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Journal articles on the topic 'ZnO photoanode'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Thor, Shen-Hui, Li-Ngee Ho, Soon-An Ong, Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin, and Cheng-Yong Heah. "Comparative efficiency study of photoanodes in the photocatalytic fuel cell integrated electro-Fenton hybrid system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1135, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1135/1/012006.

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Abstract Photoanode in photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) plays an important role in the dual chamber PFC integrating electro-Fenton (EF) hybrid system (PFC-EF system) since the photo-excitation process on the photoanode will contribute to the electrons for electricity generation and electro-generation of hydrogen peroxide in EF process. Fabrication of different types of photoanodes were carried out by using anodizing and immobilization method, respectively. The fabrication methods significantly affected the efficiencies of photoanodes in the Amaranth treatment. The characterization of the fabricated photoanodes was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The immobilized ZnO/Zn photoanode achieved the highest degradation efficiencies in both PFC (80.36%) and EF (86.88%). The immobilized ZnO/Zn photoanode also contributed to the highest power density (4.545 μW cm−2).
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2

Magiswaran, Kaiswariah, Mohd Natashah Norizan, Norsuria Mahmed, Ili Salwani Mohamad, Siti Norhafizah Idris, Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri, Nowshad Amin, et al. "Controlling the Layer Thickness of Zinc Oxide Photoanode and the Dye-Soaking Time for an Optimal-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell." Coatings 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010020.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were developed by exploiting the photovoltaic effect to convert solar energy into electrical energy. The photoanode layer thickness significantly affects the semiconductor film’s ability to carry electronic charges, adsorb sensitizing dye molecules, and lower the recombination of photo-excited electrons injected into the semiconductor. This study investigated the dependence of the zinc oxide (ZnO) photoanode thin-film thickness and the film soaking time in N719 dye on the photocurrent–voltage characteristics. The ZnO photoanode was applied to glass using the doctor blade method. The thickness was varied by changing the scotch tape layers. The ZnO-based DSSC attained an efficiency of 2.77% with three-layered photoanodes soaked in the dye for three hours, compared to a maximum efficiency of 0.68% that was achieved with three cycles using the dip-coating method in other research. The layer thickness of the ZnO photoanode and its optimal adsorption time for the dye are important parameters that determine the efficiency of the DSSC. Therefore, this work provides important insights to further improve the performance of DSSCs.
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3

Kim, Kiwon, and Jun Hyuk Moon. "Bismuth Vanadate/Zinc Oxide Heterojunction Electrodes for High Solar Water-Splitting Efficiency at Low Bias Potential." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (April 13, 2018): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1894.

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A photoanode exhibiting high water-splitting efficiency at low bias potential is essential for stand-alone water-splitting devices through a tandem system combined with a photovoltaic device. However, many previous studies employing a typical BiVO4/WO3 heterojunctions focused on water oxidation at the maximum thermodynamic water splitting potential, 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE). Here, we suggest a strategy for high water oxidation efficiency at low potential using 3D BiVO4/ZnO heterojunction photoanodes. The BiVO4/ZnO heterojunction exhibits a lower onset potential compared to the commonly used WO3 heterojunction. Due to the 3D ordered structure, the BiVO4/ZnO achieves enhanced light harvesting efficiency and improve charge separation efficiency at low bias potential by ZnO heterojunction. As a result, the BiVO4/ZnO photoanode exhibits a water-splitting photocurrent density of 3.3 ± 0.2 mA /cm2 is obtained at 0.6 VRHE under 1 sun illumination.
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4

Silwal, Surendra Bikram, Rameshwar Adhikari, Prakash Lamichhane, and Netra Lal Bhandari. "Natural dyes as photo-sensitizer in solar cells." BIBECHANA 17 (January 1, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.25599.

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The objective of this research is to employ the natural dyes in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). On account of eco-friendly, renewable, and non-hazardous properties of natural dyes over silicon, a semiconductor, photo-sensitizer in conventional solar cells, cyclohexane extract of Terminalia alata, a natural dye, was employed as photo-sensitizer. The photoanodes ZnO and 5% Al-doped ZnO for DSSCs were developed by spray pyrolysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) has shown hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with lattice constants a = 3.2487 Å and b = 5.1518 Å having particle size 25.85 nm for ZnO and 33.17 nm for Al-doped ZnO. The DSSC properties such as solar conversion efficiency (η), short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) were found to be 0.31%, 2.10 mA/cm2, 0.73V, and 45% for ZnO photoanode and 0.37%, 2.25mA/cm2, 0.70 V, and 52.10% for 5% Al-doped photoanode respectively. BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 27-32
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5

Zhao, Su Qin, Hai Qin Li, Yuan Liang Ma, Yan Ma, Xiao Lei Li, and Hui Ming Ji. "Study of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with TiO2/ZnO Composite Thin Film as Photoanode." Advanced Materials Research 1058 (November 2014): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1058.248.

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TiO2/ZnO composite thin film was prepared by sequentially spread TiO2and ZnO thin film on the ground layer by layer with sol-gel method respectively. Two different natural dyes (Hehuang safflower yellow pigment and Lycium ruthenicum Murr pigment) were used as sensitizer respectively to sensitize TiO2/ZnO thin film photoanodes and be assembled into solar cells. Dipping time of photoanodes stayed in sensitizer was investigated systematically and the results show that higher photovoltaic conversion efficiency can be obtained with extension of immersing time. The phase structure, crystallinity, morphology and optical property of photoanode were characterized based on XRD, SEM and UV-vis measurements.
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6

Beedri, Niyamat I., Prashant K. Baviskar, Abhijit T. Supekar, Inamuddin, Sandesh R. Jadkar, and Habib M. Pathan. "Bilayered ZnO/Nb2O5 photoanode for dye sensitized solar cell." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400465.

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Nb2O5 layer were deposited on ZnO by using doctor blade method. The preparation of a bilayered ZnO/Nb2O5 photoanode was introduce for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application. Deposition of Nb2O5 layer on ZnO film improves power conversion efficiency of DSSCs. The ZnO/Nb2O5photoanode-based DSSCs show increase in photocurrent, open circuit voltage and conversion efficiency. The ZnO/Nb2O5 solar cell provides 50 mV increase of open circuit voltage, [Formula: see text] increment in current density and [Formula: see text] increment in efficiency as compare to ZnO-based DSSCs. We further analyzed the electron recombination properties of ZnO and ZnO/Nb2O5 by utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS analysis (Bode Plot) for ZnO/Nb2O5 photoanode show shifting of the peak related to electron recombination towards low frequency as compared to ZnO photoanode. Thus, there is an increase in lifetime of electrons in the ZnO/Nb2O5 photoanode, confirming that the recombination reactions are reduced in ZnO/Nb2O5 photoanode as compared to the ZnO.
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7

Mohamad, Ili Salwani, Mohd Natashah Norizan, Norsuria Mahmed, Nurnaeimah Jamalullail, Dewi Suriyani Che Halin, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Andrei Victor Sandu, Madalina Simona Baltatu, and Petrica Vizureanu. "Enhancement of Power Conversion Efficiency with Zinc Oxide as Photoanode and Cyanococcus, Punica granatum L., and Vitis vinifera as Natural Fruit Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Coatings 12, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111781.

