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Hooper, Nicola. "Zoonoses - A Visual Narrative." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/388639.
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A zoonosis (zoonoses pl.) is classified as an infection or infectious disease that is transferred from an animal host to a human. Up to seventy per cent of all new diseases have their genesis in animal hosts.2 My practice-led research uses drawing as a narrative tool, to consider human fear of animal hosts in the context of their association with zoonoses, and draws parallels between the representation of animals in fairy tales, myths, and rhymes.
Three main areas of investigation inform and underpin my outcomes. The first area is the exploration of zoonotic diseases. Here I examine human culpability in the spread of zoonotic pathogens, our representation of animals in popular culture, and the resulting perception of animals in the context of fear of disease. This perception is informed through theorist Steve Baker’s concepts of “animal-endorsed” and “animal-skeptical”3 and sociologist Kay Pegg’s perceptions of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ animals.4 Contemporary artists Roger Hiorns and Patricia Piccinini’s works inspired by zoonotic diseases/viruses or pathogens provide a contextual basis for examining the role of contemporary visual art in addressing these concerns. The second area of investigation references the role of fairy tales and rhymes, both historically and as a tool to subversively relay information in the present. I investigate the work of artists Katarina Fritsch, Paula Rego, and Kiki Smith who have explored myth, fairy tales, and rhymes as iconology within their practices. The third area addresses sociologist Stanley Cohen’s concepts of moral panic, social anxiety, and states of denial as outcomes of the media’s representation of zoonotic outbreaks.
This research has resulted in the creation of lithographic diptychs, sculptures, and artist books containing created rhymes and wallpapers. These works use fairy tales, myths, and rhymes as a metaphor to discuss zoonotic outbreaks in a non-threatening and gentle manner. I employ these tropes within my studio practice and in the methodology that I share with Rego and Smith. By focusing on the narrative possibilities associated with various host animals, I argue that we can use fairy tales and rhymes and associated anthropomorphism to both discuss and educate about zoonotic viruses and various animal hosts in a way that generates greater understanding of the natural world.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Visual Arts (DVA)
Queensland College of Art
Arts, Education and Law
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Freitas, Sheila Pereira Barbosa. "Ocorrência de infecções por Encephalitozoon spp. em coelhos do estado de São Paulo, Brasil /." Araçatuba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151491.
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Orientador: Gisele Fabrino MachadoBanca:Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
Banca: Paulo Ricardo Dell'Armelina Rocha
Resumo: A encefalitozoonose é uma doença zoonótica causada por microsporídios do gênero Encephalitozoon e acomete uma ampla gama de aves, répteis e mamíferos, incluindo os coelhos, principal hospedeiro da espécie Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência da presença do DNA de Encephalitozoon spp. em coelhos de granjas e residências do interior do e estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram colhidas 429 amostras por conveniência, que passaram por extração e posterior amplificação de DNA por meio da PCR convencional para o gênero Encephalitozoon. O método utilizado permitiu a detecção do parasito em 11 amostras (2,56%). Há presença do esporo do parasito em algumas destas granjas, mas nenhum coelho doméstico apresentou positividade. A baixa porcentagem de DNA detectado nas amostras analisadas pode indicar uma baixa ocorrência desta infecção nos animais presentes nas granjas analisadas. Esta é a primeira pesquisa sobre o gênero Encephalitozoon em granjas de coelhos e residências no estado de São Paulo.
Abstract: Encephalitozoonosis is a zoonotic disease caused by microsporidia of the genus Encephalitozoon and affects a wide range of birds, reptiles and mammals, including rabbits, the main host of the species Encephalitozoon cuniculi. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of the DNA of Encephalitozoon spp. in rabbits from farms and residences at cities in state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 429 samples of feces were collected for convenience, from rabbits living at farms and residences from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The DNA was extracted and amplified by conventional PCR for the genus Encephalitozoon. The parasite was detected in 11 samples (2.56%). That showed there's the presence of the parasite spore in some of these farms, but no domestic rabbit showed positivity. The low percentage of DNA detected in the analyzed samples, may indicate a low occurrence of this infection in the animals present in the analyzed farms. This is the first research on the genus Encephalitozoon in farms of rabbits and residences in the state of São Paulo.
Mestre
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Maxwell, Melody J. "Building the road to a regional zoonoses strategy: a survey of zoonoses programs in the Americas." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460630934.
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Osman, Marwan. "Caractérisation génétique et phénotypique de cryptosporidium : de la souris à l’homme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S068/document.
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Les parasites du genre Cryptosporidium comprennent des espèces infectant le tractus gastro-intestinal ou respiratoire d’un grand nombre de vertébrés y compris l'homme. Ces protistes intracellulaires sont les agents d’une zoonose cosmopolite à transmission oro-fécale, la cryptosporidiose. Au vu des travaux de notre laboratoire, nous savons à présent que Cryptosporidium parvum est également capable d’induire des néoplasies digestives chez un modèle murin SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice), traitées ou pas par la dexaméthasone. Alors que C. muris, une autre espèce de Cryptosporidium, induit une infection chronique non associée à des transformations néoplasiques.Pour toutes ces raisons, il nous est apparu intéressant d’effectuer un travail de thèse articulé autour de trois axes principaux, l’épidémiologie, la transmission et la pathogénicité du parasite Cryptosporidium. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps à l’épidémiologie moléculaire et la biodiversité génétique de Cryptosporidium dans des populations humaines de la région du Nord-Liban. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence une prévalence de 5% de Cryptosporidium chez la population générale avec une prédominance de C. hominis. Ce qui constituait les premières données épidémiologiques de la cryptosporidiose au Liban. Ensuite d’autres études nous ont permis de montrer que cette prévalence pouvait atteindre même 10% chez les patients symptomatiques et les enfants.Dans un second temps, nous avons voulu étudier le mode de transmission du parasite et les facteurs de risque pouvant y être associés. Pour ce faire, une recherche du parasite a été réalisée aussi bien au Liban qu’en France chez des animaux d’élevage, sauvages, de compagnie et en captivité. Une première étude a été réalisée chez des patients et des bovins du Nord-Liban. L’ensemble des données rapportées nous permettent de suggérer un mode de transmission de la cryptosporidiose majoritairement anthroponotique au Liban, mais les résultats du génotypage ne permettent pas d’exclure la présence d’une transmission zoonotique. D’autres études réalisées en France, notamment sur des échantillons de selles collectées auprès des zoos de la Palmyre (à Royan) et de Lille ont montré un taux de prévalence de Cryptosporidium spp inférieur à 1%. Ces animaux ne semblent donc pas être un réservoir potentiel de cette infection. Alors que chez les poissons sauvages, nous avons pu identifier la présence entre autre de l’espèce zoonotique C. parvum dans l’estomac et l’intestin des poissons. Ceci nous permet de considérer les poissons comme étant une source de contamination potentiel pour l’homme, l’animal mais également pour l’environnement.Enfin le troisième axe avait pour but d’étudier la pathogénicité de ce parasite. Pour commencer nous avons voulu explorer les mécanismes de la cancérogénèse induite par la souche IOWA de C. parvum au niveau de la région iléocæcale des souris SCID traitées par la dexaméthasone (SCID-D). Pour ce faire nous nous sommes intéressés à quatre marqueurs de voies de signalisation cellulaires impliquées dans la survenue de cancers colorectaux (APC, Bêta-caténine, P53 et K‐ras). Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la voie Wnt était impliquée dans ce processus. Ensuite nous avons voulu étudier l’association entre la pathologie cancéreuse et le parasitisme par Cryptosporidium chez l’homme. Une recherche du parasite a donc été réalisée dans des biopsies d’origines coliques et gastriques inclues en paraffine appartenant à des patients atteints ou non de cancers digestifs. Une différence significative a été rapportée entre la prévalence de la cryptosporidiose retrouvée chez la population de patients présentant des lésions cancéreuses (17%) et celle du groupe control constitué de patients non cancéreux mais présentant des symptômes (7%) p-value = 0.03. L’ensemble de ces données obtenues chez l’animal et chez l’homme montre que ce parasite a un impact important en santé humaine et animaleParasites of the genus Cryptosporidium comprise species infecting the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract of a wide variety of vertebrates including humans. These intracellular protists are the agents of a cosmopolitan zoonosis, with féco-oral transmission, cryptosporidiosis. Recent work from our laboratory, showed that the zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum is capable to induce digestive neoplasia in a SCID Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice (SCID) model, treated or not with dexamethasone. However C. muris, another species of Cryptosporidium, induces chronic infection in this rodent model but is not associated with neoplastic transformation.For all these reasons, it seemed interesting to carry out a thesis project articulated around three different axes: epidemiology, transmission and pathogenesis of the Cryptosporidium infection. We focused initially on the molecular epidemiology and genetic biodiversity of this parasite among human populations in North Lebanon. We found a Cryptosporidium prevalence of 5% among the general population, being C. hominis the predominant species. This prevalence could reach until 10% in symptomatic patients and children. This is the first epidemiological data about cryptosporidiosis in this country.Secondly, we studied the transmission routes and the main risk factors associated with the transmission of this parasite. To do this, a first study was conducted in parallel among animal populations in North Lebanon and France. The reported data suggest a predominance of an anthroponotic route of transmission for cryptosporidiosis in Lebanon, but the results of genotyping does not exclude the presence of zoonotic transmission. Other studies conducted in France, especially based on collection of stool samples in the zoos of Palmyre (Royan) and Lille showed that Cryptosporidium spp were present in less than 1% of captivity animals. The low prevalence strongly demonstrates that these animals play a negligible role as potential reservoirs of infection. While in wild fish, we could identify the presence of C. parvum, a zoonotic species, in the stomach and the gut of fish. These data suggest that the fish could be a natural host of C. parvum and a potential source of contamination for humans, animals but also for the environment.Finally, the third topic aimed to study the pathogenicity of this parasite. Firstly, we explored metabolic pathways potentially involved in the development of C. parvum-induced ileo-caecal oncogenesis in the SCID model treated with dexamethasone (SCID-D). We searched for alterations in genes or proteins commonly involved in cell cycle, differentiation or cell migration, such as β-catenin, Apc, E-cadherin, Kras and p53. We were able to show that the Wnt pathway was involved in this process. Finally, we wanted to study the association between digestive cancer and parasitism with Cryptosporidium in humans. Cryptosporidium molecular detection was therefore carried out in colonic and gastric biopsies belonging to patients with and without digestive cancers of recent diagnosis collected in North Lebanon. A statistically significant difference was observed between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis found among the population of patients with digestive cancer (17%) and that of the control group consisting of non-cancer patients but with digestive symptoms (7%) (p-value = 0.03). All these data obtained in animals and humans strengthens the importance of this parasite in public health
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Souza, Milena Sato de. "Production of Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant proteins aiming the development of diagnostic methods /." Araçatuba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151397.
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Orientador: Marcelo Vasconcelos MeirelesResumo: Cryptosporidium spp. são parasitos protozoários que infectam principalmente as células epiteliais do trato digestivo em vários animais, incluindo humanos. Este protozoário causa doença entérica, que se caracteriza como diarréia auto-limitante em indivíduos saudáveis, ou mesmo doença fatal em pacientes imunodeficientes. Cryptosporidium parvum é a principal causa de infecção em mamíferos e é o principal responsável pela criptosporidiose zoonótica. Novos métodos de detecção, prevenção, tratamento e estratégias de controle para criptosporidiose em seres humanos são cada vez mais necessários. Anticorpos e proteínas recombinantes têm potencial para o desenvolvimento de medicamentos, vacinas ou podem ser usados para desenvolver técnicas de diagnóstico mais acessíveis com alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Neste estudo, o objetivo principal foi a expressão da proteína recombinante CP41 de C. parvum em Escherichia coli e produção de um anticorpo específico para CP41 recombinante (rCP41), visando a detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium por imunofluorescência.
Doutor
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Monchâtre-Leroy, Élodie. "Épidémiologie descriptive et analytique des orthohantavirus chez les rongeurs sauvages en France." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1255.
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Les orthohantavirus sont des virus, généralement zoonotiques, présents dans la plupart des zones d’habitat des rongeurs, espèces réservoirs. En Europe, le virus Puumala (PUUV) est l’orthohantavirus qui provoque le plus grand nombre de cas humains, appelées néphropathies épidémiques (NE). L’Homme se contamine le plus souvent de façon indirecte via un contact avec des déjections de campagnol roussâtre (Myodes glareolus) qui est le réservoir spécifique du PUUV. Le rongeur se contamine de façon indirecte comme l’Homme ou de façon directe lors d’interactions avec un campagnol infecté. En France, la zone d’endémie des cas humains se situe dans le quart Nord-Est du pays. Au sein de cette zone, plusieurs foyers ont été identifiés parmi lesquels le nombre de cas varie en fonction des zones, des saisons et des années. L’épidémiologie des cas de NE est intimement liée à celle des infections à PUUV des campagnols. Cependant, la simple présence d’une population de campagnols infectée n’explique pas la disparité spatiale du nombre de cas humains, avec des zones restant indemnes de NE malgré une séroprévalence parfois élevée chez les rongeurs. L’objectif général de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les facteurs qui expliquent cette disparité en comparant une zone de faible endémie qu’est l’Alsace à une zone de forte endémie que sont les Ardennes. Une première étude a permis d’investiguer le lien entre le risque pour l’Homme et le nombre de rongeurs infectés et donc potentiellement excréteurs, via un suivi de la séroprévalence chez le rongeur dans le temps et dans l’espace en Alsace. En comparaison avec de précédentes études réalisées dans des zones de forte endémie, nos résultats montrent qu’en Alsace le nombre limité de cas humains est associé à une faible séroprévalence des rongeurs. Outre le nombre de rongeurs infectés, l’importance de la contamination environnementale et donc le risque de contamination humaine, dépendent du niveau d’excrétion virale par les rongeurs, qui est modulée pour partie par le variant viral. Aussi, dans un deuxième temps, une étude phylogénétique a été conduite pour évaluer la microévolution du virus entre plusieurs sites des Ardennes. Cette microévolution s’est avérée très différente en fonction du nombre de cas de NE associé à chaque site et était en lien avec les caractéristiques du renouvellement des individus (via la survie et les migrations) au sein de chaque population de rongeurs. Enfin, le troisième volet de ce travail a visé à déterminer l’impact de l’environnement sur la démographie et l’infection des rongeurs dans les Ardennes. Cette partie a débuté par une revue exhaustive de la littérature afin d’identifier le rôle des conditions climatiques, de l’habitat des rongeurs et de la disponibilité alimentaire sur la séroprévalence des rongeurs et sur le nombre de cas de NE. Dans un second temps, des analyses à l’aide de modèles de régression ont permis d’examiner l’influence de ces différents facteurs sur le risque d’infection des rongeurs, estimé par deux indicateurs : la séroprévalence, communément utilisée dans de telles études, et le taux d’incidence, bien plus sensible du moment de l’infection. Logiquement, nos résultats ont montré que la séroprévalence et le taux d’incidence ne sont pas influencés par les mêmes facteurs ; ceux-ci sont discutés au regard des résultats des précédentes études. Nos études suggèrent que l’hétérogénéité spatiale des cas de NE est en partie liée au nombre de rongeurs infectés et à la diversité des souches de PUUV, qui dépendent des caractéristiques démographiques des populations de rongeurs et de l’environnement. Ces résultats sont à approfondir et d’autres hypothèses doivent être explorées, comme l’influence de l’immunité des rongeurs sur le niveau d’excrétion virale et la modulation de leur risque de contamination par leur comportement. Tous ces apports pourraient être utilisés dans des modèles épidémiologiques afin de mieux évaluer le risque pour l’HommeOrthohantavirus are viruses, mostly zoonotic, present in most places inhabited by rodents, which are the reservoir species. In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) is the orthohantavirus that causes the highest number of human disease cases, called nephropathia epidemica (NE). The virus is transmitted to humans indirectly via excretions of bank vole (Myodes glareolus), which is the reservoir species of PUUV. Infection of bank voles occurs by indirect contamination as in humans or by direct contact with another infected rodent. In France, the endemic area is located in the north-eastern part of the country. In this area, several outbreaks were identified among which the number of cases varies depending on locations, years and seasons. The epidemiology of human cases is closely related to PUUV infections in bank voles. However, the presence of an infected bank vole population alone does not explain the heterogeneous spatial distribution of human cases, with some areas remaining free of NE cases in spite of a high rodent seroprevalence. The main goal of this PhD was to better understand the factors that explain this discrepancy by comparing a low endemic area, that is Alsace, and a high endemic area, that is Ardennes. A first study evaluated the link between the risk for humans and the number of infected, and thus potentially excreting, rodents via the monitoring of rodent seroprevalence in space and time in Alsace. In comparison with studies conducted in highly endemic areas, our results show that in Alsace the limited number of human cases is associated with a low rodent seroprevalence. In addition to the number of infected rodents, the importance of environmental contamination and by this way the contamination risk for humans are impacted by the quantity of virus excreted by bank voles, which is partially modulated by the virus strain. Then, in a second phase, a phylogenetic study was conducted to assess the microevolution of virus in several sites in Ardennes. This microevolution was found to be very different depending on the number of NE cases associated to each site and was related to the characteristics of individual turnover (through survival and movements) in each rodent population. At last, the third phase of this thesis aimed to determine the impact of the environment on the demography and infection of rodents in Ardennes. This part started with an exhaustive literature review to identify the role of climatic conditions (temperatures, precipitations, snow) and food availability on rodent seroprevalence and on the number of human cases. Then, analyses with regression models allowed investigating the impact of these different factors on the risk of infection of rodents, estimated by two indicators: the seroprevalence, which is commonly used in such studies, and the incidence rate, which is a better indicator of the time of infection. Logically, our results showed that seroprevalence and incidence rate were not influenced by the same factors; the role of those factors is discussed in view of results from previous studies. Our studies suggested that the spatial heterogeneity of NE cases was partly related to the number of infected rodents and to the diversity of PUUV strains, which depend on the demographic characteristics of the rodent populations and their environment. These insights require further studies and other hypotheses need to be explored, such as the influence of rodent immunity on the level of viral excretion and the modulation of their contamination risk by their behaviour. All those inputs could be used in epidemiological models to better evaluate the risk for humans
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Cook, Elizabeth Anne Jessie. "Epidemiology of zoonoses in slaughterhouse workers in western Kenya." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10510.
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Slaughterhouses are places where animals are slaughtered for food. In developing countries a lack of appropriate facilities and limited resources mean the slaughter industry is poorly regulated. Poor hygiene practices in slaughterhouses can result in the transmission of diseases from animals to people called zoonoses. Slaughterhouse workers are generally considered at increased risk of being exposed to such diseases due to their close contact with animals and animal products. The aims of this study were: to assess the current conditions in slaughterhouses and the knowledge, attitudes and practices of workers in ruminant and pig slaughterhouses in western Kenya; to determine the exposure of slaughterhouse workers to different zoonotic pathogens; to investigate the risk factors associated with exposure to these pathogens and to quantify the risk of zoonotic disease exposure for slaughterhouse workers compared to the general population. Slaughterhouses in western Kenya were visited between May 2011 and October 2012. Seven hundred and thirty-eight workers were recruited from 142 slaughterhouses. Overall, the slaughterhouses lacked facilities, with 65% (95% CI 63–67%) of slaughterhouses having a roof, cement floor and solid sides, 60% (95% CI 57–62%) had a toilet and 20% (95% CI 18–22%) hand-washing facilities. Less than half of workers 32% (95% CI 29–34%) wore personal protective clothing. Antemortem inspection was practiced at 7% (95% CI 6–8%) of slaughterhouses and 18% (95% CI 16–19%) of workers reported slaughtering sick animals. Slaughterhouse workers were screened for five zoonotic diseases. The unadjusted seroprevalence of the zoonotic diseases were: brucellosis 0.1% (95% CI 0.007– 0.8%); leptospirosis 13.4% (95% CI 11.1–16.1%); Q fever 4.5% (95% CI 3.2–6.2%); Rift Valley fever (RVF) 1.2% (95% CI 0.6–2.3%); taeniasis 1.8% (95% CI 1.0– 3.0%); and cysticercosis 2.6% (95% CI 1.7–4.0%). Risk factors for leptospirosis and Q fever were examined by multivariable logistic regression. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis seropositivity included: having wounds (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.4–5.3); smoking at work (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–3.0); eating at work (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2–3.6); and cleaning the intestines (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.8–8.2). Protective factors were: working at a slaughterhouse where antemortem inspection was performed (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4–0.9). The risk factors significantly associated with Q fever seropositivity included: being intoxicated at work (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1–9.4). The odds ratio for leptospirosis seropositivity in slaughterhouse workers was determined to be 2.3 (95% CI 1.6–3.4) times that of the community. For Q fever the odds ratio for seropositivity in slaughterhouse workers was 1.9 (95% CI 1.0–3.8) times that of the community. This is the first report of a range of zoonotic pathogens in slaughterhouse workers in Kenya. This study indicated the potential risk factors for zoonotic disease exposure in slaughterhouses. The current working conditions in slaughterhouses in western Kenya are far below the recommended standard. Improvements need to be made to facilities and practices in all slaughterhouses. Training is recommended to improve awareness for workers, managers and inspectors of the risks of zoonotic disease exposure and methods to reduce it.
