eduardo Taboada, Judith L. Isaac-Renton, Edward Topp, Thomas Edge, James E. Thomas, and Victor P. J. Gannon. "The occurrence and sources of Campylobacter spp., Salmonellaenterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Salmon River, British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.076.
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In this study, we wished to assess the prevalence and determine the sources of three zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) in the Salmon River watershed in southwestern British Columbia. Surface water, sewage, and animal faecal samples were collected from the watershed. Selective bacterial culture and PCR techniques were used to isolate these three pathogens and indicator bacteria from these samples and characterize them. Campylobacter was the most prevalent pathogen in all samples, followed by Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella isolation rates from water, as well as faecal coliform densities correlated positively with precipitation, while Campylobacter isolation rates correlated negatively with precipitation. Analysis of DNA extracted from water samples for the presence of Bacteroides host-species markers, and comparisons of C. jejuniflaA-RFLP types and Salmonella serovars from faecal and water samples provided evidence that human sewage and specific domestic and wild animal species were sources of these pathogens; however, in most cases the source could not be determined or more than one source was possible. The frequent isolation of these zoonotic pathogens in the Salmon River highlights the risks to human health associated with intentional and unintentional consumption of untreated surface waters.
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Pacheco-Torres, Irene, David Hernández-Sánchez, Cristina García-De la Peña, Luis A. Tarango-Arámbula, María M. Crosby-Galván, and Paulino Sánchez-Santillán. "Analysis of the Intestinal and Faecal Bacterial Microbiota of the Cervidae Family Using 16S Next-Generation Sequencing: A Review." Microorganisms 11, no. 7 (July 24, 2023): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071860.
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The Cervidae family has a wide distribution due to its adaptation to numerous ecological environments, which allows it to develop a diverse microbial community in its digestive tract. Recently, research has focused on the taxonomic composition and functionality of the intestinal and faecal microbiota of different cervid species worldwide, as well as their microbial diversity and variation under different associated factors such as age, sex, diet, distribution, and seasonal variation. In addition, there is special interest in knowing how cervids act as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogenic microorganisms, which represent a threat to public health. This review provides a synthesis of the growing field of microbiota determination in cervids worldwide, focusing on intestinal and faecal samples using 16S next-generation sequencing. It also documents factors influencing microbial diversity and composition, the microorganisms reported as pathogenic/zoonotic, and the perspectives regarding the conservation of these species. Knowing the interactions between bacteria and cervid health can drive management and conservation strategies for these species and help develop an understanding of their evolutionary history and the interaction with emerging disease-causing microorganisms.
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Zendejas-Heredia, Patsy A., Vito Colella, Lucas G. Huggins, Roland Schaper, Bettina Schunack, and Rebecca J. Traub. "An Integrated Coproscopic and Molecular Method Provides Insights into the Epidemiology of Zoonotic Intestinal Helminths of Dogs across Cambodia." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2023 (August 22, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2001871.
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Introduction. In Cambodia, a limited number of focal surveys targeting dogs in rural communities have reported intestinal helminths of potential zoonotic risk as highly endemic. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, diversity, distribution, and risk predictors associated with zoonotic intestinal helminths infecting pet, community, and pagoda dogs across rural and urban settings in Cambodia through an integrated coproscopic and molecular approach. Methods. Faecal samples, demographic, and clinical data were collected from 457 dogs across Cambodia. Faeces were screened for gastroenteric parasites using sodium nitrate faecal floatation (1.30 SpGr) and multiplex TaqMan-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for differentiation of canine hookworm species (Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala) and for Strongyloides spp. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing was used to further characterise eggs resembling zoonotic helminths that could not be designated to a species level by light microscopy alone. In addition, infection intensities for hookworms and Toxocara as eggs per gram of faeces were estimated to assess the dog age-dependent contribution of these zoonotic parasites in the environment. Finally, multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk predictors for gastrointestinal parasitoses. Results. Using combined coproscopic and molecular methods, we detected at least one helminth in 79% of the sampled dogs. Of these, 78.8% were infected with at least one zoonotic species, with A. ceylanicum (50%) and A. caninum (50%) constituting the most common parasites followed by A. braziliense (20%), Toxocara canis (15%), Strongyloides spp. (5%), Dipylidium caninum (2%), and Eucoleus spp. (2%). The indirect zoonotic helminths Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, Spirometra mansoni, and Haplorchis yokogawai contributed to 14% of the total infections in dogs. Dogs were also found mechanically passing eggs of large trematodes such as Fischoederius elongatus, Schistosoma spp., Paramphistomatidae, and Gastrothylax crumenifer. Contradictory to previous reports, the prevalence of T. canis was highest in adult dogs with egg shedding intensity peaking in dogs more than 7 years of age. Finally, we found that pale mucous membranes and low total protein were predictors of hookworm infection in dogs ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Dogs within both rural and urban settings across Cambodia are highly infected with a large diversity of zoonotic gastroenteric helminths. This study reports the presence of A. braziliense, the aetiological agent of hookworm-related “creeping eruptions” for the first time in Cambodia. Moreover, infection intensity data suggest that adult dogs should also be targeted by deworming campaigns to reduce the prevalence of zoonotic hookworm and T. canis infections within the country. These results highlight the need for an integrated approach to canine population management and parasite control in dogs across urban and rural settings in Cambodia to mitigate the public health risks and impacts posed by these helminths.
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Frosini, Siân-Marie, Georgina Gallow, Amanda Gibson, Juliana Menezes, Constança Pomba, and Anette Loeffler. "Detecting mecA in Faecal Samples: A Tool for Assessing Carriage of Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Pets and Owners in the Microbiological ‘Fast Age’?" Microbiology Research 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14010005.
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Sampling animals for carriage of meticillin-resistant, coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRCoPS), considered zoonotic pathogens, can be challenging and time-consuming. Developing methods to identify mecA from non-invasive samples, e.g., faeces, would benefit AMR surveillance and management of MRS carrier animals. This study aimed to distinguish MRS carriers from non-carriers from faecal samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for mecA. Paired faecal and nasal swab samples (n = 86) were obtained from 13 dogs and 20 humans as part of a longitudinal study. Nasal MRCoPS carriage (either MR-Staphylococcus aureus or MR-Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was confirmed by identification of species (nuc) and meticillin resistance (mecA) (PCR). Faecal DNA (n = 69) was extracted and a qPCR method was optimised to provide a robust detection method. The presence of faecal mecA was compared between MRS carriers and non-carriers (Kruskal–Wallis test). Nasal swabbing identified seven canine and four human MRCoPS carriers. mecA was detected in 13/69 faecal samples, including four MRCoPS carriers and nine non-carriers. For dogs, there was no significant association (p = 1.000) between carrier status and mecA detection; for humans, mecA was more commonly detected in MRCoPS carriers (p = 0.047). mecA was detected in faeces of MRCoPS carriers and non-carriers by qPCR, but larger sample sizes are required to determine assay sensitivity. This rapid method enables passive surveillance of mecA in individuals and the environment.
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NISA, SARSA A., RIFKA A. N. SAFITRI, NURUL INAYAH, ACHIRUL NDITASARI, SUSIANA PURWANTISARI, REJEKI S. FERNIAH, ANANG S. ACHMADI, TAUFIQ P. NUGRAHA, and SUGIYONO SAPUTRA. "Potential Zoonotic Faecal Bacteria from Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica ) and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles." Microbiology Indonesia 15, no. 2 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5454/mi.15.2.4.
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Strompfová, Viola, Iveta Plachá, Klaudia Čobanová, Soňa Gancarčíková, Dagmar Mudroňová, and Andrea Lauková. "Experimental addition of Eleutherococcus senticosus and probiotic to the canine diet." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0037-0.
