Journal articles: 'Zoo exhibits'

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WOURMS, EARK K. "Zoo exhibits and the role of zoo horticulture." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb01077.x.

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WOURMS, EARK K. "Zoo exhibits and the role of zoo horticulture." International Zoo Yearbook 29, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1990.tb03316.x.

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Shettel-Neuber, Joyce. "Secondand Third-Generation Zoo Exhibits." Environment and Behavior 20, no. 4 (July 1988): 452–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916588204005.

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Yılmaz, Serap, Tuğba Düzenli, and Abdullah Çiğdem. "Visitors Experiences in Different Zoo Exhibits." Current World Environment 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.1.03.

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Zoos help people to learn through exhibiting the relationships of animals in nature. Therefore, they have the important missions of education and protection of wild life. Most of these missions are achieved through visitors' experiences in exhibit areas. Therefore, it is important to understand visitors' experiences in the zoo and know the reasons that affect these experiences. Animals should exhibit normal behaviors actively to enable visitors to have positive experiences during their visits. For this reason, the design of exhibit areas is significant. The purpose of this study is to determine the visitors' perceptual descriptions in the zoos including different exhibit areas and their reasons to visit them. Thus, the role of the zoos in enabling visitors to learn nature protection and have environmental consciousness is explored correlating with zoo typologies. In this study, three zoos in different typologies in Turkey have been examined and it is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the typologies of the zoos have been identified. In the second stage, a questionnaire has been conducted to find out the visitors' visiting aims, the extent they reached these aims, their level of appreciation and their perceptions on exhibit areas. The questionnaire has been performed with 450 zoo visitors, and there have been 150 visitors from each zoo. According to the results of this study, it has been explored that visitors visit the zoos mostly for "education" without considering the design approach. However, it has been found out that the design of exhibit areas affects visitors' level of appreciation and their zoo descriptions. It has been identified that as the level of appreciation increases, the level of reaching aims increases.

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Boyle, Sarah A., Nathan Berry, Jessica Cayton, Sarah Ferguson, Allesondra Gilgan, Adiha Khan, Hannah Lam, et al. "Widespread Behavioral Responses by Mammals and Fish to Zoo Visitors Highlight Differences between Individual Animals." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112108.

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The impact that humans have on zoo animals can vary based on the species of animal, exhibit design, and individual differences in behavioral responses. We independently analyzed data from 10 never-published studies that examined the impact of zoo visitors on zoo animal behavior. Of the 16 species studied, 90.9% of the mammal species and 60.0% of the fish species demonstrated a change in at least one behavior based on zoo visitor abundance or visitor behavior (e.g., noise, solicitation of interactions from zoo animals). In addition, behavioral changes associated with zoo visitors were present in animals housed in exhibits where there was direct contact with zoo visitors, as well as in exhibits where there was indirect contact and no direct contact. Individuals often varied in their behavioral responses, and some individuals appeared to seek out interactions with visitors. Our findings demonstrate that short-term research projects can provide valuable insight into individual animal-level and species-level responses to visitor abundance and visitor behavior in the zoo setting. We recommend that behavioral assessments focus on the analysis of behaviors of individual animals whenever possible, and we recommend that exhibits provide areas that allow for animals to retreat from the public view.

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Fontaine, Pierre A. "SMALL MAMMAL EXHIBITS AT DALLAS ZOO." International Zoo Yearbook 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03380.x.

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Klös, Heinz-Geotg. "AQUATIC EXHIBITS AT WEST BERLIN ZOO." International Zoo Yearbook 4, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1963.tb03609.x.

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Speidel, George. "NEW LARGE MAMMAL EXHIBITS AT MILWAUKEE ZOO." International Zoo Yearbook 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03388.x.

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Polakowski, Kenneth J. "A design approach to zoological exhibits: The zoo as theater." Zoo Biology 8, S1 (1989): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430080513.

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Earl, Samantha C., Lydia M. Hopper, and Stephen R. Ross. "Same Space, Different Species: The Influence of Exhibit Design on the Expression of Zoo-Housed Apes’ Species-Typical Retiring Behaviors." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050836.

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Wild chimpanzees frequently make arboreal nests, while wild lowland gorillas typically nest on the ground. We aimed to understand whether zoo-housed apes’ use of elevated spaces for retiring similarly differed between species and across exhibits. Using a pre-planned exhibit switch at Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago, USA), we compared where (elevated or terrestrial) two groups of apes (Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) performed retiring behaviors (inactive, sleeping, and nest-building behaviors). We studied a group of six chimpanzees and a group of four gorillas in two exhibits of similar size and configuration for two three-month periods (between 3 and 5 p.m.) before and after the groups switched exhibits. We predicted that chimpanzees would be more likely to retire in elevated locations compared to gorillas, irrespective of the exhibit. We found a significant effect of exhibit on where the apes retired but no effect of species, such that both species were more likely to retire in elevated locations in one exhibit but not the other. This suggests that the specific characteristics of the exhibits (e.g., number of visual barriers) influenced the expression of the apes’ retiring behaviors. These findings offer further insight in how exhibit design can influence the expression of natural behaviors in these species.

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Sherwen, Sally L., Paul H. Hemsworth, Kym L. Butler, Kerry V. Fanson, and Michael J. L. Magrath. "Impacts of visitor number on Kangaroos housed in free-range exhibits." Zoo Biology 34, no. 4 (June 2, 2015): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21226.