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Meditsch, Renata Gonçalves Martins. "O médico veterinário, as zoonoses e a saúde pública." Florianópolis, SC, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89049.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde PúblicaMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T16:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 226459.pdf: 1277909 bytes, checksum: e140c43508ee050bd2bacc13c2e2b64b (MD5)
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Nasser, Jeanette Trigo 1970. "A leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Campinas : contribuições da analise espacial e do sensoriamento remoto orbital." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311099.
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Orientador: Maria Rita de Camargo Donalisio CordeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T00:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nasser_JeanetteTrigo_M.pdf: 6738554 bytes, checksum: 5c27e29a18055208148559337213b2c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o perfil epidemiológico e a distribuição geográfica dos casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) ocorridos em Campinas no período de 1992 a 2003. Para este fim foram utilizadas informações sobre os casos notificados de LTA em Campinas e os respectivos locais prováveis de infecção (LPI) obtidas na base de dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos Notificáveis (SINAN), de fichas de investigação epidemiológicas disponibilizados pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas e Superintendência de Controle de Endemias regional - SUCEN-Campinas. Variáveis sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas foram estudadas. Estes dados foram georreferenciados mediante a coleta de coordenadas dos LPIs através de GPS (Global Position System). Datum: Córrego Alegre Projeção: UTM. Foram identificadas áreas com maior concentração de casos (clusters) no município, por meio do estimador de densidade kernel. Imagens do satélite Landsat 5 sensor TM 219/76 destas áreas foram processadas procurando identificar padrões de uso e ocupação do solo relacionados com o perfil epidemiológico da doença. O processamento das imagens constou de: registro, segmentação e classificação em classes temáticas (tipos de uso e ocupação do solo). Foi realizada a tabulação cruzada entre estas classes temáticas para se analisar mudanças no ¿tempo e espaço¿ das áreas de estudo. O software utilizado foi o Spring 4.01 Beta. A LTA em Campinas concentra-se em duas áreas do município (Leste e Sudoeste) diferentes entre si tanto no aspecto de uso e ocupação do solo como nas condições socioeconômicas. Na área Leste não se verificou desmatamento nos anos que precederam o surto. Na área Sudoeste essa doença é endêmica. Apresentando ciclos epidêmicos a cada 9-10 anos. O uso do sensoriamento remoto pode contribuir para compreender a dinâmica dessa enfermidade, bem como de outras de transmissão vetorial
Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the epidemiological profile and geographical distribution of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) cases occurring in Campinas between 1992 and 2003. Information on notified ATL cases in Campinas and the respective probable infection locations (PIL) were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (NDIS), epidemiological investigation forms available from Campinas Municipal Health Secretary, and the SUCEN-Campinas region Superintendent of Endemic Disease Control. Socio-demographic and epidemiological variables were studied. These data were georeferenced by recording PIL coordinates using GPS (Global Position System). Datum: Córrego Alegre Projection: UTM. Areas with high case concentrations (clusters) in the municipal area were identified using a kernel density estimator. Landsat 5 TM 219/76 sensor satellite images of these areas were processed to identify use, occupation and soil patterns related to the disease¿s epidemiological profile. This image processing consisted of: recording, segmenting, and classifying into theme classes (types of soil use and occupation). Cross tabulation was performed between these theme classes to analyze time and space changes in the study areas. The software used for this was Spring 4.01 Beta. The ATL in Campinas is concentrated in two areas of the city (East and Southwest) which differ from each other in aspects concerning occupation and use of the soil and socio-economic conditions. In the Eastern area, deforestation was not verified in the years that had preceded the outbreak. In the Southwestern area, this illness is endemic presenting epidemic cycles every 9-10 years. Remote Sensing can contribute to understanding the dynamics of this and other vector transmitted diseases
Mestrado
Epidemiologia
Mestre em Saude Coletiva
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Mascolli, Roberta. "Leishmaniose, leptospirose, brucelose, toxoplasmose, neosporose e doença de Chagas na população canina da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, São Paulo: inquérito de prevalência e fatores de risco." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-05102012-153539/.
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Foi efetuado um inquérito epidemiológico do potencial zoonótico da população canina da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, SP. As zoonoses investigadas foram: leishmaniose, leptospirose, brucelose (B.canis), toxoplasmose, neosporose e doença de Chagas. As características analisadas foram: ocorrência, prevalência, distribuição espacial e fatores de risco. As colheitas de sangue foram efetuadas no período de 2007 a 2008 de uma amostra representativa (n=570), aleatória e estratificada da população canina do município. Por ocasião das colheitas de sangue os proprietários dos animais responderam a um questionário elaborado para permitir o cálculo dos fatores de risco. Os 48 bairros do município foram agrupados em quatro regiões caracterizadas por: região 1 composta por áreas mistas de urbanização recente, sem infra-estrutura adequada e com deficiência de serviços e áreas rurais formadas por pequenas propriedades agrícolas; região 2 de característica predominantemente rural formada por pequenas propriedades agrícolas e sítios circundados por áreas de mata; região 3 formada por área urbanizada que dispõe infra-estrutura organizada; região 4 também apresenta o predomínio de pequenas propriedades rurais para plantio e lazer, circundadas por áreas de mata. Não foram examinados animais do Parque Estadual de Jurupará. A leptospirose foi investigada pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica, com uma coleção de 24 sorovariedades de leptospiras, a leishmaniose por uma reação imunoenzimática, a brucelose (B.canis) por cultivo microbiológico e toxoplasmose, neosporose e doença de Chagas por imunofluorescência indireta. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste de qui quadrado ou exato de Fisher, quando indicado, o nível de significância adotado foi o de 0,05. Foram encontrados animais reatores para as seis zoonoses estudadas, com taxas de prevalência de: 1,1%, 2,3%, 6,1%, 7,0%, 32,8% e 55,1%, respectivamente para: brucelose por (B.canis), leishmaniose, doença de Chagas, neosporose, leptospirose e toxoplasmose. As variantes sorológicas de leptospiras predominantes em ordem decrescente de ocorrência foram: Pyrogenes, Autumnalis e Canicola. As variáveis sexo masculino, idade adulta, presença de roedores, permanência nas vias públicas, ingestão de carne crua e atividade sexual foram caracterizadas como fatores de risco para leptospirose e toxoplasmose; a permanência nas vias públicas foi caracterizada como fator de risco para brucelose; sexo masculino, idade adulta e atividade sexual foram caracterizados como fatores de risco para neosporose; contato com carrapatos foi caracterizado como fator de risco para doença de Chagas. As prevalências de leishmaniose, leptospirose, brucelose, toxoplasmose e neosporose não diferiram segundo área rural ou urbana bem como nas quatro regiões em que o município foi dividido. A prevalência da doença de Chagas foi idêntica em área rural ou urbana, mas o valor observado na região 4 (bairros: Campo Verde, Rio Una de Cima, Ressaca e Paruru) foi superior ao encontrado nas demais.A seroepidemiologic survey was performed aiming to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the canine population of the tourist city of Ibiúna, São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. The frequency of the occurrence, spatial distribution and associated risk factors of leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, brucellosis (Brucella canis), toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and Chagas' disease were investigated during the period of 2007 to 2008, in 570 blood samples gathered randomly from a stratified canine population, divided in 48 districts of the municipality which were grouped into four main regions characterized as: region 1 consists of mixed areas of recent urbanization without adequate infrastructure and services and rural areas formed by small properties; region 2 predominantly agricultural characteristic with small rural farms and properties surrounded by forest areas; region 3 formed by urbanized area with organized infrastructure, region 4 also presents the predominance of small country properties for planting and leisure, surrounded by forest areas. The animals of the State Park of Jurupará were not examined. During the blood collection, a questionnaire was applied to the owners of animals, in order to afford the epidemiological profile of the population and to carry out statistical analysis of risk factors. Leptospirosis was investigated by microscopic serum agglutination technique using a collection of 24 leptospira serovars, for leishmaniasis it was employed the ELISA technique and for brucellosis, by microbiological cultivation of B. canis and the toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and Chagas' disease, by using the indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The results were analyzed by the qui square (X2) test or by the Fisher's exact test, when indicated, using the significance level of α = 0.05. Positive reactant animals were found for leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and Chagas' disease, with positive rates respectively of 2.3%, 32.8%, 1.05%, 55.1%, 7.0% and 6.1%. The most frequent serovars of leptospires, in decreasing order of occurrence were: Pyrogenes, Autumnalis and Canicola. Variables like "Male sex", "age", "presence of rodents", "permanence in streets", "ingestion of raw meat" and "sexual activity" were characterized as risk factors for the occurrence of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis. Permanence in streets" was characterized as a risk factor for the occurrence of brucellosis. "Male sex", "age" and "sexual activity" were characterized as risk factors for the occurrence of neosporosis. The "contact with ticks" was characterized as a risk factor for the occurrence of Chagas' disease. The frequencies of occurrence of leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis were similar in rural and urban areas as well as in the four regions studied in Ibiúna. The positive rates of Chagas' disease was similar both in rural and urban areas, however, frequencies of Chagas' disease was significantly higher in region 4.
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Chiacchio, Rosely Gioia Martins Di. "Avaliação sanitária de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) de vida livre presentes na região da Cantareira - zona norte de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-23102013-095347/.
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Animais silvestres constituíram sempre um problema de saúde pública pois podem servir de reservatórios para agentes etiológicos de doenças infecciosas com potencial zoonótico. As capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), animais comuns no Brasil, têm sido responsáveis tanto pela transmissão da febre maculosa (Rickettsia rickettsii) por meio do Amblyomma cajennense como também pela transmissão de leptospirose, leishmaniose, raiva, doença de Chagas, além de enterobactérias, doenças fúngicas e parasitárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sanidade das capivaras. Trinta e uma capivaras, sob contenção físico-química e identificadas com microchip, foram submetidas a coletas de amostras de sangue, swab retal, fezes e pelos. Observou-se anemia microcítica normocrômica e eosinofilia em todos os animais. Os exames bioquímicos revelaram discreta hipoalbuminemia, sugestiva de desnutrição. As pesquisas sorológicas foram negativas. Não foi isolada Salmonella sp. nas fezes, mas identificou-se Escherichia coli 19(61,3%), com resultado negativo para sorotipos patogênicos. A análise coproparasitológica revelou Protozoophaga sp. (58%), Strongyloides spp (9,7%), Viannella spp. (22,6%) e ovos e larvas de Ancylostomídeos (9,7%). Não foram isolados fungos dermatófitos nos pelos, apenas bolores oportunistas. Os animais revelaram-se livres de infecções de caráter zoonótico, porém medidas preventivas sanitárias deverão ser adotadas.Wild animals are known to play an important role in public health, as they may act as reservoirs for potentially zoonotic infectious agents. Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), very common animals in Brazil, have been associated with the transmission of spotty fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) by Amblyomma cajannense, leptospirosis, leishmaniasis, rabies and Chagas disease, as well as enterobacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine their health status. Thirty-one capybaras were physically and chemically restrained, identified with microchips, and blood, rectal swabs, feces and hair samples were collected. Microcytic normochromic anemia and eosinophilia were observed in all animals; serum chemistry revealed mild hypoalbuminemia, which was considered suggestive of malnutrition. Serology for infection diseases was negative. Salmonella sp. was not isolated from the feces however, Escherichia coli strains were retrieved from 19 animals (61,3%), negative for pathogenic serotypes. Coproparasitology revealed Protozoophaga sp. (58%), Strongyloides spp (9,7%), Viannella spp (22,6%) and Ancylostomid eggs and larvae (9,7%). No dermatophytes fungi were isolated from the hair samples, only molds. The animals were free from potentially zoonotic agents however, preventive sanitary measures should be implemented.
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Guilloux, Aline Gil Alves. "Monitoramento da população de cães errantes na Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-29092016-123219/.
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O ProMAC surgiu dentro da USP como resposta à demanda da comunidade, de abordar alguns problemas ambientais, inclusive a presença de cães errantes no campus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo atender este programa no tocante à avaliação da dinâmica e da saúde da população de cães mantidos soltos na CUASO e dos cães recolhidos ao ATA. Utilizando a técnica de captura e recaptura fotográfica, a população de cães foi estimada em nove oportunidades ao longo de dois anos. No segundo ano, os cães dóceis foram individualmente identificados e, em quatro oportunidades, tiveram amostras biológicas coletadas (sangue, fezes e ectoparasitos). Os cães alojados no ATA foram identificados e as amostras coletadas em um único esforço contínuo ao longo de três meses. A estimativa da população errante variou entre 14 e 55 cães, com tendencia de queda não significativa ao longo do tempo. A população foi, em sua maioria composta de indivíduos machos (58,4%), adultos (77,8%) e dóceis (55,7%). A população errante apresentou alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos ao longo do ano, compatíveis com infecção subclínica, possivelmente causada por Hepatozoon canis, que teve aumento significativo de sua prevalência. Todos os cães foram negativos para Leishmania sp., Ricketsia sp., Erlichia sp. Não houve diferença significativa tanto para a SAM (Leptospira sp.,entre 14 e 50% - CUASO e 52,4% - ATA) quanto para a eliminação de ovos de Ancylostoma sp. nas fezes (entre 21 e 55% - CUASO e 27% - ATA) entre os cães da CUASO e do ATA, sendo o risco de infecção na comunidade universitária considerado baixo. A análise ambiental permitiu estabelecer que a fonte principal de alimento dos cães é a mesma dos humanos, fornecida próximo aos pontos de venda de alimentos, o que se torna preocupante ao sabermos que mais da metade destes cães são positivos para Toxoplasma sp. (entre 54 e 60%), sendo indicadores do risco ao ser humano. Os cães da população aversiva apresentam sinais reprodutivos (8,7% das fêmeas ao ano), mas os filhotes não foram encontrados possivelmente devido à baixa sobrevivência. Os adultos, tanto da população dócil como da população aversiva possuiam boa condição corporal, baixa mortalidade, sendo que os dóceis deixaram o campus mais frequentemente devido à adoção. O conjunto dos dados indicaram que o status sanitário dos cães alojados no abrigo foi semelhante àquela dos cães soltos, sendo que o bem-estar destes últimos foi maior, devido à condição precária em que o ATA era mantido, com a capacidade de alojamento de cães acima do limite máximo do abrigo. Como os cães da CUASO se distribuiam modulados pelo fornecimento de alimento e abrigo pelos usuários do campus, o manejo adequado destes cães deveria incluir o envolvimento da comunidade, além de sua responsabilização. A reprodução dos cães aversivos precisa ser eliminada, buscando métodos alternativos, devido à dificuldade de captura destes cães. O uso da área de mata destinada a pesquisa por estes cães representa um risco sanitário à comunidade universitária.The ProMAC emerged within the University of São Paulo in response to a community demand, to address environmental problems, including the presence of stray dogs in its campus. This study aimed to address this program regarding the dynamics and health of the population of stray dogs in the campus and the dogs kept in the campus shelter. Using the technique of photographic mark and recapture, the dog population was estimated in nine occasions in a two years period. In the second year the docile dogs were individually identified and, on four occasions, had biological samples collected (blood, feces and ectoparasites). Dogs housed in the shelter were identified and biological samples were collected in a single effort over three months. The population estimates varied between 14 and 55 dogs, with a non-significant decrease trend over time. The population was mostly composed of males (58.4%), adults (77.8%) and docile individuals (55.7%). The stray population showed changes in hematological parameters throughout the year, consistent with subclinical infection, possibly caused by Hepatozoon canis, which had a significant increase in its prevalence. All dogs were negative for Leishmania sp., Rickettsia sp., Ehrlichia sp. There was no significant difference between either the MAT (Leptospira sp, between 14 and 50% -. campus and 52.4% - shelter) or the elimination of Ancylostoma sp. eggs in feces (between 21 and 55% - campus and 27% - shelter), between dogs from campus and shelter, and the risk of infection in the university community was considered low. Environmental analysis established that the stray dogs main food source are the human food given to them close to food selling points, which is a concern given that more than half of these dogs are positive for Toxoplasma sp. (from 54 to 60%) and would be risk indicators to humans. The aversive stray dogspopulation showed reproductive signs (8.7% of females per year), but the puppies were not found possibly due to low survival rate. Adults, both from docile and the aversive population, had good body condition, low mortality and the docile dogs left the campus more often due to adoption. The data indicated that the health of dogs housed in the shelter were similar to the stray population, and the welfare of the latter is higher due to the precarious condition that the shelter was maintained and the number of dogs kept being over the maximum capacity. As stray dogs were distributed and maintained by the food and shelter supplied by the campus users, the proper management of these dogs would include community involvement and responsibility. The reproduction of aversive dogs must be eliminated, seeking alternative methods, because of the difficulty of catching these dogs. Use of research forest area by these dogs poses a risk to the university community.
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Santos, Sara Isabel Henriques dos. "Parasitas respiratórios, gastrointestinais e auriculares em gatos de colónia, na Casa dos Animais de Lisboa." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20681.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaOs gatos são hospedeiros de diversos parasitas, sendo que alguns deles apresentam potencial zoonótico. Devido à maior proximidade e importância crescente que os felinos têm para o ser humano, as parasitoses que estes animais podem transmitir ganham também uma maior relevância na área da saúde pública. Apesar da importância das parasitoses, em Portugal são escassos os estudos sobre este tema e em particular sobre gatos de colónia. Uma vez que em Lisboa existem 1053 colónias de gatos, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo geral a compreensão da prevalência de parasitoses gastrointestinais, pulmonares e auriculares em gatos de colónias de Lisboa, capturados para controlo populacional na Casa dos Animais de Lisboa, como parte de um programa de captura, esterilização e devolução. Para o efeito foram colhidas 47 amostras fecais e 63 amostras auriculares, entre os meses de fevereiro e março de 2020. Para cada amostra fecal foi realizada a técnica de flutuação de Willis, de sedimentação natural e a técnica de Baermann. As amostras auriculares foram recolhidas com zaragatoa, para observação directa, com lactofenol. A prevalência global de amostras fecais positivas foi de 46,8%, sendo que os parasitas mais prevalentes foram Ancylostoma tubaeforme (27,7%), Toxocara cati (25,5%) e Dipylidium caninum (6,4%). Cystoisospora felis (4,3%) e Taenia sp. (2,1%) foram os parasitas menos prevalentes, tendo sido ainda identificado o nematode pulmonar Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (4,3%). Em relação às amostras auriculares, 3,2% das mesmas foram positivas para o ácaro Otodectes cynotis. Este estudo reporta uma elevada prevalência de parasitismo em felinos de colónia, sendo que a presença de parasitas com potencial zoonótico causa preocupação do ponto de vista de saúde pública, quer pelo elevado número de colónias e felinos em Lisboa, quer pela facilidade com que estes animais se movimentam, podendo ser uma fonte de contaminação de espaços públicos e privados. Estes dados alertam para a necessidade da realização de diagnóstico e tratamento adequado nestes grupos de animais, favorecendo a Saúde e Bem-estar animal, e diminuindo o risco de infeção para o ser humano, atuando numa perspectiva de “Uma só Saúde”.
ABSTRACT - Respiratory and gastrointestinal parasites in colony cats, at Casa dos Animais de Lisboa. Cats host numerous parasites, and some of them have zoonotic potential. Due to the greater proximity and the increasing importance that felines have for humans, the parasites that these animals can transmit also gain more relevance in the public health area. Despite the importance of these parasites, in Portugal there are few studies on this topic and in particular about colony cats. Since there are 1053 colonies in Lisbon, the present dissertation aimed to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal, pulmonary and auricular parasites in stray cats from Lisbon, captured for population control at the Casa dos Animais de Lisboa, as part of a catch-neuter-release program. Forty seven faecal samples and 63 auricular swabs were collected, between the months of February and March 2020. For each faecal sample, the Willis flotation, natural sedimentation and Baermann techniques were performed. Ear swabs was collected to analyse the presence of parasites by direct observation, with lactofenol. The overall prevalence of positive faecal samples was 46.8%, with the most prevalent parasites being Ancylostoma tubaeforme (27.7%), Toxocara cati (25.5%) and Dipylidium caninum (6.4%). Cystoisospora felis (4.3%) and Taenia sp. (2.1%) were the least prevalent parasites and the pulmonary nematode Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (4.3%) was also identified. Regarding the ear swabs, 3.2% of the samples were positive for the mite Otodectes cynotis. This study reports a high prevalence of parasitism in colony cats, and the presence of parasites with zoonotic potential are a cause of concern from a public health point of view, either by the high number of colonies and felines in Lisbon, and by the easiness these animals move, which can be a source of contamination of public and private spaces. These results alert about the need to carry out diagnosis and adequate treatment in these groups of animals, favoring Animal Health and Welfare, and decreasing the risk of infection for humans, acting under a “One Health” perspective.
