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1
Ivanova, Iliana A., Elitsa L. Pavlova, Aneliya S. Kostadinova, Radostina D. Toshkovska, Lyubomira D. Yocheva, Kh El-Sayed, Mohamed A. Hassan, Heba El-Sayed El-Zorkany, and Hisham A. Elshoky. "Investigation of Biological and Prooxidant Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles." Acta Chimica Slovenica 69, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2021.7337.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials offer some promising antibacterial effects. In this study, a new form of ZnO is synthesized, named ZnO nanocluster bars (NCs). Herein, ZnO NCs, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO coated with silica (ZnOSiOA, ZnO-SiOB), and SiO2 NPs were prepared, characterized, and their antimicrobial and prooxidant activity were tested. The prooxidant activity of all nanomaterials was studied according to free-radical oxidation reactions (pH 7.4 and pH 8.5) in chemiluminescent model systems. Each form of new synthesized ZnO nanomaterials exhibited a unique behavior that varied from mild to strong prooxidant properties in the Fenton`s system. ZnO NPs and ZnO NCs showed strong antibacterial effects, ZnO-SiOA NPs did not show any antibacterial activity representing biocompatibility. All tested NMs also underwent oxidation by H2O2. ZnO NCs and ZnO NPs exhibited strong oxidation at pH 8.5 in the O2 –. generating system. While, SiO2, ZnO-SiOA and ZnO-SiOB possessed pronounced 60–80% antioxidant effects, SiO2 NPs acted as a definitive prooxidant which was not observed in other tests. ZnO NCs are strongly oxidized, assuming that ZnO NCs provide a slower release of ZnO, which leads to having a stronger effect on bacterial strains. Thus, ZnO NCs are an important antibacterial agent that could be an emergent replacement of traditional antibiotics.
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Yang, Yuran, Can Zhang, Kaili Li, and Zhenlun Li. "Fe2+ Alleviated the Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles to Pseudomonas tolaasii Y-11 by Changing Nanoparticles Behavior in Solution." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112189.
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The negative effect of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the biological removal of nitrate (NO3−) has received extensive attention, but the underlying mechanism is controversial. Additionally, there is no research on Fe2+ used to alleviate the cytotoxicity of NPs. In this paper, the effects of different doses of ZnO-NPs on the growth and NO3− removal of Pseudomonas tolaasii Y-11 were studied with or without Fe2+. The results showed that ZnO-NPs had a dose-dependent inhibition on the growth and NO3− removal of Pseudomonas tolaasii Y-11 and achieved cytotoxic effects through both the NPs themselves and the released Zn2+. The addition of Fe2+ changed the behavior of ZnO-NPs in an aqueous solution (inhibiting the release of toxic Zn2+ and promoting the aggregation of ZnO-NPs), thereby alleviating the poisonous effect of ZnO-NPs on the growth and nitrogen removal of P. tolaasii Y-11. This study provides a theoretical method for exploring the mitigation of the acute toxicity of ZnO-NPs to denitrifying microorganisms.
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Li, Junlin, Xiangfei Li, Dong Liang, Xiaojuan Zhang, Qing Lin, and Lingyun Hao. "Preparation and Antibacterial Performances of Electrocatalytic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Diverse Morphologies." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 17, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2021.3144.
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This study exploits the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with diverse morphologies as catalysts and antibacterial agent. Spherical ZnO-NPs, rod-shaped ZnO-NPs and flower-shaped ZnO-NPs were prepared by microemulsion method, solvent heat method and hydrothermal method, respectively. The structural characterizations of samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. XRD results revealed the formation of spherical ZnO-NPs, rod-shaped ZnO-NPs and flower-shaped ZnO-NPs were all wurtzite crystal structure. SEM results showed that spherical ZnO-NPs had an average particle size of 30–40 nm, rod-shaped ZnO-NPs were about 500 nm long and 100 nm wide with obvious hexagonal crystals. Flower-shaped ZnO-NPs had a three-dimensional appearance with obvious petals. Results of electrochemical HER (Hydrogen evolution reaction) experiments revealed that spherical ZnO-NPs exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity at the lowest potential voltage due to their largest specific surface area. The antibacterial property of ZnO-NPs samples were studied by the optical density method and disc diffusion method. All samples had antibacterial effects against E. coli. and flower-shaped ZnO-NPs showed the best antibacterial activity due to the largest surface area in comparison with spherical ZnO-NPs and rod-shaped ZnO-NPs, which promised the maximum Zn2+ release as bactericide mechanism that registered in the case of different ZnO-NPs morphologies.
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Larsen, Søren T., Emilie Da Silva, Jitka S. Hansen, Alexander C. Ø. Jensen, Ismo K. Koponen, and Jorid B. Sørli. "Acute Inhalation Toxicity After Inhalation of ZnO Nanoparticles: Lung Surfactant Function Inhibition In Vitro Correlates With Reduced Tidal Volume in Mice." International Journal of Toxicology 39, no. 4 (July 2020): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581820933146.