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AbstractThere is a current trend to support pet health through the addition of natural supplements to their diet, taking into account the high incidence of medical conditions related to their immune system and gastrointestinal tract. This study investigates effects of the plant Eleutherococcus senticosus as a dietary additive on faecal microbiota, faecal characteristics, blood serum biochemistry and selected parameters of cellular immunity in healthy dogs. A combination of the plant with the canine-derived probiotic strain Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7421 was also evaluated. Thirty-two dogs were devided into 4 treatment groups; receiving no additive (control), dry root extract of E. senticosus (8 mg/kg of body weight), probiotic strain (108 CFU/mL, 0.1 mL/kg bw) and the combination of both additives. The trial lasted 49 days with 14 days supplementation period. Results confirm no antimicrobial effect of the plant on the probiotic abundance either in vitro (cultivation test) or in vivo. The numbers of clostridia, lactic acid bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the concentration of serum total protein, triglyceride, glucose and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly altered according to the treatment group. Leukocyte phagocytosis was significantly stimulated by the addition of probiotic while application of plant alone led to a significant decrease.
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Huggins, Lucas G., Anson V. Koehler, Bettina Schunack, Tawin Inpankaew, and Rebecca J. Traub. "A Host-Specific Blocking Primer Combined with Optimal DNA Extraction Improves the Detection Capability of a Metabarcoding Protocol for Canine Vector-Borne Bacteria." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040258.
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Bacterial canine vector-borne diseases are responsible for some of the most life-threatening conditions of dogs in the tropics and are typically poorly researched with some presenting a zoonotic risk to cohabiting people. Next-generation sequencing based methodologies have been demonstrated to accurately characterise a diverse range of vector-borne bacteria in dogs, whilst also proving to be more sensitive than conventional PCR techniques. We report two improvements to a previously developed metabarcoding tool that increased the sensitivity and diversity of vector-borne bacteria detected from canine blood. Firstly, we developed and tested a canine-specific blocking primer that prevents cross-reactivity of bacterial primer amplification on abundant canine mitochondrial sequences. Use of our blocking primer increased the number of canine vector-borne infections detected (five more Ehrlichia canis and three more Anaplasma platys infections) and increased the diversity of bacterial sequences found. Secondly, the DNA extraction kit employed can have a significant effect on the bacterial community characterised. Therefore, we compared four different DNA extraction kits finding the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit to be superior for detection of blood-borne bacteria, identifying nine more A. platys, two more E. canis, one more Mycoplasma haemocanis infection and more putative bacterial pathogens than the lowest performing kit.
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Ntampaka, Pie, François Niragire, Philip Njeru Nyaga, and Gervais Habarugira. "Canine Gastrointestinal Nematodiases and Associated Risk Factors in Kigali City, Rwanda." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9956256.
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Canine nematodes pose a public health risk to humans and livestock; however, the prevalence of canine nematodiases in Rwanda is unknown. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of canine nematodiases and identifying the risk factors for such infections in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda. A cross-sectional study involved 93 dogs selected across Kigali city. Faecal samples were collected from apparently healthy dogs, and nematode eggs were identified and quantified using the McMaster technique. Risk factors for canine nematodiases were analysed by a multivariable binary logistic regression model. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodiases in dogs was 33.3% (95% CI: 23.8–42.9). The most prevalent species was Ancylostoma spp with 32.3% (95% CI: 22.8–41.8). Nearly 38.7% and 3.2% of the dogs infected with Ancylostoma spp and Toxocara canis had high egg counts per gram (EPG) of faeces (≥550), respectively. Approximately 96.8% of dogs infected with nematodes had monoinfection. Logistic regression analysis showed that dog’s age (1 to 2.5 years old), location (Gasabo and Kicukiro districts), and feeding practices were significantly associated with prevalence of canine nematodiases. In particular, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was more than 5 times higher for dogs fed on uncooked animal products and leftovers from households and restaurants compared to those who ate food prepared for them. The AOR was also about 16 times higher for dogs that scavenged and ate leftovers from households compared to those who ate food prepared for them. The findings of this study indicate that the prevalence of GI nematodes in domestic dogs in Kigali city, Rwanda, was 33.3% (95% CI: 23.8–42.9). The identified nematodes, namely, Ancylostoma spp. and Toxocara canis, are zoonotic, and dogs and humans are at risk of contracting these nematodes. The factors associated with canine GI nematodes in Kigali city include feeding practices and the dog’s age and location (district). Dog owners need to rethink procedures for deworming and feeding their dogs. Again, the public should be made aware of the role of dogs in transmitting zoonotic nematodes to humans.
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Candellone, Alessia, Matteo Cerquetella, Flavia Girolami, Paola Badino, and Rosangela Odore. "Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation." Antioxidants 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080725.
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Acute diarrhea is one of the most common reasons why pet owners seek veterinary care for their canine companions. In many cases, signs resolve spontaneously or with symptomatic therapy without a specific cause being discovered. However, life-threatening cases can occur. The etiology is complex, including infectious diseases (endoparasites, virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungal agents) by both zoonotic and non-zoonotic pathogens, dietary indiscretion, endocrine diseases, and stress (e.g., travel or environmental changes). In the last years, the role played by oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies, independently from the initial noxa, has been highlighted by many researches in both humans and animals. As a result, a series of dietary antioxidant compounds have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of intestinal inflammation. This review summarizes the traditional therapeutic and nutritional options to manage canine acute diarrhea, highlighting the need to explore the role of oxidative stress and potential antioxidant supplementation, especially polyphenols, during acute diarrheic episodes.
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Mohammad Salih, Dunya AA, and Athmar K. Abbas. "The Prevalence of Canine Dipylidiasis in Baghdad city, Iraq ." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 46, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v46i1.1314.
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Dipylidiasis is a zoonotic intestinal cestode disease caused by Dipylidium caninum. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Dipylidium caninum infections in dogs from Baghdad city. The study involved the impact of sexes, age, during nine months (from January to October 2021) on dipylidiasis infection in pet and stray dogs. 108 faecal samples were collected from (54 pets and 54 stray dogs) then examined for the detection of D. caninum egg capsules and eggs using coprological diagnosis (flotation and sedimentation methods) in the laboratory of parasitology / College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. The overall infection rate was 14.81% (16/108). The study revealed the infection rate of D. caninum from pets and stray dogs was 9.26% (5/54), and 20.37% (11/54), respectively. Infection rates in stray dogs were high during March, April, and May (12.5% for each month), compared with pet dogs (0%, 6.25%, 6.25%) respectively, while in January, the rate of infection was 0% in both types, significantly (P<0.05) during March. A significant difference was recorded (P<0.01) between the sexes in both dog types, females recorded a higher 25% (3/12) infection rate than males 19.05% (8/42) in stray dogs, compared to the females, 5.9% (1/17) and males, 10.8% (4/37) in pet dogs, respectively. According to the age, a high infection rate was found in stray dog adults (20.51%), while the infection rate was zero (0%) in pet dog puppies, with a significant difference (p < 0.01) between the age groups in both types. The results revealed that stray and pet dogs may play a larger role in the spread of zoonotic dipylidiasis and that public health needs more concerted efforts to educate dog owners and implement control programs to prevent the infective stage maturation by cutting life cycle of intermediate hosts.
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KURUMADAS, ROJA, SREEDEVI CHENNURU, SUDHAKAR KROVVIDI, and MALAKONDAIAH PATTIPATI. "Assessing risk factors associated with prevalence of canine gastrointestinal parasitic zoonoses in Andhra Pradesh, India." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 6 (September 21, 2020): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i6.104980.