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Tencate, Luciano Nery [UNESP]. "Estudo da microbiota fúngica gastritestinal de morcegos (Mammala, Chiroptera) da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo: potencial zoonótico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94692.
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Os morcegos são hospedeiros de uma rica diversidade de microrganismos. Muitos trabalhos apontam uma estreita ligação entre os quirópteros e fungos com potencial patogênico, principalmente por habitar ambientes como cavernas, grutas e ocos de árvores, favoráveis, à manutenção e propagação dos fungos. O seguinte trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a microbiota fúngica gastrintestinal de morcegos capturados vivos ou cedidos pelos Laboratórios de Chiroptera e de Raiva do Departamento de Apoio e Produção Animal da Unesp de Araçatuba. Para o cultivo micológico foi utilizado macerados de baço, fígado, intestinos e fezes e inoculados em tubos contendo ágar Sabouraud com cloranfenicol e BHI incubados a temperaturas de 25º e 37º C, respectivamente por um período não inferior a 10 dias.Os cultivos com características de leveduras foram submetidos à coloração com tinta Nanquim, à hidrólise da uréia, termotolerância e fenoloxidase, enquanto que os miceliais foram identificados de acordo com características morfológicas e tintoriais. A PCR foi utilizada para a identificação de espécie com potencial patogênico. Das 98 amostras pertencentes a 11 espécies de morcegos procedentes de 15 cidades estudadas, 20% são da espécie Carollia perspicillata, seguidas de 19%, Artibeus lituratus, 17%, Molossus rufus, 13%, Glossophga soricina, 9%, Nyctinomops macrotis, 8%, Molossus molossus, 7%, Desmodus rotundus, 2%, Lasiurus ega, e 1% de Eptesicus furinalis, Myotis nigricans e Tadarida brasiliensis. De acordo com a dieta houve predomínio de espécies frugívoras (40%) e insetívoras (40%), seguidas de nectarívoras (13%) e sanguívoras (7%). De acordo com a procedência dos morcegos destaca-se a cidade de Guararapes com 28% das amostras, seguida por Araçatuba (23%), Mirandópolis (16%), Penápolis (7%), Andradina (6%), Ilha Solteira (5%), Birigui (4%)...
Bats are hosts of a rich diversity of microorganisms. Many studies indicate a close link between bats and fungi with pathogenic potential, especially for living in environments such as caves, grottoes and hollow trees, favorable to the maintenance and spread of fungi. The present research aimed to study the gastrointestinal mycoflora of bats captured alive or provided by Laboratório de Chiroptera and Laboratório de Raiva from Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal of UNESP - Araçatuba. For the mycological culture was used macerated spleen, liver, intestines and feces and inoculated into tubes containing Sabouraud agar and BHI with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25 º C and 37 º C, respectively for a period not less than 10 days. The crops with yeastlike characteristics were stained with Indian ink, tested for hydrolysis of urea, phenoloxidase and thermotolerance, whereas mycelial were identified according to morphological characteristics and staining. PCR was used to identify species with pathogenic potential. Of the 98 samples belonging to 11 species of bats coming from 15 cities studied, 20% of the species were Carollia perspicillata, followed by 19%, Artibeus lituratus, 17%, Molossus rufus, 13%, Glossophga soricina, 9%, Nyctinomops macrotis, 8%, Molossus molossus, 7%, Desmodus rotundus, 2%, Lasiurus ega, and 1% Eptesicus furinalis, Myotis nigricans and Tadarida brasiliensis. Regarding the diet there was a greater predominance of frugivorous (40%) and insectivorous (40%) species followed by nectarivore (13%) and sanguivorous (7%). Regarding the origin of bats stands the city of Guararapes with 28% of samples, followed by Araçatuba (23%), Mirandópolis (16%), Penápolis (7%), Andradina (6%), Ilha Solteira (5 %), Birigui (4%), Pereira Barreto and Coroados (2%) each and Auriflama, Barbosa, Bilac, Brauna, Brejo Alegre Castilho 1% of samples each... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Freitas, Maria Inês Teixeira Guimarães Pinheiro de. "Prevalência de parasitas gastrointestinais e cardiorrespiratórios em gatos domésticos na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20964.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaOs endoparasitas estão entre os agentes mais importantes da doença gastrointestinal e cardiorrespiratória, em cães e gatos, prejudicando a sua saúde e bem-estar e representando uma grave ameaça à Saúde Pública. Em Portugal, existe uma elevada incidência de agentes transmitidos por vetores, um problema emergente devido às alterações climáticas e à globalização. A prevalência atual e a distribuição geográfica de parasitas em felídeos são informações cruciais para o controlo de doenças animais e humanas. No entanto, os dados em gatos domésticos que não sejam de abrigos são escassos. Para este estudo, foram colhidas 60 amostras de sangue e 51 amostras fecais provenientes de 77 gatos domésticos, e analisadas segundo técnicas hematológicas, serológicas e coprológicas, entre janeiro e junho de 2020. Também fez parte deste estudo, a aplicação de 265 questionários a tutores da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, a fim de avaliar os cuidados antiparasitários implementados e o seu conhecimento sobre doenças zoonóticas. Em geral, 24,7% dos animais estavam parasitados com pelo menos um endoparasita, 15,6% dos quais eram parasitas potencialmente transmissíveis ao ser humano. Os parasitas sanguíneos foram identificados com maior frequência, nomeadamente Mycoplasma spp. (18,3%). Os parasitas fecais identificados foram Cystoisospora spp. (7,8%), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (5,9%), Toxocara cati (3,9%) e Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (2,0%). Nas respostas ao questionário, verificou-se que 75,5% dos tutores realizavam desparasitação externa, no entanto apenas 10,6% cumpria a periodicidade indicada (mensalmente); 73,2% realizava desparasitação interna, contudo apenas 29,1% com a periodicidade indicada (mensalmente ou trimestralmente). Adicionalmente, constatou-se que os cuidados antiparasitários eram mais regulares nos tutores de gatos jovens e nos mais informados sobre doenças zoonóticas, sendo que apenas 26,4% dos tutores sabia o significado da palavra “zoonose” e 15,8% sabia indicar formas de infeção parasitária. Os resultados demonstram que o parasitismo não é raro em gatos domésticos e que, apesar da generalidade dos tutores desparasitar os seus animais, esta é efetuada em intervalos irregulares e ineficazes. Salienta-se a premência da realização de estudos epidemiológicos nas várias populações de felídeos em Portugal, assim como a consciencialização da população sobre fatores de risco, vias de infeção e medidas profiláticas a adotar perante doenças parasitárias e zoonóticas.
ABSTRACT - Prevalence of Gastrointestinal and Cardiorespiratory Parasites in Domestic Cats in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon - Endoparasites are among the most important agents of gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory disease in dogs and cats, impairing their health and welfare and representing a threat to Public Health. Portugal has a great incidence of vector-borne agents, an emerging problem due to climatic changes and globalization. Information about the actual prevalence and geographical distribution of parasites in felids is essential for the control of animal and human diseases. However, available data on parasitism in domestic cats that are not kept in shelters is scarce. For this study, 60 blood samples and 51 faecal samples were collected from 77 domestic cats and were analysed using haematological, serological and coprological techniques, between january and june 2020. Associated with the study of prevalence, 265 questionnaires were carried out to tutors residing in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon, in order to assess current antiparasitic care and knowledge about zoonotic diseases. In general, 24,7% of the animals were parasitized with at least one endoparasite, 15,6% of which potentially transmissible to humans. Haematological parasites were identified more frequently, namely Mycoplasma spp. (18,3%). The faecal parasites identified were Cystoisospora spp. (7,8%), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (5,9%), Toxocara cati (3,9%) and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (2,0%). Regarding the questionnaires, it was found that 75,5% of the tutors performed external deworming, however only 10,6% fulfilled the indicated periodicity (monthly); 73,2% performed internal deworming but only 29,1% fulfilled the indicated periodicity (monthly or quarterly). Additionally, it was found that more regular antiparasitic care was applied when tutors had younger cats or were more knowledge about zoonotic diseases, with only 26,4% of the tutors knew the meaning of the word “zoonosis” and only 15,8% knew ways of parasitic infection. The results demonstrate that parasitism is not uncommon in domestic cats and that, despite the majority of tutors perform deworming practices, they are performed at irregular and ineffective intervals. Thus, the need to continue epidemiological studies in the various populations of felids in Portugal is highlighted, as well as the awareness of the population regarding risk factors, routes of infection and prophylactic measures to be embraced in the presence of parasitic and zoonotic diseases.
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Rosales, Gerpe María Carla. "The Role of APOBEC3 in Controlling Retroviral Spread and Zoonoses." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31484.
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APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are a family of host-encoded cytidine deaminases that protect against retroviruses and other viral intruders. Retroviruses, unlike other viruses, are able to integrate their genomic proviral DNA within hours of entering host cells. A3 proteins hinder retroviral infectivity by editing retroviral replication intermediates, as well as by inhibiting retroviral replication and integration through deamination-independent methods. These proteins thus constitute the first line of immune defense against endogenous and exogenous retroviral pathogens. The overall goal of my Master's project was to better understand the critical role A3 proteins play in restricting inter- and intra-host transmission of retroviruses. There are two specific aspects that I focused on: first, investigating the role of mouse APOBEC3 (mA3) in limiting the zoonotic transmission of murine leukemia retroviruses (MLVs) in a rural environment; second, to identify the molecular features in MLVs that confer susceptibility or resistance to deamination by mA3. For the first part of my project, we collected blood samples from dairy and production cattle from four different geographical locations across Canada. We then designed a novel PCR screening strategy targeting conserved genetic regions in MLVs and Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) and MMTV-like betaretroviruses. Our results indicate that 4% of animals were positive for MLV and 2% were positive for MMTV. Despite crossing the species barrier by gaining entry into bovine cells, our study also demonstrates that the bovine A3 protein is able to potently inhibit the spread of these murine retroviruses in vitro. The next question we asked was whether mA3 could also mutate and restrict murine endogenous retroviruses and thereby partake in limiting zoonotic transmission. Moloney MLV and AKV MLV are two highly homologous murine gammaretroviruses with opposite sensitivities to restriction by mA3: MoMLV is resistant to restriction and deamination while AKV is sensitive to both. Design of MoMLV/AKV hybrid viruses enabled us to map the region of mA3 resistance to the region encoding the glyco-Gag accessory protein. Site-directed mutagenesis then allowed us to correlate the number of N-linked glycosylation sites with the level of resistance to deamination by mA3. Our results suggest that Gag glycosylation is a possible viral defence mechanism that arose to counteract the evolutionary pressure imposed by mA3. Overall, my projects show the important role A3 proteins play in intrinsic immunity, whether defending the host from foreign retroviral invaders or endogenous retroviral foes.
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Abbas, Syed Shahid. "Working together for prevention and control of zoonoses in India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/81904/.
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Dantas, José Oliveira. "Diversidade e sistemática dos transmissores das principais zoonoses de Sergipe." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2006. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4260.
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The study describes, under the view point of zoological systematics, the vectors involved in the main zoonosis of Sergipe and its distribution in the regional ecosystems.
Additionally are commented related aspects to the etiologic agents, biology of the vectors, number of cases registered in Sergipe during 1999 2004 and the potential zoonosis.
Animals belonging to 6 taxonomic orders are transmitters of zoonosis in Sergipe: Diptera (19 species), Hemiptera (9 species), Siphonaptera (7 species), Rodentia (3 species),
Basomatophora (2 species) and Chiroptera (2 species). Restricted to the caatinga it were registered 5 species (Diptera 3, Hemiptera 2), 6 species are presented in the atlantic forest (Diptera 3, Hemiptera 3) and 31 species are distributed in both domains (Diptera 13, Hemiptera 4, Siphonaptera 7, Basomatophora 2, Rodentia 3 and Chiroptera 2). Artificial Identifications keys for recognizing orders, families, subfamilies, genus and species are presented.
The main zoonosis presented in Sergipe are the classic and hemorrhagic dengue fever, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniosis, Chagas disease, schistossomosis and
leptospirosis.The potential zoonosis are the urban yellow fever, malaria, filariosis, and human pest. It was not detected endemic zoonosis in the region; restricted to the northeast
focuses are the Chagas disease and schistossomosis. The others zoonosis occur in all regions.O presente estudo descreve sob o ponto de vista da sistemática zoológica os principais vetores que transmitem zoonoses em Sergipe e as distribuições destes nos ecossistemas regionais. Adicionalmente são comentados aspectos relacionados aos agentes etiológicos, biologia dos vetores, número de casos registrados em Sergipe durante 1999 2004 e as zoonoses potenciais. Animais pertencentes a 6 ordens taxonômicas são transmissores de zoonoses em Sergipe: Diptera (19 espécies), Hemiptera (9 espécies), Siphonaptera (7 espécies), Rodentia (3 espécies), Basomatophora (2 espécies) e Chiroptera (2 espécies). Restritas à caatinga foram registradas 5 espécies (Diptera 3, Hemiptera 2), 6 espécies estão presentes na mata atlântica (Diptera 3, Hemiptera 3) e 31 espécies estão distribuídas em ambos os domínios (Diptera 13, Hemiptera 4, Siphonaptera 7, Basomatophora 2, Rodentia 3 e Chiroptera 2). São apresentadas chaves artificiais de identificação para reconhecimento das ordens, famílias, subfamílias, gêneros e espécies. As principais zoonoses presentes em Sergipe são as dengues clássica e hemorrágica, leishmaniose visceral e cutânea, doença de Chagas, esquistossomose e leptospirose. As zoonoses potenciais são a febre amarela urbana, malária, filariose e peste humana. Não foram detectadas zoonoses endêmicas na região; restritas a focos do nordeste estão a doença de Chagas e a esquistossomose. As demais zoonoses ocorrem em todas as regiões.
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Burniston, Stephanie. "Mixed methods analysis of pig associated zoonoses in Lao PDR." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28811.
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Southeast Asia carries a large burden of endemic zoonotic diseases, in livestock and humans, especially in countries where livestock production is increasing among rural households for income generation and poverty reduction. This thesis explores the risk factors for transmission of pig-associated zoonoses – particularly Q fever, brucellosis, hepatitis E, and Japanese encephalitis – in northern Lao PDR, with a view to development of recommendations for “catch-all” control measures to impact on multiple diseases, improving biosecurity and preventing disease transmission to the human population. Research included (i) a qualitative assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of villagers related to pig-associated zoonoses and their risk factors using focus group methodology; (ii) an assessment of health seeking behaviour at hospital/health centre and village level to examine factors that influence choice of health care provider and determine the impact of health seeking behaviour on illness and treatment costs, and an examination of non-conventional health care sources to understand the complexity of health seeking behaviour and influences on choice of health care provider and, lastly, (iii) health care provider and service delivery assessments to determine healthcare facility routine service delivery procedures and assess capability in diagnosing and treating illness. In terms of disease, the most common illnesses reportedly seen by all those interviewed were respiratory illness, acute febrile illness and diarrhoea, confirming them as the leading causes of morbidity. Knowledge and awareness of the etiological agent of pig-associated zoonoses among villagers, patients, and health care providers was very poor for brucellosis and Q fever, with limited awareness of hepatitis E. Most were aware of Japanese encephalitis. Clinical diagnosis and symptomatic treatment of illness is the normal practice and identification of causative agents in human illness does not often occur. All three empirical assessments identified poor diagnostic capability as a major concern. Focus group discussions revealed that knowledge and awareness of disease risk factors, and of zoonoses in general, was low among villagers. Practices related to food consumption, latrine usage, hand hygiene and sanitation, which are known disease risk factors, were found to be a concern in study villages. Attitudes and practices adopted by villagers in relation to human and animal health and health seeking behaviours were strongly influenced by financial circumstances, access to appropriate healthcare facilities, spiritual beliefs, and a lack of knowledge and resources to maintain the health of both animals and humans. The first point of care when experiencing illness was often the health centre or a local traditional healer or spiritual healer or pharmacist/drug seller, depending on location. This was followed by the district hospital, if nearby. Many villagers described going back and forth between traditional medicine and modern medicine service providers, with 76% (19/25) of participants reportedly seeing more than one type of healthcare provider for a given episode of illness. Self-medication was the most common practice (84% of all participants) irrespective of the care provider consulted. Attendance at a healthcare facility was dependent on available funds and the perceived severity of illness. Overall household costs ranged between no cost, because of the “poor patient” policy that exempts vulnerable groups from paying for care, and $2500 USD for medical treatment, hospital stay, transportation and sometimes food. Healthcare workers at all facility levels (from health centre to provincial hospital) expressed a lack of confidence in making an accurate diagnosis for these pig associated zoonoses due to poor diagnostic capability in their respective facilities. A One Health approach to zoonotic disease surveillance that incorporates transdisciplinary methods and partnerships will lead to improved understanding of the underlining social determinants of health and their impact on health-seeking behaviours, disease transmission and ultimately disease reporting.
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Ayral, Florence. "Vers une surveillance des zoonoses associées aux rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS004/document.
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Le rat (Rattus spp.) est une source de nombreux pathogènes zoonotiques responsables de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde. Ces espèces sont particulièrement problématiques en santé publique car leur mode de vie synanthrope favorise la proximité rat-Homme et la transmission potentielle de pathogènes. Selon l'approche « une seule santé », la surveillance sanitaire des rats et d'autres espèces animales sensibles devrait contribuer à améliorer la santé de ces dernières et de l'Homme. Notre objectif était de développer la surveillance des zoonoses associées aux rats chez une espèce source (R. norvegicus) et chez des espèces cibles (bovins, chiens et porcs) en tant que sentinelles de l'exposition de l'Homme. L'intérêt de méthodes de détection dont la micro-puce à ADN développée dans le cadre du projet européen « WildTech » et l'investigation de la distribution du risque étaient les thèmes majeurs de ces travaux. Ils ont été documentés à partir de 181 rats capturés dans le Rhône entre 2010 et 2013 et, de données diagnostiques de leptospiroses animales enregistrées au Laboratoire des Leptospires – Lyon entre 2008 et 2012. Les méthodes de détection directes et indirectes utilisées à des fins de surveillance ont montré leur intérêt par la mise en évidence de quatre pathogènes potentiellement zoonotiques chez les rats (Hantavirus Séoul, virus de l'hépatite E, Leptospira spp. et Toxoplasma gondii). Malgré la spatialisation hétérogène des statuts infectieux, Leptospira spp. et l'hantavirus Séoul étaient les dangers prédominants avec respectivement, 26%, CI95%=20%-33% et 14%, CI95%=8%-20% de rats infectés par ces agents. Leur distribution spatiale a été caractérisée par des indices socio-économiques et, dans le cas des infections par les leptospires, une étude approfondie des souches circulantes a montré que leur persistance relevait de facteurs locaux, intrinsèques à la colonie. L'étude des leptospiroses animales (chiens et bovins) suggère leur exposition accrue au sérogroupe Australis, leur distribution spatiale hétérogène et une croissance significative de l'incidence annuelle canine. Ces trois observations également rapportées chez l'Homme soulignent l'intérêt de la surveillance de ces espèces en tant que sentinelles. Les informations obtenues par l'ensemble des méthodes appliquées contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l'épidémiologie des zoonoses associées aux rats et de la leptospirose en particulier, afin d'orienter la mise en œuvre de leur surveillance et les décisions de santé publique à venirRats (Rattus spp.) are a source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide. These species are particularly problematic with regards to rat associated health risks because rats are living in close contact with people leading to potentially rat disease transmission. Based on the "One Health" approach, surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in rats and other susceptible hosts should help to improve animal and human health. Our aim was to develop the surveillance of rat-associated zoonoses in a source species (Rattus norvegicus) and, in some target populations (cattle, dogs and pigs) as sentinels of human exposure. The screening methods including DNA microarray developed for the purpose of the "WildTech" project and the spatial distribution of the risk were the major themes in this work. They have been documented based on 181 rats captured in the administrative unit “département du Rhône” between 2010 and 2013 and, diagnostic data of leptospirosis in cattle, dogs and pigs, recorded at "Laboratoire des Leptospires – Lyon" between 2008 and 2012. The application of various screening methods (direct and indirect) for the purpose of surveillance were relevant and detected four potentially zoonotic pathogens circulating in rats, (hantavirus Seoul, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii). Although the location of infected rats varied among a short geographic distance, Leptospira spp. and hantavirus Seoul were the predominant hazard with respectively 26%, IC95% = 20% -33% and 14%, IC95% = 8% -20% of infected rats. Their spatial distribution could be characterized with socio-economic indices and, regarding Leptospira-infected rats, a further study shown that the maintenance of strains was related to local and intrinsic factors. The study of leptospirosis in dogs and cattle revealed their increased exposure to the serogroup Australis, their heterogeneous spatial distribution and the significant increase of annual incidence in dogs. The same trends were observed in humans which underlines the relevance of surveillance of animal leptospirosis as sentinels of human exposure. All together, the information obtained contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of rat-associated zoonoses to support implementation of surveillance and public health decisions in the future
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Catteau, Benoit. "Manifestations cutanees des zoonoses d'origine feline : a l'exception des mycoses." Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL2M078.