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Ruthenium N719 is a well-known material used as the dye in commercial dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices. However, it poses risks to human health and the environment over time. On the other hand, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has low electron mobility and high recombination losses when used as a photoanode in this photovoltaic technology device. In addition, using Ruthenium as the dye material harms the environment and human health. As an alternative sensitizer to compensate Ruthenium on two different photoanodes (TiO2 and ZnO), we constructed DSSC devices in this study using three different natural dyes (blueberry, pomegranate, and black grape). In good agreement with the anthocyanin content in the fruits, black grape, with the highest anthocyanin content (450.3 mg/L) compared to other fruit dyes (blueberry—386.6 mg/L and pomegranate—450.3 mg/L), resulted in the highest energy conversion efficiency (3.63%) for the natural dye-based DSSC. Furthermore, this research proved that the electrical performance of natural dye sensitizer in DSSC applications with a ZnO photoanode is better than using hazardous Ru N719 dye with a TiO2 photoanode owing to the advantage of high electron mobility in ZnO.
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8

Safriani, Lusi. "Pengaruh Penambahan Nanopartikel ZnO Terhadap Morfologi Nanokomposit TiO2/ZnO." Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika 6, no. 2 (August 8, 2022): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jiif.v6i2.41201.

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The photoanode layer which is generally an oxide semiconductor material plays an important role in dye-sensitized solar cells. Photoanode facilitate electron transfer from dye to external circuit and electron injection from the dye. Photoanode should have a high surface area as well as high pore size to accommodate the dye sensitizer capacity optimally. To improve the function of TiO2-based photoanode, it can be done by adding ZnO nanoparticles. The characterization results showed that the addition of nanoparticles did not change the structure of each component, ZnO had a hexagonal wurtzite structure while TiO2 had a tetragonal structure in the anatase phase. The surface morphology of ZnO, TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites is quite homogeneous with spherical particles. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles affects the specific surface area and pore volume of TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites. Compared to the specific surface area and pore volume of TiO2, the addition of ZnO nanoparticles increased the specific surface area by 68% and the specific pore volume to three times the TiO2 pore volume
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9

Zhao, Shuaitongze, and Shifeng Xu. "Semiconductor Photoanode Photoelectric Properties of Methanol Fuel Cells." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2906.

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One-dimensional TiO2, ZnO, and Fe2O3 nanorod arrays are selected as the photocatalytic methanol fuel cell photoanodes, and a greenhouse catalytic methanol fuel cell device is designed. With the photo-generated holes' participation in fuel molecules' oxidation in the semiconductor electrode, chemical energy is converted into electric energy. Firstly, with pot-doped tin dioxide (TRS) as the substrate, TiO2, ZnO, and Fe2O3 nanorod arrays are prepared by hydrothermal method. TiO2 and ZnO are excellent photoelectric catalytic materials with similar energy band capability and strong separation capability for photo-generated charges in the energy band analysis. With a narrow band gap, Fe2O3 can be oxidized by water with visible light. In the experiment, different anodes' photoelectric properties are tested by the Mott-Schottky equation, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical analysis. The results show that the ZnO-based photoanode's maximum short-circuit current can reach 1.86 mA/cm2, and its open-circuit voltage can reach 1.15 V, the ZnO-based photoanode's 0.92 mA/cm2 and 1.36 V, and the Fe2O3-based photoanode's 0.08 mA/cm2 and 1.18 V. Compared with Fe2O3 electrodes, TiO2 and ZnO thin-film electrodes have better photocurrent conversion ability in dark, simulated sunlight, and visible light conditions. Fe2O3 electrodes can also generate strong instantaneous anode photocurrents after irradiation.
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10

Jiao, Yu, Guang Chao Wang, Feng Rong Li, and Shu Hong Xie. "Efficiency Enhancement of ZnO Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Post-Treatment." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.901.

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In this paper, ZnO nanocrystalline photoanodes were treated by zinc acetate aqueous solution. The effect of surface chemical modification processing on the photovoltaic performance and electrochemical properties of ZnO nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were studied systematically. The SEM results revealed that the surface of the ZnO photoanode films were rough and some aggregations were formed after the surface chemical modification processing. The number of aggregations increased with increasing processing time, and showed wide grain size distribution simultaneously, which effectively increased the light scattering and decreased the grain boundaries to suppress the electron recombination. Moreover, the surface of these photoanode films were filled with micropores, which was benefit to the infiltration of electrolyte solution. The short circuit current density increased from 7.20 mA•cm-2 to 8.61 mA • cm-2 when post-treatment 20 min, and the maximum energy conversion efficiency reached 3.61%, which enhanced 43% compared with that without post-treatment.
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11

Zhang, BingKe, Qi Li, Dongbo Wang, Jinzhong Wang, Baojiang Jiang, Shujie Jiao, DongHao Liu, et al. "Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over TiO2-X Mesoporous Spheres-ZnO Nanorods Heterojunction." Nanomaterials 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10112096.

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Photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen is regarded as one of the key solutions to the deterioration of the global environment and energy. Due to the significantly reduced grain boundaries, ZnO nanorods facilitate a fast electron transfer through their smooth tunnels and are well suited as a photocatalyst. However, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of pristine ZnO nanorods is still low due to the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and the less light absorption. Here, a novel structure about black ZnO nanorods (NRs)/TiO2-X mesoporous spheres (MSs) heterojunction has been prepared and the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance has been explored. The photocatalytic activity test results showed that ZnO NRs/TiO2-X MSs exhibited higher catalytic activity than ZnO NRs for hydrogen production. Compared to the pure ZnO NRs photoanode, the photocurrent of ZnO NRs/TiO2-X MSs heterojunction photoanode could reach 0.41 mA/cm2 in view of the expanding spectral response region and effective inhibition of e−/h+ recombination at the same condition. Using a relatively integrated experimental investigation and mechanism analysis, we scrutinized that after being treated with NaBH4, TiO2 MSs introduce oxygen vacancies expanding the photocatalytic activity of pure TiO2, and improving conductivity and charge transport capabilities through coating on ZnO NRs. More importantly, the results provide a promising approach in the NRs/MSs composite structure serving as photoanodes for photocatalytic hydrogen production.
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12

Wang, Yan Xiang, Sun Jian, and Bing Xin Zhao. "Preparation of ZnO Films with Different Morphologies and their Applications in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." Key Engineering Materials 519 (July 2012): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.519.70.