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Sithole, Samantha S., Marianna Fernandes, Olivier Hymas, Kavita Sharma, and Gretchen Walters. "Stuck in the Colonial Past?" Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 30, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2021.300207.

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This contribution challenges representations of landscapes and communities within zoos in Europe that may amplify colonial narratives of local people through a racialised and often static lens. Instead of a holistic portrayal of the relationship between humans and nature that the EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) stipulates within its guidelines, some European zoos continue to perpetuate a narrow view of foreign landscapes within their exhibits. Utilising the concept of representation, this short article argues that Zoo Zürich reinforces colonial narratives through its new Lewa exhibit, an exhibit based on a Kenyan conservancy. This piece is based on an improvised visit to the zoo to see the new African exhibit. It highlights discrepancies between the Lewa exhibit, guidelines of the EAZA and the Lewa Conservancy in Kenya. In this light, we propose recommendations for European zoos to decolonise their institutions and exhibits based on an understanding that is not only scientific, but also historical, critically reflective, and inclusive of non-Western perspectives.

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Green, Hannah, Georgia Abernethy Palmer, and James Edward Brereton. "An Investigation into the Perception and Prevalence of Mixed-Species Exhibits in Zoos and Aquaria." Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities 1, no. 2 (December 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/jrssh.2022.12.02.

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Mixed-species exhibits (MSE) are a common occurrence within zoological collections. They increase species diversity and provide immersive yet naturalistic experiences for both species and visitors. Although mixed-species exhibits are a common housing method for animals in zoological collections, the literature on these enclosures is limited. Animals, keepers, and visitors have the potential to benefit, or be challenged MSE, so investigations of the benefits and limitations of this practice is necessary. This study investigated the presence of MSE in a range of England zoological collections and in zoo and aquarium-based literature. Additionally, zoo professional perception of MSE was investigated using online questionnaires. The study identified a mismatch between the types of species that feature in zoo and aquarium MSE, versus those that appear in the MSE literature. MSEs were identified as being enriching from both an animal and visitor perspective, yet there was sometimes limited information on the research output to support these statements. There is scope for zoo and aquarium professionals to widen the diversity of MSE projects, to ensure that the risks and benefits of this housing method are fully investigated.

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Muller, Skylar L., Samantha L. Bissell, Kristen M. Cunningham, and Rosemary Strasser. "How Do You Behave at the Zoo? A Look at Visitor Perceptions of Other Visitors' Behavior at the Zoo." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.04.12.2021.

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Previous research regarding behaviors of zoo visitors near exhibits has shown that they can influence animals’ well-being. What is unclear is whether people’s views concerning the purpose of zoos or their beliefs might influence their perception of what is acceptable behavior when visiting the zoo. In this study, we used naturalistic observation to examine zoo visitor behavior near specific exhibits. We also surveyed visitors regarding the purpose of zoos, their perception of animals and the zoo, and if they have seen inappropriate behavior in other zoo visitors. We observed visitors engaging in various inappropriate behaviors such as hitting the glass and trying to provoke the animals. These same inappropriate behaviors were also reported by visitors in our survey, indicating an awareness of what behaviors might be disruptive to animals. Visitors who reported similarities between humans and animals reported more inappropriate behaviors in others partially due to having more empathy for animals. When asked to consider the purpose of the zoo, education and conservation were ranked as being the most important, entertainment and research the least important priorities. However, of those who identified entertainment as most important, this group also reported humans to have less similarity with animals and reported less inappropriate behaviors in other visitors. Our findings suggest that zoo visitors’ views regarding the purpose of zoos and perceived human similarities to animals influence what they considered inappropriate behavior around captive zoo animals. This study provides the first exploration concerning the perception of visitors regarding other visitor behaviors directed towards zoo animals.

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Robinson, M. H. "Enriching the Lives of Zoo Animals, and Their Welfare: Where Research Can be Fundamental." Animal Welfare 7, no. 2 (May 1998): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020479.

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AbstractAs zoos have evolved, conservation and conservation education have become primary tasks. To achieve the maximum educational impact, zoos are enriching animal habitats so that their occupants display a wide range of activities that are attractive to the visitor, and unattractive activities are eliminated and reduced. Because public perceptions of the attractiveness of animal behaviour may not coincide with welfare realities, there can be a tension between the requirements of desirable exhibits and those of maximally promoting animal welfare. Zoo animals differ from domesticated animals in human care in several respects. These differences are discussed and set in the context of the sometimes competing aims of enhancing welfare and promoting educational exhibits. An outline history of zoo enrichment programmes suggests that the subject is in need of systematization. The range of data available for improving zoo exhibit designs, and the lives of zoo animals, is reviewed. It is concluded that fundamental data on the environmental needs of many of the wild animals maintained in zoos are deficient in many important areas. Consequently, there is an urgent need to increase such research. Zoo habitats could be excellent places for such fundamental studies, which would feed back into field studies. At the same time, habitat enrichment in zoos cannot await such research and must proceed pragmatically using the range of insights described in this paper. In particular, functional substitution is advocated as a means of enrichment wherever this can be made acceptable to the broad public; its educational value in combatting naive anthropomorphism is stressed. Naturalism in enrichment is criticized as reinforcing anthropomorhisms, but is desirable for promoting global habitat conservation.