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People can be exposed to zinc oxide (ZnO) by inhalation of consumer products or during industrial processes. Zinc oxide nanoparticle (NP) exposure can induce acute inhalation toxicity. The toxicological mechanisms underlying the acute effects on the lungs have long focused on the phagolysosomal dissolution of ZnO NPs in macrophages followed by the release of free Zn2+ ions. However, we postulate an alternative mechanism based on the direct interaction of ZnO NPs with the lung surfactant (LS) layer covering the inside of the alveoli. Therefore, we tested the effect of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ ions on the function of LS in vitro using the constrained drop surfactometer. We found that the ZnO NPs inhibited the LS function, whereas Zn2+ ions did not. To examine the role of lung macrophages in the acute toxicity of inhaled ZnO NPs, mice were treated with Clodrosome, a drug that depletes alveolar macrophages, or Encapsome, the empty carrier of the drug. After macrophage depletion, the mice were exposed to an aerosol of ZnO NPs in whole body plethysmographs recording breathing patterns continuously. Mice in both groups developed shallow breathing (reduced tidal volume) shortly after the onset of exposure to ZnO NPs. This suggests a macrophage-independent mechanism of induction. This study shows that acute inhalation toxicity is caused by ZnO NP interaction with LS, independently of NP dissolution in macrophages.
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Alhujaily, Muhanad, Majid S. Jabir, Uday M. Nayef, Taha M. Rashid, Ghassan M. Sulaiman, Khalil A. A. Khalil, Muntadher I. Rahmah, Mazin A. A. Najm, Rihab Jabbar, and Sabrean F. Jawad. "Au/ZnO Nanocomposites Prepared by Laser Ablation for Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxic Properties against Cancer Cells." Metals 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2023): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13040735.
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This study presents a comprehensive look into the potential therapeutic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of a nanocomposite (NC) of gold (Au) and zinc oxide (ZnO). In this study, we analyzed the adherence between Au nanoparticles (NPs) and ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction analysis showed high crystallinity and small crystallite sizes of Au NPs and ZnO NPs, while transmission electron microscopy showed spherical NPs. Furthermore, histogram analysis showed that the average particle size of Au NPs is 27 nm, while that of ZnO NPs is 35 nm. The adherence of ZnO NPs on the surface of Au NPs increased their combined particle size to 51 nm and revealed a high-population core-shell structure. The activity of Au/ZnO NCs against Escherichia coli was more potent when compared to that of elemental Au and ZnO NPs alone. The cytotoxic effects of Au NPs, ZnO NPs, and Au/ZnO NCs against human breast cancer cells (AMG13) and human esophageal adenocarcinoma cancer cells (SK-GT4) were investigated in this study. We found that AMG13 is more sensitive than SK-GT4 to the activity of Au/ZnO NCs. The cytotoxicity of Au/ZnO NCs against AMG13 was 89%, while that against SK-GT4 was 85%. Less cytotoxic effects were recorded against normal cells (MCF7) when compared with those of cancer cells. Based on these findings, the synthesized Au/ZnO NCs could be used as a promising strategy for biomedical applications.
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Liang, Yan, Aili Simaiti, Mingxuan Xu, Shenchong Lv, Hui Jiang, Xiaoxiang He, Yang Fan, et al. "Antagonistic Skin Toxicity of Co-Exposure to Physical Sunscreen Ingredients Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162769.
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Being the main components of physical sunscreens, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are often used together in different brands of sunscreen products with different proportions. With the broad use of cosmetics containing these nanoparticles (NPs), concerns regarding their joint skin toxicity are becoming more and more prominent. In this study, the co-exposure of these two NPs in human-derived keratinocytes (HaCaT) and the in vitro reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model EpiSkin was performed to verify their joint skin effect. The results showed that ZnO NPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation and caused deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in a dose-dependent manner to HaCaT cells, which could be rescued with co-exposure to TiO2 NPs. Further mechanism studies revealed that TiO2 NPs restricted the cellular uptake of both aggregated ZnO NPs and non-aggregated ZnO NPs and meanwhile decreased the dissociation of Zn2+ from ZnO NPs. The reduced intracellular Zn2+ ultimately made TiO2 NPs perform an antagonistic effect on the cytotoxicity caused by ZnO NPs. Furthermore, these joint skin effects induced by NP mixtures were validated on the epidermal model EpiSkin. Taken together, the results of the current research contribute new insights for understanding the dermal toxicity produced by co-exposure of different NPs and provide a valuable reference for the development of formulas for the secure application of ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs in sunscreen products.
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Scherzad, Agmal, Till Meyer, Norbert Kleinsasser, and Stephan Hackenberg. "Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Genotoxicity." Materials 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2017): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10121427.
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Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most frequently applied nanomaterials in consumer products. Evidence exists regarding the cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs in mammalian cells; however, knowledge about the potential genotoxicity of ZnO NPs is rare, and results presented in the current literature are inconsistent. Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarize the existing data regarding the DNA damage that ZnO NPs induce, and focus on the possible molecular mechanisms underlying genotoxic events. Methods: Electronic literature databases were systematically searched for studies that report on the genotoxicity of ZnO NPs. Results: Several methods and different endpoints demonstrate the genotoxic potential of ZnO NPs. Most publications describe in vitro assessments of the oxidative DNA damage triggered by dissoluted Zn2+ ions. Most genotoxicological investigations of ZnO NPs address acute exposure situations. Conclusion: Existing evidence indicates that ZnO NPs possibly have the potential to damage DNA. However, there is a lack of long-term exposure experiments that clarify the intracellular bioaccumulation of ZnO NPs and the possible mechanisms of DNA repair and cell survival.