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Prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasites in dogs from central coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India was estimated by coprological examination. On examination of faecal samples of 1,907 dogs by saturated zinc sulphate floatation, sedimentation technique and modified Ziehl-Nielsen staining, an overall prevalence of 52.2% was observed. Single species infections were more common (49.7%) than mixed infections (2.5%). A total of 11 different species were detected. The most prevalent species was Ancylostoma canis followed by Toxocara canis, Cystoisospora ohioensis, Dipylidium caninum, Toxascaris leonina, Capillaria aerophila, Diphyllobothrium latum, Cystoisospora canis, Entamoeba spp., Trichuris vulpis and Cryptosporidium spp. The overall prevalence was high in stray dogs (65.9%). The prevalence of A. caninum (31.6%) was significant in pet dogs. Significant relationship between the season and prevalence of parasites was observed, the infection being more prevalent during rainy season. Binary logistic regression analysis identified age, season and the living condition of dogs and lack of zoonotic awareness of owners as risk factors for different parasitic infection.
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Strompfová, Viola, Andrea Lauková, and Dušan Cilik. "Synbiotic administration of canine-derived strain Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7421 and inulin to healthy dogs." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 5 (May 2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2012-0472.
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The canine-derived strain Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7421 has been demonstrated to exert certain health benefits as a probiotic in dogs. Synbiotic combinations are widely used but are rarely studied in dogs. In this study the prebiotic inulin in combination with L. fermentum CCM 7421 was tested for its effects on faecal microbial populations, faecal characteristics, and blood biochemistry in canine experiments. Healthy adult dogs (n = 36) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (12 dogs/treatment): (i) the control group (C), (ii) the probiotic group (LF group: L. fermentum CCM 7421, 108 CFU/mL of Ringer buffer, 0.1 mL/kg of body mass), and (iii) the synbiotic group (LF+I group: L. fermentum CCM 7421 + inulin (I; Raftifeed IPS) added as 1% of diet). The experiment lasted for 7 weeks with a 2-week treatment period. We detected a significant increase of lactic acid bacteria (LF versus C, day 7; LF versus C and LF versus LF+I, days 28 and 49), a decrease of clostridia (LF versus C, day 14), a lower pH value (LF versus LF+I, day 28), and a higher ammonia concentration (LF versus LF+I, days 14 and 49) in faecal samples. The synbiotic LF+I combination did not intensify the probiotic L. fermentum CCM 7421 efficacy, but its slight laxative effect can be useful to prevent constipation, e.g., in senior dogs.
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García-Belenguer, Sylvia, Laura Grasa, Olga Valero, Jorge Palacio, Isabel Luño, and Belén Rosado. "Gut Microbiota in Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Effects of Disease and Treatment." Animals 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2021): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113121.
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Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The structure and composition of gut microbiome associated to this disorder has not yet been analyzed in depth but there is evidence that suggests a possible influence of gut bacteria in controlling seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota associated to canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and the possible influence of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the modulation of this microbiota. Faecal microbiota composition was analyzed using sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in a group of healthy controls (n = 12) and a group of epileptic dogs both before (n = 10) and after a 30-day single treatment with phenobarbital or imepitoin (n = 9). Epileptic dogs showed significantly reduced abundance of GABA (Pseudomonadales, Pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonas and Pseudomona_graminis) and SCFAs-producing bacteria (Peptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Anaerotruncus) as well as bacteria associated with reduced risk for brain disease (Prevotellaceae) than control dogs. The administration of AEDs during 30 days did not modify the gut microbiota composition. These results are expected to contribute to the understanding of canine idiopathic epilepsy and open up the possibility of studying new therapeutic approaches for this disorder, including probiotic intervention to restore gut microbiota in epileptic individuals.
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Benmazouz, Isma, László Kövér, and Gábor Kardos. "Does the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) harbour vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Hungary?" Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/11523.
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Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are high priority nosocomial bacteria with a potential for zoonotic transmission. Thus, its emergence outside health establishments is a major concern. In order to study the prevalence of VRE in wildlife, we collected 221 faecal samples from free-ranging Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) from urban and rural habitats in Hungary, from March to August 2020. The screening for resistant enterococci was done using bile esculin azide (BEA) agar supplemented with Vancomycin, specific to the screening of VRE. None of the samples from either habitat types yielded VRE. It seems that Hooded Crows from Hungary do not necessarily constitute a reservoir of VREs at present. Nonetheless, a continuous surveillance of VRE in wildlife would be judicious.
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Turner, Emma. "Chronic inflammatory enteropathy: faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice." Veterinary Nurse 14, no. 5 (June 2, 2023): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2023.14.5.224.
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Chronic inflammatory enteropathy is an umbrella term that encompasses various inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. In the absence of identifiable underlying infectious, neoplastic or metabolic causes, chronic or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histopathological evidence of mucosal inflammation are the hallmarks of chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Subgroups of chronic inflammatory enteropathy are retrospectively categorised as food-responsive, immunosuppression-responsive, small intestinal dysbiosis or non-responsive based on the selective response to therapeutic trials. Small intestinal dysbiosis is an overarching term used to describe derangement of the small intestinal microbiota caused by an abnormal proliferation of bacteria and/or change in bacterial species present in the small intestinal lumen. The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy remains elusive, although current hypotheses emphasise the role of adverse immune responses to dietary and microbial antigens thought to arise from immune system dysregulation, genetic susceptibility and intestinal dysbiosis. The gastrointestinal tract of dogs is colonised by a vast population of microorganisms, known as the intestinal microbiota, which is composed of viruses, fungi, bacteria and protozoa. Clinical use of faecal microbiota transplantation in promoting normobiosis has been gaining popularity within the field of canine gastroenterology. This modifies the intestinal bacterial microbiota and has shown promise as an adjunctive treatment of enteric disease, associated with a faster resolution of diarrhoea and enhanced clinical recovery.
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La Sala, Luciano F., Pablo F. Petracci, Viviana Randazzo, and Mariano E. Fernández-Miyakawa. "Enteric bacteria in Olrog’s Gull (Larus atlanticus) and Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) from the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina." El Hornero 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56178/eh.v28i2.629.
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The Bahía Blanca Estuary in Argentina is under the effect of chronic microbiological pollution with untreated raw sewage and the pathogens associated with it. In this estuary, there are breeding colonies of Olrog’s Gull (Larus atlanticus) and Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus), where parents feed chicks and themselves on prey and food items foraged at or near sewage outfalls and refuse tips where they can be exposed to pathogens of human and animal origin. The objective of this study was to assess the role of Olrog’s Gull and Kelp Gull as carriers of zoonotic pathogens of faecal origin. Bacterial recovery from faecal samples of both gull species was positive for Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica var. Gallinarum, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence and diversity of pathogens varied between gull species, and Olrog’s Gull tested positive for a wider range of pathogens than Kelp Gull. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria in chicks and adults of both gull species, followed by Salmonella spp. in Olrog’s Gull chicks, and Enterobacter cloacae and Shigella dysenteriae in Olrog’s Gull adults. The potential use of these gull species as sentinels of microbiological pollution in the Bahía Blanca Estuary is proposed.
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Colombo, Mariasole, and Donato Traversa. "Clinical features of hepatozoonosis in dogs and cats." Veterinary Nurse 14, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2023.14.1.24.
Full textAbstract:
Canine and feline vector-borne diseases are emerging diseases caused by a multitude of worldwide distributed pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths) and transmitted by ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, sandflies and mosquitoes). They are important because of their increasing prevalence and distribution, great pathogenic potential in companion animals and the zoonotic potential of some of them. Among vector-borne diseases, hepatozoonosis is a neglected but emerging tick-borne disease of dogs and cats. It is caused by different protozoa species belonging to the genus Hepatozoon and is characterized by variable clinical pictures, from subclinical and subtle to potentially life-threatening signs. Data on the biology, epidemiology, clinical features and treatment of canine and feline hepatozoonosis are still limited and the disease is often overlooked in clinical settings. This article discusses the current literature on clinical aspects of canine and feline hepatozoonosis, to increase awareness of this disease.