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Lloyd, Matthew, Naomi Davies Walsh, and Bridget Johnson. "Investigating Visitor Activity on a Safari Drive." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 4 (November 10, 2021): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2040041.

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Despite increasing studies focusing on the visitor experience in zoological collections, minimal attention has been paid to visitor activity when driving through safari parks. The dwell time of visitors at exhibits within a traditional zoo setting has offered a good method to measure exhibit and species popularity, but studying visitors on a safari drive offers a unique set of challenges, with factors such as road length skewing a basic dwell time measurement. Therefore, the current study proposes that average speed offers a robust means to investigate visitor activity on a safari drive. Average speed was found to be significantly different depending on species exhibited, with primates and felids eliciting slower speeds and bovids and cervids faster speeds. This result broadly mirrors that of traditional zoo studies where primates elicit longer dwell times. Future safari drive studies could help inform decisions made on a safari drive for aspects such a collection planning, drive layout and exhibit design. Harnessing tracking technology, e.g., GPS, alongside more diverse methodologies, such as questionnaires and multi-institutional approaches, would further allow more robust conclusions to be drawn.

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Birney, Barbara Ann. "Children, Animals, and Leisure Settings." Society & Animals 3, no. 2 (1995): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853095x00143.

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AbstractForty-eight children were interviewed on topics including the behavior of wild and captive animals. Half of the children toured a series of North American exhibits at a natural history museum and half toured a comparable series of exhibits at a zoo. Children demonstrated a high degree of recall about their visits and retained specific memories of the animals that interested them. Zoo children's remarks contained more references to behavior and were more positive in their assessment of what animals could do. Museum children made more references to environmental elements and issues such as human impact.

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Lukas, Kristen E., and Stephen R. Ross. "Naturalistic Exhibits May be More Effective Than Traditional Exhibits at Improving Zoo-Visitor Attitudes toward African Apes." Anthrozoös 27, no. 3 (September 2014): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175303714x14023922797904.

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Zwinkels, Juul, Tania Oudegeest, and Michaël Laterveer. "Using Visitor Observation to Evaluate Exhibits at the Rotterdam Zoo Aquarium." Visitor Studies 12, no. 1 (April 27, 2009): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10645570902769142.

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Kawata, Ken. "Romancing The Celluloid Nature: A Review of American Zoo Exhibits, Part I." Der Zoologische Garten 80, no. 5 (January 2011): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zoolgart.2011.08.002.

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Kawata, Ken. "Exorcising of a Cage: A Review of American Zoo Exhibits, Part III." Der Zoologische Garten 81, no. 2-3 (January 2012): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zoolgart.2012.05.001.

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Langman, V. A., M. Rowe, D. Forthman, B. Whitton, N. Langman, T. Roberts, K. Huston, C. Boling, and D. Maloney. "Thermal assessment of zoological exhibits I: Sea lion enclosure at the Audubon Zoo." Zoo Biology 15, no. 4 (1996): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1996)15:4<403::aid-zoo5>3.0.co;2-f.

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Kawata, Ken. "Of Circus Wagons and Imagined Nature: A Review of American Zoo Exhibits, Part II." Der Zoologische Garten 80, no. 6 (January 2011): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zoolgart.2011.10.004.

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Craig, Lesley E., and Sarah-Jane Vick. "Engaging Zoo Visitors at Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Exhibits Promotes Positive Attitudes Toward Chimpanzees and Conservation." Anthrozoös 34, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2021.1874110.

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Carter, Kimberley C., Isabel A. T. Keane, Lisa M. Clifforde, Lewis J. Rowden, Léa Fieschi-Méric, and Christopher J. Michaels. "The Effect of Visitors on Zoo Reptile Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2040048.

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Visitors to zoos can have positive, neutral, or negative relationships with zoo animals. This makes human–animal interactions (HAIs) an essential component of welfare and an important consideration in species selection for zoo exhibits and in enclosure designs. We measured the effect of visitors on reptiles by comparing open and closed periods during the lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK in a low-resolution dataset for thirteen species of reptiles and a high-resolution dataset focussing on just one of these. Scan sampling on thirteen reptile species (two chelonians and eleven squamates) showed species-specific differences in response to the presence/absence of visitors, with most taxa being only weakly affected. High-resolution scan sampling via video footage of an off-show and on-show enclosure was carried out for tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) over the open and closed periods. In this part of the study, tokay geckos were significantly more visible during zoo closure than when visitors were present on-exhibit, but there was no change in off-show animals, indicating the effect of visitors as opposed to other factors, such as seasonality, which applied equally to both on- and off-show animals. The high-resolution study showed that a significant effect was present for tokay geckos, even though the low-resolution suggested that they were more weakly affected than other taxa. Our results indicate that, for cryptic species such as this, more intensive sampling may be required to properly understand visitor effects. Our data do not allow the interpretation of effects on welfare but show that such assessments require a species-specific approach.

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Mcadam, Darius, and Lior Shamir. "Reanalysis of the Spin Direction Distribution of Galaxy Zoo SDSS Spiral Galaxies." Advances in Astronomy 2023 (February 21, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4114004.