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The influences of ZnO photoanode structure on the properties of ZnO dye-sensitized solar cell were studied in this paper. Four kinds of ZnO photoanode films prepared from ZnO nanopowders, nanorods, nanosheets and aggregates were investigated. Their photovoltaic parameters were discussed and compared. ZnO cell consisted of ZnO aggregates had optimal properties, photoelectric conversion efficiency, open circuit voltage, short-circuit current and the fill factor of ZnO aggregates cells were 2.15%, 0.64V, 6.47mA•cm-2 and 0.52, respectively.
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13

Xu, Yang, Xina Wang, Rong Liu, and Hao Wang. "Preparation and Photovoltaic Properties of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Using ZnO Nanorods Stacking Films on AZO Substrate as Photoanode." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11855.

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Three-dimensional stacking of ZnO nanorods on conducting aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) glass were studied as efficient photoanodes of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). By changing hydrothermal growth time and cycle times, the thickness of ZnO nanorods stacking films varied from 30 μm to 64 μm, and its influence on the energetic conversion efficiency of the DSSCs based on the stacking films photoanodes was investigated. The loading density of N719 on the surface of ZnO nanorods was studied to increase the efficiency of the cells. Annealing experiments showed that the AZO substrates remained good conductors until heated above 350 °C. A photoelectric conversion efficiency as high as ∼2.0% together with Isc of ∼9.5 mA/cm2, Voc of ∼0.5 V and FF of ∼41.4% was achieved for the DSSC using 50 μm-thick film stacking by ZnO nanorods as photoanode and N719 as sensitizer under illumination of AM1.5G solar light (power density of 100 mW/cm2). A charge separation and transfer mechanism was proposed for the ZnO nanorods stacking electrode-based DSSCs.
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14

Zhai, Bao-gai, Long Yang, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Improving the Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Growing Longer ZnO Nanorods on TiO2 Photoanodes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1821837.

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By increasing the temperature of hydrothermal reactions from 70 to 100°C, vertically aligned ZnO nanorods were grown on the TiO2 thin film in the photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as the blocking layer to reduce the electron back recombinations at the TiO2/electrolyte interfaces. The length effects of ZnO nanorods on the photovoltaic performances of TiO2 based DSSCs were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, photoluminescence spectrophotometer, and the photocurrent-voltage measurement. Under the illumination of 100 mW/cm2, the power conversion efficiency of DSSC with ZnO nanorods decorated TiO2 thin film as its photoanode can be increased nearly fourfold from 0.27% to 1.30% as the length of ZnO nanorods increases from 300 to 1600 nm. The enhanced efficiency of DSSC with ZnO nanorods decorated TiO2 thin film as the photoanode can be attributed to the larger surface area and the lower defect density in longer ZnO nanorods, which are in favor of more dye adsorption and more efficient transport in the photoanode.
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15

Rahman, Mati, Mingdeng Wei, Fengyan Xie, and Matiullah Khan. "Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Composed of Nanostructural ZnO Doped with Ti." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 17, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030273.

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Photoanode materials with optimized particle sizes, excellent surface area and dye loading capability are preferred in good-performance dye sensitized solar cells. Herein, we report on an efficient dye-sensitized mesoporous photoanode of Ti doped zinc oxide (Ti-ZnO) through a facile hydrothermal method. The crystallinity, morphology, surface area, optical and electrochemical properties of the Ti-ZnO were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was observed that Ti-ZnO nanoparticles with a high surface area of 131.85 m2 g−1 and a controlled band gap, exhibited considerably increased light harvesting efficiency, dye loading capability, and achieved comparable solar cell performance at a typical nanocrystalline ZnO photoanode.
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16

Umar, Ahmad, Mohammad Akhtar, Tubia Almas, Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohammed Al-Assiri, Yoshitake Masuda, Qazi Rahman, and Sotirios Baskoutas. "Direct Growth of Flower-Shaped ZnO Nanostructures on FTO Substrate for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Crystals 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080405.

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The proposed work reports that ZnO nanoflowers were grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a solution process at low temperature. The high purity and well-crystalline behavior of ZnO nanoflowers were established by X-ray diffraction. The morphological characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers were clearly revealed that the grown flower structures were in high density with 3D floral structure comprising of small rods assembled as petals. Using UV absorption and Raman spectroscopy, the optical and structural properties of the ZnO nanoflowers were studied. The photoelectrochemical properties of the ZnO nanoflowers were studied by utilizing as a photoanode for the manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The fabricated DSSC with ZnO nanoflowers photoanode attained reasonable overall conversion efficiency of ~1.40% and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of ~4.22 mA cm−2 with an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.615 V and a fill factor (FF) of ~0.54. ZnO nanostructures have given rise to possible utilization as an inexpensive and efficient photoanode materials for DSSCs.
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17

TAHIR, MUHAMMAD BILAL, HASNAIN JAVAD, KHALID NADEEM, and A. MAJID. "ZnO THIN FILMS: RECENT DEVELOPMENT, FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL." Surface Review and Letters 25, no. 07 (October 2018): 1930001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19300016.

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Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) provide promisingly, organic–inorganic, clean hybrid, cost effective and efficient molecular solar cell devices. Due to their distinct and multifunctional qualities, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are promising materials used to create photoanodes for DSSCs due to the availability of larger surface area than bulk sheet substance, effectual light-dispersing centers, and when mixed with titanium dioxide they produce a core–shell formation that diminishes the coalition rate and provide direct charge. Moreover, ZnO thin sheets have been broadly observed due of its potential application in various fields i.e. piezoelectric, photovoltaic, pyroelectric and optoelectronic utilization. This review studies the recent advances in the fabrication of zinc oxide-based photovoltaics; synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with variable morphologies including thin sheets, nanotubes, nanorods, nanoflowers, nanofibers and factors that control the growth and morphologies of these nanospecies and part of crystallographic planes for the fabrication of various zinc oxide nanoshapes. In the next part of this paper, numerous fabrication routes — doped and undoped ZnO thin films — are discussed and different parameters of photovoltaics are investigated, e.g. efficiency pre and post annealing temperatures, fill factors spinning speed and coating time, additives, nature of precursor which impacts on morphological and optical parameters of these sheets. In short, this review is dedicated to the ZnO photoanode, its properties, issues related to ZnO photoanode, various improvement approaches, fabrication methods successfully trialled so far followed by market potential of the DSSC technology, conclusion and recommendations
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18

Fan, Weiqiang, Yilin Ge, Biyi Chen, Hongye Bai, and Weidong Shi. "Fabrication of stable photoanode built from ZnO nanosheets in situ decorated with carbon film." Functional Materials Letters 10, no. 05 (October 2017): 1750068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604717500680.