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Rigobelo, E. E. C., N. Karapetkov, S. A. Maestá, F. A. Ávila, and D. McIntosh. "Use of probiotics to reduce faecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep." Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2013.0094.
Full textAbstract:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic, foodborne pathogens of humans. Ruminants, including sheep, are the primary reservoirs of STEC and there is a need to develop intervention strategies to reduce the entry of STEC into the food chain. The initiation of the majority of bacterial, enteric infections involves colonisation of the gut mucosal surface by the pathogen. However, probiotic bacteria can serve to decrease the severity of infection via a number of mechanisms including competition for receptors and nutrients, and/or the synthesis of organic acids and bacteriocins that create an environment unfavourable for pathogen development. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the administration of a probiotic mixture to sheep experimentally infected with a non-O157 STEC strain, carrying stx1, stx2 and eae genes, was able to decrease faecal shedding of the pathogen. The probiotic mixture contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium. The numbers of non-O157 STEC in faecal samples collected from sheep receiving daily doses of the probiotic mixture were significantly lower at the 3rd, 5th and 6th week post-inoculation when compared to the levels recorded in untreated animals. It was concluded that administration of the probiotic mixture reduced faecal shedding of non-O157 STEC in sheep, and holds potential as a pre-harvest intervention method to reduce transmission to humans.
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Maďar, Marián, Jana Kačírová, Aladár Maďari, Rastislav Mucha, Eva Styková, and Radomíra Nemcová. "Cultivable bacterial diversity of the canine dental plaque as a potential source of bacterial infections." Acta Veterinaria Brno 90, no. 2 (2021): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202190020171.
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Dental diseases are a persistent problem, not only in humans, but very often in companion animals as well. Aetiological agents of these diseases are the dental plaque bacteria. In the present study, we focused on identifying cultivable bacteria living in the dental plaque of dogs, specifically dogs suffering from the early stages of periodontal disease. Canine oral bacteria pose a risk to humans that get bitten by the dog, but they also have a zoonotic potential. Dental plaque samples were taken from five dogs of small breeds. Samples were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on several types of microbiological agars. All obtained and selected bacterial colonies were identified by PCR with universal primers for the 16S rRNA gene and the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were compared with the sequences available in the GenBank database using BLASTn analysis. A total of 75 bacteria belonging to five phyla, predominantly to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, were identified. The most frequent species was Pasteurella canis which was detected in all samples. In addition, representatives of the genera Actinomyces, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Frederiksenia, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Leucobacter, Neisseria, Ottowia, Porphyromonas, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas and Streptococcus were detected in the samples. In the present study, a broad spectrum of bacteria in dental plaque samples, including canine periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gulae or Porphyromonas macacae were identified. In addition, highly pathogenic bacteria, specifically Actinomyces hordeovulneris, Bacillus circulans, and Bacteroides pyogenes, which pose a serious risk to human health, were detected in samples.
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Guedes, Paula Elisa Brandão, Thais Nascimento de Andrade Oliveira, Fábio Santos Carvalho, Renata Santiago Alberto Carlos, George Rego Albuquerque, Alexandre Dias Munhoz, Amauri Arias Wenceslau, and Fabiana Lessa Silva. "Canine ehrlichiosis: prevalence and epidemiology in northeast Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 2 (June 12, 2015): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015030.
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Ehrlichiosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia. The aims of this study were to detect the presence of Ehrlichia spp. in the blood of dogs in Ituberá, Bahia, and to compare the sensitivities and specificities of blood smear, serological, and molecular examinations. Furthermore, this study identified factors associated with exposure to the agent in dogs in this locality. Blood samples were collected from 379 dogs and submitted for indirect immunofluorescent assay and polymerase chain reaction testing for the detection of Ehrlichia spp. antibodies and DNA, respectively. Additionally, a peripheral blood smear was obtained from the ear tip for parasite identification. Of the 379 animals, 12.4%, 32.7%, and 25.6% were identified as positive on the blood smear, serological, and molecular tests, respectively. The dogs positive in one of the three techniques were considered exposed (46.9%). Younger dogs and rural habitat were protective factors and presence of ticks and contact with other dogs were the risk factors associated with exposure to the agent. It was concluded that dogs of Ituberá have high positivity for Ehrlichia spp. and that the diagnostic methods used for detection are complementary.
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Trott, Darren J., Lucio J. Filippich, John C. Bensink, Mary T. Downs, Suzanne E. McKenzie, Kirsty M. Townsend, Susan M. Moss, and James J. C. Chin. "Canine model for investigating the impact of oral enrofloxacin on commensal coliforms and colonization with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05473-0.
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A model was developed in dogs to determine the impact of oral enrofloxacin administration on the indigenous coliform population in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent disposition to colonization by a strain of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC). Dogs given a daily oral dose of 5 mg enrofloxacin kg−1 for 21 consecutive days showed a significant decline in faecal coliforms to levels below detectable limits by 72 h of administration. Subsequently, faecal coliforms remained suppressed throughout the period of enrofloxacin dosing. Upon termination of antibiotic administration, the number of excreted faecal coliforms slowly returned over an 8-day period, to levels comparable to those seen prior to antibiotic treatment. Enrofloxacin-treated dogs were more effectively colonized by MDREC, evidenced by a significantly increased count of MDREC in the faeces (7.1 ± 1.5 log10 g−1) compared with non-antibiotic-treated dogs (5.2 ± 1.2; P = 0.003). Furthermore, antibiotic treatment also sustained a significantly longer period of MDREC excretion in the faeces (26.8 ± 10.5 days) compared with animals not treated with enrofloxacin (8.5 ± 5.4 days; P = 0.0215). These results confirm the importance of sustained delivery of an antimicrobial agent to maintain and expand the colonization potential of drug-resistant bacteria in vivo, achieved in part by reducing the competing commensal coliforms in the gastrointestinal tract to below detectable levels in the faeces. Without in vivo antimicrobial selection pressure, commensal coliforms dominated the gastrointestinal tract at the expense of the MDREC population. Conceivably, the model developed could be used to test the efficacy of novel non-antibiotic strategies aimed at monitoring and controlling gastrointestinal colonization by multidrug-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae that cause nosocomial infections.
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OSBJER, K., S. BOQVIST, S. SOKERYA, K. CHHENG, S. SAN, H. DAVUN, H. RAUTELIN, and U. MAGNUSSON. "Risk factors associated withCampylobacterdetected by PCR in humans and animals in rural Cambodia." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 14 (June 23, 2016): 2979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881600114x.
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SUMMARYCampylobacterare worldwide-occurring zoonotic bacteria, with the speciesCampylobacter jejuniandC. colicommonly associated with diarrhoea in children in low-income countries. In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence ofC. jejuniandC. coliin human and livestock faecal samples was detected by PCR and zoonotic risk factors associated with humanCampylobacterpositivity were identified. In total 681 humans and 753 livestock (chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle) from 269 households were sampled. Children aged <16 years were more frequentlyCampylobacterpositive (19%) than adults (8%) and multilevel logistic models revealed that humanC. jejunipositivity was associated with the following household practices: home-slaughtering [odds ratio (OR) 2·4,P= 0·01], allowing animals access to sleeping and food preparation areas (OR 2·8,P= 0·02), and eating undercooked meat (OR 6·6,P= 0·05), while frequent consumption of beef was protective (OR 0·9,P= 0·05). Associations were stronger for home-slaughtering (OR 4·9,P= 0·004) withC. jejuniinfection in children only.Campylobacterwas highly prevalent in pigs (72%) and chickens (56%) and risk factors associated with humanCampylobacterpositivity were identified throughout the meat production chain. The findings underline the importance of studying source attributions throughout the production chain and the need for upgraded understanding ofCampylobacterepidemiology in low-income countries.