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The distribution of the spin directions of spiral galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has been a topic of debate in the past two decades, with conflicting conclusions reported even in cases where the same data were used. Here, we follow one of the previous experiments by applying the SpArcFiRe algorithm to annotate the spin directions in an original dataset of Galaxy Zoo 1. The annotation of the galaxy spin directions is carried out after the first step of selecting the spiral galaxies in three different manners: manual analysis by Galaxy Zoo classifications, by a model-driven computer analysis, and with no selection of spiral galaxies. The results show that when spiral galaxies are selected by Galaxy Zoo volunteers, the distribution of their spin directions as determined by SpArcFiRe is not random, which agrees with previous reports. When selecting the spiral galaxies using a model-driven computer analysis or without selecting the spiral galaxies at all, the distribution is also not random. Simple binomial distribution analysis shows that the probability of the parity violation to occur by chance is lower than 0.01. Fitting the spin directions as observed from the Earth to cosine dependence exhibits a dipole axis with statistical strength of 2.33 σ to 3.97 σ . These experiments show that regardless of the selection mechanism and the analysis method, all experiments show similar conclusions. These results are aligned with previous reports using other methods and telescopes, suggesting that the spin directions of spiral galaxies as observed from the Earth exhibit a dipole axis formed by their spin directions. Possible explanations can be related to the large-scale structure of the universe or to the internal structure of galaxies. The catalogs of annotated galaxies generated as part of this study are available.

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ANDERSON, M. E. C., and J. S. WEESE. "Video observation of hand hygiene practices at a petting zoo and the impact of hand hygiene interventions." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 1 (March 4, 2011): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881100029x.

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SUMMARYPetting zoos are popular attractions, but can also be associated with zoonotic disease outbreaks. Hand hygiene is critical to reducing disease risks; however, compliance can be poor. Video observation of petting zoo visitors was used to assess animal and environmental contact and hand hygiene compliance. Compliance was also compared over five hand hygiene intervention periods. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Overall hand hygiene compliance was 58% (340/583). Two interventions had a significant positive association with hand hygiene compliance [improved signage with offering hand sanitizer, odds ratio (OR) 3·38, P<0·001; verbal hand hygiene reminders, OR 1·73, P=0·037]. There is clearly a need to improve hand hygiene compliance at this and other animal exhibits. This preliminary study was the first to demonstrate a positive impact of a hand hygiene intervention at a petting zoo. The findings suggest that active, rather than passive, interventions are more effective for increasing compliance.

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Desbiolles, Freya Higgins, and Antonia Canosa. "Not victims nor zoo exhibits: the film My Long Neck and listening to the 'other'." International Journal of Tourism Anthropology 6, no. 3 (2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijta.2018.093305.

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Higgins Desbiolles, Freya, and Antonia Canosa. "Not victims nor zoo exhibits: the film My Long Neck and listening to the 'other'." International Journal of Tourism Anthropology 6, no. 3 (2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijta.2018.10014515.

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FITZGERALD, ALISON, ALLISON YEZRIL, and MARJORIE DIAL. "Commentary: Three Perspectives on Science Exhibits in the Museum of Science and Industry, Franklin Institute, and National Zoo." Science Communication 19, no. 1 (September 1997): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547097019001005.

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da Silva, Maria Alice Mendes, and José Maria Cardoso da Silva. "A note on the relationships between visitor interest and characteristics of the mammal exhibits in Recife Zoo, Brazil." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 105, no. 1-3 (June 2007): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.06.007.

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Antonenko, T. V., O. M. Ulitina, S. V. Pysarev, and A. V. Matsyura. "Different enriched environments for Eurasian lynx in the Barnaul Zoo." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_808.

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Our primary interest is in welfare of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Barnaul Zoo. As discussed below, behavioural researches can reveal much about the welfare of captive wild animals. Eurasian lynx behaviour is studied and time budget is calculated for male and female. The Schorygin’ similarity coefficient of behaviour is determined (87.2%). The male lynx demonstrated low degree of stereotypic behaviour–5.9%, the female lynx–3.8%. We analyzed the differences in their behaviour before and after environmental enrichment. Olfactory environmental enrichment exhibits a decrease of male stereotypic behaviour on 24.3% and of female on 18.8%. Feeding environmental enrichment reduces male stereotypic behaviour on 15.9%, female on 20.3% (with a rat trunk); the male lynx pacing is diminished on 0.9% and female stereotypic behaviour on 1.4% in experiments with meat under fresh-cut grass. Based on our findings, we recommend that lynxes should be housed by mating pair (male with female), with appropriate hiding locations and with the varied feeding, change decorations for captive lynx, carry out tests by olfactory environmental enrichment (with pony droppings and with valerian) and feeding environmental enrichment. It could be concluded that animal welfare depends on keepers’ goodwill relation with captive lynx.

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Boultwood, Jack, Michelle O’Brien, and Paul Rose. "Bold Frogs or Shy Toads? How Did the COVID-19 Closure of Zoological Organisations Affect Amphibian Activity?" Animals 11, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071982.