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In this work, we successfully fabricated a novel stable photoanode, which was built from ZnO nanosheets in situ decorated with carbon film (ZnO/carbon). The thin carbon film, as a passivation layer, can not only improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance, but also significantly depress the photocorrosion of ZnO. Compared with bare ZnO photoanode, the photocurrent density of ZnO/carbon has been increased nearly five times, and its IPCE value can be up to 27% (0.5[Formula: see text]V versus Ag/AgCl). Moreover, the XRD, SEM and TEM data further demonstrate the crystal and microscopic structure of ZnO/carbon in detail.
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Chang, Qiqi, Jun Xu, Yijun Han, Andrea Ehrmann, Tianhong He, and Ruiping Zheng. "Photoelectric Performance Optimization of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on ZnO-TiO2 Composite Nanofibers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7356943.

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As the electron transport layer of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the photoanode is an important component that affects photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). The commonly used material titanium dioxide (TiO2) is difficult to prepare as nanostructures with large specific surface area, which affects dye loading and electrolyte diffusion. Herein, TiO2 nanofibers and ZnO-TiO2 composite nanofibers with different molar ratios are synthesized by electrospinning technology. The above nanofibers are coated on photoanodes by the doctor blade method to assemble DSSCs. The influence of the composite ratio of ZnO-TiO2 composite nanofibers on the photoelectric performance of the assembled DSSCs is explored. The ZnO-TiO2 composite nanofibers with a molar ratio of 1 : 2 have large specific surface area and porosity and have the smallest charge transfer resistance at the photoanode-electrolyte interface. The PCE of the nanofiber-modified DSSCs reaches a maximum of 3.66%, which is 56% higher than that of the TiO2 nanofiber-modified DSSCs. The photovoltaic parameters such as open circuit voltage (VOC), current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) are 0.58 V, 10.36 mA/cm2, and 0.61, respectively. Proper compounding of zinc oxide (ZnO) can not only make the nanofibers absorb more dyes and enhance the light-harvesting ability but also improve the diffusion of the electrolyte and enhance the electron transport, thus successfully improving the power conversion efficiency of DSSCs.
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20

Shi, Hai Ying, Jun Qing Tian, and Wei Zheng. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Assembled with Modified Photoanode and Carbon Nanotubes as Counter Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 977 (June 2014): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.55.

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A dye-sensitized TiO2 thin film photoanode and carbon-based counter elctrode were fabricated on the FTO substrate with doctor-blade method. And we have coated the ZnO nanoparticles successfully on the TiO2 photoanode through a simple dipping treatment. The photoelectric performance of the assembled cells was investigated by absorption spectra and current-voltage characteristics (I-V curves). Results show that the absorbance of ZnO/TiO2 composite photoanode increases 5.4% compared to pure TiO2 photoanode. The optimal photoelectronic property can be reached when dipping time is 2h in Zn (CH3COO)2 solution. And at this point, the photoelectric conversion efficiency increases up to 50%. The enhancement mechanism has been discussed in detail.
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21

Ma, Cheng-Wen, Chia-Ming Chang, Po-Cheng Huang, and Yao-Joe Yang. "Sea-Urchin-Like ZnO Nanoparticle Film for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/679474.

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We present novel sea-urchin-like ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using a chemical solution method. Solution approaches to synthesizing ZnO nanostructures have several advantages including low growth temperatures and high potential for scaling up. We investigated the influence of reaction times on the thickness and morphology of sea-urchin-like ZnO nanoparticles, and XRD patterns show strong intensity in every direction. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were developed using the synthesized ZnO nanostructures as photoanodes. The DSSCs comprised a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass with dense ZnO nanostructures as the working electrode, a platinized FTO glass as the counter electrode, N719-based dye, and I-/I3-liquid electrolyte. The DSSC fabricated using such nanostructures yielded a high power conversion efficiency of 1.16% with an incident photo-to-current efficiency (IPCE) as high as 15.32%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the characteristics of DSSCs. An improvement in the electron transport in the ZnO photoanode was also observed.
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22

Holi, Araa Mebdir, Zulkarnain Zainal, Asla A. Al-Zahrani, Asmaa Kadim Ayal, and Asmaa Soheil Najm. "Effect of Varying AgNO3 and CS(NH2)2 Concentrations on Performance of Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO Photoanode." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 2950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082950.

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This research focuses on improving the photoelectrochemical performance of binary heterostructure Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO by manipulating synthesis conditions, particularly the concentrations of sliver nitrate AgNO3 and thiourea CS(NH2)2. The photoelectrochemical performance of Ag2S/ZnO nanorods on indium tin oxide (ITO) nanocomposite was compared to pristine ZnO NRs/ITO photoanode. The hydrothermal technique, an eco-friendly, low-cost method, was used to successfully produce Ag2S/ZnO NRs at different concentrations of AgNO3 and CS(NH2)2. The obtained thin films were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and photoelectrochemical studies (PECs). We observed that there was an enhancement in absorbance in the visible region and effective photoelectron transfer between the Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO photoelectrode and the electrolyte Red-Ox when illuminated with 100 mW cm−2. Increasing the concentration of AgNO3 caused a remarkable decrease in the optical bandgap energy (Eg) values. However, we noticed that there was an unstable trend in Eg when the concentration of CS(NH2)2 was adjusted. The photoelectrochemical studies revealed that at a bias of 1.0 V, and 0.005 M of AgNO3 and 0.03 M of CS(NH2)2, the maximum photocurrent of the Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO photoanode was 3.97 mA/cm2, which is almost 11 times that of plain ZnO nanorods. Based on the outcomes of this investigating, the Ag2S/ZnO NRs/ITO photoanode is proposed as a viable alternative photoanode in photoelectrochemical applications.
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23

Mahesh, Arumugam. "Photovoltaic Performance of ZnO Nanosheets Solar Cell Sensitized with Beta-Substituted Porphyrin." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/301873.

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The photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was fabricated using two-dimensional ZnO nanosheets (2D ZnO NSs) sensitized with beta-substituted porphyrins photosensitizer, and its photovoltaic performance in solid-state DSSC with TiO2nanotubes (TiO2TNs) modified poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer electrolyte was studied. The ZnO NSs were synthesized through hydrothermal method and were characterized through high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), diffused reflectance spectra (DRS), photoluminescence spectra (PL), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The crystallinity of the polymer electrolytes was investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis. The photovoltaic performance of the beta-substituted porphyrins sensitized solar cells was evaluated under standard AM1.5G simulated illumination (100 mW cm−2). The efficiency of energy conversion from solar to electrical due to 2D ZnO NSs based DSSCs is 0.13%, which is about 1.6 times higher than that of the control DSSC using ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as photoanode (0.08%), when TiO2NTs fillers modified PEO electrolyte was incorporated in the DSSCs. The current-voltage () and photocurrent-time () curves proved stable with effective collection of electrons, when the 2D ZnO nanostructured photoanode was introduced in the solid-state DSSC.
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Diantoro, Markus, Syahri Yanor, Thathit Suprayogi, Nandang Mufti, Aripriharta, Ahmad Taufiq, Sunaryono, and Worawat Meevasana. "Annealing Temperature Effect of ZnO Seed Layer on Integrated Photosupercapacitor Performance." Key Engineering Materials 851 (July 2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.16.