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Royden, Alexandra, Emma Ormandy, Gina Pinchbeck, Ben Pascoe, Matthew D. Hitchings, Samuel K. Sheppard, and Nicola J. Williams. "Prevalence of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students." Veterinary Record Open 6, no. 1 (January 2019): e000307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2018-000307.
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Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria causing clinical infections are often also multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes), therefore treatment options may be limited. High carriage rates of these potentially zoonotic bacteria have been found in livestock and companion animals. Therefore, people working in veterinary hospitals may be a high-risk population for carriage. This is the first study to determine the prevalence and longitudinal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and ESBL-producing faecal Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students. Prevalence of faecal AMR and ESBL-producing E coli was determined in 84 staff members and students in three UK veterinary hospitals. Twenty-seven participants were followed for six weeks to investigate longitudinal carriage. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic ESBL production were determined and selected isolates were whole genome sequenced. ESBL-producing E coli were isolated from five participants (5.95 per cent; 95 per cent CI 0.89 to 11.0 per cent); two participants carried ESBL-producing E coli resistant to all antimicrobials tested. Carriage of MDR E coli was common (32.1 per cent; 95per cent CI 22.2 to 42.1 per cent) and there was a high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 4.98 to 18.8 per cent). ESBL-producing E coli were isolated from seven longitudinal participants (25.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 9.40 to 42.5 per cent); two participants carried ESBL-producing E coli for the entire study period. Twenty-six participants (96.3 per cent; 95 per cent CI 89.2 to 100) carried ≥1 MDR E coli isolate during the six-week period, with seven participants (25.9 per cent) carrying ≥1 MDR isolate for at least five out of six weeks. The prevalence of faecal ESBL-producing E coli in cross-sectional participants is similar to asymptomatic general populations. However, much higher levels of carriage were observed longitudinally in participants. It is vital that veterinary hospitals implement gold-standard biosecurity to prevent transmission of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria between patients and staff. Healthcare providers should be made aware that people working in veterinary hospitals are a high-risk population for carriage of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria, and that this poses a risk to the carrier and for transmission of resistance throughout the wider community.
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MOSS, J. E., X. CHEN, T. LI, J. QIU, Q. WANG, P. GIRAUDOUX, A. ITO, P. R. TORGERSON, and P. S. CRAIG. "Reinfection studies of canine echinococcosis and role of dogs in transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan communities, Sichuan, China." Parasitology 140, no. 13 (August 28, 2013): 1685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001200.
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SUMMARYIn the eastern Tibetan plateau both human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by infection with Echincoccus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively are highly endemic. The domestic dog plays a key role in zoonotic transmission in this region. Our primary objective was to investigate the role of domestic dogs in maintaining transmission of E. multilocularis in Shiqu county, Sichuan. A cohort of 281 dogs was followed up over one year after a single treatment with praziquantel followed by re-infection surveillance at 2, 5 and 12 months post-treatment. Faecal samples were tested by an Echinococcus genus-specific coproantigen ELISA and two species-specific copro-PCR tests. Total Echinococcus coproantigen prevalence in Shiqu at baseline was 21% and 9·6% after 2 months. E. multilocularis copro-PCR was positive in 11·2% of dogs before treatment (vs 3·6% with E. granulosus copro-DNA), 2·9% at 2 months post-treatment, and 0% at 5 month and 12 months. The results suggest that dogs may have the potential to maintain E. multilocularis transmission within local pastoral communities, and thus dog dosing could be an effective strategy to reduce transmission of E. multilocularis as well as E. granulosus in these co-endemic Tibetan communities.
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Fischer, Ella F., Romy Müller, Matthias Todte, Anja Taubert, and Carlos Hermosilla. "Role of Free-Ranging Synanthropic Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) as Natural Host Reservoirs for Salmonella spp. in Germany." Animals 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2023): 3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213403.
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Salmonella is one of the most common and pathogenic bacteria worldwide, causing severe enteritis in humans and representing a relevant intestinal illness in One Health for young, old and immunosuppressed patients. Various Salmonella serovars have been described to be responsible for human Salmonellosis. Birds represent natural carriers of different zoonotic-relevant Salmonella serovars and Anseriformes can not only transmit Salmonella spp. to humans but also manifest clinical Salmonellosis. In this study, 138 scat samples (n = 138) of free-ranging Egyptian geese (EG; Alopochen aegyptiaca) were collected in Germany, including 83 scat samples from city parks, 30 samples from 14 public swimming pools and 25 fresh caecal samples of dead EG. Collected EG scat samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp. according either to the ISO 6579 (2017) norm or to a combination of bacterial pre-enrichment and specific PCR for detection of Salmonella DNA. All 138 analysed EG faecal samples resulted Salmonella-negative. Furthermore, the survival of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Anatum in spiked EG droppings was tested in four different concentrations of chlorinated pool water. In vitro testing demonstrated that S. Anatum-spiked EG droppings were still infectious for up to six hours in chlorinated pool water according to current German regulations for public swimming pools. This study is to be considered as a baseline investigation to clarify the role of synanthropic EG as natural carriers of zoonotic Salmonella in cities; nonetheless, large-scale epidemiological studies, including higher numbers of samples as well as more urban locations, are needed for final conclusions on the occurrence of this intestinal bacteria in neozootic EG.
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Rapp, Delphine, Colleen Ross, Vanessa Cave, Paul Maclean, Ruy Jauregui, and Gale Brightwell. "Medium-term storage of calf beddings affects bacterial community and effectiveness to inactivate zoonotic bacteria." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): e0295843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295843.
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Land-spreading of animal faecal wastes -such as animal beddings- can introduce zoonotic enteropathogens into the food system environment. The study evaluated the effectiveness of animal beddings naturally contaminated by calf manure to reduce E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella enterica. The two pathogens were introduced separately as a four strains-cocktail and at high (>6.5 Log10 g-1) concentration into bedding materials, and their inactivation over a 10 weeks-period was monitored by using a Most Probable Number (MPN) enumeration method. Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 was more effective in the bedding inoculated immediately after collection from calf pens than in the beddings inoculated after a 2 months-pre-storage period: E. coli O157:H7 levels were reduced by 6.6 Log10 g-1 in unstored bedding (0.5 Log10 g-1 recovered; 95%CI: 0.0–1.2), and by 4.9 Log10 g-1 in pre-stored bedding (2.2 Log10 g-1 recovered; 95%CI: 1.5–2.8) with a significant (p<0.05) difference between unstored and pre-stored. S. enterica was inactivated less effectively as counts were reduced by one order of magnitude, with no significant difference in inactivation between unstored and pre-stored beddings. Low levels of naturally occurring E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were detected in the non-inoculated beddings, as well as in the straw prior to use in the animal facility. To better understand the possible biological processes involved, the bacterial community present in the beddings was characterised by short-read 16S rRNA sequencing. Pre-storage of the bedding affected the composition but not the diversity of the bacterial community. Analyses of the key bacterial phyla suggested that the presence of a diverse and stable bacterial community might facilitate inactivation of the introduced pathogens, and a possible role of bacterial orders associated with lignocellulolytic resources. Overall, the study contributed to the understanding of the fate of zoonotic bacteria introduced in animal beddings during storage and identified bedding storage practices pre-and post-use in animal facilities that could be important to prevent the risk of zoonosis dissemination to the environment or to the dairy herds.
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Kemper, Nicole, Ansgar Aschfalk, and Christiane Höller. "The occurrence and prevalence of potentially zoonotic enteropathogens in." Rangifer 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.24.1.296.