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Amphibians are an understudied group in the zoo-focussed literature. Whilst commonly housed in specialist exhibits and of real conservation value due to the global extinction crisis, amphibian welfare is not often investigated empirically in zoo settings. The limited research that is available suggests that enclosure design (structure, planting and naturalistic theming) has a positive impact on the time that amphibians will be on show to visitors. However, the categorisation of any “visitor effect” (i.e., influences of visitor presence on amphibian activity and time on display) is hard to find. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the closure of zoological organisations in the UK for several months from March 2020, with gradual re-openings from the summer into autumn and winter. This event provided a unique opportunity to study the effect of the lack of visitors, the presence of essential zoo staff only, the wider return of organisational staff, and then the return of visitors over a prolonged period. This project at WWT Slimbridge Wetlands Centre assessed the number of individuals of six species of amphibian—common toad (Bufo bufo), common frog (Rana temporaria), smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), golden mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) and golden poison dart frog (Phyllobates terribilis)—visible to observers under different conditions. All amphibians were housed in a purpose-built indoor exhibit of individual enclosures and were recorded when visible (as a proportion of the total population of the enclosure) during closure, the return of extra centre staff and visitor periods. The results showed species-specific differences in visibility, with some species of amphibian being more likely to be on view when the presence of people at their enclosure was less likely or in smaller numbers. Such differences are likely related to the specific camouflage or anti-predation tactics in these focal species. Further study to quantify amphibian sensitivity to, and perception of, environmental change caused by public presence (e.g., light levels and sound) would be useful welfare-themed research extensions. Our results can help inform husbandry, collection planning and amphibian enclosure design to reduce any noticeable visitor effects, and provide a useful benchmark for further, more complex, welfare assessment measures.

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Nakamichi, Masayuki. "Assessing the Effects of New Primate Exhibits on Zoo Visitors' Attitudes and Perceptions by Using Three Different Assessment Methods." Anthrozoös 20, no. 2 (June 2007): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175303707x207945.

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Northey, Emily J., Baine B. Craft, and Eduardo J. Fernandez. "Effects of New Seal Introductions on Conspecific and Visitor Activity." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212962.

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Modern zoos and aquariums are defined by several primary goals, which include improving the welfare of their animals, public education, and inspiring visitors to develop an interest in conservation. Animal-Visitor Interactions (AVIs) (i.e., the impact of captive animals and visitors on each other) are a primary means to study these goals. The introduction of new animals into two seal exhibits—the harbor and northern fur seals—at the Seattle Aquarium presented a valuable opportunity to assess the impacts of introductions on the currently exhibited animals and aquarium visitors. The impacts of animal introductions were measured through direct observations of seal activity (i.e., ethogram behavioral observations) and visitor activity (i.e., crowd size and visitor length of stay) before and after new seal introductions. This study consisted of two experiments: Experiment 1 (Harbor seal exhibit) and Experiment 2 (Northern fur seal exhibit). In Experiment 1, we found that the introduction had few impacts on the existing harbor seals or on visitor activity. In Experiment 2, the introduction of a new fur seal had significant positive impacts on the existing fur seal, as was seen through increased social behaviors and decreased stereotypic behaviors, as well as a significant increase in crowd size post-introduction. Based on these findings, new animal introductions were associated with neutral to positive changes in both seal and visitor activity. Findings from this study suggest that studying new animal introductions can result in better understanding and promoting positive interactions with existing animals (introduction effects) and likewise positive experiences for zoo and aquarium visitors (introduction experiences).

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Powell, David M., and Eli Baskir. "Behavior and Habitat Use Remain Diverse and Variable in Modern Zoological Exhibits over the Long-Term: Case Studies in 5 Species of Ursidae." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 677–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2040049.

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Long-term evaluations of whether modern zoological exhibits help to maintain variation in the behavior of zoo animals are lacking despite the hope that animals avoid falling into monotonous patterns of behavior or boredom. This study evaluated changes in behavior and habitat use over multi-year periods in nine individuals of five bear species at two zoological facilities. Behavioral data gathered over months to years were analyzed graphically for trends in the direction of change. The habitat use dynamics were assessed graphically by looking for trends in the entropy values over time. We found that the activity budgets remained diverse and were dynamic over time, more so in younger compared to older bears. Changes in behavior suggesting positive welfare were observed, while changes that may reflect declining welfare seemed more likely to be due to age or seasonality. The observed behavioral changes suggest that the bears did not become bored with their habitats; there was likely one to several hours of daily variation in behavior, and stereotypy was rare. The diversity in the habitat use decreased over time as the animals settled into patterns of use reflecting preferences for certain areas of their habitats.

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Silva, Pedro, Leon Cao, and Wayne Hayes. "SpArcFiRe: Enhancing Spiral Galaxy Recognition Using Arm Analysis and Random Forests." Galaxies 6, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6030095.

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Automated quantification of galaxy morphology is necessary because the size of upcoming sky surveys will overwhelm human volunteers. Existing classification schemes are inadequate because (a) their uncertainty increases near the boundary of classes and astronomers need more control over these uncertainties; (b) galaxy morphology is continuous rather than discrete; and (c) sometimes we need to know not only the type of an object, but whether a particular image of the object exhibits visible structure. We propose that regression is better suited to these tasks than classification, and focus specifically on determining the extent to which an image of a spiral galaxy exhibits visible spiral structure. We use the human vote distributions from Galaxy Zoo 1 (GZ1) to train a random forest of decision trees to reproduce the fraction of GZ1 humans who vote for the “Spiral” class. We prefer the random forest model over other black box models like neural networks because it allows us to trace post hoc the precise reasoning behind the regression of each image. Finally, we demonstrate that using features from SpArcFiRe—a code designed to isolate and quantify arm structure in spiral galaxies—improves regression results over and above using traditional features alone, across a sample of 470,000 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

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Eagle-Malone, Rebecca S. "Biomimicry outside the Classroom." American Biology Teacher 83, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2021.83.2.120.