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Photosupercapacitor is an integrated device for harvesting and storing solar energy into electrical energy. Photosupercapacitor is constructed by solar cell and supercapacitor. In the solar cell with DSSC type, one of the influential variables is photoanode performance. The photoanode with ZnO layer plays a role in light absorption, charge mobility, and electrical properties, which are influenced by crystal structure and nanoscale morphology. One of nanoscale morphology of ZnO that widely used is nanorods. This work is focussed to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on seed layer ZnO to growth nanorods shape in photoanode of photosupercapacitor and its performance. The seed layer ZnO nanoparticle was deposited onto FTO substrate by a screen printing method. The ZnO nanorod was grown by dippin FTO/ZnO in solution (Zinc nitrate, HMT, and DI water) under 100 °C. The photosupercapacitor was constructed by DSSC and ZnO symmetric supercapacitor which integrated by using aluminum foil substrate. The annealing temperature on ZnO nanoparticles affected on increasing crystal size of ZnO seed. All of the samples show ZnO wurtzite phase with the highest peak located on the hkl plane (101), but ZnO nanorod growth to hkl plane (100). The DSSC part efficiency produced around 0.874%. The resulting efficiency of photosupercapacitor is around 0.549%. The annealing temperature causes the value of specific capacitance to decrease, because of decreasing DSSC performance.
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25

Lin, Yichang, and Sheng Liu. "Synthesis of ZnO/Bi2S3 Core/Shell Nanowire Array Photoanodes for Photocathodic Protection of Stainless Steel." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020244.

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Nanocrystalline Bi2S3 shells were conformally deposited on ZnO nanowire arrays via a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction approach. Microstructure, optical, and electric properties of the as-prepared ZnO/Bi2S3 core/shell nanowire heterostructures were thoroughly investigated using various characterization and electrochemical methods. Compared with the pristine ZnO photoanode (−734 mV and 0.57 mA·cm−2), the ZnO/Bi2S3 photoanode with a type-II heterojunction exhibited a more negative shift in the coupled open circuit potential (−862 mV) and a higher photocurrent density (2.92 mA·cm−2), achieving more effective photocathodic protections for the coupled 304 stainless steel under solar illumination.
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26

Ittikhad, Ahmad Al, Markus Diantoro, and Andrivo Rusydi. "Enhance Growth Temperature ZnO Nr Photoanode DSSC for Performance of Photo-Supercapacitor via Hydrothermal." Materials Science Forum 1053 (February 17, 2022): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-y4u7hu.

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Photo-supercapacitor (PSC) is integrated harvesting energy, that a combination of DSSC with a symmetric supercapacitor. A crucial part of the conversion of photon energy by DSSC is a photoanode. The DSSC photoanode used ZnO NR, because it is known as one of the optical semiconductor materials, which has bandgap of 3.37 eV. Due to good cycle stability and high conductivity, the supercapacitor electrode uses activated carbon-carbon black (AC-CB) materials. This study observed the enhance of temperature growth on the structure, morphology, and optical properties of ZnO NR photoanode to improve the photo-supercapacitor's performance. The hydrothermal method has been chosen to grow ZnO NR photoanode at growth temperature of 100, 150, and 200 °C for 4 hours. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of ZnO NR were analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV Vis, respectively. The electrical performance of photo-supercapacitor were analyzed by IV data. XRD pattern has identified an increase peak in the hkl (002) of c-axis orientation and SEM data has identified that ZnO NR grows perpendicular to the substrate according to the preferred orientation. The optical properties has identified a shift to a small bandgap (redshift). For the electrical performance, photo-supercapacitor has increased in maximum current (Imax) as the growth temperature increases, and the maximum current is obtained by a growth temperature of 200 °C, which is 14.45 μA.
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27

Hrapkowicz, Bartlomiej, Kinga Jędrzejczak, Pawel Jarka, and Tomasz Tański. "Effect of the Nanostructures Addition on TiO<sub>2</sub> Photoanode and DSSC Properties." Solid State Phenomena 326 (November 2, 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.326.89.

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Photoelectrodes are key components of the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and as such improving their properties, may lead to an overall improvement of the entire cell.This paper aims to fabricate and compare the properties of various photoanodes (resulting in DSSCs) to determine how the overall efficiency of the cell is affected by various additives mixed into the TiO2 paste deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) covered glass, thus changing the photoanode composition. The TiO2 paste has been previously mixed with various materials such as ZnO, SiO2, Pd, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Basing on the prepared photoanodes, DSSCs have been prepared and analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, were tested on a SS I-V CT-02 laboratory stand equipped with a Photo Emission Tech SS150AAA solar radiation simulator and Keithley 2401 low-voltage multimeter. The test results allowed for a determination of their properties and comparison. The highest efficiency has been obtained for the DSSCs based on photoanodes with TiO2 (1.58%) and TiO2/ZnO (1.52%).
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He, Haizhou, Jie Li, Yang Liu, Qiong Liu, Faqi Zhan, Yaomin Li, Wenzhang Li, and Jin Wen. "S-C3N4 Quantum Dot Decorated ZnO Nanorods to Improve Their Photoelectrochemical Performance." Nano 12, no. 05 (March 31, 2017): 1750064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292017500643.

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S-doped C3N4 quantum dots (SCNQDs) were synthesized successfully by a low-temperature solid-phase method. The as-synthesised SCNQDs were decorated on ZnO nanorods by a dipping method. The ZnO nanorod films were prepared through a two-stage method, including pulse electrodeposition for depositing ZnO seed layer on fluorine doping SnO2 glass (FTO) and chemical bath for growing ZnO nanorods on the ZnO seed layer. The prepared samples were characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photoelectrochemical performances of the prepared samples were estimated using linear sweep voltammograms, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), Mott–Schottky, transient photocurrent and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE). The results show that the light absorption edge of the prepared SCNQDs increases from 326[Formula: see text]nm (CNQDs) to 349[Formula: see text]nm after S doping. The CNQD decorated ZnO photoanode film exhibits 1.34 times as high photocurrent as bare ZnO photoanode film. Importantly, the photocurrent increased to 1.79 times than bare ZnO photoanode film by S doping at 1.0[Formula: see text]V (versus Ag/AgCl), which is attributed to a wider light absorption of SCNQDs and a better efficiency of electron transfer in the interface between SCNQDs and ZnO.
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29

Borysiewicz, M. A., S. Chusnutdinow, M. Wzorek, and T. Wojciechowski. "Efficiency Improvement in Co-sensitized DSSCs Through a Cascade Band Alignment of N-719 and Rose Bengal Dyes on Nanostructured ZnO Photoanodes." MRS Advances 2, no. 14 (2017): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.111.