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The information about pathogens excreted by semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) that might represent a health risk to humans and animals is insufficient. The objectives of this study are to find the occurrence and prevalence of important potentially enteropathogenic, zoonotic bacteria and parasites in reindeer. Faecal samples from clinically healthy, semi-domesticated reindeer (n=2243) from northern regions of Finland and Norway were examined for important potentially enteropathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp.) and parasites (Cryptosporidium spp.) following standard procedures. Escherichia coli were isolated in 2123 (94.7%), Enterococcus spp. in 2084 (92.9%), Yersinia spp. in 108 (4.8%) samples and Campylobacter sp., identified as C. hyointestinalis, in one sample only (0.04%). Neither Salmonella spp. nor Cryptosporidium-oocysts were detected. This study clearly shows that E. coli and Enterococcus spp. belong to the normal intestinal flora of healthy reindeer. However, only few of the isolated E. coli-strains possess genes encoding stx1 (0.14%), stx2 (0%), eae (0.52%) and hlyEHEC (0.99%), detected by PCR, that have the ability to cause health problems in humans and also animals. The isolated Yersinia spp. were further analysed for virulence factors, but examinations revealed no pathogenic strains. The public health risk due to excretion of important enteropathogenic microorganisms from reindeer has to be considered very low at present but a putative epidemiological threat to human health might arise when herding conditions are changed towards intensification and crowding. This study was performed as part of the EU-project RENMAN (www.urova.fi/home/renman/). Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Det er mangelfull kunnskap om hvorvidt det i reinmøkk kan finnes mikroorganismer som kan representere en helserisiko for dyr og mennesker. Hensikten med denne studien var å undersøke forekomsten av mulige sykdomsfremkallende mikroorganismer i reinmøkk. Prøver av reinmøkk ble samlet fra 2243 klinisk friske tamrein i nordre deler av Finland og Norge. Prøvene ble undersøkt for bakteriene Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp. og parasitten Cryptosporidium spp. ved bruk av standardiserte laboratoriemetoder. E. coli ble funnet i 2123 prøver (94,7%), Enterococcus spp. i 2084 prøver (92,9%) og Yersinia spp. i 108 prøver (4,8%). Campylobacter spp., identifisert som Campylobacter hyointestinalis, ble bare funnet i én prøve (0,04%). Salmonella spp. og Cryptosporidium spp. ble ikke påvist. Videre undersøkelser av E. coli viste at bare svært få (<1%) av isolatene hadde gener som kodet for mulige sykdomsfremkallende toksiner. Videre undersøkelser av Yersinia spp. viste at ingen av disse isolatene var sykdomsfremkallende. Studien viser at helserisikoen knyttet til de undersøkte mikroorganismene i reinmøkk må betraktes som svært liten.
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Cozma, Andreea Paula, Cristina Mihaela Rimbu, Flavia Zendri, Iuliana Elena Maciuca, and Dorina Timofte. "Clonal Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacterales between Dogs and Humans in Households and Animal Shelters of Romania." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091242.
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Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) Enterobacterales in healthy pets is a concerning issue. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, genetic background, and potential for interspecies transmission of these bacteria between dogs and humans within the same household (HH) or shelter environment in Romania. Faecal samples (n = 263) collected from healthy dogs (n = 102), their owners (n = 32), as well as dogs (n = 110) and staff (n = 19) from dog shelters, were screened for ESC-R carriage. Clonal relatedness of canine and human Escherichia coli isolates was established using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by Illumina WGS of selected isolates. The highest prevalence of ESC-R Enterobacterales faecal carriage was identified in staff working at dog shelters (78.9%), followed by dogs from households (44.11%), dog owners (43.7%), and dogs from shelters (27%). FTIR identified 15 clusters of closely related E. coli isolates, including dog and human isolates from the same environment. Co-carriage of ESC-R isolates in both the dog and owner was identified in 12 HHs (37.5%), with two HHs (6%) having both the owner and dog carrying isolates with identical FTIR spectra, phylogroup, resistance genes, and Inc plasmids. Major ExPEC lineages such as ST127, ST10, ST155, and ST88 were detected in human and dog isolates. Our study revealed a high prevalence of faecal ESC-R E. coli carriage in both dogs and humans from Romanian households and shelters, where bidirectional clonal transmission between humans and dogs is likely. Furthermore, we identified ESC-R Enterobacterales co-carriage in people and dogs sharing the same environment using FTIR, demonstrating its value in AMR surveillance for humans and animals.
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Amadi, A. N. C., P. I. Obeten, and B. C. Chukwuemeka. "Prevalence of Helminths Parasites among Dogs and Risk Factors of Zoonotic Infections by Dog Owners in Bende Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i2.12.
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Dogs, as the most common pet animal worldwide, habours a wide range of intestinal parasites with zoonotic potential, thus raising serious concern over public health. This study presents the intestinal helminthes in dogs and risk factors associated with dog owners in Bende Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. The dogs’ faecal samples were examined using formal-ether sedimentation techniques. Questionnaire was administered to elicit responses from the dog owners. A total of 110 faecal samples collected randomly from dogs were processed and examined for helminthes eggs. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes was 39.1%. Prevalence was higher in Bende-Ovu 39.7% than Umuoshie 38.1%. There was no statistical relationship found in both communities (P>0.05). The four species of parasites identified were Ancylostoma caninum (44.2%), Toxocara canis (30.2%), Diphylidium caninum (23.3%) and Trichuris vulpis (2.3%) with Ancylostoma caninum occurring most 59.2% in Bende-Ovu and Toxocara canis (56.2%) in Umuoshie. This was statistically significant (P<0.05). Basenji breeds had the highest infection (51.1%) while Greyhound breed had the least prevalence (2.3%). Female (47.8%) were more infected in Bende-Ovu than male (35.6%) while in Umusohie, male (39.1%) were more infected than the female (36.8%). Prevalence pattern was age dependent in the two communities but this was statistically insignificant (P>0.05). There is greater statistical significance (P<0.05) in the prevalence of breed in relation to sex of the dogs in Bende-Ovu (39.7%) as compared with dogs in Umuoshie (38.1%; P>0.05). Age related prevalence in the breed of dogs’ in Bende-Ovu and Umuoshie were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Questionnaire analyses revealed that majority (64.6%) of the dog owners are not aware of canine zoonosis. Most (58.4%) of them don’t take diseases transmitted by dogs seriously. The trend of the breed and species prevalence of zoonotic intestinal parasites of dogs observed in this study constitutes public health problems in the study area. Therefore, intervention measures such as health education should be provided to dog owners to reduce the risk of transmission of parasites from dogs to humans.
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Pessôa-Pereira, Danielle, Breanna M. Scorza, Karen I. Cyndari, Erin A. Beasley, and Christine A. Petersen. "Modulation of Macrophage Redox and Apoptotic Processes to Leishmania infantum during Coinfection with the Tick-Borne Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi." Pathogens 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2023): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091128.
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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Leishmania infantum. Dogs with CanL are often coinfected with tick-borne bacterial pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. These coinfections have been causally associated with hastened disease progression and mortality. However, the specific cellular mechanisms of how coinfections affect microbicidal responses against L. infantum are unknown. We hypothesized that B. burgdorferi coinfection impacts host macrophage effector functions, prompting L. infantum intracellular survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to B. burgdorferi spirochetes significantly increased L. infantum parasite burden and pro-inflammatory responses in DH82 canine macrophage cells. Induction of cell death and generation of mitochondrial ROS were significantly decreased in coinfected DH82 cells compared to uninfected and L. infantum-infected cells. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs from L. infantum-seronegative and -seropositive subclinical dogs with spirochetes and/or total Leishmania antigens promoted limited induction of IFNγ. Coexposure significantly induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with Th17 differentiation and neutrophilic and monocytic recruitment in PBMCs from L. infantum-seropositive dogs. Excessive pro-inflammatory responses have previously been shown to cause CanL pathology. This work supports effective tick prevention and risk management of coinfections as critical strategies to prevent and control L. infantum progression in dogs.