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Biomimicry, the process of using nature to guide innovative thinking and development, can be useful in helping students grasp scientific concepts. Teachers interested in incorporating biomimicry into lesson plans might find that experiential learning at informal science institutions (ISIs) with natural models and artifacts is a valuable tool to accompany classroom learning. Visiting these ISIs, students have the opportunity to observe nature in real time and be immersed in inspiration. As students explore these natural models in habitats and exhibits, educators might ask students to consider the interesting features they observe and to creatively consider innovative designs that these features could inspire. For example, an elephant’s trunk might inspire a robotic arm. These direct experiences at ISIs might draw upon students’ innate biophilia to learn more about living organisms and lead to increased creativity and design output. I developed this guide based on my experiences as an informal biomimicry educator and my 2017 keynote address presented at the Annual Docent Conference at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.

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Nekrošienė, Rita. "FACILITY OF EDUCATION ACTIVITIES IN THE BOTANICAL GARDENS AND PARKS: EXPERIENCE OF SOUTH GERMANY." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 4, no. 1 (March 25, 2007): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/07.4.29.

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Some facilities of education activities in south Germany botanical gardens and parks are presented in this article. Research was carried out in Munchen-Nymphenburg, Alpengarten Schachen and Augsburg botanical gardens, Munchen zoological garden, Munchen city parks (in the Museum of Man and Nature). The role of botanic gardens is as an advocate for the maintenance of biodiversity and therefore botanic gardens need to reorient their education programmes and incorporate a vision for a more socially and environmentally sustainable future. Botanic and zoo gardens can use a variety of techniques to convey these messages from guided tours, cultural activities and exhibitions to interpret signs and media such as the internet, radio, television and newspapers. Botanic gardens should develop and promote these institutions as centers for environmental education to schools and develop child-friendly policies and train staff in these policies, conduct regular audits to ensure that the gardens is 'child friendly' e. g. access points, eating areas, storage areas, activity/play areas. The subject areas covered by the Museum of Man and Nature are: the history of the earth and its forms of life, biodiversity, man’s place within the natural world, man’s role in shaping the natural world. The Museum presents an interesting and entertaining approach to natural science, in line with modern educational theory. Authentic natural objects, reproductions, models, interactive exhibits and audio-visual programs are employed to create a lively and stimulating setting. The section “Natural history playtime” successfully combines traditional and modern exhibits and appeals to young and old alike. Attractive exhibits and a convenient location make the Museum of Man and Nature a worthwhile destination for visitors of all ages. The official educational mission of this Museum “… to instruct and inform humans about themselves, their environment and about the threats to nature posed by technical civilization”. Key words: botanic garden, zoological garden, parks, education, natural science.

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Rothfels, Nigel. "Zoos, the Academy, and Captivity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.480.

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In a 1966 lecture to the american anthropological association, Ray L. Birdwhistell presented a silent film showing families visiting elephant exhibits at zoos around the world. This film, along with the audio of Birdwhistell's lecture and an epilogue, was then released in 1969 by the East Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute with the title Microcultural Incidents in Ten Zoos. Using his theory of kinesics (roughly, the study of “body language”), a “context control method,” and “purposive” filming of families viewing elephant exhibits, Birdwhistell hoped to demonstrate that physical gestures are not universal but are rather culturally specific and only comprehensible in carefully described contexts (fig. 1). Microcultural Incidents positions the ethnographer as a detached observer dissecting scenes for his audience, translating the language of gestures with the use of a slow-motion projector he calls a “perceptiscope.” Even with his many hours of raw footage and the subsequent analysis with the perceptiscope, however, Birdwhistell's conclusions are remarkably small. Among the gems we learn, for example, are that on trips to the zoo English fathers are the keepers of food and knowledge and unselfconsciously teach their children to speak to elephants and that when the French stick their kids' hands into elephant trunks, the children look at their hands with a mixture of surprise and horror before wiping them off on their clothes. Still, for Birdwhistell kinesics held the promise of revealing hidden truths about people and cultures.

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Ghosh, Partha, Pritha Das, and Debasis Mukherjee. "Chaos to order — Effect of random predation in a Holling type IV tri-trophic food chain system with closure terms." International Journal of Biomathematics 09, no. 05 (June 13, 2016): 1650073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179352451650073x.