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Pigott, David Michael. "Mapping the global distribution of zoonoses of public health importance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:962dc1a7-c6c1-4878-ab6f-94dcebf7b1e1.
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Medical cartography can provide valuable insights into the epidemiology and ecology of infectious diseases, providing a quantitative representation of the distribution of these pathogens. Such methods therefore provide a key step in informing public health policy decisions ranging from prioritising sites for further investigation to identifying targets for interventions. By increasing the resolution at which risk is defined, policymakers are provided with an increasingly informed approach for considering next steps as well as evaluating past progress. In spite of their benefits however, global maps of infectious disease are lacking in both quality and comprehensiveness. This thesis sets out to investigate the next steps for medical cartography and details the use of species distribution models in evaluating global distributions of a variety of zoonotic diseases of public health importance. Chapter 2 defines a methodology by which global targets for infectious disease mapping can be quantitatively assessed by comparing the global burden of each disease with the demand from national policymakers, non-governmental organisations and academic communities for global assessments of disease distribution. Chapter 3 introduces the use of boosted regression trees for mapping the distribution of a group of vector-borne diseases identified as being a high priority target, the leishmaniases. Chapter 4 adapts these approaches to consider Ebola virus disease. This technique shows that the West African outbreak was ecologically consistent with past infections and suggests a much wider area of risk than previously considered. Chapter 5 investigates Marburg virus disease and considers the variety of different factors relating to all aspects of the transmission cycle that must be considered in these analyses. Chapters 6 and 7 complete the mapping of the suite of viral haemorrhagic fevers by assessing the distribution of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever. Finally, Chapter 8 considers the risk that these viral haemorrhagic fevers present to the wider African continent, quantifying potential risk of spillover infections, local outbreaks and more widespread infection. This thesis addresses important information gaps in global knowledge of a number of pathogens of public health importance. In doing so, this work provides a template for considering the global distribution of a number of other zoonotic diseases.
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Gomes, Helierson. "PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE ZOONOSES NOS MUNICÍPIOS AFETADOS DIRETAMENTE PELA USINA HIDRELÉTRICA ESTREITO (MA)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2014. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2963.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-20By constant anthropic actions, resulting in several segments imbalance, such as, environmental, social and health service, we carried out a study to evaluate the influence that the construction of HPP Estreito, in Maranhão, Brazil, had on the rate of zoonotic diseases in the provinces of Carolina and Estreito (MA). As a method, we compared the records of the average incidence, in each province, covering the period that preceded the power plant s construction (2001-2005), the period throughout the construction (2006-2010) and after the building was completed (2011- 2012); highlighting epidemiological zoonotic diseases, such as Dengue, leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever and malaria. Dengue, with 907 incidents had the highest morbidity rate. In the course of the HPP construction, the province of Carolina presented an increase of 1.75% in its dengue cases and Estreito presented an increase of 1.59%. Leishmaniasis, with 175 cases notified, presented a higher occurrence in the period during the construction. Before the construction, rates were of 0.39% in Carolina and 0.47% in Estreito. Visceral leishmaniose, with 91 cases notified, increased in Carolina throughout the HPP construction by 0.27%. After the complete filling of the lake, Estreito presented an increase of 0.16% in its visceral leishmaniose cases. Chagas disease, yellow fever and malaria had not presented any cases, in the provinces where the study was held. The research does not suggest that there is a direct connection between the HPP construction and epidemiological changes considered in this research.
Diante das constantes ações antrópicas resultando em desequilíbrios nos mais diversos segmentos como: ambiental, social e de saúde pública realizou-se um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da construção da UHE Estreito na incidência de zoonoses nos municípios de Carolina e Estreito (MA). Utilizando como metodologia a obtenção das médias de incidência no período que compreende a fase pré-implantação da usina (2001-2005), fase durante a implantação (2006-2010) e fase pós-implantação (2011-2012), enfatizando as zoonoses de importância epidemiológicas na região como é o caso da Dengue, leishmaniose tegumentar americana, leishmaniose visceral, Doença de Chagas, febre amarela e malária. A dengue com 907 casos foi a morbidade com maior prevalência sendo a fase durante a construção da UHE a com a maior incidência 1,75% na cidade de Carolina e 1,59% em Estreito, seguido da leishmaniose tegumentar americana com 175 casos notificados, também apresentando maior incidência no período durante as obras 0,39% em Carolina e 0,47% em Estreito na fase que antecede os inicios das obras. Já a leishmaniose visceral com 91 casos notificados, apresentou maior incidência no município de Carolina no período durante as obras com 0,27% seguido de Estreito com 0,16% na fase após o enchimento total do lago. A Doença de Chagas, febre amarela e malária não apresentaram casos notificados na região de estudo. Os dados obtidos nesse estudo não sugerem a interferência direta entre a construção da UHE e alterações epidemiológicas consideráveis das morbidades estudadas.
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Ferreira, Inês Camilo Barata Bravo. "Rastreio sorológico de alguns agentes de zoonoses em canídeos silvestres no Norte de Portugal." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1675.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaAo longo dos tempos, a fauna silvestre tem contribuído, directa ou indirectamente, para a disseminação de doenças infecciosas transmissíveis ao Homem e aos animais domésticos. A crescente actividade humana, aliada ao aumento da densidade populacional e à facilidade de mobilidade de pessoas e animais que se observam nos dias de hoje, vieram favorecer a (re)emergência de diversas doenças um pouco por todo o mundo. Neste contexto, elaborou-se um estudo transversal de várias doenças, na maioria zoonoses transmitidas por vectores, em canídeos silvestres do norte de Portugal. Procedeu-se ao rastreio sorológico de 81 indivíduos (amostras de soro, extracto de pulmão e exsudado da cavidade torácica), efectuado pela primeira vez em Portugal no lobo ibérico (C. lupus, n=44) e na raposa vermelha (V. vulpes, n=37), para os agentes Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia conorii, Francisella tularensis, Dirofilaria immitis, Babesia canis, Leishmania infantum, vírus Toscana (flebovírus) e Toxoplasma gondii, introduzindo assim novos conhecimentos gerais sobre as prevalências destes agentes no território português, que até agora só se conheciam em canídeos domésticos e humanos. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-R. conorii foi a mais elevada (13,8%, n=8 C. lupus, n=3 V.vulpes), seguida das seroprevalências de T. gondii (5,2%, n=4 V. vulpes), E. canis (2,5%, n=1 C. lupus, n=1 V.vulpes), B. canis (2,5%, n=1 C. lupus, n=1 V.vulpes), A. phagocytophilum e B. burgdorferi s.l. (ambas 1,3%, n=1 C. lupus), pela técnica de imunofluorescência indirecta (IFI). Apenas dois lobos apresentaram co-infecção (2,5%) por R. conorii com A. phagocytophilum e B. burgdorferi s.l., respectivamente. Não foram detectados anticorpos contra L. infantum e o vírus Toscana através da IFI, nem para F. tularensis pela técnica de aglutinação em placa. A aplicação de testes de imunomigração rápida para a detecção de antigénios de D. immitis também não revelou quaisquer resultados positivos. Este estudo permitiu ainda inferir sobre alguns factores de risco associados às doenças avaliadas, nomeadamente a espécie de hospedeiro, o sexo, a idade e a origem geográfica dos animais, bem como o estado de conservação das amostras. De um modo geral, os resultados obtidos encontram-se abaixo da média das seroprevalências observadas em canídeos e outros mamíferos silvestres e domésticos da Europa, o que não invalida a necessidade da continuação dos programas de vigilância já existentes em Portugal e a sua aplicação noutras áreas do território nacional, de modo a melhorar a caracterização das doenças e os factores de risco associados às mesmas. Assim como é importante a implementação de medidas preventivas e de controlo das populações de vectores, tanto no ciclo silvático como no doméstico.
ABSTRACT - Serologic survey of selected zoonosis agents in wild canids from Northern Portugal - Through the times, wild fauna have contributed directly or indirectly to the dissemination of infectious diseases transmittable to Man and other animals. Increasing human activity, along with the growth of population density and the ease of mobility of people and animals that is evident nowadays, have favored the (re)emergence of several diseases throughout the world. In this context, a transversal study of selected diseases, mainly vector-borne zoonosis, was developed in wild canids from the north of Portugal. A total of 81 individuals (samples of sera, lung tissue extracts and exudate from the thoracic cavity) were subjected to a serologic survey, undertaken for the first time in Portugal in the Iberian wolf (C. lupus, n=44) and the red fox (V. vulpes, n=37), concerning the pathogenic agents Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia conorii, Francisella tularensis, Dirofilaria immitis, Babesia canis, Leishmania infantum, Toscana virus (phlebovirus) and Toxoplasma gondii, thus introducing new general knowledge on the prevalence of those agents in the portuguese territory, which was only known in domestic canids and humans so far. The prevalence of antibodies against R. conorii was the highest (13,8%, n=8 C. lupus, n=3 V.vulpes), followed by the seroprevalences of T. gondii (5,2%, n=4 V. vulpes), E. canis (2,5%, n=1 C. lupus, n=1 V.vulpes), B. canis (2,5%, n=1 C. lupus, n=1 V.vulpes), A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. (both 1,3%, n=1 C. lupus), using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Only two wolves demonstrated co-infection (2,5%) with R. conorii plus A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l., respectively. No antibodies were detected against L. infantum or the virus Toscana by IFA, neither for F. tularensis using the plate agglutination method. Rapid immunomigration tests were applied to detect antigens of D. immitis, but no positive results were attained. It was also possible to infer from this study some of the risk factors associated with the respective diseases, namely the host species, their sex, age and geographic origin, as well as the conservation state of the samples. Although the general results obtained from this survey are below the average seroprevalences observed in canids and other wild and domestic mammals in Europe, one must not underestimate the need of continuing the vigilance programmes already existing in Portugal and their application in other areas of the national territory, in order to improve the characterization of diseases and the associated risk factors. As well as it becomes important to implement preventive and control measures of the vector populations, in the wild cycle as much as in the domestic cycle.
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Asano, Karen Miyuki. "Ocorrência e caracterização molecular de coronavírus e rotavírus do grupo A em quirópteros do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-18082015-113847/.
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Diversas doenças virais emergentes e re-emergentes têm sido descritas em morcegos. As alterações ambientais provocadas por seres humanos associada a adaptação dos morcegos às áreas urbanas aumentam as chances da transmissão dessas doenças para humanos e animais domésticos. O estudo das coronaviroses associadas a esse hospedeiro tem evidenciado que os morcegos atuam como reservatório dessa doença, enquanto o estudo das rotaviroses ainda foi pouco explorado. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de coronavírus e rotavírus em diversas espécies de morcegos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e realizar inferências filogenéticas a partir dos genes RdRp e S dos coronavírus, assim como de genes de proteínas estruturais e não estruturais dos rotavírus. Para tanto, foi utilizada a RT-PCR seguida de sequenciamento de DNA. Para análise filogenética e de diversidade molecular foi utilizado critério de otimização de distância e cálculo das identidades de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos entre as sequências obtidas e sequências recuperadas do GenBank. A ocorrência de coronavírus foi de 2,95% (9/305) e a de rotavírus de 9,18% (28/305). De acordo com a análise filogenética do gene da RdRp oito amostras foram classificadas como alphacoronavirus. A análise do gene S dos CoV mostrou que as amostras deste estudo formaram uma linhagem única, segregadas das demais amostras de alphacoronavírus. Em relação aos rotavírus, foi possível a identificação de um genótipo G3-P[3]-IX-RX-CX-MX-AX-NX-T3-E3-H6, similar a encontrada em morcegos, equinos e humanos. Além disso, outra amostra foi classificada como G20, similar ao genótipo encontrado em humano, sendo que os genótipos encontrados para os genes VP4, NSP3 e NSP5 desse vírus podem ser classificados como novos genótipos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que esses animais podem carrear agentes infecciosos de importância na saúde pública, sendo que mais estudos são necessários para o esclarecimento do papel dos morcegos como reservatório e fonte de infecção destas zoonoses virais.Several viral emerging and re-emerging diseases have been described in bats. Environmental changes caused by humans associated with the adaptation of bats to urban areas increase the chance of transmission of these infectious diseases to humans and domestic animals. Coronaviruses studies associated with bats have shown that these hosts act as reservoirs for these viruses, while rotaviruses has been poorly studied in these hosts. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Rotavirus and Coronavirus in several species of bats from São Paulo State, Brazil, and to perform phylogenetic inferences from Coronavirus RdRp and S genes, as well as from Rotavirus structural and non-structural proteins genes. To this end, RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing was used. Optimization criterion of distance and identities calculation of the nucleotides and amino acids among the obtained sequences and sequences retrieved from the GenBank were used for phylogenetic and molecular diversity analysis. The occurrence of Coronavirus was 2.95% (9/305) and of Rotavirus was 9.18% (28/305). According to phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp gene, eight strains were classified as Alphacoronavirus. The analysis of the CoV S gene showed that the starins of this study formed a single lineage, segregated from other alphacoronaviruses lineages. Regarding Rotavirus, it was possible to identify the genotype G3-P [3] -IX-RX-CX-MX-AX-NX-T3-E3-H6, similar to that reported in bats, horses and humans. In addition, another strain was classified as G20, similar to the genotype described in humans, while the genotypes found for VP4, NSP3 and NSP5 genes may be classified as new genotypes. These results show that bats may carry infectious agents of public health interest, but further studies are necessary to clarify the role of these animals as reservoirs and infectious sources of these viral zoonoses.
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Leal, Aline Aparecida Correa. "Interações entre os níveis de NO,ROS e atividade HO-1 com a apoptose de células mononucleares de sangue periférico e leucócitos de baço de cães com leishmaniose visceral /." Araçatuba, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141456.
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Orientador: Valeria Marçal Felix de LimaBanca: Maria cecilia Rui Luvizotto
Banca: Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos
Resumo: Leishmania são protozoários intracelulares obrigatórios que infectam células fagocitárias de mamíferos ocasionando a leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Por apresentarem um intenso parasitismo cutâneo, os cães infectados possuem papel chave na transmissão da doença. Para sobreviver no hospedeiro, as leishmanias são capazes de desenvolver mecanismos de escape por alterações das respostas de células fagocitárias, tais como o NO e o ROS responsáveis pela morte intracelular do parasita. A HO-1 também pode estar envolvida na regulação da resposta imune, porém seu papel na leishmaniose visceral canina ainda não está claro. A produção excessiva de NO, ROS e HO-1 pode ser prejudicial e estar relacionada com a apoptose e desregulação imunológica na LVC. Assim o este estudo teve a finalidade de investigar os níveis de ROS, NO e atividade HO-1 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico e leucócitos do baço e sua correlação com a apoptose celular. Para isso foram utilizadas células mononucleares sanguíneas e leucócitos de baço de cães infectados e saudáveis. As células foram isoladas e cultivadas durante 24 horas, na sequencia foram incubadas com sondas para NO ou ROS e foi determinada a apoptose celular. Todos as análises foram realizadas por citômetria de fluxo. Após a lise das células em cultura, a atividade HO-1 foi determinada no lisado celular por método colorimétrico. O metabolismo oxidativo estava reduzido e a taxa de apoptose dos mononucleares sanguíneos aumentada, por influê... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Leishmania are obligate intracellular protozoan that infects phagocytic mammalian cells causing canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Because they have an intense cutaneous parasitism, infected dogs have key role in disease transmission. To survive in the host, the Leishmania are able to develop escape mechanisms by changes in phagocytic cell responses, such as the NO and the ROS responsible for the death of intracellular parasites. The HO-1 may also be involved in regulating the immune response, but their role in canine visceral leishmaniasis is not yet clear. The excessive production of NO, ROS and HO-1 can be detrimental and to be related to immune dysregulation and apoptosis in LVC. So this study aimed to investigate the levels of ROS, NO and HO-1 activity in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen and its correlation with cell apoptosis. For this they used blood mononuclear cells and spleen leukocytes from infected and healthy dogs. Cells were isolated and cultured for 24 hours following probes were incubated with NO or ROS and cell apoptosis was determined. All analyzes were performed by flow cytometry. After lysis of the cells in culture, HO-1 activity in cell lysate was determined by a colorimetric method. Oxidative metabolism was reduced and the apoptosis rate of increased blood mononuclear, influenced by ROS. The levels of ROS and NO were decreased in leukocytes from the spleen of infected dogs, and increased apoptotic rate was observed in spleen ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Vasconcelos, Carla Gasparotto Chande [UNESP]. "Zoonoses ocupacionais: inquérito soro-epidemiológico em estudantes de Medicina Veterinária e análise de risco para leptospirose, brucelose e toxoplasmose." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100610.
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vasconcelos_cgc_dr_botfm.pdf: 339016 bytes, checksum: f104d44a2eff0b66a2b3e3307a1afcf6 (MD5)A brucelose, leptospirose e a toxoplasmose são zoonoses de ampla distribuição mundial, tendo o homem como participante acidental da sua cadeia epidemiológica. Portanto, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil sorológico de estudantes, residentes e pós-graduandos do Curso de Medicina Veterinária, uma vez que constituem grupo de risco para estas enfermidades. Para o diagnóstico da leptospirose, foi realizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica com antígenos vivos (SAM). Para a toxoplasmose, a rreação de iimunofflluorresscênciia iindiirretta ((RIIFII)),, para a pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii. Foram realizadas as provas de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti- Brucella canis ou Brucella ovis. Para a presença de anticorpos anti- Brucella abortus, foram realizadas como triagem a prova do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado corado pelo Rosa de Bengala, e confirmados pela prova de Soroaglutinação Lenta em Tubos (SAT) e Soroaglutinação Lenta em Tubos com 2-Mercaptoetanol (SAT- 2ME). O resultado das análises laboratoriais mostrou prevalência de 6,3% na prova de IDGA. Com relação à B. abortus, os resultados foram negativos. A sorologia para leptospirose mostrou ausência de anticorpos anti-leptospíricos. Para a toxoplasmose a prevalência foi de 9,2% para anticorpos da classe IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii, com nenhuma amostra reagente para IgM. Verificou-se que o contato freqüente com o cão mostrou associação estatisticamente significante com a presença de anticorpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii. Os hábitos alimentares, hábitos de higiene e o contato com outras espécies animais não mostraram associação estatística . Ao se extratificar os resultados pelo ano em que os alunos se inseriram no curso, pode-se observar para a toxoplasmose um aumento na prevalência entre...
Brucellosis, leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are worldwide zoonosis and men is an accidental host in the epidemiological chain of these diseases. This study aimed to verify the serological profiles of a risk group for the diseases, between undergraduate veterinarian students, intership and graduated veterinarian students. The serological test used to verify leptospirosis titles was microscopic agglutination. The immunofluorescence antibody test was used to identify IgG and IgM anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Agar gel immunodifusion test to identify the Brucella canis or Brucella ovis antibodies. Rose bengal plate test was used for the diagnostic of Brucella abortus antibodies and the positive ones were confirmed by tube agglutination and mercaptoetanol test. The results showed prevalence of 6.3% at the agar gel immunodifusion test to Brucella canis or Brucella ovis. All the samples were negative to B. abortus. The serological results were also negative to Leptospira spp. Prevalence of 9.2% to anti-T.gondii IgG antibodies and none to IgM antibodies were found. There was statistical significant association between the presence of anti-T.gondii antibodies and close and frequent contact with dogs. The kind alimentary habit, hygiene and contact with other animals species showed no statistical relationship with the serological profiles for all diseases. The undergraduated students of the last year of college and graduated students showed higher prevalence to serological test for T. gondii. The results suggest that such students as veterinarians must be thought about the relationship of these zoonosis and the academicals or professionals activities and the public health concern about it.