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Jahan, Israt, Nazmi Ara Rumi, Md Khaled Hossain, Md Shajedur Rahman, Md Fakhruzzaman, Samina Akter, and Abdul Gaffar Miah. "Microbial assessment of different samples of ostrich (Struthio camelus) and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolated bacteria." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i4.35334.
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The study was conducted to monitor the microbial assessment in oropharyngeal swab, cloacal swab and faecal samples of ostrich and also update knowledge on antimicrobial sensitivity of isolated organisms. The study was performed at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University (HSTU) ostrich farm from January to June, 2016. A total 75 samples were randomly collected from 8 ostriches at different age of which 25 oropharyngeal, 25 cloacal swabs sample and 25 were faeces samples. The organisms were isolated by using standard microbiological method. The result revealed that the average microbial load in plate count agar was highest in faeces (1.48×109±0.27 CFU) than oropharyngeal swab (1.36×109±0.38 CFU) and cloacal swab (1.28×109±0.34 CFU). Among 75 samples, 29 (38.66%) Escherichia coli, 21 (28%) Salmonella spp., 20 (26.67%) Staphylococcus spp. and 5(6.6%) Bacillus spp. were identified. In 25 oropharyngeal swab samples, Staphylococcus spp. was found highest 15 (60%) than other organisms but Escherichia coli were found highest both in cloacal 11(44%) and faecal 12(48%) samples. On antibiogram study Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. were more sensitive to Levofloxacin, Azithromycin, Nalidixic Acid and Amoxicillin respectively. While more resistant to Azithromycin, Penicillin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin respectively. The obtained results indicated that ostrich excreta are one of the most important sources of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp. in ostrich farms. Finally, it may be concluding that the logical use of antibiotics must be adopted in ostrich farms reared in Bangladesh for prevention of the appearance of multidrug resistance bacteria. Moreover, proper measures should be taken to aware off zoonotic diseases in peoples who are involved in ostrich farming.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 437-445
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Chacón-Díaz, Carlos, Pamela Altamirano-Silva, Gabriela González-Espinoza, María-Concepción Medina, Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón, Laura Bouza-Mora, César Jiménez-Rojas, et al. "Brucella canis Is an Intracellular Pathogen That Induces a Lower Proinflammatory Response than Smooth Zoonotic Counterparts." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 12 (October 5, 2015): 4861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00995-15.
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Canine brucellosis caused byBrucella canisis a disease of dogs and a zoonotic risk.B. canisharbors most of the virulence determinants defined for the genus, but its pathogenic strategy remains unclear since it has not been demonstrated that this natural rough bacterium is an intracellular pathogen. Studies ofB. canisoutbreaks in kennel facilities indicated that infected dogs displaying clinical signs did not present hematological alterations. A virulentB. canisstrain isolated from those outbreaks readily replicated in different organs of mice for a protracted period. However, the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12 in serum were close to background levels. Furthermore,B. canisinduced lower levels of gamma interferon, less inflammation of the spleen, and a reduced number of granulomas in the liver in mice than didB. abortus. When the interaction ofB. caniswith cells was studiedex vivo, two patterns were observed, a predominant scattered cell-associated pattern of nonviable bacteria and an infrequent intracellular replicative pattern of viable bacteria in a perinuclear location. The second pattern, responsible for the increase in intracellular multiplication, was dependent on the type IV secretion system VirB and was seen only if the inoculum used for cell infections was in early exponential phase. Intracellular replicativeB. canisfollowed an intracellular trafficking route undistinguishable from that ofB. abortus. AlthoughB. canisinduces a lower proinflammatory response and has a stealthier replication cycle, it still displays the pathogenic properties of the genus and the ability to persist in infected organs based on the ability to multiply intracellularly.
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Effler, Paul. "Leptospirosis: key things to know about this quintessential zoonotic pathogen." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 1 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20006.
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Leptospirosis is a human and veterinary illness caused by spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira. In symptomatic infection the clinical presentation ranges from non-specific febrile illness to fulminant organ system failure with a high case fatality rate. Leptospires are excreted in the urine of infected mammals with rodents being the main source for human exposures. Leptospires can survive for months in urine-contaminated water and moist soil and humans can acquire infection via direct exposure to urine from infected animals or indirectly though contact with urine-contaminated water and wet soil. While leptospirosis occurs worldwide, it is more common in tropical and sub-tropical climates where it is estimated to cause more than a million illnesses and result in almost 60000 deaths annually. Flood-related leptospirosis outbreaks have been documented in many settings, including Australia, and are expected to increase with climate change. The largest outbreak of human leptospirosis in Australia occurred in 2018 when 84 cases where identified among workers on a berry farm in New South Wales. In 2019 unprecedented clusters of fatal canine leptospirosis occurred in urban areas of Sydney and Melbourne. It is not yet known whether the recent leptospirosis outbreaks among dogs and humans are an aberration or herald a growing threat to public and veterinary health in Australia. A One Health approach is critical to understanding the emergence of leptospirosis in an era of climate change, population growth, changes to agricultural practices, increased travel and urbanisation, both in Australia and abroad.
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Andersen-Ranberg, Emilie, Christopher Barnes, Linett Rasmussen, Alejandro Salgado-Flores, Carsten Grøndahl, Jesper Mosbacher, Anders Hansen, Monica Sundset, Niels Schmidt, and Christian Sonne. "A Comparative Study on the Faecal Bacterial Community and Potential Zoonotic Bacteria of Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in Northeast Greenland, Northwest Greenland and Norway." Microorganisms 6, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030076.
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Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) are ruminants adapted to a high-fibre diet. There is increasing interest in the role that gut microbes play in the digestion and utilization of these specialized diets but only limited data available on the gut microbiome of high-Arctic animals. In this study, we metabarcoded the 16S rRNA region of faecal samples from muskoxen of Northeast Greenland, Northwest Greenland and Norway, and quantified the effects of physiological and temporal factors on bacterial composition. We found significant effects of body mass, year of sampling and location on the gut bacterial communities of North East Greenland muskoxen. These effects were however dwarfed by the effects of location, emphasizing the importance of the local ecology on the gut bacterial community. Habitat alterations and rising temperatures may therefore have a considerable impact on muskoxen health and reproductive success. Moreover, muskoxen are hunted and consumed in Greenland, Canada and Alaska; therefore, this study also screened for potential zoonoses of food safety interest. A total of 13 potentially zoonotic genera were identified, including the genera Erysipelothrix and Yersinia implicated in recent mass die-offs of the muskoxen themselves.
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Girault, Guillaume, Vitomir Djokic, Fathia Petot-Bottin, Ludivine Perrot, Bourgoin Thibaut, Hoffmann Sébastien, Acacia Ferreira Vicente, Claire Ponsart, and Luca Freddi. "Molecular Investigations of Two First Brucella suis Biovar 2 Infections Cases in French Dogs." Pathogens 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060792.
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Despite Brucella suis biovar 2’s (BSB2) active circulation in wildlife, no canine infections have been reported. The present paper is the first to describe two cases of BSB2 infections in French dogs. The first case occurred in 2020 and concerned a 13-year-old male neutered Border Collie with clinical signs of prostatitis. The urine culture revealed the excretion of significant levels of Brucella in the sample. The second case concerned a German Shepherd with bilateral orchitis, in which it was possible to detect Brucella colonies following neutering. HRM-PCR and classical biotyping methods classified both isolated strains as BSB2, in contrast to expected B. canis, which is usually the etiological agent of canine brucellosis in Europe. The wgSNP and MLVA analyses highlighted the genetic proximity of two isolates to BSB2 strains originating from wildlife. No pig farms were present in the proximity of either dog’s residence, ruling out potential spill over from infected pigs. Nevertheless, the dogs used to take walks in the surrounding forests, where contact with wildlife (i.e., wild boars or hares, or their excrements) was possible. These cases highlight the importance of adopting a One Health approach to control the presence of zoonotic bacteria in wild animals and avoid spillovers into domestic animals and, potentially, humans.