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ABSTRACTWe show that by subsequent sensitization of nanostructured ZnO photoanodes with N-719 and Rose Bengal dyes an improvement or worsening of the cell efficiency may be obtained, relating to photoanodes sensitized with N-719 dye only (JSC = 2.97 mA/cm2, VOC = 0.68 V, η = 0.99%) depending on the order in which the dyes are applied. We observe that for the case when the N-719 dye is followed by Rose Bengal an increase in efficiency, short circuit current and open circuit voltage is observed (JSC = 3.95 mA/cm2, VOC = 0.71 V, η = 1.26%), which we relate to the cascade band alignment of the ZnO and the dyes. In the case when Rose Bengal is first on ZnO followed by N-719, a lowering of all parameters is observed (JSC = 2.86 mA/cm2, VOC = 0.64 V, η = 0.94%) due to the trap band alignment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and modelling confirmed this theory showing longer electron lifetimes in the photoanode for the cascade band alignment, enhancing electron-hole separation, than for the trap alignment, facilitating electron-hole recombination.
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30

Deng, Jianping, Minqiang Wang, Chengao Yang, Jing Liu, and Xiaohui Song. "TiO2 nanoparticle/ZnO nanowire hybrid photoanode for enhanced quantum dot-sensitized solar cell performance." RSC Adv. 4, no. 77 (2014): 41141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra05033a.

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31

Kang, Xiaohui, Chunyang Jia, Zhongquan Wan, Jia Zhuang, and Juan Feng. "A novel tri-layered photoanode of hierarchical ZnO microspheres on 1D ZnO nanowire arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells." RSC Advances 5, no. 22 (2015): 16678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra17063f.

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A novel tri-layered ZnO nanostructure, consisting of ZnO nanowires as the underlayer, small ZnO hierarchical microspheres as the interlayer and large ZnO hierarchical microspheres as the overlayer, was designed and studied as a photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells.
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32

SALEEM, MUHAMMAD, L. FANG, M. ASHFAQ AHMAD, RIZWAN RAZA, F. WU, W. J. LI, C. L. XU, L. HU, and S. J. XUE. "SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF ZnO NANOWIRES IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS VIA WATER BATH METHOD." Nano 09, no. 06 (August 2014): 1450061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292014500611.

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Zinc oxide ( ZnO ) nanowire (NW) films were synthesized at low temperature (95°C) through amine-assisted solution process and used as photoanode for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It was found that with the addition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and ammonium hydroxide ( NH 4 OH ) in growth solution, the NWs were smaller in diameter and longer in length by prolonging the growth time without refreshing the growth solution. A reasonable overall conversion efficiency of 1.25% was achieved with photoanode based on ZnO NWs containing PEI and NH 4 OH . However, DSSC fabricated with ZnO NWs not containing PEI and NH 4 OH showed low conversion efficiency of 0.58%. All the DSSCs exhibited almost similar values of open circuit voltage (V OC ) and fill factor (FF). Interestingly, DSSC based on ZnO NWs with PEI and NH 4 OH obtained two times higher short circuit current density (J SC ) compared to ZnO NWs photoanode without PEI and NH 4 OH . The increase in efficiency and J SC with the length of NWs is attributed to the increase in internal surface area for sufficient dye loading and light harvesting.
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33

Wen, Qiuxiang, Jia Zhuang, Quangui He, Yang Deng, Haimin Li, and Jiang Guo. "Preparation of nano C-ZnO/SnO2 composite photoanode via a two-step solid state reaction with high efficiency for DSSCs." RSC Advances 5, no. 112 (2015): 91997–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15054j.

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ZnO, SnO2, simple mixed ZnO/SnO2 (S-ZnO/SnO2) and complex composite ZnO/SnO2 (C-ZnO/SnO2) photoanode films were prepared and applied to DSSCs using a Two-step Solid State Reaction (TSSR) method.
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34

Kim, Seungkyu, Yejong Yu, Sang Yun Jeong, Mi Gyoung Lee, Hye Won Jeong, Yeong Min Kwon, Jeong Min Baik, Hyunwoong Park, Ho Won Jang, and Sanghan Lee. "Plasmonic gold nanoparticle-decorated BiVO4/ZnO nanowire heterostructure photoanodes for efficient water oxidation." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 15 (2018): 3759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy00685g.

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To enhance the charge separation and kinetics of water oxidation using a BiVO4 photoanode, a BiVO4/ZnO nanowire heterostructure decorated with gold (Au) nanoparticles is fabricated as a photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting.
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35

Wang, Yu-Fen, Xin Wang, Xi-Fei Li, and De-Jun Li. "Dye-sensitized solar cells based on a 1D/3D double-layered ZnO photoanode with improved photovoltaic performance." RSC Advances 5, no. 99 (2015): 81253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11257e.

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The ZnO ellipsoids and spheres are fabricated via a facile sonochemical process. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on 1D/3D double layered ZnO photoanode are designed. The ZnO ellipsoids and spheres show superior light scattering ability in DSSCs.
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36

Liu, Jia, Yinghua Zhang, Zhian Huang, Zhiming Bai, and Yukun Gao. "Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Methane into Methanol over ZnO Nanowire Arrays Decorated with Plasmonic Au Nanoparticles." Nano 14, no. 02 (February 2019): 1950017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500176.

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The pursuit for efficient conversion of methane under ambient conditions remains a challenge. Here, we reported photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of methane into methanol over ZnO nanowire arrays (NWAs) decorated with Au nanoparticles (NPs) under simulated sunlight illumination with ambient conditions. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performances of the ZnO and ZnO/Au photoanodes were investigated to analyze the behavior and intensity of the reaction process of methane oxidation. The Faradaic efficiency of ZnO/Au was calculated to be 32.11%, nearly three times of 11.69% for ZnO. The above results show that ZnO NWAs exhibited exceptional activity as photoanode for photoelelctrocatalytic methane oxidation, and the decoration of Au NPs further enhanced the photo-activity via the surface plasmon resonance expanding its absorption spectra to visible region. On the other hand, as a co-catalyst, Au can promote the oxidation of methane by providing the trapping sites and active sites to facilitate the separation and also suppress the recombination of photogenerated charges and the existence of Au can boost the reaction by lowering the activation energy. This research demonstrates that ZnO NWAs decorated with Au NPs hold great promise for photoelectrocatalytic methane oxidation.
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37

Paulauskas, I. E., G. E. Jellison, L. A. Boatner, and G. M. Brown. "Photoelectrochemical Stability and Alteration Products of n-Type Single-Crystal ZnO Photoanodes." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/563427.

