Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ZONE PROTECTION SYSTEM'

Relés de distância são muito utilizados para proteger linhas de transmissão. Porém, há baixa precisão dos limites de sua zona de proteção devido a fenômenos de subalcance e sobrealcance. Assim, nesta dissertação de mestrado é proposto um algoritmo com compensação da resistência de falta, baseado em coordenadas de fase, objetivando aumentar a precisão dos limites da zona de proteção. A formulação proposta utiliza uma estimativa da corrente de falta para estimar a resistência de falta e compensar a impedância aparente calculada. Foram realizados o equacionamento e desenvolvimento do algoritmo para faltas tipo fase. Simulações e testes numéricos comparativos com formulações estado-da-arte verificaram a eficiência do método proposto.
Distance Relays are widely used to protect transmission lines. However, due to underreaching and overreaching phenomena, there is a low precision in protection zone limits of distance relays. Thus, in this dissertation, a new algorithm based in phase coordinates is proposed to increase the precision in zone protection limits. The proposed method uses the fault corrent to estimate the fault resistance and compensate the apparent impedance calculated. The equation development was done for phase type faults. Comparative tests with state-of-the-art formulations verified the efficiency of the proposed method.

Сучасні стадіони повинні відповідати суворим вимогам, що пред'являються до безпеки під час спортивних змагань. Головна вимога, яка має бути виконана, – створення об'єкта, безпечного для всіх, хто ним користується, будь-то глядачі, учасники матчу, офіційні особи, представники ЗМІ, обслуговуючий персонал.
Modern stadiums must match the strict requirements for safety during sports competitions. The main requirement that must be met is the creation of an object that is safe for all participants, be it spectators, match participants, officials, media representatives, service personnel.

Сучасні стадіони повинні відповідати суворим вимогам, що пред'являються до безпеки всіх учасників під час спортивних змагань. Головна вимога, яка має бути виконана, – створення об'єкта, безпечного для всіх, хто ним користується, будь-то глядачі, учасники матчу, офіційні особи, представники ЗМІ, обслуговуючий персонал.
Modern stadiums must match the strict requirements for safety during sports competitions. The main requirement that must be met is the creation of an object that is safe for all participants, be it spectators, match participants, officials, media representatives, service personnel.

The overall aim of this thesis has been to develop a pragmatic strategy to aid decisionmaking concerning the management of raised bogs for future sustainability, and specifically to provide a tool to identify the extents and locations of those areas around the bog margins within which water tables need to be managed. Undesirable water losses resulting from damage to peripheral lagg fens that would once have surrounded intact mire systems will be associated with a steepening change in hydraulic gradient. Although steep hydraulic gradients are frequently cited as a problematic threat to a raised bog there has been a lack of previous attempts to quantify a suite of indicative gradients to form a predictive model. This thesis has considered the possibility of identifying key areas of threatened lagg fen from analysis of topographic and hydraulic gradient data across the mire surface of surviving peat domes and their adjacent landscapes. These marginal lagg areas are important to the overall sustainable hydrology of raised bogs, but the identification of land judged necessary to the hydrological integrity of these habitats has received little attention in the scientific literature. Acquisition of the necessary indicative data, carried out at the landscape scale at a range of raised mires, was made feasible by the use of differential Global Positioning Systems (dGPS) for accurate and rapid surveying of transects across a suite of UK raised mires. It may be that developments in dGPS and remote sensing methods such as LiDAR will offer opportunities for future development of this approach. An early product of the strategy was the development of a methodology for carrying out rapid assessments of the condition or "health" of the sites. Profiles of the raised bogs were computed and a database of gradient results was generated for each profile. This involved the identification of generic slope features within the profile of the bogs. An attempt to identify characteristic values associated with generic profiles was then made. A simple data model has been derived, which is indicative of gradient thresholds between characteristic groups. Significant values for hydraulic gradient of between 0.0063-0.0082 across the raised bog dome, and 0.02 for the Rand or steeper shoulders of the bog are suggested for thresholds between relatively intact and damaged systems. These results may be used to compute target water levels at the edges of a mire, and to predict where in the surrounding land this needs to be achieved in order to help sustain the raised water table of the core peat dome. Following a verification process the indicative model was used to predict a preferred hydrological boundary at a further raised bog site (Swarth Moor in North Yorkshire; SD806695). Whilst the results relate to raised n-iires within the UK, and it would be useful therefore to now carry out a comparative study elsewhere, the results of this thesis strongly suggest that quantified gradient data provide a surrogate for judging where the hydrology of peripheral land may influence the condition of the core site. This may offer advantages to conservation agencies in their attempts to maximise the potential for sustainable restoration of this rare and valued habitat.