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Tilburg, Charles E., Linda M. Jordan, Amy E. Carlson, Stephan I. Zeeman, and Philip O. Yund. "The effects of precipitation, river discharge, land use and coastal circulation on water quality in coastal Maine." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 7 (July 2015): 140429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140429.
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Faecal pollution in stormwater, wastewater and direct run-off can carry zoonotic pathogens to streams, rivers and the ocean, reduce water quality, and affect both recreational and commercial fishing areas of the coastal ocean. Typically, the closure of beaches and commercial fishing areas is governed by the testing for the presence of faecal bacteria, which requires an 18–24 h period for sample incubation. As water quality can change during this testing period, the need for accurate and timely predictions of coastal water quality has become acute. In this study, we: (i) examine the relationship between water quality, precipitation and river discharge at several locations within the Gulf of Maine, and (ii) use multiple linear regression models based on readily obtainable hydrometeorological measurements to predict water quality events at five coastal locations. Analysis of a 12 year dataset revealed that high river discharge and/or precipitation events can lead to reduced water quality; however, the use of only these two parameters to predict water quality can result in a number of errors. Analysis of a higher frequency, 2 year study using multiple linear regression models revealed that precipitation, salinity, river discharge, winds, seasonality and coastal circulation correlate with variations in water quality. Although there has been extensive development of regression models for freshwater, this is one of the first attempts to create a mechanistic model to predict water quality in coastal marine waters. Model performance is similar to that of efforts in other regions, which have incorporated models into water resource managers' decisions, indicating that the use of a mechanistic model in coastal Maine is feasible.
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Bino, Eva, Ivana Kubašová, Viola Strompfová, and Andrea Lauková. "Biofilm-forming ability and virulence factor detection in Enterococcus hirae strains of canine origin." Veterinarski arhiv 94, no. 5 (June 7, 2024): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099//vet.arhiv.2546.
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Bacteria, including enterococci, occur and exist in biofilm which is more favourable for them than existence in a planktonic form. In this study, 28 faecal canine strains of the species E. hirae were assessed to have virulence factor genes when studying their antibiotic status (susceptibility and/or resistance) but also their biofilm-forming ability, to assess their pathogenic potential. Biofilm-forming ability was associated with the presence of the intercellular adhesion gene cluster (ica) mediating the production of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesion. The bap gene (for biofilm-associated protein) encodes a protein associated with the cell wall. Only E. hirae CH+P/2a possessed the ica gene (for biofilm production) but the strains did not possess the bap gene. However, regarding the biofilm-forming ability testing using a quantitative method, 16 out of the 28 E. hirae showed low-grade positive biofilm-forming ability. Twelve strains did not form a biofilm. In two strains (EH/CH10b, EH/CH+P/4a), the adhesin gene efaAfm was found, and also esp and gelE genes (for surface protein and gelatinase). Gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic against canine E. hirae strains (100% susceptibility). On the other hand, the highest resistance (57.1%) was recorded in the case of ampicillin. Following assessment of E. hirae in this study, it was found that they did not show pathogenic potential.
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Viñes, Joaquim, Norma Fàbregas, Daniel Pérez, Anna Cuscó, Rocío Fonticoba, Olga Francino, Lluís Ferrer, and Lourdes Migura-Garcia. "Concordance between Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype and Genotype of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from Healthy Dogs." Antibiotics 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111625.
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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a common commensal canine bacterium, is the main cause of skin infections in dogs and is a potential zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) has compromised the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. In this study, we compared the phenotypic results obtained by minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) for 67 S. pseudintermedius isolates from the skin of nine healthy dogs versus the genotypic data obtained with Nanopore sequencing. A total of 17 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected among the isolates. A good correlation between phenotype and genotype was observed for some antimicrobial classes, such as ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), macrolides, or tetracycline. However, for oxacillin (beta-lactam) or aminoglycosides the correlation was low. Two antibiotic resistance genes were located on plasmids integrated in the chromosome, and a third one was in a circular plasmid. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the correlation between phenotype and genotype regarding antimicrobial resistance of S. pseudintermedius from healthy dogs using Nanopore sequencing technology.
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Retnowati, Ambar, Agustin Indrawati, Upik Kesumawati Hadi, Safika ., Pratitis S. Wibowo, and Susan M. Noor. "Faktor Risiko Potensial terhadap Canine Leptospirosis di Ragunan Animal Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 39, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.60354.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria Leptospira sp. which causes infection in animals and humans. Dogs infected with leptospirosis showed symptoms such as anorexia, fever, vomiting, weakness, diarrhea and often experience yellowing of the eye area and mucosa around the mouth (icteric) with fatal systemic complications and multi-organ dysfunction, especially in the kidneys and liver. Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Jakarta. This study aims to identify risk factors that can contribute to canine mortality based on early clinical symptoms that are found when the dog is in an animal health service facility such as a veterinary clinic, veterinary hospital or independent practice veterinarian. Method were used in this study is clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations and medical records of dogs with suspected leptospirosis. Criteria inclusion were based on aspects of the clinical symptoms of dogs in and around Jakarta. Analysis data used the chi-square with confidence of interval (CI) 95%. Dogs used during the study had ages for puppies (less than 1 year) totaling 13 or 32.50%, for adult dogs over 1 year amounted to 27 or 67.50%, 80% male dogs and 20% female. with 80% maintenance system not housed by the owner. Risk factors for clinical symptoms such as myalgia, symptomatic vomiting of the pulmonary area or shortness of breath and abdominal pain, conjunctival suffusion, anorexia and diarrhea contributed to the high mortality rate leptospirosis during study in dogs 2020.
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Carvalho, Isabel, Rita Cunha, Carla Martins, Sandra Martínez-Álvarez, Nadia Safia Chenouf, Paulo Pimenta, Ana Raquel Pereira, et al. "Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Diversity of Clones among Faecal ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy and Sick Dogs Living in Portugal." Antibiotics 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10081013.
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The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence and genetic characteristics of ESBL and acquired-AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and sick dogs in Portugal. Three hundred and sixty-one faecal samples from sick and healthy dogs were seeded on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 µg/mL) for cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli recovery. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 15 antibiotics was performed and the ESBL-phenotype of the E. coli isolates was screened. Detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and molecular typing of the isolates (phylogroups, multilocus-sequence-typing, and specific-ST131) were performed by PCR (and sequencing when required). CTXRE. coli isolates were obtained in 51/361 faecal samples analysed (14.1%), originating from 36/234 sick dogs and 15/127 healthy dogs. Forty-seven ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were recovered from 32 sick (13.7%) and 15 healthy animals (11.8%). Different variants of blaCTX-M genes were detected among 45/47 ESBL-producers: blaCTX-M-15 (n = 26), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10), blaCTX-M-32 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2), and blaCTX-M-variant (n = 1); one ESBL-positive isolate co-produced CTX-M-15 and CMY-2 enzymes. Moreover, two additional CTXR ESBL-negative E. coli isolates were CMY-2-producers (qAmpC). Ten different sequence types were identified (ST/phylogenetic-group/β-lactamase): ST131/B2/CTX-M-15, ST617/A/CTX-M-55, ST3078/B1/CTX-M-32, ST542/A/CTX-M-14, ST57/D/CTX-M-1, ST12/B2/CTX-M-15, ST6448/B1/CTX-M-15 + CMY-2, ST5766/A/CTX-M-32, ST115/D/CMY-2 and a new-ST/D/CMY-2. Five variants of CTX-M enzymes (CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-1 predominant) and eight different clonal complexes were detected from canine ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Although at a lower rate, CMY-2 β-lactamase was also found. Dogs remain frequent carriers of ESBL and/or qAmpC-producing E. coli with a potential zoonotic role.