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Morales, Ana Emilia Torres. "Soro-epidemiologia da hantavirose em homens de Salvador-Bahia, Brasil." [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309350.
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Orientador: Fernando Lopes Gonçales Jr., Jose Tavares-NetoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: As hantaviroses são consideradas doenças emergentes. Fatores climáticos, múltiplos determinantes humanos, biológicos, econômicos e ecológicos influenciam a sua emergência e disseminação. As interações destes fatores explicam sua presença nas Américas. Seus reservatórios são principalmente os roedores. A transmissão para o homem acontece por exposição direta, indireta ou acidental às secreções ou excretas desses animais, entre outros mecanismos infreqüentes. Assim, consideram-se sob risco os trabalhadores rurais, encanadores, garis de limpeza pública, trabalhadores portuários, estivadores, pescadores, militares, escoteiros e indivíduos com atividades recreacionais no campo. No Brasil, há a necessidade de se conhecer melhor a epidemiologia da hantavirose, em especial na população exposta ao risco de infecção. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Salvador-BA, Brasil, cidade cosmopolita, portuária e turística. Nossos objetivos foram: Estimar a freqüência da infeção por hantavírus na população de adultos da cidade .de Salvador (BA), e associar a soro-positividade às variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas pesquisadas. No total foram amostrados 255 trabalhadores da limpeza pública da cidaqe de Salvador e 241 doadores de sangue como grupo de comparação. Em todos foi aplicada entrevista padronizada visando pesquisar antecedentes epidemiológicos para esta infecção e, posteriormente foi coletada amostra de sangue. Os soros amostrados foram testados por IFI IgG para anti-hantavírus Hantaan (protótipo) e teste de ELISA IgG anti-hantavírus "Sin Nombre" (antígeno recombinante) e Seoul (protótipo) (antígeno de lisado celular). Na leitura da IFI, foi positiva a amostra >1% - 25% de focos fluorescentes por campo. Na leitura dos testes de ELISA, valores maiores que o CUT-OFF foram POSITIVOS e os menores NEGATIVOS. Foram inconclusivos pela técnica de ELISA valores de densidade ótica da amostra perto do valor do CUT-OFF. As idades da população estudada variaram de 18 a 64 anos. A prevalência observada foi de 27,2%(135/496) de anticorpos anti-Hantaan pelo teste de IFI IgG antiHantaan (diluição 1:32). Destes, 46 (9,3%) eram garis e 89(17,9'1.10) doadores de sangue. Nos testes de ELISA para "Sin Nombre" foi encon1Tada prevalência de 0,2% e no teste ELISA para Seou/ prevalência de 0,4%. Observou-se que o único soro-reagente para ELISA anti- "Sin Nombre" era doador, já para o vírus Seou/ os dois positivos eram ganso. Das 496 amostras, 438(88,3%) foram testadas por microaglutinação para leptospirose. Considerou-se positiva microaglutinação com títulos de ~1/200. Dos 438 testados 58(13,2%) resultaram positivos para leptospirose. Destes, 28/58(48,3%) positivos para títulos de 1/200; 22/58(37,9%) positivos para títulos de 1/400 e 8/58(13,8%) positivos para títulos >1/400. Observaram-se 5(8,6%) positivos em títulos de 1/200 para leptospirose e 5(8,6%) positivos em títulos de 1/400, que resultaram também positivos pela IFI IgG antiHantaan. Os sorovars mais encontrados foram icterohaemorrhagiae e sentot. Concluimos que: 1. Existe circulação dos hantavírus na cidade de Salvador (BA); 2. Que há baixa freqüência de infecção pelos vírus "Sin Nombre" e Seou/; 3. Que a prevalência encontrada pela IFI, reflete a circulação de vírus provavelmente relacionado a Hantaan e diferente dos outros hantavírus testados ("Sin Nombre" e Seoul); 4. O nível socioeconômico mostrou-se um determinante de risco para infeção por hantavírus; 5. As variáveis de contaminação domiciliar e peri-domiciliar aparecem como determinantes de risco em ambas as populações estudadas; 6. O risco de contaminação ocupacional relacionado diretamente com o tempo de exercício profissional, foi determinante de risco en1Te os garis e não explica, a contaminação dos doadores de sangue; 7. Os resultados da microaglutinação para leptospirose entre os amostrados assinalam provável co-infecção com hantavírus; 8. Há necessidade de pesquisa sistemática de hantavírus nos pacientes com suspeita de leptospirose
Abstract: The hantaviruses are considered emergent diseases. Climate, multiple human determinants, biological, economical and environrnental factors influence its emergency and dissemination. The interaction ofthis factors explain its presence in the Americas. Their host are mainly the rodents. Man transmission happens by direct, indirect or incidental exposure to secretion or excretion of these animaIs among other not so frequent mechanisms. Thus peasants, plumbers, street-cleaners, wharf laborers, fishermen, military personnel, scouts and individuaIs with outdoors recreational activities are considered to be under risk of being infected. In Brazil, there is a necessity of knowing better the epidemiology of the hantavirus, specially in population exposed to the risk of infection. This research waS developed in Salvador capital of Bahia state, Brazil, which is a port, touristic and cosmopolitan city. The objectives are: 1. Estimate the frequency of infection by hantavirus in the adults population. 2. Associate the infected people- to epidemiological factors and the clinics researched. The methodology and casuistic used were the following: Transversal study (sectional or the prevalence) Being sampled: 255 street-cleaners from Salvador-Bahia and, 241 blood donors as a group of comparison. In all of them was applied a pattem interview with the aim to research epidemiological antecedents to this particular infection and afterwards was collected a blood sample. The sampled serum was tested by IFI IgG for anti-hantavirus Hantaan (prototype) and the ELISA test IgG anti-hantavirus "Sin Nombre" (recombined antigen) and SeouZ (prototype) (antigen of celullar lisis). On the interpretation of IFI, was considered positive the sample > 1 a 25% of flourescent focus per field. On the interpretation of ELISA tests, figures higher than the cut-off were positive and the lower negative. They were not conclusive by ELISA technic, figures of low optical density sample were close to the cut-offvalue. It was found that the age range of the population varied from 18 to 64 years old. The observed prevalence was 27.22%(135/496) of anti-Hantaan antibodies by the test of IFI IgG anti-Hantaan (dilution 1:32). Among them, 46(9.27%) were streetcleaners and 89(17.94%) blooddonors. ELISA tests for "Sin Nombre" was found a prevalence of 0.02% and ELISA tests for Sooul prevalence was 0.04%. It was observedô,that the only serum reactor for ELISA anti- "Sin Nombre" was a donor. Although for the SeouZ virus the two positives were street cleaners. Out of 496 samples, 438(88.3%)
Doutorado
Clinica Medica
Doutor em Clínica Médica
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Vasconcelos, Carla Gasparotto Chande. "Zoonoses ocupacionais : inquérito soro-epidemiológico em estudantes de Medicina Veterinária e análise de risco para leptospirose, brucelose e toxoplasmose /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100610.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Hélio LangoniResumo: A brucelose, leptospirose e a toxoplasmose são zoonoses de ampla distribuição mundial, tendo o homem como participante acidental da sua cadeia epidemiológica. Portanto, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil sorológico de estudantes, residentes e pós-graduandos do Curso de Medicina Veterinária, uma vez que constituem grupo de risco para estas enfermidades. Para o diagnóstico da leptospirose, foi realizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica com antígenos vivos (SAM). Para a toxoplasmose, a rreação de iimunofflluorresscênciia iindiirretta ((RIIFII)),, para a pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii. Foram realizadas as provas de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti- Brucella canis ou Brucella ovis. Para a presença de anticorpos anti- Brucella abortus, foram realizadas como triagem a prova do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado corado pelo Rosa de Bengala, e confirmados pela prova de Soroaglutinação Lenta em Tubos (SAT) e Soroaglutinação Lenta em Tubos com 2-Mercaptoetanol (SAT- 2ME). O resultado das análises laboratoriais mostrou prevalência de 6,3% na prova de IDGA. Com relação à B. abortus, os resultados foram negativos. A sorologia para leptospirose mostrou ausência de anticorpos anti-leptospíricos. Para a toxoplasmose a prevalência foi de 9,2% para anticorpos da classe IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii, com nenhuma amostra reagente para IgM. Verificou-se que o contato freqüente com o cão mostrou associação estatisticamente significante com a presença de anticorpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii. Os hábitos alimentares, hábitos de higiene e o contato com outras espécies animais não mostraram associação estatística . Ao se extratificar os resultados pelo ano em que os alunos se inseriram no curso, pode-se observar para a toxoplasmose um aumento na prevalência entre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Brucellosis, leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are worldwide zoonosis and men is an accidental host in the epidemiological chain of these diseases. This study aimed to verify the serological profiles of a risk group for the diseases, between undergraduate veterinarian students, intership and graduated veterinarian students. The serological test used to verify leptospirosis titles was microscopic agglutination. The immunofluorescence antibody test was used to identify IgG and IgM anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Agar gel immunodifusion test to identify the Brucella canis or Brucella ovis antibodies. Rose bengal plate test was used for the diagnostic of Brucella abortus antibodies and the positive ones were confirmed by tube agglutination and mercaptoetanol test. The results showed prevalence of 6.3% at the agar gel immunodifusion test to Brucella canis or Brucella ovis. All the samples were negative to B. abortus. The serological results were also negative to Leptospira spp. Prevalence of 9.2% to anti-T.gondii IgG antibodies and none to IgM antibodies were found. There was statistical significant association between the presence of anti-T.gondii antibodies and close and frequent contact with dogs. The kind alimentary habit, hygiene and contact with other animals species showed no statistical relationship with the serological profiles for all diseases. The undergraduated students of the last year of college and graduated students showed higher prevalence to serological test for T. gondii. The results suggest that such students as veterinarians must be thought about the relationship of these zoonosis and the academicals or professionals activities and the public health concern about it.
Doutor
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Tremori, Tália Missen. "Identificação criminal de espécies da fauna silvestre por DNA mitocondrial." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154801.
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Orientador: Julio López-AbánResumo: O tráfico, contrabando e comércio ilegal de animais é a quarta atividade ilícita mais comum no mundo, colocando em risco a extinção de diversas espécies. Além disso, o comércio ilegal de animais silvestres pode ser meio de veiculação de enfermidades, principalmente de caráter zoonótico, ao serem transportadas por animais. O trabalho tem por objetivo identificar espécies de animais da fauna silvestre através do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA), tricologia e determinar a prevalência de Trypanosoma cruzi agente etiológico da enfermidade de Chagas, uma Enfermidade Tropical Negligenciada (NTD), segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Foram coletadas amostras de tecido muscular, pele, sangue e pelos em animais oriundos de apreensões no território brasileiro. Para a identificação genética, foi sequenciada uma região conservada do mtDNA de aproximadamente 600 pares de bases e comparados com o banco de dados genético Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). A identificação por pelos foi realizada através de análise comparada e o diagnóstico T. cruzi através da técnica Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), uma técnica rápida, barata e sensível. Foram identificados animais das espécies Dasypus sp., Mazama gouazoubira, Pantera onca, Cerdocyon thous, Tamandua tetradactyla, Didelphis aurita, Puma concolor, Myoprocta sp., Cavia sp., Galictis cuja; através do sequenciamento genético do mtDNA e as espécies Alouatta sp., Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Sylvilagus brasiliensis, Didelphis albiventris, Pa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Animal trafficking, smuggling and illegal trade is the fourth most common illegal activity in the world, increases the risk of extinction of several endangered species. An important point concerning illegal animal trade and the increasing globalization is that represents a possible vehicle for illness spreading, including zoonosis, creating a health public issue. The aim of this research is to identify species from the wildlife by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), hair and determines the prevalence of the zoonotic agent Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) according to World Health Organization (WHO). Samples were collected from blood, muscle and skin from trafficking animals in Brazilian territory. A preserved region from mtDNA (600 base pair) was sequenced and compared to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) in order to do the genetic identification. Hair identification was complete by compared analysis. The diagnosis of T. cruzi ware made using the Loop-mediated Isotehrmal Amplification (LAMP) assay, a rapid, cheap and sensible technique. Have been identified the following species: Dasypus sp., Mazama gouazoubira, Pantera onca, Cerdocyon thous, Tamandua tetradactyla, Didelphis aurita, Puma concolor, Myoprocta sp., Cavia sp., Galictis cuja; using mtDNA sequencing and these species: Alouatta sp., Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Sylvilagus brasiliensis, Didelphis albiventris, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Leopard... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumen: El tráfico, contrabando y comercialización ilegal de animales es la tercera actividad ilícita que más ocurre en el mundo, poniendo en riesgo la extinción de muchas especies. Además el comercio ilegal puede ser un vehículo de transmisión de enfermedades, principalmente las zoonosis, que pueden ser llevadas por los animales. La investigación tiene por objetivo identificar especies de animales de la fauna silvestre a través de ADN mitocondrial (mtDNA), tricología y la determinación de prevalencia del parásito Trypanosoma cruzi, causante de la enfermedad de Chagas, una Enfermedad Tropical Desatendidas (NTD) de acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se recogieron muestras de tejido muscular, piel, sangre y pelos de animales procedentes de aprensión en el territorio nacional de Brasil. Para la identificación genética, fue realizado secuenciación de una región conservada del mtDNA con aproxidamente 600 pares de bases y luego fueron comparados con el banco de datos genético Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). La identificación por pelos ha sido llevada a cabo por análisis comparado y el diagnostico de los agentes infecciosos con carácter zoonosis fue determinado con la técnica Loop-mediated Isotehrmal Amplification (LAMP), que es sensible, barata y rápida. Los animales identificados fueron Dasypus sp., Mazama gouazoubira, Pantera onca, Cerdocyon thous, Tamandua tetradactyla, Didelphis aurita, Puma concolor, Myoprocta sp., Cavia sp., Galictis cuja; por medio de secuenciac... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo)
Doutor
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Guerra, Beatriz Gomes. "Frequência de hemoparasitas em cães e gatos referente à casuística da região de Leiria, no período comprendido entre janeiro de 2015 e novembro de 2018." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19594.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaDentro do vasto grupo de doenças parasitárias que acometem os animais domésticos, as hemoparasitoses destacam-se pelas consequências em que se traduzem para os animais infetados, podendo mesmo em alguns casos chegar a ser fatais. Acresce ainda o facto, de que a grande maioria das infeções são zoonóticas, tratando-se então o problema não só de saúde veterinária como também de saúde pública. O recurso a medidas de prevenção e profilaxia revelam-se fundamentais no controlo dos vetores e principalmente dos hemoparasitas, evitando-se assim a longo prazo consequências devastadoras tanto para os animais como para os próprios donos. O estudo apresentado incidiu sobre os hemoparasitas detetados na região de Leiria no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2015 e novembro de 2018, nomeadamente, Babesia spp., Dirofilaria spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Leishmania spp., Mycoplasma spp. e Rickettsia spp. Os objetivos principais do estudo foram determinar qual a hemoparasitose encontrada com maior frequência na região de Leiria, qual a espécie, Canis lupus familiaris ou Felis silvestris catus, com maior frequência de infeção, realizar uma análise ao sexo e idade dos animais com hemoparasitas e tendo o animal contraído a infeção, quais os sinais clínicos mais característicos das hemoparasitoses. Para o efeito, recorreu-se a 582 análises do Laboratório Beatriz Godinho e a 19 casos clínicos do Hospital Veterinário de Leiria. Com o estudo, concluiu-se que na região de Leiria, em cada 100 animais domésticos, nomeadamente cães e gatos, cerca de 14 estão infetados por hemoparasitas, sendo a espécie Ehrlichia spp. a que predomina, face aos restantes hemoparasitas, e sendo os gatos do sexo masculino o grupo mais frequentemente infetado.
ABSTRACT - Frequency of hemoparasites in dogs and cats relative to the casuistic in the region of Leiria, between January 2015 and November 2018 - Compared to other parasitic diseases that affect domestic animals, hemoparasitic diseases deserve particular attention due to the kind of health consequences they can cause to infected animals, which can in some cases be fatal. Adding to this, the fact that the great majority of infections are zoonotic reveals that it is not only a matter of animal health, but of public health as well. The recourse to profylaxis proves as the most reliable way of controling vectors and blood parasites, resulting in a prevention of devastating long term consequences to both animals and their owners. This study focuses on blood parasites that are found in the region of Leiria between January 2015 and November 2018, these being Babesia spp., Dirofilaria spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., Leishmania spp., Mycoplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. The main purpose of this review was to determine which hemoparasitosis is most commonly found in the region of Leiria, finding out which one of the two reviewed species reveal the greatest rates of infection, carry out an analysis on sex and age of the infected animals and verify what are the most characteristic clinical signs of blood parasites after having contracted the infection. To reach these results, 582 blood-tests from Laboratório Beatriz Godinho and 19 clinical cases of Hospital Veterinário de Leiria were reviewed. The findings of this review reveal that in the region of Leiria around 14 out 100 domestic animals are infected with blood parasites, Ehrlichia spp. being the predominating one compared to other hemoparasites and shows that male felines to be the group with the most commonly infected.
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Begali, José Honorato [UNESP]. "Subsídios para implantação de um Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) com inserção do médico veterinário." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140284.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The Support Nucleous to Family Health (NASF) was created to expand the coverage and the scope of the Primary Care actions and to increase its resolution. Made up of professionals from different areas of knowledge, it must act interactively, supporting the professional from the Family Health Strategy Team (ESF) and sharing the practices and knowledge about health in the areas under their responsability. The veterinarian can be part of the NASF team, but there are few towns which included this professional, as well as the amount of NASF units in Brazil. This thesis was thought in order to provide subsidies for the proposal of a NASF deployment with the insertion of this professional, using as a basis for study the city of Machado/MG. The main demands in health were checked through a check-list to the community health agents (ACS), nurses and nurse assistants from the ESF teams and the evaluation of the number of cats and dogs as well as their reproductive profile. Two questionnaires were developed and applied for the analysis of the population and the ACS’s perception about zoonosis, especially rabies, the analysis of the ESF health professionals’ perception about the Primary Care Structure, the veterinarian role in the Public Health in both moments of the research. The main detected demands in human health were diabetes, hypertension, obesity, sexually transmitted diseases, alcoholism, drugs use, early pregnancy and accumulators. Regarding the environmental and animals related conditions, we can point out the accumulation of trash, breeding spots of mosquitos, the presence of cats and dogs on the streets, as well as synanthropic animals, mainly doves, rats and ticks, and agressions caused by dogs or cats. The canine and feline population was also estimated in 10.300 animals, from which only 5% are castrated. The questionnaires analysis show that the population and the ACS know little about the veterinarian activities in the Public Health. The Health professionals have a better perception, but not satisfactory, and the problems in the human and animal health interfaces in the environmental context are varied. Therefore, it’s intended to create a NASF Team Modality 1, with a veterinarian included in it, taking part directly to the sanitary measures, which are essential for the Primary Care, inside the paradigm “One world, one health”.
O Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) foi criado para ampliar a abrangência e o escopo das ações da Atenção Básica e aumentar sua resolubilidade. Composto por profissionais de diferentes áreas de conhecimento, este deve atuar de maneira integrada apoiando os profissionais das equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e compartilhando as práticas e saberes em saúde nos territórios sob sua responsabilidade. O médico veterinário pode compor a equipe do NASF, mas ainda são poucos os municípios que incluíram esse profissional, assim como a quantidade de NASF’s no Brasil. Este trabalho foi idealizado com o objetivo de oferecer subsídios para a proposta de implantação de um NASF com inserção deste profissional utilizando como base de estudo o Município de Machado/MG. Foram verificadas as principais demandas em saúde por meio de aplicação de um check-list aos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), enfermeiros e auxiliares de enfermagem das equipes de ESF e avaliação do número de cães e gatos e seu perfil reprodutivo; dois questionários foram desenvolvidos e aplicados para análise da percepção da população e dos ACS sobre zoonoses, em especial a raiva, análise da percepção dos profissionais de saúde atuantes na ESF sobre a estrutura da Atenção Básica, e percepção sobre o papel do médico veterinário na saúde pública, em ambos os momentos da pesquisa. As principais demandas em saúde humana detectadas foram diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, alcoolismo, uso de drogas, gravidez precoce e acumuladores. Quanto às condições ambientais e as que envolvem animais destacam-se acúmulo de lixo, criadouros de mosquitos, presença cães e gatos nas ruas, presença de animais sinantrópicos, principalmente pombos, ratos e carrapatos, e agressões por cão ou gato. Também foi estimada a população canina/felina em 10.300 animais; apenas 5% são castrados. A análise dos questionários mostra que as pessoas e os ACS conhecem pouco sobre as atividades do médico veterinário na Saúde Pública; os profissionais de saúde têm uma percepção melhor, mas não satisfatória; e os problemas nas interfaces da saúde humana e animal no contexto ambiental, são variados. Portanto, propõe-se a criação de uma equipe de NASF modalidade 1 com um médico veterinário inserido na equipe participando diretamente das ações sanitárias, as quais são fundamentais para efetivar a Atenção Básica, dentro do paradigma “Um mundo, uma Saúde”.