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Valdiglesias, Vanessa, Anabel Alba-González, Natalia Fernández-Bertólez, Assia Touzani, Lucía Ramos-Pan, Ana Teresa Reis, Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro, Julián Yáñez, Blanca Laffon, and Mónica Folgueira. "Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Exposure on Human Glial Cells and Zebrafish Embryos." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2023): 12297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512297.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most widely used nanomaterials. They have multiple applications in cosmetics, textiles, paints, electronics and, recently, also in biomedicine. This extensive use of ZnO NPs notably increases the probability that both humans and wildlife are subjected to undesirable effects. Despite being among the most studied NPs from a toxicological point of view, much remains unknown about their ecotoxicological effects or how they may affect specific cell types, such as cells of the central nervous system. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of ZnO NPs on human glial cells and zebrafish embryo development and to explore the role of the released Zn2+ ions in these effects. The effects on cell viability on human A172 glial cells were assessed with an MTT assay and morphological analysis. The potential acute and developmental toxicity was assessed employing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. To determine the role of Zn2+ ions in the in vitro and in vivo observed effects, we measured their release from ZnO NPs with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, cells and zebrafish embryos were treated with a water-soluble salt (zinc sulfate) at concentrations that equal the number of Zn2+ ions released by the tested concentrations of ZnO NPs. Exposure to ZnO NPs induced morphological alterations and a significant decrease in cell viability depending on the concentration and duration of treatment, even after removing the overestimation due to NP interference. Although there were no signs of acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos, a decrease in hatching was detected after exposure to the highest ZnO NP concentrations tested. The ability of ZnO NPs to release Zn2+ ions into the medium in a concentration-dependent manner was confirmed. Zn2+ ions did not seem entirely responsible for the effects observed in the glial cells, but they were likely responsible for the decrease in zebrafish hatching rate. The results obtained in this work contribute to the knowledge of the toxicological potential of ZnO NPs.
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Gurugubelli, Thirumala Rao, R. V. S. S. N. Ravikumar, and Ravindranadh Koutavarapu. "Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO–CdS Composite Nanostructures towards the Degradation of Rhodamine B under Solar Light." Catalysts 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12010084.
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A simple chemical precipitation route was utilized for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), CdS NPs and ZnO–CdS nanocomposites (NCs). The synthesized nanostructures were examined for the crystal structure, morphology, optical properties and photodegradation activity of rhodamine B (RhB) dye. The ZnO–CdS NCs showed a mixed phase of hexagonal wurtzite structure for both ZnO NPs and CdS NPs. Pure ZnO NPs and CdS NPs possessed bandgaps of 3.2617 and 2.5261 eV, respectively. On the other hand, the composite nanostructures displayed a more narrow bandgap of 2.9796 eV than pure ZnO NPs. When compared to bare ZnO NPs, the PL intensity of near-band-edge emission at 381 nm was practically suppressed, suggesting a lower rate of photogenerated electron–hole (e−/h+) pairs recombination, resulting in enhanced photocatalytic activity. Under solar light, the composite nanostructures displayed a photodegradation efficiency of 98.16% towards of RhB dye. After four trials, the structural stability of ZnO–CdS NCs was verified.
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de la Rosa, Guadalupe, Martha Laura López-Moreno, David de Haro, Cristian E. Botez, José R. Peralta-Videa, and Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey. "Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber at the germination stage: Root development and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 2161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-09-05.
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Past reports indicate that some nanoparticles (NPs) affect seed germination; however, the biotransformation of metal NPs is still not well understood. This study investigated the toxicity on seed germination/root elongation and the uptake of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. Seeds were treated with ZnO NPs at 0–1600 mg L–1 as well as 0–250 mg L–1 Zn2+ for comparison purposes. Results showed that at 1600 mg L–1 ZnO NPs, germination in cucumber increased by 10 %, and alfalfa and tomato germination were reduced by 40 and 20 %, respectively. At 250 mg Zn2+ L–1, only tomato germination was reduced with respect to controls. The highest Zn content was of 4700 and 3500 mg kg–1 dry weight (DW), for alfalfa seedlings germinated in 1600 mg L–1 ZnO NPs and 250 mg L–1 Zn2+, respectively. Bulk X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicated that ZnO NPs were probably biotransformed by plants. The edge energy positions of NP-treated samples were at the same position as Zn(NO3)2, which indicated that Zn in all plant species was as Zn(II).
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Khan, Rizwan, Muhammad Inam, Du Park, Saba Zam Zam, Sookyo Shin, Sarfaraz Khan, Muhammad Akram, and Ick Yeom. "Influence of Organic Ligands on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Synthetic Waters by Coagulation." Processes 6, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6090170.
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The large-scale production and usage of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) may lead to their post-release into the aquatic environment. In this study, the effect of hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic ligands on sorption and sedimentation of ZnO NPs has been systematically investigated. In addition, the coagulation efficiency of ZnO NPs, Zn2+, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254 with varying ferric chloride (FC) dosages in synthetic waters were also evaluated. The results showed that the higher concentration of organic ligands, i.e., humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), and L-cysteine (L-cys) reduced the ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) of particles, which enhanced the NPs stability. The adsorption of organic ligands onto ZnO NPs was fitted with the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 143, 40.47, and 66.05 mg/g for HA, SA and L-cys respectively. Removal of up to 95% of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ was achieved in studied waters at the effective coagulation zone (ECR), above which excess charge induced by coagulant restabilized the NPs in suspension. Moreover, the removal rate of DOC and UV254 were found to be higher in hydrophobic waters than hydrophilic waters. The width of ECR strongly depends on the characteristics of source water. The waters with hydrophobic ligand and higher UV254 values require more coagulant than hydrophilic waters to achieve the similar ZnO NPs and Zn2+ removal. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of ZnO NPs composite contaminant flocs indicated that the combined effect of enmeshment and charge neutralization might be a possible removal mechanism. These findings may facilitate the prediction of fate, transport, and removal of ZnO NPs in the natural waters, and might contribute to risk assessment, as well as decision making about engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in aquatic systems.