Drivers' mistakes in making immediate decision facing yellow signal interval to stop or go through the intersection is one of main factors contributing to intersection's safety. Incorrect decision might lead to a red light running and a right -angle Collison when passing through the intersection or a rear-end collision when failing to stop safely.Improperly timed traffic signal intervals result in the inability of the drivers to make the right decision and can place them in the dilemma zone. Advance warning systems (AWS) have been used to provide information about the downstream traffic signal change prior to approaching the intersection. On the other hand, advance warning systems increase drivers approach speed according to the literature. However, effect of AWS on dilemma zone has not been studied before. The goal of this thesis is to minimize the number of vehicles caught in dilemma zone by determining more precise boundaries for dilemma zone and to reduce the number of red light violations by predicting the red light runners before arriving to the intersection. Here, dilemma zone boundaries at the presence of AWS has been reexamined with the aid of a large dataset (more than 1870 hours of data for two different intersections). Upper dilemma zone boundaries found to be higher for the intersections with AWS. This is due to vehicles' increasing the speed at the flashing yellow sings to escape the dilemma zone.Moreover, an algorithm for predicting red light runners and distinguishing them from right turners is presented.
Master of Science

The electrical distribution system in the United States is considered one of the most complicated machines in existence. Electrical phenomena in such a complex system can inflict serious self-harm. This requires damage prevention from protection schemes. Until recently, there was a safe gap between capacity to deliver power and the demand. Therefore, these protection schemes focused on dependability allowing the disconnection of lines, transformers, or other devices with the purpose of isolating the faulted element. On some occasions, the disconnections made were not necessary. The other extreme of reliability calls for security. This aspect of reliability calls for the operation of the protective devices only for faults within the intended area of protection. There is a tradeoff here; where a dependable protection scheme will assuredly prevent damage, it is prone to unnecessary operation which can lead to cascading outages. Where a secure scheme will not operate unnecessarily, it is prone to pieces of the system becoming damaged when relays fail to operate properly. With microprocessor based relaying schemes, a hybrid reliability focus is attainable through adaptive relaying. Adaptive relaying describes protection schemes that adjust settings and/or logic of operations based on the prevailing conditions of the system. These adjustments can help to avoid relay miss-operation. Adjustments could include, but are not limited to, the logging of data for post-mortem analysis, communication throughout the system, as well changing relay parameters. Several concepts will be discussed, one of which will be implemented to prove the value of the new tools available.
Master of Science

The objective of this work is to design a damping controller for a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) to damp robustly inter-area oscillations in power systems with an immunity against sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) oscillations which may lead to torsional oscillations. The new control strategy has two main loops; an SSR mitigation loop and a bang-bang loop, the latter is designed with the aim of damping inter-area oscillations with a settling time 8-10 sec. The appropriate selection of the bang-bang series compensation component, ∆KC, is addressed by considering the Eigen analysis of the generators’ shafts and an impedance scan of the series compensated line for different compensation levels. The SSR mitigation loop is designed with the aim of providing a fine tune control signal to be added to the main value of the inserted series compensation (KC), to damp SSR oscillations and related torsional mode of oscillations. To address this issue, a new observer-based multiple model adaptive control algorithm is designed to control a multi-stage TCSC. The SSR modelling challenges associated with the load dynamics and with the insertion of the series compensation into the transmission system are overcome by a fine tuning control loop, which adjusts the resultant series compensation (KC). Considering the integration and coordination of oscillation damping and distance protection in the transmission system, a new adaptive technique must be designed to control the distance relay (DR) to prevent its mal operation (during the damping process). The new strategy is illustrated through an 11-bus 4-machine 2-area benchmark power system. The performance and advantages of the new algorithm are validated using time domain simulation via PSCAD software.