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The photoelectrochemical stability and surface-alteration characteristics of doped and undoped n-type ZnO single-crystal photoanode electrodes were investigated. The single-crystal ZnO photoanode properties were analyzed using current-voltage measurements plus spectral and time-dependent quantum-yield methods. These measurements revealed a distinct anodic peak and an accompanying cathodic surface degradation process at negative potentials. The features of this peak depended on time and the NaOH concentration in the electrolyte, but were independent of the presence of electrode illumination. Current measurements performed at the peak indicate that charging and discharging effects are apparently taking place at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. This result is consistent with the significant reactive degradation that takes place on the ZnO single crystal photoanode surface and that ultimately leads to the reduction of the ZnO surface to Zn metal. The resulting Zn-metal reaction products create unusual, dendrite-like, surface alteration structural features that were analyzed using x-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. ZnO doping methods were found to be effective in increasing the n-type character of the crystals. Higher doping levels result in smaller depletion widths and lower quantum yields, since the minority carrier diffusion lengths are very short in these materials.
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38

Deepa, H. A., G. M. Madhu, and B. E. Kumara Swamy. "Evaluation of performance characteristics of nano TiO2 and TiO2-ZnO composite for DSSC applications and electrochemical determination of potassium ferrocyanide using cyclic voltammetry." Materials Research Express 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 125004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3e27.

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Abstract Nanoparticles of TiO2 and TiO2-ZnO composite (2:1 molar ratio) were synthesized utilizing the sol-gel and solution combustion approaches, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic, energy dispersive x-ray, x-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis were employed to characterize the synthesized nanoporous TiO2 and the composite of TiO2-ZnO nanoparticles. Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was carried out by incorporating the synthesized nanoporous materials coating on the photoanodes using the doctor blade technique. Nano TiO2 and the composite of TiO2-ZnO were also analyzed using cyclic voltammetry test, and their performance was compared for the electrochemical detection of potassium ferrocyanide. The composite of TiO2-ZnO exhibited better electrocatalytic activity in comparison with the pure TiO2 nanoparticles. The fabricated DSSCs by employing nano TiO2 particles and TiO2-ZnO composite as the semiconductor photoanode materials were compared for photovoltaic performance. The DSSC fabricated with TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited better photovoltaic performance with an efficiency of 2.22% and a current density of 4.152 mA cm−2 than that fabricated with TiO2-ZnO composite with an efficiency of 0.0022% and a short circuit current density of 0.014 mA cm−2.
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39

Krishnapriya, R., S. Praneetha, and A. Vadivel Murugan. "Energy-efficient, microwave-assisted hydro/solvothermal synthesis of hierarchical flowers and rice grain-like ZnO nanocrystals as photoanodes for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells." CrystEngComm 17, no. 43 (2015): 8353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ce01438g.

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Hierarchical ZnO with different morphologies have been synthesized via rapid microwave-solvothermal method. Innovative ZnO nano-hybrid architecture photoanode based DSSCs showed remarkable enhancement in solar power conversion efficiency as high as 5.64%.
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Samsi, Noor Syafiqah, N. A. S. Affendi, M. K. Yaakob, M. F. M. Taib, A. Lepit, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, M. Z. A. Yahya, and A. M. M. Ali. "Characteristics of Electron Transport Study of Composited Graphene-Zinc Oxide Thin Film Photoanode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Solid State Phenomena 307 (July 2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.307.185.

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Graphene-Zinc Oxide (Gr-ZnO) nanocomposites films were successfully synthesized via facile electrodeposition method in an aqueous solution under Gr concentration conditions. Gr, as a highly conductive carbon, acts as an anchor for ZnO nanosheets and plays a substantial role in controlling the degree of dispersion of ZnO nanosheets onto indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) substrate to form Gr-ZnO nanocomposite. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis of Gr-ZnO nanocomposite samples confirmed that the presence of ZnO nanosheets with a high degree of dispersity and crystallinity which is well linked to the thin layer of Gr nanoparticle on ITO substrate. The surface roughness of the films found increased to ~270 nm on Gr-ZnO as compared to Gr ~44 nm and ZnO ~3 nm. Further, the x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) analysis showed the result is in good agreement with Raman spectroscopy study. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) of Gr-ZnO nanocomposite revealed that the effect of electron-hole recombination process was increased and the presence of Gr in ZnO photoanode provides the fastest redox reaction and hence offers the fastest electron transfer in photoanode.
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41

Matysiak, Wiktor, Tomasz Tański, and Marta Zaborowska. "Manufacturing process and optical properties of zinc oxide thin films as photoanode in DSSC." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 86 (January 1, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6016.

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Purpose: It has been recently observed, that zinc oxide thin films are gaining much popularity, particularly in applications such as toxic gas sensors, photocatalytic materials and photovoltaic cells. Due to much better physical properties of ZnO compared to the ones of titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is currently the most used material in dye sensitized solar cells, efforts are being made to fabricate DSSCs with thin films and/or nanostructures, including nanowires, nanofibres and nanoparticles of zinc oxide. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, zinc oxide thin films were prepared using sol-gel and spin coating methods from Zn(COO)2 x 2H2O dissolved in ethanol and acetic acid with ZnO monocrystalline nanoparticles of 0 and 10% (wt.) relative to the final concentration of produced solutions. The effect of calcination process on ZnO thin films at 600°C were examined using atomic force microscope to investigate the morphology of semiconductor coatings, infrared spectroscopy to prove the chemical structure of material. Besides, optical properties were analysed on the basis of absorbance in the function of wavelength spectra and the values of energy band gaps were studied. Findings: The topography analysis of ZnO thin films showed an increase in roughness with the increase of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the thin films material. In addition, the analysis of the optical properties of ZnO thin films showed a decrease in absorption level in the range of near-ultraviolet wavelength for the obtained layers after annealing. Research limitations/implications: It was found that ZnO thin films produced by spin coating and calcination method are a proper material for photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells, as zinc oxide layers provide better conductivity across the photovoltaic cell. Practical implications: The results provide the possibility of production DSSCs with zinc oxide thin films as photoanode. Originality/value: The dye-sensitized solar cells based on zinc oxide photoanodes could be alternative semiconductor material to titanium dioxide, which is used in nowadays solar cells. It was estimated that ZnO, especially zinc oxide nanostructures have much better physical properties, than TiO2 structures. What is more, zinc oxide thin layers are characterized by the lower energy losses resulting from the physical properties of such nanostructures, which results in more efficient solar energy into electricity conversion.
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42

Li, Jiake, Lanxiang Wu, Wentao Li, Ying Chen, Xin Liu, Hedong Jiang, Pingchun Guo, Hua Zhu, and Yanxiang Wang. "Preparation of rGO/ZnO photoanodes and their DSSCs performance." Materials Science-Poland 40, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2022-0019.

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Abstract In this study, we report a mild and controllable preparation method for graphene oxide (GO) and ZnO ultrafine powder, respectively. On this basis, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/ZnO composite powder for the photoanodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was synthesized by chemical reduction method. Phase composition, microstructure, chemical structure, conductivity, and specific surface area were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, respectively. Photoelectric performance of DSSCs was studied by the current density-voltage (J-V), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) photoelectric test system. As rGO possesses higher adsorption capacity and excellent conductivity, hence it may effectively promote separation of electrons and holes, transmission ability of electrons and holes, and utilization of the light. By contrast, the as-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) may increase adsorption capacity of dye molecules, so photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells is increased by means of synergistic effects. When adding rGO in the rGO/ZnO composite powder at 1.25 wt%, PCE reaches to 6.27%, an increase of 20.6% more than that of pure ZnO as the photoanode.
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43

Idígoras, J., M. Godfroy, D. Joly, A. Todinova, P. Maldivi, G. Oskam, R. Demadrille, and J. A. Anta. "Organic dyes for the sensitization of nanostructured ZnO photoanodes: effect of the anchoring functions." RSC Advances 5, no. 84 (2015): 68929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11762c.