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Hazeem, Layla. "Single and Combined Toxicity Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Uptake and Accumulation in Marine Microalgae, Toxicity Mechanisms, and Their Fate in the Marine Environment." Water 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172669.
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Recently, there has been rapid growth in the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) due to their applications in household and cosmetic products. Over the last decade, considerable research was conducted to reveal the effect of ZnO-NPs on microalgae, which form the base of the aquatic food chain. This review discusses the fate and behavior of ZnO-NPs in the marine environment. Predominately, the toxicity mechanism of ZnO-NPs on marine microalgae could be attributed to three sources: the release of Zn2+ ions; the interaction between ZnO-NPs and algae cells; and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most toxicity studies were carried out using single ZnO-NPs under conditions not often observed in natural ecosystems; however, organisms including microalgae are more likely exposed to ZnO-NPs mixed with other types of pollutants. This review highlights the importance of increasing the assessment studies of combined pollutants. Lastly, knowledge, research, gaps, and opportunities for further research in this field are presented.
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MUNIR, T., A. MAHMOOD, M. KASHIF, A. SOHAIL, M. S. SHIFA, M. SHARIF, and S. MANZOOR. "IMPACT OF Ni DOPANT ON OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS." Journal of Ovonic Research 16, no. 3 (May 2020): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2020.163.165.
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In this work, Zn1-xNixO NPs with different concentration (x= 0.0, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09) were synthesized by using co-precipitation method. The present study is related to investigate crystal structure, surface morphology, optical and magnetic behavior of pure and Ni dopant ZnO NPs. The hexagonal wurtzite structure and crystallite size (19.45 to 21.25 nm) was investigated by using XRD analysis.SEM and FTIR used to identify the surface morphology, stretching and vibrational modes of different functional groups (ZnO, OH, CO and H-O-H) attached on the spectrum of Ni dopant ZnO NPs. Moreover, the optical behavior of Ni dopant ZnO NPs was studied by UV-visible spectroscopy which indicates the absorption band of red shift. Finally, VSM analysis illustrated that Ni dopant ZnO NPs shows high magnetization, retentivity and low corecivity as compare to pure ZnO NPs. In an overall assessment the Ni dopant ZnO NPs shows better optical and magnetic properties for biomedical applications.
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Mendoza-Milla, Criselda, Fernanda Isabel Macías Macías, Kimberly Abigail Velázquez Delgado, Manuel Alejandro Herrera Rodríguez, Zaira Colín-Val, María del Pilar Ramos-Godinez, Agustina Cano-Martínez, et al. "Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Toxicity in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 12940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112940.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in the cosmetic industry. They are nano-optical and nano-electrical devices, and their antimicrobial properties are applied in food packaging and medicine. ZnO NPs penetrate the body through inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure and spread through circulation to various systems and organs. Since the cardiovascular system is one of the most vulnerable systems, in this work, we studied ZnO NPs toxicity in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. Cardiac cells were exposed to different concentrations of ZnO NPs, and then the morphology, proliferation, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), redox state, and protein expression were measured. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining showed strong morphological damage. ZnO NPs were not observed inside cells, suggesting that Zn2+ ions were internalized, causing the damage. ZnO NPs strongly inhibited cell proliferation and MTT reduction at 10 and 20 μg/cm2 after 72 h of treatment. ZnO NPs at 20 μg/cm2 elevated DCF fluorescence, indicating alterations in the cellular redox state associated with changes in ΔΨm and cell death. ZnO NPs also reduced the intracellular expression of troponin I and atrial natriuretic peptide. ZnO NPs are toxic for cardiac cells; therefore, consumption of products containing them could cause heart damage and the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Wang, Mei M., Juan Wang, Rui Cao, Si Y. Wang, and Hua Du. "Natural Transformation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8457960.
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With rapid development of the nanoindustry, studies focusing on the transformation of nanoparticles (NPs) are required to understand their stability and toxicity after being released into the environment. Here, we characterized the physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs and found that they are naturally alkalized in the presence of air (without the addition of exogenous alkaline substances). Energy dispersive X-ray/X-ray powder diffraction/Fourier transform infrared (EDX/XRD/FTIR)/Raman spectroscopy gave evidence for the formation of hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6) and zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2). Further, we comparatively evaluated the cellular toxicity of pristine and alkalized ZnO NPs. Cell viability testing (colony formation) showed that alkalization time-dependently decreased cytotoxicity. Alkalized NPs exhibited mutagenicity at multiple concentrations, as shown by a CD59 gene loci mutation assay. Variations in toxicity were associated with the chemical transformation of ZnO NPs, and Zn2+ played a key role in the mutagenicity of alkalized NPs. These results indicate that NPs are chemically transformed in the environment. These transformations result in obvious variations in toxicity, suggesting that the NP transformation process should be considered more thoroughly when evaluating toxicity.
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Mohd Yusof, Hidayat, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, and Anjas Asmara Samsudin. "Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Poultry-Associated Foodborne Pathogens: An In Vitro Study." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072093.