Un ilot non-intentionnel peut se former lorsque d’une petite partie du réseau est déconnectée du reste du système électrique, et continue pourtant de fonctionner à l’insu du gestionnaire de réseau en raison de la présence de générateurs locaux. Cet événement n’est pas voulu : le comportement des ilots n’est pas maitrisé, ce qui entraîne des risques potentiels pour les personnes et équipements électriques. L’ilotage non-intentionnel est un phénomène complexe et mal connu, aujourd’hui considéré comme rare, mais dont la probabilité d’apparition tend actuellement, a priori, à s’accroître progressivement. Cet accroissement est dû à l’effet conjugué de plusieurs phénomènes : premièrement, le développement des installations de production de petite et moyenne puissance, raccordées directement au réseau de distribution ; deuxièmement, l’élargissement des seuils de détection qui sont utilisés dans leurs protections de découplage ; et troisièmement, l’implémentation dans ces installations d’automatismes de régulation de puissance active et réactive. Dans ce contexte, la chaire industrielle Smartgrid d’Enedis a financé ces travaux de thèse afin de mieux caractériser ces phénomènes d’ilotage et d’améliorer leur détection.Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, une première priorité de la thèse a été d’améliorer la compréhension des ilots non-intentionnels au travers d’une approche analytique. Celle-ci a notamment permis la résolution formelle d’un modèle simple capable d’expliquer le comportement en fréquence d’un îlot. Ces résolutions ont été enrichies par de nombreuses expérimentations en laboratoire et par des simulations numériques. Les modèles ont fait l’objet d’une étude bibliographique approfondie, notamment pour le choix des modèles de charge.Une seconde priorité de la thèse a été d’estimer l’efficacité des méthodes passives de détection d’ilotage au travers du calcul de la zone de non-détection (ZND). L'influence de plusieurs charges sur la ZND a été analysé, ce qui a permis d’améliorer la compréhension du phénomène complexe que sont les ilots non-intentionnels. L’efficacité des nouvelles protections anti-ilotage utilisant des seuils sur la dérivée en fréquence (ROCOF) a aussi fait l’objet d’évaluations approfondies. Enfin, les méthodes de calcul de ZND ont été améliorés par rapport aux méthodes préexistantes, ce qui a permis de radicalement améliorer l’estimation faite de l'impact des nouvelles régulations de puissance P(f) et Q(U)
Unintentional islands might appear when a subpart of the grid is disconnected from the power system and keeps working because of local generation. These events are unwanted: their behavior is not controlled and leads to potential risks for people and for electric equipment. Unintentional islanding is a complex phenomenon and badly understood. Nowadays it is considered to be rare, but a priori its occurrence probability is currently steadily increasing. This rising is the consequence of several phenomena: firstly, the development of distributed generation of small and average size directly connected to the distribution grid; secondly, the enlargement of frequency thresholds used by isolating protections; and thirdly, the implementation of power regulations of active and reactive power in the generation unit. Within this context, the Smart Grid chair of Enedis financed this PhD thesis in order to better characterize these islanding phenomena and to improve their detection.To achieve these targets, a first priority of the PhD was to improve the comprehension of unintentional islanding through symbolic calculation. This approach makes it possible to solve a simple model and to explain the evolution of the frequency during an island. These results are completed with several laboratory experiments and by numeric simulations. Models are designed based on a thorough bibliography, in particular for load modeling.A second priority of the PhD was to estimate the efficiency of anti-islanding protections through the computation of non-detection zone (NDZ). The impact of several loads on the NDZ is analyzed to improve the understanding of unintentional islanding, which is a complex phenomenon. The efficiency of new anti-islanding protections using thresholds on the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) is also thoroughly evaluated. It is shown that the computation method used by the protection plays a key role. At last, the calculation methods of the NDZ is improved regarding previous methods. Among other things, it allows to radically change the estimations of the impact of new power regulations P(f) and Q(U)

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.