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44

Movsesyan, Liana, Albert Maijenburg, Noel Goethals, Wilfried Sigle, Anne Spende, Florent Yang, Bernhard Kaiser, et al. "ZnO Nanowire Networks as Photoanode Model Systems for Photoelectrochemical Applications." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8090693.

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In this work, the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire networks is presented. By combining ion-track technology, electrochemical deposition, and atomic layer deposition, hierarchical and self-supporting three-dimensional (3D) networks of pure ZnO- and TiO2-coated ZnO nanowires were synthesized. Analysis by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed a highly crystalline structure of the electrodeposited ZnO wires and the anatase phase of the TiO2 coating. In photoelectrochemical measurements, the ZnO and ZnO/TiO2 nanowire networks, used as anodes, generated higher photocurrents compared to those produced by their film counterparts. The ZnO/TiO2 nanowire network exhibited the highest photocurrents. However, the protection by the TiO2 coatings against chemical corrosion still needs improvement. The one-dimensionality of the nanowires and the large electrolyte-accessible area make these 3D networks promising photoelectrodes, due to the improved transport properties of photogenerated charge carriers and faster redox reactions at the surface. Moreover, they can find further applications in e.g., sensing, catalytical, and piezoelectric devices.
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Cao, Yang, Yu-Jie Dong, Hong-Yan Chen, Dai-Bin Kuang, and Cheng-Yong Su. "CdS/CdSe co-sensitized hierarchical TiO2 nanofiber/ZnO nanosheet heterojunction photoanode for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells." RSC Advances 6, no. 81 (2016): 78202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15481f.

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46

Siregar, Nurdin, Motlan, Jonny Haratua Panggabean, Makmur Sirait, Juniastel Rajagukguk, Noto Susanto Gultom, and Fedlu Kedir Sabir. "Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Using Mg-Doped ZnO as Photoanode and Extract of Rose Myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) as Natural Dye." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4033692.

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A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device using Mg-doped Zn thin films as photoanode and fruit extract of rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) as the natural dye was investigated. The effect of annealing temperature (400-550°C) on the films of photoanode was systematically studied using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-Visible Near Infrared (UV-Vis NIR) Spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD confirm that all sample has the wurtzite hexagonal with crystallite size of 25 nm. The SEM images reveal particles on the surface of the Mg-doped ZnO thin film of irregular shapes. Increasing the annealing temperature leads to a larger particle size and slightly increases bandgap energy. The dye sensitizer of extracted rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) has a strong absorption at the visible light region. The maximum efficiency of the DSSC device is 3.53% with Mg-ZnO photoanode annealed at 500°C.
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47

Chou, Jung-Chuan, Cheng-Chu Ko, Jun-Xiang Chang, Chih-Hsien Lai, Yu-Hsun Nien, Po-Yu Kuo, Huang-Hua Chen, Hui-Hsuan Hsu, and Geng-Ming Hu. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide/Titanium Dioxide Photoanodes in Parallel." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183469.

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In this study, both zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanosheets were deposited by hydrothermal growth on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass. After a photoanode was added to ZnO nanorods or AZO nanosheets, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) increased due to improved electron transport and enhanced dye absorption. The improvement in electron transport was verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the increase in dye absorption was verified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Both of these factors facilitated an increase in PCE. Parameters for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using ZnO nanorods/TiO2 and AZO nanosheets/TiO2 photoanodes were tested and the results were recorded using EIS. The results indicated that the addition of the ZnO nanorods increased the short-circuit current density (Jsc) from 9.07 mA/cm2 to 10.91 mA/cm2, the open circuit voltage (Voc) from 0.68 V to 0.70 V, and the PCE from 3.70% to 4.73%, respectively. When the DSSCs were produced in a parallel silver-grid device, the results showed that PCE could be increased from 3.67% to 4.04% due to the reduction in connection resistance.
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48

Pace, Simona, Alessandro Resmini, Ilenia G. Tredici, Alessandro Soffientini, Xuan Li, Steve Dunn, Joe Briscoe, and Umberto Anselmi-Tamburini. "Optimization of 3D ZnO brush-like nanorods for dye-sensitized solar cells." RSC Advances 8, no. 18 (2018): 9775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13128c.

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49

Abadi, M. Tommy Hasan, Siti Maryam, Yudyanto, Siti Zulaikah, and Nandang Mufti. "Fabrication of Bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO Photoanode and its Photoelectrochemical Performance." Key Engineering Materials 851 (July 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.32.

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Hematite (Fe2O3) is one of the abundant magnetic materials in nature. Hematite has good absorption ability in the region visible light and good electrochemical stability, which make this material is potential as photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. However, Fe2O3 has some disadvantages such as short hole diffusion length and low hole mobility. Therfore, it is necessarily to combine Fe2O3 with photocatalyst material to improve photoelectrochemical performances. ZnO is ones of photocatalist material with good electron mobility, wide band gaps, cheap and are easily fabricated. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO as photoanode for photoelectrochemical cell. The bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO was prepared by spin-coating techniques and doctor blade methods. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffarction, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performance of photoelectrochemical cell was investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) under light illumination. The result indicate that bilayer Fe2O3/ZnO has good photoelectrochemical properties.
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50

Yana, Sissembayeva, Soo Kyung Cho, and Yoon-Hwae Hwang. "Dibenzo[b,f][1,5]Diazocines/ZnO Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Photoanodes for Efficient Photo Electrochemical Water Splitting." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (December 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7303034.

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In this study, we propose dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine/ZnO organic/inorganic hybrid photoanode for application in the photoelectrochemical water splitting. The electrode consisting of inorganic ZnO nanorod (ZnO NR) array structures and organic diazocine derivative film with or without platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) cocatalyst was examined. The morphology characterization was performed by FESEM. UV-vis absorbance spectra showed enhanced absorbance in the visible light spectrum for the hybrid sample. Photoluminescence analysis of a hybrid sample showed a significant decrease in charge recombination and enhanced charge separation. Photoelectrochemical measurements revealed an increase in current density for the organic/inorganic hybrid photoanode reaching 1.256 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE which is almost two times higher than bare ZnO NR arrays (0.716 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE). The addition of the Pt NP cocatalyst further enhanced the photocurrent density up to 1.636 mA/cm2. Therefore, proposed organic/inorganic hybrid photoelectrode is a promising candidate for the efficient solar water splitting.
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