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Krueger, Whitney Sue. "A seroepidemiological study of canine zoonoses among persons occupationally exposed to dogs." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3487.
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Zoonotic diseases continue to emerge and threaten both human and animal health. Overcrowded shelters and breeding kennels create the perfect environment for amplified infectious disease transmission among dogs and present a critical opportunity for zoonotic pathogens to emerge and threaten people who work in close contact with dogs. The objectives of this study were to determine if people with occupational contact with dogs were more likely to have antibodies against Brucella canis, canine influenza virus (CIV), and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) compared to persons with no dog exposure.
A seroepidemiological cohort study was completed, for which 306 canine-exposed and 101 non-canine exposed study subjects enrolled in the study by providing a serum sample and completing a self-administered questionnaire. Evidence of previous exposure was determined by detecting human antibodies against B. canis, CIV and CRCoV. Potential risk factors for seropositivity were examined.
Results suggest the overall seroprevalence for B. canis antibodies among humans was 3.2%, with 13 subjects testing positive for antibodies against B. canis by the rapid slide agglutination test. Several canine-exposed occupations/hobbies not considered in previous studies, including jobs in small breeding kennels and dog show handlers, may be at increased risk for exposure to zoonotic B. canis. Occupational risk factors included exposure to a known B. canis positive dog (adjusted OR=7.6; 95% CI, 1..01-48.7) and not wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for a whelping dog (adjusted OR=6.0; 95% CI, 1.02-65.0). In addition, survey results indicated 35% of breeders were not performing B. canis /italic> testing in their kennels.
Even with indication of antibody cross-reactivity, serological results indicated that the canine-exposed population had higher odds for CIV seropositivity, although the odds were not statistically significant. True human infections with CIV may be occurring at a low level of incidence, for which this sample size was not large enough to detect a significant difference between the exposure groups. An inverse association between elevated antibodies against CIV with the occupational exposures of examining dogs and wearing PPE when working with dogs are counter-intuitive, but nonetheless it suggests contact with dogs is playing some role in the evidence of antibody production against CIV.
To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against CRCoV, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect human antibodies against CRCoV but control for cross-reacting antibodies against the human coronavirus OC43. All study subjects were negative for antibodies against CRCoV by this competitive ELISA.
Overall, these results suggest that exposure to B. canis and CIV is occurring among this study population. Owners and handlers should first ensure the health and safety of the dogs for which there care. To prevent the zoonotic spread of these pathogens to humans, persons in high-risk occupational settings need to be educated of their potential risks, such that they can take proper precautions, including wearing gloves when exposed to a whelping dog and always washing their hands after caring for a sick dog. Lastly, in order to more accurately identify the cross-species spread of these diseases and associated risk factors, prospective studies employing more sensitive serological assays need to be developed. While serological studies have a number of limitations, they are still a valid first tool for identifying emerging zoonotic diseases.
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Silva, Ana Claudia Silveira da. "Zoonoses transmitidas por carrapatos: aspectos regionais e vigilância no vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6137/tde-26082009-151822/.
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Introdução: A OMS recomendou às Américas, em 2004, implementar e aperfeiçoar sistemas específicos de vigilância epidemiológica das rickettsioses, caracterizando as áreas de transmissão dos diferentes agravos, investindo em vigilância epidemiológica e ambiental ativas. Estas são zoonoses relacionadas aos fatores fundamentais da expansão urbana, bem como ao aumento populacional de vetores e hospedeiros em contato com a população humana. Nas regiões do Vale do Paraíba paulista não há situação de endemia reconhecida, porém esta apresenta semelhanças ambientais e socioeconômicas com outras regiões ditas endêmicas, do Estado de São Paulo, não rara é a ocorrência de carrapatos das espécies descritas como vetores de doenças e ocorre importante intercâmbio de pessoas com objetivos de trabalho e lazer ao longo desta região, inclusive com freqüente fluxo internacional. Método: Avaliação do potencial de risco de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos em áreas selecionadas. Através de informações ambientais, prevalência de carrapatos transmissores de zoonoses e acessibilidade da população humana a áreas infestadas, criou-se uma escala para caracterização do risco. Resultados: Em 252 áreas das 6 microrregiões do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, no período de mai./2008 a mar./ 2009, foram encontrados 7.800 carrapatos adultos, além de ninfas e larvas, muitas das quais em criações familiares de coelhos e galinheiros. A classificação final apontou 42,5% das áreas inspecionadas em situação de risco iminente de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos. Outros 33% correspondeu ao risco limitado ou moderado. Nos restantes 24% da área estudada a classificação foi risco potencial para transmissão rickettsioses. Recomendações: Às áreas sob risco iminente, de situação de risco de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos, recomenda-se que os serviços de saúde locais mantenham uma vigilância acarológica programada e orientações à população. Às áreas sob risco limitado ou moderado, recomenda-se a manutenção de rotina de vigilância acarológica e inclusão da vigilância ambiental, com envolvimento da população. Às áreas sob risco potencial para transmissão de zoonoses, recomenda-se imediata elaboração de estratégias controle para as espécies encontradas, envolvendo os setores de saúde e a população. O aprimoramento da articulação com os serviços regionais e profissionais veterinários é de fundamental importância. Além disso, a estruturação dos serviços de saúde da região, adequação da área física, recursos humanos e materiais, são indispensáveis.Introduction: OMS recommended America, in the year of 2004, implement and to improve specific systems of epidemic surveillance of the rickettsiasis, characterizing the areas of transmission of the different offences and investing in active epidemic and environmental surveillance. Those zoonosis are related to the fundamental factors of the urban expansion, as well as to the population increase of vectors and hosts in contact with the human population. In the areas called Vale do Paraíba from State of São Paulo there is no situation of recognized endemy, however this presents environmental and socioeconomic similarities with other recognized endemic areas of the State of São Paulo, no rare it is the occurrence of ticks described as vectors of diseases and it happens important exchange of people with work and leisure purposes there, besides with frequent international flow. Method: Evaluation of potential risk of zoonosis transmission by ticks in selected categorized areas. Through environmental information, the prevalence of vector ticks and accessibility of the human population to infested areas, a scale for characterization of the risk was build. Results: In 252 areas of the 6 districts of the Vale do Paraíba, in the Estado de São Paulo, on period between may/2008 and march/ 2009, they were found 7.800 adult ticks, also nymphs and larvas, many of which in family nurturing of rabbits and hen houses. The final classification pointed 42,5% of the inspected areas corresponding to the situation of imminent risk of transmission of zoonosis by ticks. Other 33% correspond to limited risk in the scale. In the remaining 24% of the studied area the classification went potential risk for transmission of tick related rickettsiasis. Recommendations: For the imminent risk areas, it is recommended that the local health services maintain proper vector surveillance and educational programmes for its populations. For the limited risk areas, it is recommended the maintenance of a proper vector surveillance routine and also the inclusion of an environmental surveillance. For the areas under potential transmission risk of those illnesses, priority elaboration of vectors control strategies is strongly recommended with proper engagement of all local health services, as well as the population. The enhancement of the articulation with the regional services and professional veterinarians is fundamental. Besides, an adequate structuring for the local health services administration, with rational and efficient managing of material and human resources, is indispensable.
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Sampasa, Kanyinga Hugues. "Séroprévalence de neuf zoonoses dans deux communautés cries de la Baie-James (Canada)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27067/27067.pdf.
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Lopes, Luiz Fernando Larangeira. "Salmonella sp em répteis e aves silvestres no Estado de São Paulo: freqüência de isolamento, caracterização dos isolados e as conseqüências para o manejo em cativeiro e reintrodução." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-11042008-134614/.
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A Salmonella sp é um importante agente zoonótico no mundo todo e diversas são as técnicas desenvolvidas para a sua identificação, com o isolamento microbiológico ainda sendo a técnica de escolha. Além de sua importância em microbiologia de alimentos e em criações comerciais de aves, ultimamente vem se destacando a sua presença na microbiota de animais silvestres. No presente estudo, foram colhidos \"swabs\" cloacais de 200 aves e 200 répteis, com o intuito de se observar a freqüência de isolamento do agente, caracterizar os isolados através da determinação dos perfis bioquímico e de resistência a antimicrobianos além da sorotipagem. Buscamos também comparar diferentes técnicas de isolamento com diversos meios de cultura e determinar qual a mais eficiente. Desse modo, os \"swabs\" coletados foram submetidos ao plaqueamento em ágar Mac Conkey, suspensão paralela em caldo Rappaport e Tetrationato com posterior plaqueamento em ágar XLT4. Das 200 aves amostradas nenhuma apresentou resultado positivo para o isolamento de Salmonella sp, ao passo que dos 200 répteis, 71 apresentaram-se positivos para o agente, totalizando uma proporção de 35,5%. Dentre os répteis as serpentes foram as que apresentaram maior proporção de animais positivos com 83,9% em contraste às tartarugas que formaram a ordem com menor isolamento (7,1%). Diversos sorotipos foram isolados, muitos não sendo freqüentemente relacionados a animais silvestres com vários apresentando algum grau de resistência aos antimicrobianos testados. A técnica de isolamento que possibilitou a maior recuperação do microorganismo foi a suspensão em caldo Rappaport seguida do plaqueamento em ágar XLT4. Concluímos que os répteis podem ser considerados importantes reservatórios para a Salmonella sp, ao passo que as aves não merecem destaque nesse quesito, embora seu potencial disseminador não deva ser desprezado.Salmonella sp is an important zoonotic agent in the whole world and many are the techniques developed for its identification, although the microbiological isolation is still the preferred one. Salmonela\'s importance in food microbiology and poultry are unquestionable, but in the late years there is a growing concern about the presence of this bacteria in many species of wild animals. In the present study we collected cloacal swabs from 200 wild birds and 200 reptiles with the following goals: Determination of the isolation frequency, characterization of the isolates through biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and serotyping. We also target a comparison between different isolation techniques and culture media to determine wich one is the most effective. In this way, the collected swabs were submitted to direct plating in Mac Conkey agar and parallel suspension in Rappaport and Tetrationate broths with posterior streaking in XLT4 agar. None of the 200 tested birds were positive for Salmonella sp, while 71 from the 200 reptiles were positives for the agent, in a 35,5% proportion. Among the reptiles, the snakes presented the higher prevalence, with 83,9% of the animals being positives, in contrast to turtles, the Order with less isolation, totalizing only 7,1%. A lot of different serotipes were isolated, many of them infrequently related with wild animals and showing at least some degree of antimicrobial resistance. The use of Rappaport broth followed by the XLT4 agar showed the best recovering rates of Salmonella sp from the cloacal swabs. We conclude that reptiles may act as important reservoirs for this pathogen. Wild birds doesn\'t seems to play the same role, but theirs spreading potencial must not be underestimated.
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Carvalho, Mariana Leitão. "Parasitismo gastrointestinal e respiratório em cães de trabalho, de companhia e de alojamentos sem fins lucrativos no distrito de Portalegre." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21606.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO - Apesar dos avanços na medicina de animais de companhia através da identificação e conhecimento de espécies parasitárias e da utilização de anti-helmínticos adequados, não se deve desvalorizar o aumento da incidência de parasitas zoonóticos, outrora mais frequentes, mas cujo risco para a saúde pública persiste no tempo. Este trabalho teve como objetivos a pesquisa e estudo da prevalência de parasitas gastrointestinais e respiratórios em cães de trabalho, de companhia e de alojamentos sem fins lucrativos, no distrito de Portalegre, Portugal. Sendo expectável encontrar Echinococcus granulosus e outros cestodes, Toxocara canis e Toxascaris leonina. Foram recolhidas noventa e três amostras fecais e vinte e nove amostras de sangue. As primeiras foram analisadas através do método de flutuação de Willis, método de sedimentação modificado, método de Baerman modificado e adaptado e, quando necessário, coprocultura. Com as amostras de sangue, foi possível elaborar esfregaços, os quais foram corados pelo método de Giemsa, para rastreio de hemoparasitas. A prevalência global de parasitismo gastrointestinal foi de 14,0%. Os parasitas gastrointestinais observados nas amostras foram Uncinaria stenocephala (10,8%); Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Cystoisospora canis, Giardia sp. e Alaria alata, cada uma destas espécies enumeradas estava presente em 1,1% dos animais. Não se detetou a presença de cestodes nem de parasitas cardiopulmonares, através dos métodos coprológicos utilizados. Nenhum dos animais com infeção parasitária detetada apresentava sinais clínicos de parasitose. Em relação às amostras sanguíneas, não se observaram hemoparasitas. No entanto, três animais da amostra estavam infetados com Leishmania sp. No presente trabalho encontrou-se uma baixa percentagem de parasitismo gastrointestinal, tanto globalmente como por grupo, inclusive nos cães de alojamentos sem fins lucrativos. Estes resultados podem ser indicativos de uma maior sensibilização dos detentores dos animais e funcionários, que seguem as recomendações médicoveterinárias, através da adoção de profilaxia regular para controlo das parasitoses e da redução de comportamentos de risco, tais como acesso a carne e vísceras cruas, para além da remoção de fezes em espaços públicos, o que reduz a contaminação ambiental. Destaca-se ainda o facto de se ter encontrado o parasita Alaria alata num dos animais e o potencial zoonótico que este pode representar.
ABSTRACT - Despite the progress in Small Animal Medicine through the identification and knowledge of parasitic species and use of anthelmintics, should not devalue the increased incidence of zoonotic parasites that nowadays are less common, but still a persistent menace in Public Health. The purpose of the present study was the detection of gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory parasites and their prevalence in working dogs, pet dogs and shelter dogs in Portalegre, Portugal. Eggs from Echinococcus granulosus and other cestodes, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina were some of the expected parasites to be present in fecal samples. Ninety-three fecal samples and twenty-nine blood samples were collected. The first ones were analyzed by Willis flotation, modified sedimentation, modified and adapted Baermann and coproculture when it was required. Blood smears were performed from blood samples, and stained with Giemsa method for the screening of haemoparasites. The global prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 14.0% and the coprological methods showed the following species: Uncinaria stenocephala (10.8%), Toxocara canis (1.1%), Toxascaris leonina (1.1%), Cystoisospora canis (1.1%), Giardia sp. (1.1%) and Alaria alata (1.1%). There were not found cestodes species neither cardiopulmonary parasites. None of the animals with a positive sample showed clinical signs indicative of parasite infection Regarding the blood samples, haemoparasites were not detected. However, three dogs had Leishmania sp. infection. The present study shows a low prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites, not only in the total sample but also in each group, including the dogs from the shelter. These results can be indicative of an increasing awareness of owners and employees, who follow veterinarian’s suggestions, through adoption of regular parasite control measures and reduction of risk behaviours, such as the access by dogs to raw meat. Beyond the removal of faeces from public places, that reduces environmental contamination. Furthermore, the Alaria alata detection should be highlighted for the zoonotic potential that the parasite may represent.
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Pirajá, Gabriela Villa. "Necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica para Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) e Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis em flebotomíneos e gatos errantes no Bosque Municipal de Marília-SP /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98335.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Simone Baldini LucheisBanca: Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
Banca: Newton Goulart Madeira
Resumo: Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) é o agente causador da Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) no Novo Mundo, com áreas endêmicas que se estendem do Sul dos EUA ao norte da Argentina. As leishmanioses assumem grande importância em saúde pública por sua natureza zoonótica e, atualmente, vêm apresentando crescente disseminação nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, em especial no Estado de São Paulo. No Brasil, a Leishmaniose Tegumentar (LT) tem sido assinalada em praticamente todos os Estados e vem crescendo progressivamente nos últimos 20 anos, ocorrendo surtos em todas as regiões do país. Apesar dos registros de ocorrências de infecções esporádicas de leishmaniose felina (LF), são necessários mais estudos para se considerar os felinos como reservatórios importantes nas leishmanioses. Estes animais quase não apresentam sinais clínicos, mesmo estando infectados, constituindo-se em importantes fontes de infecção para outros animais domésticos, o homem ou vice-versa. Coletaram-se amostras de sangue de 50 gatos procedentes do Bosque Municipal de Marília, área de grande concentração de transeuntes e já detectado flebotomíneos no local. Armadilhas do tipo CDC luminosas foram instaladas em dez diferentes pontos do bosque, nos meses de julho a dezembro/2012, tendo-se capturado um total de quatro espécies de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) sendo dois machos e duas fêmeas e quatro espécies fêmeas do gênero Brumptomyia spp. A análise parasitológica do conteúdo intestinal das duas fêmeas da espécie Lu. longipalpis foi negativa. Realizou-se a prova de Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para Leishmania infantum, tendo-se quatro (8%) animais reagentes. Todos os animais foram não reagentes à prova de RIFI para Leishmania(Viannia) braziliensis. Em relação ao teste de ELISA indireto para Leishmania infantum, 42% dos animais (21/50) foram reagentes. Para L. braziliensis, 18% dos animais (9/50) foram reagentes ...
Abstract: Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World, with endemic areas that spreads from the south of United States until the north of Argentina. Leishmaniasis represents a great importance in public health due to the zoonotic nature, and currently have been presented a great dissemination in different regions of Brazil, specially in Sao Paulo State. In Brazil, cutaneous leishmaniasis has been occurred in almost all States, and have been growing up progressively in the last twenty years, occurring outbreaks in all regions of the country. Even though the sporadic reports of feline leishmaniasis, more studies are necessary to consider cats as the great importance as reservoirs in the feline leishmaniasis. These animals almost do not represent any clinical symptoms, even infected, representing important source of infection to another domestic animals, humans and vice-versa. Blood samples were collected from fifty cats habiting the Municipal Grove from Marília-SP, an area with high number of visitors and already detected sandflies. Traps CDC were installed in ten different points of the Municipal Grove from Marília-SP, since July to December/2012. Four specimens of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) were captured (two males and two females) and four females specimens of the Brumptomyia genre. The parasitological analysis of gut contents of two females of Lu. longipalpis was negative. The Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) for Leishmania infantum was performed, resulting in four (8%) reagent animals. All cats were non-reagent to Leishmania braziliensis by IFAT. Regarding to Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test for Leishmania infantum, 42% of the animals (21/50) were reagent. For L. braziliensis, 18% of the animals (9/50) were reagent to ELISA test. The Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Leishmania infantum and for Leishmania braziliensis from ...
Mestre
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Presotto, Douglas. "Estudo da prevalencia de infecção por endoparasitos em cães (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758) do municipio de Hortolandia, SP." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315957.
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Orientador: Silmara Marques AllegrettiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Endoparasitoses em cães produzidas por nematódeos das Famílias Toxocaridae, Trichuridae, Onchocercidae, Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae e por cestódeos da família Dilepididae são uma ocorrência freqüente na clínica veterinária, além de se constituírem em infecções zoonóticas prevalentes em áreas urbanas; as produzidas por protozoários dos gêneros Cystoisospora e Giardia, também tem adquirido grande importância para a saúde humana e animal. O convívio estreito entre homens e cães, aliado ao crescimento dessa população nos centros urbanos, tem feito de algumas dessas endoparasitoses um importante problema de Saúde Pública. Assim, o conhecimento de sua prevalência constituiu-se em importante instrumento de prevenção e controle. Este presente estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência dessas infecções em cães do município de Hortolândia, situado no Estado de São Paulo, bem como avaliar o risco à saúde para a população humana; amostras de fezes (n = 250), sangue (n = 66) e material de necropsias (n = 50) foram coletadas e examinadas no período compreendido entre os anos de 2006 e 2008. As amostras foram obtidas a partir de cães sem controle (errantes), adultos (a partir de um ano de idade), recolhidos e mantidos nas dependências do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) e avaliadas pelos métodos parasitológicos tradicionais para pesquisa de helmintos e protozoários. As necropsias foram realizadas em animais submetidos à eutanásia, após avaliação veterinária. A prevalência geral de endoparasitos neste estudo foi de 87,2% em amostras fecais e de 100% em necropsias. Nas amostras fecais os parasitos observados foram: Ancylostoma sp. (79,2%), Giardia duodenalis (20,0%), Toxocara sp. (16,8%), Cystoisospora sp. (16,4%), Trichuris vulpis (11,6%), Dipylidium caninum (1,6%) e Toxascaris leonina (1,2%). Nas necropsias, Ancylostoma caninum (72,0%), Dipylidium caninum (64,0%), Toxocara canis (44,0%), Cystoisospora sp. (30,0% em material fecal de necropsia), Trichuris vulpis (20,0%) e Toxascaris leonina (2,0% em material fecal de necropsia). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao sexo para os nematódeos Toxocara spp., com maior ocorrência nos machos (p = 0,0137) e Trichuris vulpis, com maior ocorrência nas fêmeas (p = 0,0015). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação à estação do ano para os nematódeos Ancylostoma spp., com menor ocorrência na primavera (p = 0,0001) e Trichuris vulpis, com maior ocorrência no inverno (p = 0,0039). Os resultados demonstraram altas prevalências dessas infecções parasitárias em cães adultos, com idades variáveis, a partir de um ano, até animais senis, e também em animais imunossuprimidos, devido às condições adversas à que estavam submetidos (abandono, maus-tratos, desnutrição e doenças concomitantes); os resultados sugerem também um alto grau de contaminação ambiental e, conseqüentemente, o risco à saúde humana (diretamente, pelo contato com esses ambientes e indiretamente, pela exposição a que podem ficar submetidos os cães domiciliados, quando em contato com esses ambientes ou com cães de rua).