L’environnement marin et côtier de la Région de la Grande Caraïbe est un trésor naturel. Il offre d’importantes opportunités de subsistance et de commerce aux populations côtières, et, en même temps, il offre des possibilités de développent aux États qui bordent cette Région. Néanmoins, toute cette richesse se trouve confrontée à de nombreux problèmes : érosion, surexploitation, pollution et instrumentalisation politique. Le défi se trouve donc dans la conservation optimale de cet environnement et dans la garantie d’une exploitation dans le cadre du développement durable. L’analyse de la normativité internationale et régionale mise en place pour tenter de relever ledit défi reste aujourd’hui plurielle et insuffisante. Le corpus normatif doit encore être amélioré et donc, le défi sera pour la communauté internationale, de créer un cadre global de gouvernance capable d’articuler les règles internationales avec celles de l’ordre régional et local pour trouver des actions pertinentes et efficaces
The marine and coastal environment of the Caribe’s region contains important natural resources. It offers significant opportunities to the coastal population and to the border Stats in terms of subsistence and development. However, this environment is confronted to many problems: erosion, overexploitation, pollution and political manipulation. The key challenge that lies the region is to ensure the optimal preservation of this environment and to guarantee a sustainable exploitation of the resources. The analysis of the international and regional normativity put in place for ensure that challenge remains plural and insufficient. The institutional corpus must be improved and the new challenge for the international community is to create a global governance framework able to articulate the international rules with the regional and local rules to find and implement pertinent and effective activities
El medio ambiente marino y costero de la Región del Gran Caribe es un tesoro natural que ofrece importantes oportunidades de supervivencia y de comercio a las poblaciones costeras y que ofrece, al mismo tiempo, posibilidades de desarrollo a los Estados ribereños de esta Región. Sin embargo, toda esta riqueza se ve expuesta a diferentes problemas: erosión, sobreexplotación, polución e instrumentalización política. El desafío reside entonces en el equilibrio entre la conservación optima del medio ambiente y la garantía de la explotación del mismo en el marco del desarrollo sustentable y sostenible. El análisis de la reglamentación internacional y regional implementada para tratar de superar dicho desafío es sin embargo plural e insuficiente. El corpus normativo debe ser objeto de mejoras y en ese entendido, el desafío para la comunidad internacional será crear un marco global de gobernanza capaz de articular las reglas internacionales con las reglas regionales y locales para implementar entonces acciones pertinentes y eficaces

碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
103
In this study, the microgrid installed at the institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) is based on for the development of a multi-zone microgrid fault detection algorithm and the testing of this algorithm. The test is alone by conducting at the INER microgrid. For the development of a multi-zone microgrid protection system, the inside characteristics have been investigated on the INER microgrid, which result in the following protection system design and fault detection algorithm features: the fault detection time required must be within 1.5 cycle; the fault current is so low as to less than 2 times of the power source rating; the low voltage of faulted power system can be made use of for the detection of fault; the current differential combined with the under voltage relay is selected for the trunck line protection and the overcurrent or directional overcurrent combined with under voltage relay can be selected for the lateral protection. One key element of the planning of protection system is the installation of high-speed circuit-breaker (HSCB) at the boundary between any two of the multiple zone is the microgrid, for which the HSCB control circuit is designed in the study. Furthermore, the threshold for detection of fault can be set automatically, not manually, so to fit with the scalability and interoperability requirement of microgrid. Stage fault tests are conducted and the effectiveness on fault detection of the designed algorithm is evaluated.

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
造形藝術研究所
103
Not until I left my hometown-Hualien for college did I find how weird it is that one of the most important military base is just located in this city. It neighbors on the popular scenic spot- Chihsingtan Beach which is surrounded by the mountains and the sea. This paper would start from my feeling of the relationship between the place and the people, the government and its citizens, which would all be connected with the military base and all of its activities as the maneuvers and the air shows, and how its everyday practice of the fighters exists in the cities. The existence of all these activities is meant to protect me, while it also threatens me at the same time. When I was a child, I learnt to practice air defense exercises during the class. As I was grown up, all the practices become a self-protection system living in my body. Once this process could be a way to approach ‘safety’, disasters and accidents thus become the needs. Then, I keep discovering possibilities of disasters or accidents in my everyday life which are different from the government’s version, so I can create my own maneuvers to bring the accidents to happen previously, which is a self-protection for feeling safer. Finally, accidents become a need of the safety, and it is nothing to do if they would really happen eventually,