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Since the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the poultry industry is currently a serious threat, there is an urgent need to develop a more efficient and alternative antibacterial substance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have exhibited antibacterial efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms. Although the in vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs has been studied, little is known about the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs against poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. In the present study, ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using Lactobacillus plantarum TA4, characterized, and their antibacterial potential against common avian pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) was investigated. Confirmation of ZnO NPs by UV-Visual spectroscopy showed an absorption band center at 360 nm. Morphologically, the synthesized ZnO NPs were oval with an average particle size of 29.7 nm. Based on the dissolution study of Zn2+, ZnO NPs released more ions than their bulk counterparts. Results from the agar well diffusion assay indicated that ZnO NPs effectively inhibited the growth of the three poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using various concentrations of ZnO NPs, which resulted in excellent antibacterial activity as compared to their bulkier counterparts. S. aureus was more susceptible to ZnO NPs compared to the other tested bacteria. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs demonstrated substantial biofilm inhibition and eradication. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular material leakage was quantified to determine the underlying antibacterial mechanisms, whereas a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphological changes of tested bacteria treated with ZnO NPs. The findings suggested that ROS-induced oxidative stress caused membrane damage and bacterial cell death. Overall, the results demonstrated that ZnO NPs could be developed as an alternative antibiotic in poultry production and revealed new possibilities in combating pathogenic microorganisms.
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Aklilu, Muluken, and Temesgen Aderaw. "Khat (Catha edulis) Leaf Extract-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (September 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4048120.
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In this study, we used khat (Catha edulis) leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The rapid color change of the solution to pale yellow and UV-visible absorption peak at 322 nm confirmed the initial formation of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectrum analysis revealed the contribution of khat leaf extract to the bioreduction of Zn2+ ions to ZnO NPs. The FTIR spectrum for the stretching vibration of ZnO at 480 cm-1 also confirms the formation of ZnO NPs. The XRD spectrum showed the crystallinity and the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs. The size of the synthesized ZnO NPs calculated using the Debye-Scherrer formula was found to be equal to 17 nm. Antibacterial efficacy of green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms was tested. It has the greatest inhibition zone (23 mm) against E. coli, but the least activity was against S. pneumoniae (15 mm).
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C, Theivarasu, and Indumathi Thangavelu. "EFFECT OF CE3+ METAL IONS ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY COPRECIPITATION METHOD." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16350.
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ABSTRACTObjective: This study was undertaken to know about the antibacterial and anticancer activity of synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs).Methods: The ZnO NPs and different concentration of Ce3+ (0.05M, 0.10M, and 0.15M)-doped ZnO NPs were synthesized by coprecipitation method.The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and HRSEM. The antibacterial studies were performed against a set ofbacterial strains as Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Shigella dysenteriae) bacteria. The cytotoxic effect of ZnO and Ce-doped ZnO was analyzed incultured (A549) human lung cancer cell line.Result: The XRD studies showed the wurtzite structure of nanoparticles. HRSEM analysis showed the spherical shape of ZnO and Ce-doped ZnO. TheZn0.85Ce0.15O NPs possessed more antibacterial effect as compared to the other ZnO and Ce-doped ZnO NPs. The Zn0.90Ce0.10O NPs created the highestcytotoxicity activity. With respect to cell death, as low a concentration of 68±0.05 μg/ml of Zn0.90Ce0.10O NPs was good enough to cause loss of viabilityof 50% of the cell as compared to ZnO and Zn1-xCexO (x=0.05 and 0.15) NPs.Conclusion: Results from this work concluded that Zn0.85Ce0.15O and Zn0.90Ce0.10O NPs possess antibacterial and anticancer activity, respectively.Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Coprecipitation method, Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity, Human lung cancer cell line.
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Blinov, Andrey V., Maksim D. Kachanov, Alexey A. Gvozdenko, Andrey A. Nagdalian, Anastasiya A. Blinova, Zafar A. Rekhman, Alexey B. Golik, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized with Biopolymers for Application in Wound-Healing Mixed Gels." Gels 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9010057.
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A method for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) gels was developed. ZnO NPs were obtained through a sol–gel method with zinc acetate usage as a precursor. Optimization of the method of synthesis of ZnO NPs gel has been carried out. It was observed that the most stable ZnO NPs gels are formed at room temperature, pH = 8 and molar concentration of zinc C(Zn2+) = 0.05–0.2 M. It was shown that the addition of polysaccharide significantly affects the rheological properties and microstructure of ZnO NPs gels. We found that the optimal polysaccharide for the synthesis of ZnO NPs gels is hydroxyethyl cellulose. It is shown that the microstructure of a gel of ZnO NPs stabilized with hydroxyethyl cellulose is represented by irregularly shaped particles that are assembled into aggregates, with sizes ranging from 150 to 1400 nm. A significant hysteresis region is observed in a gel of ZnO NPs stabilized with hydroxyethyl cellulose. The process of interaction of ZnO NPs with polysaccharides was investigated. It was shown that the interaction of ZnO NPs with polysaccharides occurs through a charged hydroxyl group. In the experiment, a sample of a gel of ZnO NPs modified with hydroxyethyl cellulose was tested. It was shown that the gel of ZnO NPs modified with hydroxyethyl cellulose has a pronounced regenerative effect on burn wounds, which is significantly higher than that of the control group and the group treated with a gel of ZnO microparticles (MPs) and hydroxyethyl cellulose. It is also shown that the rate of healing of burn wounds in animals treated with gel of ZnO nanoparticles with hydroxyethyl cellulose (group 3) is 16.23% higher than in animals treated with gel of ZnO microparticles with hydroxyethyl cellulose (group 2), and 24.33% higher than in the control group treated with hydroxyethyl cellulose. The average rate of healing of burn wounds for the entire experimental period in experimental animals of group 3 is 1.26 and 1.54 times higher than in animals of group 2 and control group, respectively. An experimental study of a gel of ZnO NPs modified with hydroxyethyl cellulose has shown the effectiveness of its use in modeling the healing of skin wounds through primary tension.