Abstract: Parasitic diseases in dogs, produced by nematodes (families Toxocaridae, Trichuridae, Onchocercidae, Ancylostomatidae and Strongyloididae) and cestodes (family Dilepididae), are a frequent occurrence in the clinical veterinary medicine. These helmintic diseases are important zoonotic infections, prevalent in urban areas; infectious diseases caused by protozoans (genus Cystoisospora and Giardia), also have acquired great importance for the animal and humam health. The close relationship between men and dogs, and the growth of canine population in the urban areas, has made some of these parasitic infections an important problem of Public Health. Thus, the knowledge of its prevalence is an important way of prevention and control. This present work purposed to determine the prevalence of these infections in dogs from the city of Hortolândia (Brazil), as well as evaluate the risk to the human health; feces samples (n = 250), blood samples (n = 66) and samples from necropsies (n = 50) were collected and examined in the understood period between the years of 2006 and 2008. These samples came from stray dogs (uncontrolled), adults (from one year of age), captured and kept in the dependences of the Center of Zoonoses Control (CCZ) and evaluated by the traditional methods of laboratory for diagnosis of helminths and protozoans. The necropsies had been done in animals submitted to the euthanasia, after veterinary evaluation. The overall prevalence of endoparasites in this work was 87,2% in feces samples and 100% in necropsies. The parasites observed in feces samples were Ancylostoma sp. (79,2%), Giardia duodenalis (20,0%), Toxocara sp. (16,8%), Cystoisospora sp. (16,4%), Trichuris vulpis (11,6%), Dipylidium caninum (1,6%) and Toxascaris leonina (1,2%). The parasites observed in necropsies were Ancylostoma caninum (72,0%), Dipylidium caninum (64,0%), Toxocara canis (44,0%), Cystoisospora sp. (30,0% in necropsy's feces samples), Trichuris vulpis (20,0%) e Toxascaris leonina (2,0% in necropsy's feces samples). There was statistically significant difference between gender for the nematodes Toxocara spp., with higher prevalence in males (p = 0,0137) and Trichuris vulpis, with higher prevalence in females (p = 0,0015). There was statistically significant difference between seasons for the nematodes Ancylostoma spp., with less prevalence in spring (p = 0,0001) and Trichuris vulpis, with higher prevalence in winter (p = 0,0039). The data demonstrated the high prevalence of these parasitic infections in adult dogs, with changeable ages, from one year, until senile animals, mainly in animals under adverse life conditions (abandonment, malnutrition, illnesses); they also suggest the high degree of environmental contamination and, consequently, the risk to the human health (directly, by the contact with these environments and indirectly, by the exposition of the domiciliated dogs, when in contact with these environments or stray dogs).
Mestrado
Mestre em Parasitologia
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Carraro, Paulo Eduardo [UNESP]. "Análise do processo de saneamento das propriedades certificadas como livres de brucelose e tuberculose no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137912.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose normatiza a certificação de propriedades livres para diminuir o impacto negativo dessas zoonoses na saúde humana e animal, além de promover a competitividade dos produtos no mercado internacional. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as atividades ao longo do processo de saneamento para a obtenção da certificação e renovação. Os municípios onde estão localizadas as propriedades foram geoprocessados no mapa do circuito pecuário do Estado de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado com questões relativas ao perfil das propriedades (características do proprietário e da propriedade, caracterização da produção e perguntas relacionadas à saúde humana, animal e ambiental) e abordando o processo de saneamento ao longo da certificação e renovação. A análise de correspondência foi feita no software Statistic 7.0. Os proprietários têm em média 63,3 anos de idade, 92% (13/14) possuem nível superior, as propriedades certificadas possuem, em sua maioria, capacidade média (entre 300 e 900 litros) ou grande (maior que 900 litros) de produção diária de leite, os rebanhos com 90 a 499 animais foram os mais frequentes, praticam atividade comercial frequentemente, possuem veterinário responsável pelo menos uma vez ao mês. As propriedades certificadas não estão distribuídas de maneira homogênea no Estado. Elas encontraram dificuldades para obter a certificação e renovação, uma vez que mesmo estando certificadas livres das doenças houve infecção no rebanho, evidenciando a complexidade em combater as enfermidades e necessidade de mais ações conjuntas. Não houve correspondência (p= 0,9973) entre as variáveis da produção e do saneamento. Apenas os circuitos pecuários 1 e 6 não possuem propriedade certificada. O Estado de São Paulo tem poucas propriedades certificadas livres de brucelose e tuberculose, necessitando de maior adesão dos produtores de leite no programa estadual, de maior divulgação do mesmo, da readequação das normas referentes às atividades para obter a certificação, da intensificação da educação sanitária para os produtores de leite, sobretudo, para os pequenos produtores, em todos os circuitos pecuários; de maiores incentivos do setor privado (indústrias) para adesão voluntária ao PECEBT e fiscalização de propriedades produtoras de leite que comercializam o produto, mas não possuem o certificado de livre de brucelose e tuberculose.
The National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis acts aiming the certification of free properties to reduce the negative impact of zoonoses on human and animal health, and promote the competitiveness of products in the international market. The objective of the study was to analyze the activities during the sanitation process for obtaining certification and renewal. Municipalities that contains the properties were geoprocessed map of the livestock circuit of São Paulo. It used one semi-structured questionnaire with questions regarding the profile of properties (owner characteristics and property characterization of production and questions related to human, animal and environmental health) and by addressing the sanitation process throughout the certification and renewal. Correspondence analysis was made on the Statistic 7.0 software. The owners have on average 63.3 years old, 92% (13/14) have a university degree, certified farms have, in most cases, the average milk production (between 300 and 900 liters) to large (greater than 900 liters ), three farms have cattle younger than 50 animals, practicing commercial activity often have veterinarian responsible at least once a month. Certified farms are not distributed in homogeneous way in the State. The properties found it difficult to obtain certification and renewal, although, being certified free of disease, the infection occurred in the herd, highlighting the complexity of combat disease and in need of more joint actions. The variables studied showed no correspondence (p = 0,9973). Only the livestock circuits 1 and 6 do not have certified property. The State of São Paulo has few free certified properties of brucellosis and tuberculosis, requiring greater adhesion of milk producers in the state program of greater disclosure thereof, the readjustment of the rules pertaining to the activities to obtain certification, the intensification of health education for dairy farmers, especially for small producing, in all livestock circuits; greater incentives of the private sector (industries) for voluntary adherence to PECEBT and surveillance of producing properties of milk that sell the product, but do not have the certificate free of brucellosis and tuberculosis.
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Tencate, Luciano Nery. "Estudo da microbiota fúngica gastritestinal de morcegos (Mammala, Chiroptera) da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo : potencial zoonótico /." Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94692.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Márcia MarinhoBanca: Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
Banca: Luzia Helena Queiroz
Resumo: Os morcegos são hospedeiros de uma rica diversidade de microrganismos. Muitos trabalhos apontam uma estreita ligação entre os quirópteros e fungos com potencial patogênico, principalmente por habitar ambientes como cavernas, grutas e ocos de árvores, favoráveis, à manutenção e propagação dos fungos. O seguinte trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a microbiota fúngica gastrintestinal de morcegos capturados vivos ou cedidos pelos Laboratórios de Chiroptera e de Raiva do Departamento de Apoio e Produção Animal da Unesp de Araçatuba. Para o cultivo micológico foi utilizado macerados de baço, fígado, intestinos e fezes e inoculados em tubos contendo ágar Sabouraud com cloranfenicol e BHI incubados a temperaturas de 25º e 37º C, respectivamente por um período não inferior a 10 dias.Os cultivos com características de leveduras foram submetidos à coloração com tinta Nanquim, à hidrólise da uréia, termotolerância e fenoloxidase, enquanto que os miceliais foram identificados de acordo com características morfológicas e tintoriais. A PCR foi utilizada para a identificação de espécie com potencial patogênico. Das 98 amostras pertencentes a 11 espécies de morcegos procedentes de 15 cidades estudadas, 20% são da espécie Carollia perspicillata, seguidas de 19%, Artibeus lituratus, 17%, Molossus rufus, 13%, Glossophga soricina, 9%, Nyctinomops macrotis, 8%, Molossus molossus, 7%, Desmodus rotundus, 2%, Lasiurus ega, e 1% de Eptesicus furinalis, Myotis nigricans e Tadarida brasiliensis. De acordo com a dieta houve predomínio de espécies frugívoras (40%) e insetívoras (40%), seguidas de nectarívoras (13%) e sanguívoras (7%). De acordo com a procedência dos morcegos destaca-se a cidade de Guararapes com 28% das amostras, seguida por Araçatuba (23%), Mirandópolis (16%), Penápolis (7%), Andradina (6%), Ilha Solteira (5%), Birigui (4%)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Bats are hosts of a rich diversity of microorganisms. Many studies indicate a close link between bats and fungi with pathogenic potential, especially for living in environments such as caves, grottoes and hollow trees, favorable to the maintenance and spread of fungi. The present research aimed to study the gastrointestinal mycoflora of bats captured alive or provided by Laboratório de Chiroptera and Laboratório de Raiva from Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal of UNESP - Araçatuba. For the mycological culture was used macerated spleen, liver, intestines and feces and inoculated into tubes containing Sabouraud agar and BHI with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25 º C and 37 º C, respectively for a period not less than 10 days. The crops with yeastlike characteristics were stained with Indian ink, tested for hydrolysis of urea, phenoloxidase and thermotolerance, whereas mycelial were identified according to morphological characteristics and staining. PCR was used to identify species with pathogenic potential. Of the 98 samples belonging to 11 species of bats coming from 15 cities studied, 20% of the species were Carollia perspicillata, followed by 19%, Artibeus lituratus, 17%, Molossus rufus, 13%, Glossophga soricina, 9%, Nyctinomops macrotis, 8%, Molossus molossus, 7%, Desmodus rotundus, 2%, Lasiurus ega, and 1% Eptesicus furinalis, Myotis nigricans and Tadarida brasiliensis. Regarding the diet there was a greater predominance of frugivorous (40%) and insectivorous (40%) species followed by nectarivore (13%) and sanguivorous (7%). Regarding the origin of bats stands the city of Guararapes with 28% of samples, followed by Araçatuba (23%), Mirandópolis (16%), Penápolis (7%), Andradina (6%), Ilha Solteira (5 %), Birigui (4%), Pereira Barreto and Coroados (2%) each and Auriflama, Barbosa, Bilac, Brauna, Brejo Alegre Castilho 1% of samples each... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Teng, Jack. "Environmental and social determinants of tick-borne zoonoses in the South Okanagan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26878.
Full textAbstract:
Zoonoses (i.e., diseases transmitted from wild and domestic animals to humans) are health challenges with environmental and social determinants. For my thesis, I examined the environmental and social determinants of zoonoses transmitted by ticks, an obligate arthropod ecto-parasite, in the South Okanagan—a region with a potentially increasing risk of infection to tick-borne zoonoses. I first reviewed proximate (e.g., pathogens) and distal (e.g., land use) determinants of tick-borne zoonoses, and the management options to address them. This resulted in the description of an interdisciplinary approach to manage and prevent the diseases. In the remaining of my thesis, I contributed to this approach by examining two environmental determinants (prevalence of tick-borne zoonoses; and ecological dynamics of ticks and host species diversity) and two social determinants (impacts of land use practices on tick densities; and reasons for the adoption of protective practices).
For the environmental determinants, the prevalence of tick-borne zoonoses was found to be low in the South Okanagan. As well, in contrast to previous works, host species diversity only reduced tick densities when there were specific changes in host species composition that affected tick-host dynamics. For the social determinants, tick densities were found to be better predicted by the type of land use practice, rather than the patch size of suitable habitat. Finally, adoption of protective practices was not related to knowledge of ticks and tick-borne diseases, but to the level of experience with ticks.
These results help determine the prevalence of tick-borne zoonoses, and thus the infection risk of those diseases in the South Okanagan. They also help predict how various human activities at small ecological and large landscape scales may increase or decrease tick densities, and thus human exposure to ticks and their diseases. As well, these results can be used to develop risk communication strategies encouraging the adoption of protective practices, and reduce social concern regarding tick-borne zoonoses.
Given that the prevalence of tick-borne zoonoses in the South Okanagan is low, adopting management options against ticks or tick-borne zoonoses may not be necessary. Instead, promoting personal protective practices against ticks may be cost-effective in reducing the infection risk of tick-borne zoonoses.
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Silva, Vladimir Costa. "Identificação de reservatórios de zoonoses em insetos vetores por espectrometria de massa." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2006. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3146.
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Introdução: O estudo do conteúdo alimentar de vetores hematófagos é de reconhecida importância ecológica e epidemiológica. As metodologias atualmente empregadas nesse estudo não possibilitam a identificação de múltiplas fontes de sangue, caracterização de espécies filoganéticamente relacionadas bem como repastos tardios acima de 72 horas, no trato digestivo de insetos vetores. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar a espectrometria de massa para identificação de fontes de sangue em vetores de zoonoses tendo como modelo o flebótomo Lutzomyia longipalpis (Díptera – Psychodidae). Para identificação e diferenciação de espécies de animais vertebrados foi usada a hemoglobina que é a molécula mais abundante no trato digestivo dos insetos após alimentação. Material e Métodos: As amostras retiradas do trato digestivo de 250 insetos foram separadas por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho e submetidas à identificação em espectrômetros de massa MALDI TOF/TOF e LC ESI-Q-TOF em escala de nanofluxo. Resultados: Dos cinco mil espectros gerados foram identificadas todas as espécies de animais vertebrados (homem, cão, galinha, porco, raposa e hamster) usados nos experimentos em laboratório incluindo múltiplos repastos. Foi possível também a identificação de espécies após 96 horas da primeira alimentação e o acompanhamento da digestão das hemoglobinas que revelaram diferentes perfis de clivagem para cada animal usado como fonte de sangue. As hemoglobinas identificadas em insetos capturados no campo foram as de cão doméstico, porco e galinha que correspondem a espécies presentes na residência onde foram feitas as coletas. Discussão: As técnicas mencionadas neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas para aplicação de forma inédita na identificação de reservatórios de zoonoses e demonstraram considerável sensibilidade e acurácia, podendo ser usadas para estudos de comportamento e preferências alimentares de vetores em áreas endêmicas e de risco, contribuindo assim para elaboração de medidas de controle mais eficazes no combate a doenças transmitidas por insetos hematófagos. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Introduction: The study of the food content of hematophagous insects is useful for ecological and epidemiological. The methods currently employed in this study did not allow the identification of multiple sources of blood, characterization of species and related filoganéticamente repasts late over 72 hours, the gut of insect vectors. Objective: This study aims to use mass spectrometry to identify sources of blood in vectors of zoonoses and based on the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera - Psychodidae). For identification and differentiation of species of vertebrate animals used was the hemoglobin molecule is the most abundant in the digestive tract of insects after feeding. Methods: Samples taken from the digestive tract of 250 insects were separated by liquid chromatography high performance and submitted for identification in mass spectrometers MALDI TOF / TOF and LC-ESI Q-TOF-scale Nanoflow. Results: of the five thousand spectra generated were all identified species of vertebrates (humans, dogs, chicken, pig, fox and hamster) used in laboratory experiments including multiple blood meals. They also allowed the identification of species after 96 hours of first feeding and monitoring the digestion of hemoglobin, which revealed different patterns of cleavage for each animal used as a source of blood. Hemoglobins identified in insects were captured in the field of the domestic dog, pig and chicken that correspond to species present in the residence where the collections were made. Discussion: The techniques mentioned in this paper were developed for use in novel ways to identify reservoirs of zoonoses and demonstrated considerable sensitivity and accuracy, and can be used for studies of behavior and feeding preferences of vectors in endemic areas and risk, thus contributing to development control measures more effective in combating diseases transmitted by blood-sucking insects.
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Silva, Ednea Freitas Portilho. "Inquérito sorológico de leishmaniose canina na cidade de Rio Verde – GO." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2007. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8219.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade de Rio Verde, Programa Multiinstitucional de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2007.Submitted by Elna Araújo (elna@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-03T17:17:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_EdneaFreitasPortilhoSilva.pdf: 1658576 bytes, checksum: b48d6cb719ae0304ff8f5d9a93907658 (MD5)
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Com o objetivo de estudar a prevalência da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina no município de Rio Verde - GO, estudou-se a microregião sudeste da cidade, onde foi realizado um inquérito através de prova sorológica por ELISA, devido ao aumento de notificação de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Humana. Realizou-se um inquérito sorológico para investigar leishmaniose tegumentar em cães de cinco bairros com notificação de casos em humanos. Foram investigados 263 cães, dos quais 70 (26,62%) apresentaram títulos significativos de anticorpos através da técnica de Imunofluorescência por ELISA/S7®, não verificado diferença significativa de incidência por área estudada, sintomatologia, idade ou procedência dos cães, e observada uma diferença significativa quanto ao sexo do animal, sendo 34,78% dos soro positivo machos. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
With the objective to study the prevalence of the Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis in the city of Rio Verde - GO, it was studied Southeastern microregion of the city, where an inquiry through sorologic test for ELISA was carried through, whom had to the increase of notification of Leishmaniosis Tegument Human being. A sorologic inquiry was become fulfilled to investigate tegumentar leishmaniosis in dogs of five quarters with notification of cases in human beings. 263 dogs had been investigated, of which 70 (26.62%) had presented significant headings of antibodies through the technique of Imunofluorescense for ELISA/S7®, not verified significant difference of incidence for studied region, sintomatologic, age or origin of the dogs, and observed a significant difference how much to the sex of animal, being 34.78% of the positive serum male.
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Traub, Rebecca Justine. "Dogs, humans and gastrointestinal parasites: unravelling epidemiological and zoonotic relationships in an endemic tea-growing community in Northeast India." Thesis, Traub, Rebecca Justine (2003) Dogs, humans and gastrointestinal parasites: unravelling epidemiological and zoonotic relationships in an endemic tea-growing community in Northeast India. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/365/.
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A simultaneous survey of canine and human gastrointestinal (GI) parasites was conducted in three socioeconomically disadvantaged, tea-growing communities in Assam, India. The aims of this study were to determine the epidemiology of GI parasites of zoonotic significance in dogs and geohelminth infection in humans using a combination of molecular biological and classical parasitological and epidemiological tools.
A total of 328 and 101 dogs participated in the study. The prevalence of GI parasites in dogs was 99%. Parasitic stages presumed to be host-specific for humans such as Ascaris spp., Trichuris trichiura and Isospora belli were also encountered in dog faeces. A polymerase chain reaction - linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) was developed to identify the species of Ascaris eggs in dog faeces. The results supported the dog's role as a significant disseminator and environmental contaminator of Ascaris lumbricoides, in communities where promiscuous defecation by humans exist. The prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors for infection with Ascaris, hookworms and Trichuris were also determined among the human population. The overall prevalence of Ascaris was 38% and 43% for both hookworms and Trichuris.
The strongest predictors for the intensity of geohelminths included socioeconomic status, age, household crowding, level of education and lack of footwear when outdoors.
The zoonotic potential of canine Giardia was investigated by genetically characterising G. duodenalis isolates recovered from humans and dogs at three different loci. Phylogenetic analysis placed canine Giardia isolates within the genetic groupings of human isolates. Further evidence for zoonotic transmission was supported by strong epidemiological data. A highly sensitive and specific PCR RFLP based test was developed to detect and differentiate the species of canine hookworms directly from eggs in faeces. Thirty-six percent of dogs were found to harbour single infections with A. caninum, 24% single infections with A. braziliense and 38% mixed infections with both species.