In this thesis design and modeling of Distance Relay has been done using MATLAB-SIMULINK. When microprocessor technology was implemented in the relay designing technique it gave birth to a new type of protection methodology known as Numerical relay. Numerical relays can interact with the peripheral devices and other numerical relays also, resulting in overall economy of the protection system equipments. A power system network and the distance relay model has been developed and the response of the distance relay has been verified by plotting the data generated by the relay on R-X diagram. The input voltage and current signal from the power system network contains dc offset values and higher order harmonics these are the unwanted quantities of the signal which need to be filtered out for proper functioning of the relay, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) can easily isolate these unwanted quantities from the signals. DFT has been used for the designing of the proposed distance relay. This report tells about the necessities of this relays in a power system and why these are so important for generator only and why not for others. This model in Simulink is treated with different types of faults such as line and ground fault. This report also tells about the brief discussion about the excitation system relating to the generator protection and coordinating with other devices.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
102
It is often to see that MRT system is located in crowed urban area. Therefore, deep excavations are commonly delivered in the corridor area next to MRT system. However, due to limitation in space, it generally leads to the difficulty of construction and may even become worse to cause damage of adjacent structures. In this study, three cases located in protection and safety zone of Kaohsiung MRT system are selected for research background for further study. Key conclusions of this study include: (1) shape of lateral displacement of retaining wall behaves in cantilever mode from the beginning to the end and this may be connected with use of buttress or cross- wall; (2) excessive deformation induced may be linked to poor quality of diaphragm wall as well as faster pumping at the site; (3) Once buttress and cross- wall constructed by poor quality of hydraulic grab method, the effectiveness of said protection measure become significantly less; (4) Installation of high- quality cross- wall or buttress can reduce the deformation. However, a big difference is seen for impact from cross- wall or buttress once the distance to these measures is different; (5) Except very large displacement occurs, strain induced by stress relief of tunnel excavation is generally less than 0.5%. In addition, very limited number of instruments installed inside the tunnel next to excavation, it is thus difficult to explore further for induced behavior or damage of tunnel caused by the excavation. Therefore, it is suggested to select certain areas to install related instruments to collect useful data for further evaluation.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Entre os séculos I e VI, ocorreu um momento próspero com a presença dos romanos junto à foz do rio Sado. Estabeleceram a cidade de Cetóbriga (Setúbal) e desenvolveram em Troia o que é, atualmente, o maior sítio arqueológico escavado com vestígios de um complexo romano de fabricação de conservas de peixe do mundo – o Sítio Arqueológico de Troia.A Península de Troia representa uma barreira entre o oceano atlântico e o rio Sado e, por sua vez, tem uma caldeira com 2.5 km de comprimento, que comunica com o estuário e está sujeita à influência das marés, que a enchem e esvaziam, deixando à mostra o sapal e os fundos lodosos. Este elemento atribui características especiais a esta paisagem com fauna e flora diversa.Na margem estuarina da península encontram-se diversas construções romanas expostas à ação direta e indireta de fatores naturais como as ondas, marés, vento e salinidade. Devido à ação conjugada do vento de quadrante norte, das marés e chuvas, os vestígios têm sofrido um efeito erosivo que os põe a descoberto e os destrói lentamente, o que faz com que o areal que o envolve esteja repleto de materiais soltos das ruínas – spolea. Esta realidade origina também um transporte de sedimentos que resulta num desgaste nas praias a norte da restinga e provoca mais erosão, transportando sedimentos para a zona mais interior do estuário.A presente dissertação tem por objetivo propor meios de preservação, proteção e valorização destes vestígios arqueológicos que se encontram na orla costeira da península. Pretende-se ainda estimular a preservação do conhecimento e da consciência coletiva do bem, através da proposta de um percurso de visita mais abrangente, que integra os valores paisagísticos, ambientais e arquitetónicos, com recurso a uma estratégia sustentável, não invasiva, reversível e com recurso a material e técnicas rudimentares e respeitadoras do ambiente. Assim, surgem diversos passadiços de madeira que simultaneamente aproximam as pessoas da natureza e permitem que as dunas sejam preservadas através do seu não pisoteio, articulando as áreas naturais e de uso não exclusivamente turístico e disponibilizando novos pontos de observação da envolvente, para que os visitantes do sítio possam vivenciar uma experiência mais rica e ilustrativa daquele complexo industrial. Os passadiços passam a representar um instrumento que possibilita o conhecimento do local, a observação da sua envolvente natural e a proteção dos vestígios arqueológicos, articulando os diversos ambientes naturais: as praias atlânticas, a caldeira e respetivas margens e a zona do estuário do Sado, com as suas margens e praias.Procura-se a valorização deste património através da preservação da sua memória.
Between the 1st and 6th centuries, there was a prosperous moment with the presence of the Romans at the mouth of the river Sado. They established the city of Cetóbriga (Setúbal) and developed in Troia what is currently the largest archaeological site excavated with remains of a Roman complex for the manufacture of canned fish in the world – the Archaeological Site of Troia.The Troia Peninsula represents a barrier between the Atlantic Ocean and the Sado river and, in turn, has a caldera 2.5 km long, which communicates with the estuary and is subject to the influence of the tides, which fill and empty it, leaving it exposed the salt marsh and the muddy bottoms. This element attributes special characteristics to this landscape with diverse fauna and flora.On the estuary bank of the peninsula there are several Roman buildings exposed to the direct and indirect action of natural factors such as waves, tides, wind and salinity. Due to the combined action of the north wind, tides and rains, the remains have suffered an erosive effect that exposes them and slowly destroys them, which makes the sand that surrounds it to be full of loose materials from the ruins - spolea. This reality also causes a transport of sediments that results in wear on the beaches north of the restinga and causes more erosion, transporting sediments to the innermost part of the estuary.This dissertation aims to propose means of preservation, protection and enhancement of these archaeological remains that are found on the coastline of the peninsula. It is also intended to stimulate the preservation of knowledge and collective awareness of the good, through the proposal of a more comprehensive visit route, which integrates the landscape, environmental and architectural values, using a sustainable, non-invasive, reversible and with use of rudimentary and environmentally friendly material and techniques. Thus, there are several wooden walkways that simultaneously bring people closer to nature and allow the dunes to be preserved by not being trampled, articulating the natural areas and not exclusively for tourist use and providing new observation points of the surroundings, for visitors the site can experience a richer and more illustrative experience of that industrial complex. The walkways now represent an instrument that enables knowledge of the site, observation of its natural surroundings and protection of archaeological remains, articulating the various natural environments: the Atlantic beaches, the caldera and its banks and the Sado estuary area, with its shores and beaches.It seeks to enhance this heritage through the preservation of its memory.