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Amara, S., I. Ben Slama, I. Mrad, N. Rihane, W. Khemissi, L. El Mir, K. Ben Rhouma, H. Abdelmelek, and M. Sakly. "Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and/or zinc chloride on biochemical parameters and mineral levels in rat liver and kidney." Human & Experimental Toxicology 33, no. 11 (February 5, 2014): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113510327.
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The aim of this study was to assess the potential subacute toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) in Wistar rats in comparison with reference toxicant, zinc chloride (ZnCl2), of a non-nanoparticulate form. We therefore studied the relationships between zinc (Zn) accumulation, liver and kidney trace element levels, and plasmatic biochemical parameters. Rats in all groups were treated by intraperitoneal injection of ZnO NPs and/or ZnCl2 solution (25 mg/kg) every other day for 10 days. The contents of trace element in the liver and kidney were slightly modulated after ZnO NPs and/or ZnCl2 solution exposure. The same treatment increased the aspartate aminotransferase activity and uric acid concentration. However, ZnO NPs or ZnCl2 solution decreased the creatinine levels, whereas the combined intake of ZnO NPs and ZnCl2 decreased the glucose concentration. Interestingly, the analysis of the lyophilized powder of liver using the x-ray diffractometer showed the degradation of ZnO NPs in ZnO-treated group, instead there is a lack of NPs ZnO biosynthesis from the ZnCl2 solution injected in rats. These investigations suggest that combined injection of ZnO NPs and ZnCl2 solution has a possible toxic effect in rats. This effect could be related to Zn2+ ion release and accumulation of this element in organs. Our findings provide crucial information that ZnO appeared to be absorbed in the organs in an ionic form rather than in a particulate form.
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Patrón-Romero, Leslie, Priscy Alfredo Luque-Morales, Verónica Loera-Castañeda, Ismael Lares-Asseff, María Ángeles Leal-Ávila, Jorge Arturo Alvelais-Palacios, Ismael Plasencia-López, and Horacio Almanza-Reyes. "Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081089.
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The constant evolution and applications of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) make living organisms more susceptible to being exposed to them. Among the most used are zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Therefore, understanding the molecular effects of ZnO-NPs in biological systems is extremely important. This review compiles the main mechanisms that induce cell toxicity by exposure to ZnO-NPs and reported in vitro research models, with special attention to mitochondrial damage. Scientific evidence indicates that in vitro ZnO-NPs have a cytotoxic effect that depends on the size, shape and method of synthesis of ZnO-NPs, as well as the function of the cells to which they are exposed. ZnO-NPs come into contact with the extracellular region, leading to an increase in intracellular [Zn2+] levels. The mechanism by which intracellular ZnO-NPs come into contact with organelles such as mitochondria is still unclear. The mitochondrion is a unique organelle considered the “power station” in the cells, participates in numerous cellular processes, such as cell survival/death, multiple biochemical and metabolic processes, and holds genetic material. ZnO-NPs increase intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in particular, superoxide levels; they also decrease mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which affects membrane permeability and leads to cell death. ZnO-NPs also induced cell death through caspases, which involve the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes after exposure to ZnO-NPs can be affected by multiple factors, including the size and morphology of the NPs, the type of cell exposed (healthy or tumor), stage of development (embryonic or differentiated), energy demand, exposure time and, no less relevant, the dose. To prevent the release of pro-apoptotic proteins, the damaged mitochondrion is eliminated by mitophagy. To replace those mitochondria that underwent mitophagy, the processes of mitochondrial biogenesis ensure the maintenance of adequate levels of ATP and cellular homeostasis.
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Cierech, Mariusz, Jacek Wojnarowicz, Adam Kolenda, Agata Krawczyk-Balska, Emilia Prochwicz, Bartosz Woźniak, Witold Łojkowski, and Elżbieta Mierzwińska-Nastalska. "Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Release from Newly Formed PMMA–ZnO Nanocomposites Designed for Denture Bases." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 15, 2019): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091318.
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The goal of the study was to investigate the level of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) release from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)–ZnO nanocomposites (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% w/w), as well as from the ZnO NPs layer produced on pure PMMA, and the impact of the achieved final ZnO NPs concentration on cytotoxicity, before the potential use as an alternative material for denture bases. The concentration of ZnO nanoparticles released to the aqueous solution of Zn2+ ions was assessed using optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). In the control group (pure PMMA), the released mean for ZnO was 0.074 mg/L and for individual nanocomposites at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% was 2.281 mg/L, 2.143 mg/L, and 3.512 mg/L, respectively. The median for the ZnO NPs layer produced on PMMA was 4.878 mg/L. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs against the human HeLa cell line was determined through the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye. The cytotoxicity studies demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles in the concentrations up to 20 mg/L have no adverse effect on HeLa cells. When compared with the released and cytotoxic concentrations of ZnO NPs, it can be expected that ZnO released from dental prostheses to the oral cavity environment will have no cytotoxic effect on host cells.