This newly developed PCR-based test provided a rapid, highly sensitive and specific tool for the epidemiological screening of canine Ancylostoma species in a community. A combination of canine population management, effective anthelmintic regimes and improvements in health education and sanitation is recommended for the control of canine and human gastrointestinal parasites in these communities.
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Traub, Rebecca Justine. "Dogs, humans and gastrointestinal parasites : unravelling epidemiological and zoonotic relationships in an endemic tea-growing community in Northeast India /." Traub, Rebecca Justine (2003) Dogs, humans and gastrointestinal parasites: unravelling epidemiological and zoonotic relationships in an endemic tea-growing community in Northeast India. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/365/.
Full textAbstract:
A simultaneous survey of canine and human gastrointestinal (GI) parasites was conducted in three socioeconomically disadvantaged, tea-growing communities in Assam, India. The aims of this study were to determine the epidemiology of GI parasites of zoonotic significance in dogs and geohelminth infection in humans using a combination of molecular biological and classical parasitological and epidemiological tools.
A total of 328 and 101 dogs participated in the study. The prevalence of GI parasites in dogs was 99%. Parasitic stages presumed to be host-specific for humans such as Ascaris spp., Trichuris trichiura and Isospora belli were also encountered in dog faeces. A polymerase chain reaction - linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) was developed to identify the species of Ascaris eggs in dog faeces. The results supported the dog's role as a significant disseminator and environmental contaminator of Ascaris lumbricoides, in communities where promiscuous defecation by humans exist. The prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors for infection with Ascaris, hookworms and Trichuris were also determined among the human population. The overall prevalence of Ascaris was 38% and 43% for both hookworms and Trichuris.
The strongest predictors for the intensity of geohelminths included socioeconomic status, age, household crowding, level of education and lack of footwear when outdoors.
The zoonotic potential of canine Giardia was investigated by genetically characterising G. duodenalis isolates recovered from humans and dogs at three different loci. Phylogenetic analysis placed canine Giardia isolates within the genetic groupings of human isolates. Further evidence for zoonotic transmission was supported by strong epidemiological data. A highly sensitive and specific PCR RFLP based test was developed to detect and differentiate the species of canine hookworms directly from eggs in faeces. Thirty-six percent of dogs were found to harbour single infections with A. caninum, 24% single infections with A. braziliense and 38% mixed infections with both species.
This newly developed PCR-based test provided a rapid, highly sensitive and specific tool for the epidemiological screening of canine Ancylostoma species in a community. A combination of canine population management, effective anthelmintic regimes and improvements in health education and sanitation is recommended for the control of canine and human gastrointestinal parasites in these communities.
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Coradassi, Carlos Eduardo. "O médico veterinário clínico de pequenos animais da região dos Campos Gerais - PR e sua percepção de risco frente às zoonoses." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2002. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/5475.
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Previous issue date: 2002O médico veterinário clínico de pequenos animais da região dos Campos Gerais - PR e sua percepção de risco frente às zoonoses trata de uma pesquisa qualitativa que objetiva analisar e discutir a percepção do profissional em relação ao risco de contrair zoonoses, decorrente de seu exercício profissional. Tendo como apoio escassa literatura sobre o assunto específico, buscamos, na saúde do trabalhador e nos relatos dos clínicos, la base para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Este estudo estrutura-se em duas etapas, as quais surgiram a partir dos discursos obtidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A primeira trata especificamente do referencial teórico, do risco de contágio e nela são contextualizadas as percepções do referido profissional com relação às zoonoses. Nesta etapa, o trabalho divide-se em temas, visando discutir sumariamente a trajetória profissional, as rotinas e os procedimentos, os acidentes, a contenção animal, bem como a procedência e origem do animal. O trabalho desenvolve-se avaliando a percepção de risco pelo profissional, uma vez que os temas anteriores foram determinantes no processo de análise dessa perceção do risco. Pretende-se, com ele, contribuir para que ocorram mais discussões a respeito da exposição do clínico de pequenos animais relacionadas às zoonoses.
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RAMOS, Talita Silva. "Aves silvestres como portadoras de agentes infecciosos para humanos no município de Goiânia - Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1733.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-27The narrowing between humans, domestic and wild animals has increased the dissemination of infectious agents for new hosts. The result of this interaction has lead to zoonosis. Among these animals are birds, which are natural reservoirs, carriers and disseminators of several infectious agents, potentially transmissible to humans. This dissemination can occur through direct and indirect contact with migratory birds originated from smuggling of wild animals. The objective was to detect viral, bacterial and fungal agents with zoonotic potential in wild birds in the county of Goiânia, Goiás. It was carried out a systematic review to assess the State of Goiás in relation to the performance of wild birds as carries of infectious agents to humans. Blood samples and cloacal swabs were collected from 88 different species of birds, as most of them were originated from smuggling and sent to CETAS-IBAMA in Goiânia in the first semester of 2010. The collects were analyzed in the Laboratory of Animal Virology at Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and the bacteriological and fungal analyses were done in the Laboratory of Microbiology at National Service of Industrial Education (SENAI) in Anápolis, Goiás. The blood was stored in tubes without anticoagulant in order to obtain serum and it was carried out a research with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent to search for the antibody of influenza virus and the cause of Newcastle disease. In order to isolate and identify filamentous fungus, Candida spp, bacteria, Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli, samples were collected from cloacal excretion through swabs. In the systematic review, three articles were selected using two tests of Relevance. From the interpretation of these studies, it was proved the role of migratory birds as carriers and disseminators in short and long distances of several pathogenic virus to humans. Furthermore, there are no records or even systematic studies about this process in the state of Goiás. From 88 analyzed samples, none of them presented antibodies for the two researched virus. The analysis of samples from cloacal swabs indicated a positivity of 9,1% for Candida tropicalis , 9,1% for Salmonella sp, 1,1% for Aspergillus fumigatus, 11,4% for Candida albicans, 12,5% for Candida krusei, 27,3% for Candida spp, and 43,2% for Escherichia coli. The literature review suggests that further researches should be carried out as the distribution of this zoonosis can possibly be wider, even in the State of Goiás. Regarding the negative results for the viral agents, they indicate that part of the wild birds in Goiânia-Goiás did not have contact with influenza and Newcastle viral antigens yet. Therefore they are not carriers of these photogenes. In relation to presumptive identifications of pathogenic bacteria and fungal agents in wild birds, they confirm the possibility of transmission of these agents among animals and to humans. Besides, this study also reinforces that researches about zoonosis transmitted by wild birds in the state of Goiás are still recent and incipient, highlighting the need of continuation of these studies in the region.
O estreitamento entre a população humana e os animais domésticos com animais silvestres aumentou a disseminação de agentes infecciosos para novos hospedeiros, sendo uma importante consequência, as zoonoses. Entre estes animais, estão as aves, que são reservatórios naturais, portadores e disseminadores de diversos agentes infecciosos, potencialmente patogênicos transmissíveis aos humanos. A disseminação pode ocorrer por meio de contato direto ou indireto com aves migratórias e provenientes do tráfico de animais silvestres. O objetivo foi detectar agentes virais, bacterianos e fúngicos, com potencial zoonótico em aves silvestres no município de Goiânia-Goiás. Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática para avaliar com ênfase, o Estado de Goiás em relação a atuação das aves silvestres como portadoras de agentes infecciosos para humanos. Amostras de sangue e de swabs cloacais foram coletadas em 88 aves de distintas espécies, sendo a maioria, proveniente do tráfico e encaminhadas ao CETAS-IBAMA de Goiânia. As coletas foram realizadas em cinco incursões ao CETAS no primeiro semestre de 2010. As análises virais foram realizadas no Laboratório de Virologia Animal da UFG e as análises bacteriológicas e fúngicas no Laboratório de Microbiologia do SENAI em Anápolis. O sangue foi coletado em tubos sem anticoagulante para obtenção de soro e com o ensaio imunoenzimático indireto pesquisou-se anticorpos para os vírus influenza e causador da doença de Newcastle. As amostras de excreção cloacal foram coletadas por meio de swabs e realizouse o isolamento e identificação de fungos filamentosos, Candida spp, Salmonella sp e Escherichia coli. Na revisão sistemática, três artigos foram selecionados por meio de dois Testes de Relevância e a partir da interpretação destes estudos foi comprovado o papel das aves silvestres como portadoras e disseminadoras, a curta ou longa distância, de vários agentes infecciosos aos humanos e que não existem registros ou estudos sistemáticos sobre este processo no Estado de Goiás. Das 88 amostras analisadas, nenhuma apresentou anticorpos para os dois vírus pesquisados. As análises das amostras procedentes de swabs cloacais houve uma positividade de 9,1% para Candida tropicalis, 9,1% para Salmonella sp, 1,1% para Aspergillus fumigatus, 11,4% para Candida albicans, 12,5% para Candida krusei, 27,3% para Candida spp e 43,2% para Escherichia coli. Na revisão observou-se que novos estudos devem ser realizados, pois a distribuição destas zoonoses, possivelmente deve ser mais ainda mais ampla, inclusive em relação ao Estado de Goiás. Quanto aos resultados negativos para os agentes virais, estes sugerem que uma parcela das aves silvestres circulantes em Goiânia, ainda não entrou em contato com os agentes virais influenza e Newcastle, não sendo, portanto, portadoras destes patógenos. Em relação às identificações presuntivas de agentes bacterianos e fúngicos, em aves silvestres, estas confirmam a possibilidade da transmissão destes agentes entre os animais, incluindo os humanos. Além disso, este estudo reforça que ainda são incipientes as investigações desenvolvidas na área de zoonoses transmitidas por aves silvestres no Estado de Goiás, ressaltando a necessidade da continuidade destes estudos na região.
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Cantero, Portillo Juan Guillermo. "Campylobacter spp. en granjas de pollos de engorde: diversidad genética, resistencia antimicrobiana y factores de virulencia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457744.
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La campilobacteriosis es la zoonosis de transmisión alimentaria más comúnmente reportada en la Unión Europea (UE) desde 2005. La principal fuente de infección es el consumo o manipulación de carne de pollo contaminada con Campylobacter (principalmente C. jejuni y C. coli). La alta prevalencia de Campylobacter en pollos de engorde en granja supone un elevado riesgo de contaminación del producto final y por ende el riesgo de infección para el consumidor. Es por ello que para la UE es prioritaria la prevención y reducción del número de lotes positivos a Campylobacter en edad de sacrificio. De ahí la importancia de conocer en profundidad el comportamiento y la epidemiologia de este patógeno. De este modo, en el marco de esta tesis (i) se estudió la diversidad y dinámica de cepas de Campylobacter de pollos de engorde en granja; (ii) se caracterizaron los aislados desde el punto de vista de resistencia a un panel de antimicrobianos así como de genes de virulencia; (iii) se caracterizó en profundidad una selección de aislados mediante secuenciación masiva, analizando los mecanismos de resistencia, distribución de genes de virulencia, genotipo y relaciones filogenéticas. Los aislados objeto de estudio proceden de un estudio longitudinal previo, realizado durante dos años en cinco granjas de Cataluña. De aquellos lotes positivos a Campylobacter se conservaron una serie de aislados al azar de diferentes individuos a lo largo de cada crianza.
Para estudiar en profundidad la diversidad, estacionalidad y dinámica de cepas de Campylobacter circulantes en las granjas, se realizó la tipificación molecular de los aislados utilizando las técnicas de electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE) y multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Mediante PFGE y utilizando dos enzimas de restricción, se analizaron un total de 343 aislados (254 de C. jejuni y 89 de C. coli) y se identificaron un total de 92 perfiles diferentes de macrorestricción (de 12 a 24 perfiles por granja). Globalmente, detectamos una gran diversidad genotípica, identificando mayoritariamente entre 1 y 2 genotipos diferentes por crianza, pero que no se aislaron en crianzas sucesivas. Por otro lado, observamos persistencia de algunos genotipos dentro de un mismo lote a lo largo de la crianza. Al comparar los aislados de las diferentes granjas, encontramos genotipos comunes de C. jejuni entre diferentes granjas. De los diferentes genotipos obtenidos mediante PFGE, seleccionamos un total de 127 aislados (93 de C. jejuni y 34 de C. coli) que analizamos mediante MLST, encontrando igualmente una gran diversidad genética. Los aislados de C. jejuni se agruparon en 15 complejos clonales (CC) distribuidos en 34 secuencias tipo (ST), mientras que los aislados de C. coli se agruparon en su totalidad dentro del CC828 distribuidos en 12 STs. Además, identificamos cinco STs nuevos de C. jejuni y dos de C. coli. Se observó cierta estacionalidad en determinados CC. Los CC21 y CC206 se encontraban a lo largo del año, excepto durante el trimestre más frío, siendo más frecuentes en los meses más cálidos. Por otro lado el CC48 se observó únicamente en los meses más cálidos.
En el segundo estudio, evaluamos el perfil de susceptibilidad de 344 aislados frente a un panel de 12 antimicrobianos de diferentes familias, utilizando el método de difusión en disco. La resistencia a quinolonas (ácido nalidíxico y ciprofloxacina) fue la más prevalente, seguida de tetraciclinas. Esto representa un problema de salud pública importante puesto que éstos son los agentes más usados para tratar infecciones entéricas humanas. Por el contrario, las resistencias a eritromicina y gentamicina fueron las menos prevalentes. Todos los aislados analizados fueron sensibles a cloranfenicol, amoxicilina + clavulanato, imipenem y meropenem. Un 62,2% de los aislados fueron multiresistentes, siendo el perfil de resistencia más frecuente: ácido nalidixico, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, tetraciclina, doxiciclina y ampicilina. Por otro lado, analizamos 14 genes de virulencia involucrados en la colonización e infección, donde observamos una distribución heterogénea de los mismos, en los aislados analizados. Cabe destacar la detección del gen wlaN en un 19% de aislados; este gen está relacionado con el síndrome de Guillain-Barré, un síndrome neurológico grave que puede desarrollarse tras una infección por Campylobacter. En el último estudio se realizó la secuenciación del genoma completo, mediante la plataforma Illumina, de un total de 16 aislados de C. jejuni y C. coli para su caracterización en profundidad. La tecnología de secuenciación masiva se ha convertido en una herramienta potente, rápida y asequible para caracterizar patógenos de interés como Campylobacter en estudios epidemiológicos.
Los datos obtenidos en esta tesis confirman la diversidad genética de Campylobacter en los pollos de engorde y la gran complejidad de la dinámica de cepas circulantes en granja. Ello probablemente sea el principal factor que dificulta conseguir estrategias eficaces de control de la bacteria en granja. Por otro lado, la elevada proporción de cepas resistentes y multiresistentes a antibióticos, aisladas de pollos de engorde ponen de relieve la importancia de concienciar a los productores y/o encargados de la producción intensiva sobre el uso prudente de antimicrobianos. Unas medidas de bioseguridad efectivas para el control de Campylobacter en granja, no sólo conseguirían reducir la alta prevalencia de lotes positivos a edad de sacrificio, sino que indirectamente mejorarían el estatus sanitario general de la granja. Ello conllevaría una menor necesidad del uso terapéutico de antibióticos y probablemente una reducción de cepas resistentes.Campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported food-borne zoonosis in the European Union (EU) since 2005. The main source of infection is the consumption of chicken meat contaminated with Campylobacter (mainly C. jejuni and C. coli). The high prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers on farm represents a high risk of contamination of the final product and thereby the risk of infection for the consumer. Therefore, it is a priority for the EU to prevent and reduce the number of Campylobacter positive batches at slaughter age. For this, it is necessary to gain insight into the behaviour and epidemiology of this pathogen. Thus, within the framework of this PhD thesis we performed a number of studies: (i) we studied the diversity and dynamics of Campylobacter strains from broilers on farm; (ii) we characterized the isolates in terms of resistance against a panel of antimicrobials and the presence of virulence-associated genes; (iii) we characterized in depth a selection of isolates by whole genome sequencing, analysing the mechanisms for resistance, the distribution of virulence-associated genes, the genotypes and their phylogenetic relationship. The isolates of these studies came from a two-year longitudinal study, performed in five different farms from Catalonia. From the Campylobacter-positive crops, randomly selected isolates from different birds along the rearing cycles were preserved. In order to study in depth the diversity, seasonality and dynamics of Campylobacter strains circulating in farms, molecular typing of the isolates was performed using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). By PFGE and using two restriction enzymes, a total of 343 isolates were analysed (C. jejuni n = 254 and C. coli n = 89) and overall 92 macrorestriction profiles (between 12 and 24 profiles per farm) were identified. Overall, a large genotypic diversity was detected, identifying mostly between 1 and 2 different genotypes per crop, although not isolated from successive crops. On the other hand, it was observed persistent genotypes within the same crop along the rearing cycle. When comparing the isolates from different farms, common C. jejuni genotypes among different farms were found. A total of 127 isolates were selected (93 C. jejuni and 34 C. coli) from the different PFGE genotypes, which were analysed by MLST, and high genetic diversity was observed as well. The C. jejuni isolates were grouped in 15 different clonal complexes (CC) distributed in 34 sequence types (ST), whereas the C. coli isolates were all grouped within the CC828, distributed in 12 STs. In addition, we identified five novel STs of C. jejuni and two of C. coli. Certain seasonality was observed for some CC. The CC21 and CC206 were found along the year, except during the coldest trimester, being more commonly found during the warmer months. In the second study, we evaluated the susceptibility of the 344 isolates against a panel of 12 antimicrobials of different families using the disc diffusion method. Resistance to quinolones (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) was the most frequent, followed by tetracyclines. This represents a major public health problem, given that these are the drugs of choice for treating human enteric infections. In contrast, resistance against erythromycin and gentamycin were the less prevalent. All the analysed isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin + clavulanate, imipenem and meropenem. A 62,2% of all the isolates were multidrug resistant, being nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, doxicycline and ampicillin, the most frequent profile. On the other hand, 14 virulence genes involved in colonization and infection were analysed, and a heterogeneous distribution in the analysed isolates was observed. It is worth noting the detection of the wlaN gene in 19% of the isolates; this gene is involved in the Guillain-Barré syndrome, a serious neurological syndrome that may develop after Campylobacter infection. In the last study, whole genome sequencing using the Illumina platform was performed in 16 C. jejuni and C. coli isolates for their in-depth characterization. High throughput sequencing has become a powerful, fast and accessible tool for characterizing pathogens such as Campylobacter in epidemiological studies. Data obtained in this PhD thesis confirms the genetic diversity of Campylobacter in broilers and the great complexity of strain dynamics on farm. This may be the main factor that hampers effective control strategies of this bacterium on farm. Likewise, the high frequency of resistant and multiresistant strains isolated from broilers highlight the importance of making the producers an d/or managers of intensive poultry production aware about the prudent use of antimicrobials. Effective biosecurity measures to control Campylobacter in the farm, not only would reduce the high prevalence of positive batches at slaughter age, but indirectly would also improve the overall sanitary status of the farms. This would lower the need for the therapeutic use of antibiotics and would probably lead to a reduction in resistant strains.
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Spolidorio, Mariana Granziera. "Perfil sorológico e molecular de zoonoses transmitidas por carrapatos em humanos e animais domésticos oriundos de seis municípios do Estado do Espírito Santo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5145/tde-05032010-163830/.
Full textAbstract:
O estudo objetivou realizar um levantamento de doenças transmitidas por carrapatos em amostras de humanos e animais domésticos oriundos do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram estudadas as Riquétsioses, Erliquiose, Babesiose, Borreliose, e especificamente em cães a Hepatozoonose canina. Três expedições científicas foram realizadas, onde foram coletadas amostras de sangue de humanos (n=201), cães (n=92) e eqüídeos (n=27). As amostras foram testadas utilizando-se os ensaios de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e ELISA Indireto, dependendo do antígeno de eleição. A Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) foi realizada utilizando primers específicos para os gêneros dos agentes pesquisados. Foi possível concluir que os municípios estudados podem ser considerados endêmicos para as zoonoses pesquisadasThis study aimed to perform a survey on tick-borne diseases in blood samples from humans and domestic animals from the State of Espírito Santo. The following diseases were studied: Rickettsiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, Borreliosis, and specifically in dogs, Canine Hepatozoonosis. Three scientific expeditions were performed, where blood samples from humans (n=201), dogs (n=92) and equids (n=27) were collected. Samples were tested using Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays (IFA) and Indirect ELISA, depending on the antigen. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) were performed using specific primers to the genera of the surveyed agents. We concluded that the studied municipalities can be considered endemic areas to the surveyed zoonosis