There is an increasing pressure on planners to address rapid urbanisation and its impacts on the aesthetic qualities of urban landscape. This is mainly due to the increased sensitivity of the public towards the environment and its greater role, legislatively mandated, in the decision making process. One of the major challenges in land use planning is balancing spatial equity with economic efficiency, where the aspirations and expectations of stakeholders and those of the broader community, in terms of use of the land and its potential, are evaluated and met in a fair manner. The Hills Face Zone (HFZ) of the Adelaide Metropolis in South Australia, currently extending across nine Local Government jurisdictions, is one such example. The HFZ, which provides an important landscape backdrop to the Adelaide Metropolis, has been identified as critically important in the South Australian Planning Strategy and various Development Plans. It is recognised as providing a distinctive visual character to the city and other significant benefits including biodiversity, tourism and recreation.
The HFZ, first introduced in the Adelaide Metropolitan Development Plan in 1962 was endorsed by the South Australian Parliament in 1967 and codified through legislative changes to the Planning Act in 1971 to accommodate the importance of this landscape feature of Adelaide illustrating the strategic intentions of the government. However, despite the best intentions of all the governments since then, the HFZ stil seems to be clouded by confusion and uncertainty four decades on. There are two types of confusion and uncertainty associated with the HFZ landscape. The first, being the clarity of the statutory policy for the HFZ itself, which is the cause of different interpretations of the regulation by the planners, often, leading to lengthy and costly court cases. The second largely ignored so far, is the boundary (spatial) extent of the zone. Within Geographical Information Science these could be termed as the thematic uncertainty and the spatial uncertainty.
Assessment and quantification of the landscape???s thematic and spatial attributes underpinned by a scientific methodology is essential to provide a clear, accountable and sustainable strategic land use plan. This is more important in an urban planning context where planning zone boundaries can have substantial economic impacts, especially if most of the land parcels happen to be under private ownership.
This thesis examined an alternative approach to address the strategic land use planning issues pertaining to delineation of landscape boundaries within the framework of GIS by interpreting the planning policy in a Fuzzy Logic domain. A model for addressing the spatial uncertainty in Landscape Extent Estimation and Mapping (LEEM) using GIS and Fuzzy Logic is discussed and a methodology to establish categorical zone boundaries using fuzzy terms like good view, moderate slope, elevated areas etc. is demonstrated. Boundaries of the HFZ with Adelaide???s Mitcham Local Government Area (LGA) as a case study have been redrawn using various interpretations of visibility, land cover, greenness, slope and elevation of the landscape as a natural backdrop of Adelaide.
Three empirical models, adopting the Modelling View of knowledge engineering to represent a pro-conservation perspective, a pro-development perspective and a planner???s perspective were developed to illustrate the future of the HFZ as aspired to by each group. It was observed that a small difference in linguistic approximation values for the process variables, which translates to slightly differing perceptions in planning terminology, could lead to substantial difference in the outcomes. Thus, in planning terms, this would mean that although both the pro development and the pro conservation lobby are united in their aspirations for a sustainable HFZ, small difference in opinions for the process variables could lead to a substantial difference in the extent of the HFZ zone.
A successful marriage between computer modelling using Fuzzy Logic within Geographic Information Systems and expert opinion is demonstrated and, as such, suggests the suitability of these tools in planning decision making in the future.
Thesis ([PhDPlanning])--University of South Australia, 2005.