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Babayevska, Nataliya, Łucja Przysiecka, Grzegorz Nowaczyk, Marcin Jarek, Martin Järvekülg, Triin Kangur, Ewa Janiszewska, Stefan Jurga, and Igor Iatsunskyi. "Fabrication of Gelatin-ZnO Nanofibers for Antibacterial Applications." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010103.
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In this study, GNF@ZnO composites (gelatin nanofibers (GNF) with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs)) as a novel antibacterial agent were obtained using a wet chemistry approach. The physicochemical characterization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and GNF@ZnO composites, as well as the evaluation of their antibacterial activity toward Gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus pumilus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens) bacteria were performed. ZnO NPs were synthesized using a facile sol-gel approach. Gelatin nanofibers (GNF) were obtained by an electrospinning technique. GNF@ZnO composites were obtained by adding previously produced GNF into a Zn2+ methanol solution during ZnO NPs synthesis. Crystal structure, phase, and elemental compositions, morphology, as well as photoluminescent properties of pristine ZnO NPs, pristine GNF, and GNF@ZnO composites were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM/SEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. SEM, EDX, as well as FTIR analyses, confirmed the adsorption of ZnO NPs on the GNF surface. The pristine ZnO NPs were highly crystalline and monodispersed with a size of approximately 7 nm and had a high surface area (83 m2/g). The thickness of the pristine gelatin nanofiber was around 1 µm. The antibacterial properties of GNF@ZnO composites were investigated by a disk diffusion assay on agar plates. Results show that both pristine ZnO NPs and their GNF-based composites have the strongest antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas fluorescence and Staphylococcus aureus, with the zone of inhibition above 10 mm. Right behind them is Escherichia coli with slightly less inhibition of bacterial growth. These properties of GNF@ZnO composites suggest their suitability for a range of antimicrobial uses, such as in the food industry or in biomedical applications.
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Hu, Deming, Kun Chen, Liang Yang, Chunyan Cao, An Xie, Qingsong Zhang, and Qin Zhang. "Optimization of ZnO Nano Particles Preparation and Its Performance as Electron Transfer Layer in Quantum Light-Emitting Diode." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2022.3169.
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In this paper, different diameters ZnO Nano Particles (ZnO NPs) are prepared through wet chemistry method. The size effects on Quantum light-emitting diodes (QLED) performance are investigated. In addition, the influences of reaction temperature, reaction time and reactant ratio on ZnO size and performance of QLED are also studied. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) absorption spectra and photoluminescence (PL) spectra are employed to analyze the influence of preparation conditions on optical properties of the ZnO NPs packaged QLED. The results show that 2.5 nm ZnO NPs can be obtained at 25 °C for 6 hours when the Zn2+:OH- ratio is 1:1. In comparison to the 5 nm ZnO QLED, the EQE of the 2.5 nm ZnO QLED has increased from 1% to 7.8%, and the brightness has increased from 8000 to 13000 cd/m2. When ZnO NPs solution concentration is 30 mg/ml and spin speed is 4000 rpm, the optimal turn-on voltages and luminous intensity of QLED can also be attained.
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Khan, Rizwan, Muhammad Inam, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Shoaib, Du Park, Kang Lee, Sookyo Shin, Sarfaraz Khan, and Ick Yeom. "Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Natural Waters by Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Influence of Surfactant Type on Aggregation, Dissolution and Colloidal Stability." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010017.
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The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and surfactants that are widely used in commercial and industrial products lead to the likelihood of their co-occurrence in natural water, making it essential to investigate the effect of surfactants on the fate and mobility of ZnO NPs. The present study seeks to elucidate the effect of an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO), on ZnO NPs adsorption, aggregation, dissolution, and removal by the coagulation process. The results indicate that the presence of SDS in ZnO NPs suspension significantly reduced the ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD), while the effect of NPEO was found not to be significant. The sorption of SDS and NPEO by ZnO NPs were fitted with Langmuir model, but the Freundlich isotherm was more suitable for SDS at pH 9.0. Moreover, the adsorption was strongly pH-dependent due to the formation of mono-bilayer patches onto the NPs. The SDS remarkably affect the dissolution and aggregation phenomena of ZnO NPs in natural waters as compared to NPEO. Finally, the coagulation results showed that the removal efficiency of ZnO, Zn2+ and the surfactant in synthetic and wastewaters at optimum ferric chloride (FC) dosage reached around 85–98% and 20–50%, respectively. Coagulation mechanism investigation demonstrated that the cooperation of charge neutralization and adsorptive micellar flocculation (AMF) might play an important role. In summary, this study may provide new insight into the environmental behavior of coexisting ZnO NPs and surfactants in water treatment processes, and it may facilitate their sustainable use in commercial products and processes.
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Sathiya, S. M., Gunadhor S. Okram, S. Maria Dhivya, Subramanian Mugesh, Maruthamuthu Murugan, and M. A. Jothi Rajan. "Synergistic Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan/Zinc Oxide Based Nanocomposites Against Staphylococcus aureus." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12144.