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Complex dynamics of modified Hastings–Powell (HP) model (phytoplankton-zoo-plankton-fish) with Holling type IV functional response and density-dependent mortality (closure terms) for top predator species is investigated in this paper. Closure terms describe the mortality of top predator in plankton food chain models. Modified HP model with Holling type IV functional response gives rise to similar type of chaotic dynamics (inverted “teacup attractor”) as observed in original HP model with Holling type II functional response. It is observed that introduction of nonlinear closure terms eliminate chaos and system dynamics becomes stable. Observation of this paper support the “Steele–Henderson conjecture” that, nonlinear closure terms eliminate or reduces limit cycles and chaos in plankton food chain models. Chaotic or stable dynamics are numerically verified by Lyapunov exponents (LE) method and Sil’nikov eigenvalue analysis and also illustrated graphically by plotting bifurcation diagrams. It is assumed that mortality of fish population, caused by higher-order predators (which are not explicitly included in the model) is not constant, rather it exhibits random variation throughout the year. To incorporate the effect of random mortality of fish population, white noise term is introduced into the original deterministic model. It is observed that the corresponding stochastic model is stable in mean square when the intensity of noise is small.

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T�rano, Zaida, and Marie Charlotte L�pez. "Behavioural Repertoires and Time Budgets of Semi-Free-Ranging and Captive Groups of Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus olivaceus, in Zoo Exhibits in Venezuela." Folia Primatologica 86, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381397.

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Bekeh, J. A., Soh Sam-Wobo, I. E. Odiaka, T. A. Adebisi-FagbohungbeGBOHUNGBE,, O. A. Ganiyu, E. O. Oladipupo-AladeDE,, N. O. Haastrup, and M. D. Oyedele. "Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminths in Some Birds Kept at Federal University Of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB) Zoo Park, Abeokuta, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i6.2.

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Captive-held wild animals are those housed in zoological exhibits, rehabilitation centres, zoos, research stations, sanctuaries, aquaria, circuses, and plantations. However, parasitic diseases constitute one of the major problems causing mortality in these animals while in captivity. The effects range from sub-clinical to death; hence, the study was conducted to assess the gastrointestinal parasite profile of birds kept in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta ZooPark. Freshly voided faecal samples of Psittacus erithacus, Psittacula krameri, Balaerica pavonina, pavo cristatus, Chen caerulescens, Struthio camelus and Anas platyrhynchos were collected before routine cleaning. Samples were collected weekly for 8 weeks between 7am- 9am within the month of October and November, 2019. A total of 56 faecal samples from 7 birds were picked from the ground by utilizing a sterile scoop for each animal species to avoid cross contamination. Each sample was put in a new labelled sterile bottle with the name of each bird from which the faecal sample was collected. Samples were then transported to the laboratory for microscopic analysis which was done within 24 hours. Egg counting was done using the McMaster Egg Counting Technique. Identification of intestinal helminth ova was done by using the keys. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 and Microsoft excel. Prevalence was calculated while the weekly egg counts of intestinal helminthes were presented using descriptive statistics. The distribution of intestinalhelminthes infections among the surveyed birds vary from (Psittacula krameri 100%, pavo cristatus 100%, Psittacus erithacus 66.67%, Balaerica pavonina 66.67%, Chen caerulescens 66.67%, Struthio camelus 66.67%, and Anas platyrhynchos 66.67%). In conclusion, the prevalence of soil transmitted helminthes revealed that Ascaridiagalli andStrongyloides spp had the highest prevalence among the birds with 100% while Raillietina spp recorded the lowest prevalence with 28.6%.

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Merrett, Deborah, Roland Sawatzky, and Christopher Meiklejohn. "Possible Case of Glanders in a Late-Nineteenth- or Early-Twentieth- Century Mennonite Woman in Manitoba, Canada." Bioarchaeology International 3, no. 4 (May 21, 2020): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/bi.2019.1015.

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This article uses bioarchaeological and biocultural analyses to explore the life history and health status of an older Mennonite woman recovered from an unmarked grave in southeastern Manitoba, dated to the late nine-teenth or early twentieth century. Much of the woman’s skeleton exhibits a number of pathological conditions, including periosteal new bone formation in the lower limbs, healed cranial lesions of the posterior parietals, and lytic lesions in subchondral bone of the elbows, knees, and ankles. In those of the ankles, cloacae exit the metaphyseal bone rather than into the joint capsule. By incorporating macroscopic and radiographic observa¬tions, bone histology, and the medical literature, this study differentiates between the main disease contenders responsible for these bone lesions: tuberculosis, syphilis, and glanders (a zoonotic disease of horses). Given the culturally prescribed construction of housebarns, which placed Mennonite women at substantial risk for zoo¬notic disease exposure, and the historic documentation of severe glanders outbreaks in southeastern Manitoba, this study concludes that glanders is the most plausible diagnosis for the observed skeletal lesions. This is, to our knowledge, the first archaeological demonstration of this disease. Cet article utilise des analyses bioarchéologiques et bioculturelles pour explorer le cycle de vie et l’état de santé d’une femme Mennonite âgée du sud-est du Manitoba datant de la fin du XIXe ou du début du XXe siècle; l’en¬terrement récupéré d’un cimetière non marqué d’une communauté abandonnée. L’affiliation est établie à partir du lieu d’inhumation et de la tenue vestimentaire, de la construction du cercueil et des sources documentaires. Une grande partie du squelette présentait une nouvelle formation osseuse sous-périostée, principalement dans les membres inférieurs. De plus, il y avait des lésions crâniennes cicatrisées sur les pariétaux postérieurs et des lésions lytiques dans l’os sous-chondral des genoux et des chevilles avec des cloacae sortant de l’os métaph¬ysaire plutôt que dans la capsule articulaire. L’étude intègre des observations macroscopiques et radiographiques, l’histologie osseuse, et la littérature médicale pour différencier les principaux candidats: la tuberculose, la syphilis, et la morve (une maladie zoo¬notique des chevaux). La construction des granges-maisons prescrite par la culture a exposé les femmes Men¬nonites à un risque substantiel d’exposition aux maladies zoonotiques, tandis que la documentation historique des épidémies de morve sévères étaye davantage notre diagnostic des lésions squelettiques observées comme les plus plausibles. Il s’agit, à notre connaissance, de la première démonstration archéologique de morve.