Introduction of IEC61850 standard for substation automation has envisaged higher efficiencies and reliability in operation of energy management systems (EMS). However, despite its benefits, utility companies are hesitant to adopt and integrate IEC61850 standard because of lack of knowledge and skills among engineers in power supply industry. Under this circumstance Victoria University has been a pioneer to model Victoria University Zone Substation Automation System based on IEC61850 standard which can be a test bench and training facility for people from industry and students in academic. Basically, the focus of this research project is concerned with the design and implementation of a model zone substation automation laboratory based on IEC61850. To simulate a real-world scenario, the model zone substation primary system is designed to match the exact requirements and arrangements as exists in Melbourne-Victoria grid terminal zone substations. Therefore, the Victoria University model Substation Automations Systems (SAS) also included two sub-transmission lines, two distribution transformers, bus couplers and feeders and their protection, control, measuring ang monitoring systems. For this SAS arrangements there are eight protection and control panels have been included to match the real-world scenario. Therefore, protection and control segregation have been designed for Main Protection (X - Protection) using ABB relays and Backup Protection (Y-Protection) using GE relays, and Communication switches, RTU and SCADA also from different venders like ABB, SIEMENS and other, and all of them compatible with the IEC61850 standard. For the designing purpose two stages have been defined; station bus level which includes configuration and communication between Protective Relays from ABB & GE, and stage two is process bus level including IEDs, CBs and Merging Units for sample values (SVs) Measurements. Through this project, interoperability facilities are inherent in IEC61850 communication standard are utilized to communicate and share substation events and reports among protection relays from different manufacturers such as ABB and GE and other. To implement this fundamental aspect of IEC61850 the overall communication system is connected to Ruggedcom switches and configured according to IEC61850 standards, using proprietary software packages and a system configuration (SCL). In fact, the main idea for development of Victoria zone substation laboratory is to provide power engineering students, and industries like utilities for hands on experience such as how to perform tests in IEC61850 functions using various software tools from different manufacturers. The main work for this research project was to identify the current industry requirements for SAS and design and develop a simulation system for the use of academic back ground. Therefore, to fulfil this task successfully my background as SAS design engineer work experiences contributed to a greater extent to design and implementation process of this research project. Moreover, with the extension of the IEC61850 from substation automation level to cover distribution & transmission automation for IEC61850- 9-2 LE. In short, Victoria University’s model zone substation laboratory can be utilized for R&D purposes customizing for any research studies based on IEC61850 communication standard, and given the capabilities offered by IEC61850 standard and limited implementation at substation level, development of a test bench for further utilization of IEC61850 in Power System Automation level is appreciable.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
101
More and more development projects have been seen in the corridor area next to Red and Orange Line of Kaohsiung MRT project after commence of operation of the project. Construction of basement of the said development projects is often delivered close to MRT structures and may affect safety of MRT system in operation. Therefore, authorities and operation organization of Kaohsiung MRT, have to carry out necessary review, supervision and management procedures accompanied with required regulations of protection and safety of MRT. In this study, through case study of Kaohsiung MRT and questionnaire survey, the analysis is delivered to evaluate acceptance of public for current regulations of protection and safety of MRT and also to explore whether any further improvement has to be done. Considering outcome from this study, it is concluded that (1) in general, current regulations are accepted by public; (2) the public still holds doubts in the units’ capability of crisis management once accident happens in construction activities delivered adjacent to MRT facilities; (3) the public acknowledged the necessity of implementing restrictions on the MRT construction and believe that current related regulations are reasonable. However, there are still rooms for further discussion on the legally required control for the metamorphic values; (4) a risk distribution scheme should be enacted to assess on the appropriateness of insurance purchased for construction cases proximity to MRT, such as deductible, legal cap on liability, insured period…etc.. It is suggested that the relative case of other countries shall be referred for further discussion; (5) when the contractors occasionally have difficulties in submitting monitoring report on time, the awareness to the clues of warning may be waned and delayed, resulting in the failure of seizing opportunities in advance and ensuing in the occurrences of the damages to MRT facilities. The solution lies in the exact enforcement and on-time delivering of the reports. It is strongly recommended that the related clauses should be amended to increase the penalties of violations so that the official authorities can enforce the regulation procedures on the construction units more directly and efficiently; (6) in Europe, Japan, Hong Kong or Singapore, the third impartial party is hired to ensure that the facilities will not be influenced by the adjacent construction. Their job is to independently examine the product of the prototypes and to guarantee that the construction will proceed under thoroughly investigation or censorship. Moreover, an impartial advisor could be hired for the enhancement of the quality and safety of construction.

Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments.
Graduation date: 2013

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica
O papel das tecnologias de informação e particularmente dos Sistemas dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), no desenvolvimento de planos de ordenamento e gestão do território, nos dias de hoje, é indispensável. Os SIG vieram operacionalizar processos, rentabilizar trabalho, tempo e dinheiro, introduzindo variáveis que há alguns anos era algo de impensável, optimizando, desta forma, os planos de ordenamento, tornando-os mais flexíveis e próximos da realidade. A ideia de utilizar as ferramentas SIG no ordenamento da Zona de Intervenção Florestal (ZIF)de Santo Antão surge atendendo ao crescente número de incêndios florestais, ao aumento das áreas percorridas pelos mesmos, ao curto ciclo de incêndios, ao abandono generalizado a que esta área tem estado sujeita, ao alheamento dos proprietários florestais, ao mau investimento em intervenções localizadas, à falta de verdadeiras políticas de ordenamento e gestão específicas para esta área. Desta forma-se, elaborou-se um plano de ordenamento cujo objectivo principal é o uso múltiplo da floresta em todas as suas vertentes, tendo por base o desenvolvimento sustentável de toda área e os interesses dos proprietários florestais em geral.(...)

My placement for the Master of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology (MAE) degree was with the Zoonoses, Foodborne and Emerging Infectious Diseases section (ZoFE), within the Office of Health Protection, Australian Government Department of Health. This placement has allowed me to apply the skills and knowledge of the epidemiology of infectious diseases acquired throughout my degree. I focused on the following four core projects. My review of the National Enhanced Listeriosis Surveillance System (NELSS) found that it had been invaluable in listeriosis surveillance in Australia since 2010. It has been used not only to detect clusters and outbreaks but has also assisted in the identification and investigation of possible sources of these outbreaks. NELSS is viewed as valuable with a high level of acceptability by the users of the system, despite limitations including a lack of understanding of system capabilities, duplication of data entry and the system not storing all available data. This review highlights the effectiveness of enhanced surveillance for a foodborne disease, though improvements are needed. In 2013 I was part of a team that investigated an outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis linked to a buffet meal served at a Canberra restaurant. The cohort study and environmental and laboratory investigations suggested that a breakdown in cleanliness, temperature control and food handling practices resulted in contamination of the buffet food. Our investigation resulted in public health actions, such as repairs to the kitchen of the implicated restaurant, staff training and the development of food business management plans, to limit the potential for such an outbreak to occur in the future. As there is no reliable treatment for Australian Bat lyssavirus (ABLV) or rabies virus infection upon the onset of symptoms, treatment must occur as either pre or post-exposure prophylaxis. The National Human Rabies Immunoglobulin Database records information of people who have received Human Rabies Immunoglobulin (HRIg) in Australia as part of post-exposure prophylaxis treatment. Between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2013, 3,003 individuals received HRIg for potential exposures to ABLV or rabies virus. A third received HRIg due to potential exposures to ABLV occurring in Australia. The current messaging for the risks of ABLV infection from bats in Australia should be reviewed and revised to ensure that it is appropriately targeted and effective. Two thirds of people received HRIg for potential exposures to the rabies virus overseas. Most occurred in Indonesia and most due to exposure to monkeys. We need to continue to warn of the risk of potential exposure to rabies virus when travelling overseas, particularly to Indonesia. Q fever is a zoonosis that has a wide range of reservoirs in Australia. In humans the disease can manifest as either acute febrile illness or chronic illness that may affect the heart or liver. The Australian Government funded the National Q fever Management Program (NQFMP) from 2000 to 2006, which provided screening and vaccination for target high risk groups. We found notified Q fever cases were predominately male, aged 40 to 59 years, who resided in Queensland or New South Wales. Interestingly the age of notified Q fever cases and the proportion of cases that were female both increased over time. It may be time to re-evaluate the at-risk groups recommended for Q fever vaccination as per the Australian Immunisation Handbook. Additionally, there may be a place for an agreed and consistent enhanced dataset for collection at the jurisdictional level or at the national level to better understand the epidemiology of Q fever in Australia.