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Lim, Efrem S., Sharon L. Deem, Ingrid J. Porton, Song Cao, and David Wang. "Species-Specific Transmission of Novel Picornaviruses in Lemurs." Journal of Virology 89, no. 7 (January 28, 2015): 4002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03342-14.

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ABSTRACTThe roles of host genetics versus exposure and contact frequency in driving cross-species transmission remain the subject of debate. Here, we used a multitaxon lemur collection at the Saint Louis Zoo in the United States as a model to gain insight into viral transmission in a setting of high interspecies contact. Lemurs are a diverse and understudied group of primates that are highly endangered. The speciation of lemurs, which are endemic to the island of Madagascar, occurred in geographic isolation apart from that of continental African primates. Although evidence of endogenized viruses in lemur genomes exists, no exogenous viruses of lemurs have been described to date. Here we identified two novel picornaviruses in fecal specimens of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata). We found that the viruses were transmitted in a species-specific manner (lesavirus 1 was detected only in ring-tailed lemurs, while lesavirus 2 was detected only in black-and-white ruffed lemurs). Longitudinal sampling over a 1-year interval demonstrated ongoing infection in the collection. This was supported by evidence of viral clearance in some animals and new infections in previously uninfected animals, including a set of newly born triplets that acquired the infection. While the two virus strains were found to be cocirculating in a mixed-species exhibit of ring-tailed lemurs, black-and-white ruffed lemurs, and black lemurs, there was no evidence of cross-species transmission. This suggests that despite high-intensity contact, host species barriers can prevent cross-species transmissions of these viruses.IMPORTANCEUp to 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans today are the result of zoonotic transmission. However, a challenge in understanding transmission dynamics has been the limited models of cross-species transmission. Zoos provide a unique opportunity to explore parameters defining viral transmission. We demonstrated that ongoing virus transmission in a mixed lemur species exhibit was species specific. This suggests that despite high contact intensity, host species barriers contribute to protection from cross-species transmission of these viruses. While the combinations of species might differ, most zoological parks worldwide commonly feature mixed-species exhibits. Collectively, this report demonstrates a widely applicable approach toward understanding infectious disease transmission.

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Shin, So-Young, Han-Sol Yun, Su-Yeon Kim, Jae-Hyun Shim, Kwon-Jin Park, Chun-Yeol You, and Nam-Hee Cho. "Effects of Microwave Irradiation on the Synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ Nanopowders with Hydrated Compounds." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3982.

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In this study, we investigated the effect of microwave irradiation on the synthesis of ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) nanopowders. The structural, chemical, and physical features of the powders prepared via microwave-assisted heating (MWH) were analyzed with variation in the initial precursors and synthesis temperatures. Three different types of source batches, namely Zn(CH3CO2)2 · 2H2O and FeC2O4 · 2H2O (ZAHFOH), Zn(NO3)3 · 6H2O and Fe(NO3)2 · 9H2O (ZNHFNH), and ZnO and Fe2O3 (ZOFO), were prepared. The formation of ZFO compounds was achieved at 100 °C for ZAHFOH using MWH, which is much lower than the synthesis temperature of 700 °C using conventional heating (CH). The value of the activation energy (Q) for the ZAHFOH source in synthesis using MWH was approximately 7.9 kJ/mol, which is approximately one-tenth of the Q value (100.7 kJ/mol) for ZOFO using CH. It was determined that the inversion factors were approximately 5.4, 4.3, and 4.0, and the crystallite sizes were 57.7, 72.5, and 78.9 nm for the ZAHFOH, ZNHFNH, and ZOFO, respectively. The ZFO powders exhibited superparamagnetism for ZAHFOH and paramagnetism for ZNHFNH and ZOFO. Based on the crystallite size-related surface effects, redistribution of the Zn and Fe ions occurred. This phenomenon is attributed to the magnetic transformation of ZFO. Based on these results, it is expected that a sensitively tunable size and magnetic properties can be achieved using MWH.

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Spotte, Stephen, Paul E. Stake, Patricia M. Bubucis, and John D. Buck. "Alginate- and gelatin-bound foods for exhibit fishes." Zoo Biology 4, no. 1 (1985): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430040105.

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Clark, Fay E., and Vicky A. Melfi. "Environmental enrichment for a mixed-species nocturnal mammal exhibit." Zoo Biology 31, no. 4 (March 8, 2011): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20380.

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Chosy, Julia, Megan Wilson, and Rachel Santymire. "Behavioral and physiological responses in felids to exhibit construction." Zoo Biology 33, no. 4 (July 2014): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21142.

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Ross, Stephen R., and Katie L. Gillespie. "Influences on visitor behavior at a modern immersive zoo exhibit." Zoo Biology 28, no. 5 (September 2009): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20220.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Zoo exhibits'

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