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The biocompatible Chitosan/Zinc oxide (CS/ZnO) nanocomposites (NCs) material was synthesized via a simple and versatile microwave assisted wet synthesis method. After the incorporation of CS in the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), the crystalline structure of the modified NPs was retained in the NCs and it was clearly exposed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The Zeta potential measurement of CS/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) shows more stability than ZnO NPs. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) measurements depict the formation of cauliflower like structure after the integration of CS in the ZnO NPs. The interaction between ZnO molecules in CS becomes more compact and is confirmed in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurement. Bacterial activity was increased gradually with the CS/ZnO content and was analytically stronger against Gram-positive cells. This study has conclusively proved that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as •OH, •O2− , and H2O2 were significantly produced from aqueous suspension of CS/ZnO and were primarily responsible for the bactericidal activity.
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Jiménez, Adriana Berenice Pérez, Carlos Alberto Huerta Aguilar, Jorge Manuel Vázquez Ramos, and Pandiyan Thangarasu. "Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Nanohybrid Materials ZnO–Ag and ZnO–Au: Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparative Analysis of Undoped and Doped ZnO Nanoparticles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 2 (2015): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14123.
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ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the hydrothermal method, and then doped with Ag or Au NPs, yielding ZnO NPs, ZnO–Ag NPs, and ZnO–Au NPs, which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The synthesized nanomaterials were analyzed for their antibacterial properties against bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi) by qualitative and quantitative assays. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results show that growth control is more effective for Gram-positive bacteria than for Gram-negative bacteria. Although ZnO NPs and Ag NPs are antibacterial agents, the lowest bacterial growth was observed for ZnO–Ag NPs, showing that the doped Ag NPs greatly facilitate the interaction between the microbial cells and the NP surface. Though the same antibacterial effect was expected for ZnO–Au NPs, the inhibition activity was very close to that of ZnO NPs. The order of bacterial cell growth inhibition was ZnO–Ag NPs >> ZnO–Au NPs ~ ZnO NPs >> ZnO powder. We also analyzed the morphology of bacterial cells treated with NPs by scanning electron microscopy.
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Branica, Gina, Marin Mladinić, Dario Omanović, and Davor Želježić. "An alternative approach to studying the effects of ZnO nanoparticles in cultured human lymphocytes: combining electrochemistry and genotoxicity tests." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 67, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2910.
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Abstract Nanoparticle use has increased radically raising concern about possible adverse effects in humans. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most common nanomaterials in consumer and medical products. Several studies indicate problems with their safe use. The aim of our study was to see at which levels ZnO NPs start to produce adverse cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes as an early attempt toward establishing safety limits for ZnO NP exposure in humans. We assessed the genotoxic effects of low ZnO NP concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg mL-1) in lymphocyte cultures over 14 days of exposure. We also tested whether low and high-density lymphocytes differed in their ability to accumulate ZnO NPs in these experimental conditions. Primary DNA damage (measured with the alkaline comet assay) increased with nanoparticle concentration in unseparated and high density lymphocytes. The same happened with the fragmentation of TP53 (measured with the comet-FISH). Nanoparticle accumulation was significant only with the two highest concentrations, regardless of lymphocyte density. High-density lymphocytes had significantly more intracellular Zn2+ than light-density ones. Our results suggest that exposure to ZnO NPs in concentrations above 5 μg mL-1 increases cytogenetic damage and intracellular Zn2+ levels in lymphocytes.
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Amin, Naweedullah, Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, and Ahmad Ismail. "Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Embryo of Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854): A Comparative Study." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082170.
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(1) Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely applied in various human products. However, they can be extremely toxic for aquatic organisms, particularly fish. This research was conducted to determine the LC50 of ZnO NPs on the embryos of Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) in ultra-pure, deionized, and dechlorinated tap water; (2) Methods: The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates for six treatments for acute (0.100, 0.250, 0.500, 1.00, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/L) exposures for each type of water; (3) Results: The LC50 of ZnO NPs at 96 h was determined as 0.643 mg/L in ultra-pure water, 1.333 mg/L in deionized water, and 2.370 in dechlorinated tap water. In addition to concentration-dependent toxicity, we also observed time-dependent toxicity for ZnO NPs. In addition, the sizes of ZnO NPs increased immediately after dispersion and were 1079 nm, 3209 nm, and 3652 nm in ultra-pure, deionized, and dechlorinated tap water. The highest concentration of measured Zn2+ in exposure concentrations was found in ultra-pure water, followed by deionized and dechlorinated tap water suspensions. Furthermore, Javanese medaka showed high sensitivity to acute exposure of ZnO NPs in all types of water.
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Ahamed, Maqusood, Rashid Lateef, M. A. Majeed Khan, Pavan Rajanahalli, and Mohd Javed Akhtar. "Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Augmented Anticancer Activity of ZrO2 Doped ZnO/rGO Nanocomposite." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010038.
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Fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) via green process has received enormous attention for its application in biomedicine. Here, a simple and cost-effective green route is reported for the synthesis of ZrO2-doped ZnO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs) exploiting ginger rhizome extract. Our aim was to improve the anticancer performance of ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs without toxicity to normal cells. The preparation of pure ZnO NPs, ZnO/ZrO2 NCs, and ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). XRD spectra of ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs exhibited two distinct sets of diffraction peaks, ZnO wurtzite structure, and ZrO2 phases (monoclinic + tetragonal). The SEM and TEM data show that ZrO2-doped ZnO particles were uniformly distributed on rGO sheets with the excellent quality of lattice fringes without alterations. PL spectra intensity and particle size of ZnO decreased after ZrO2-doping and rGO addition. DLS data demonstrated that green prepared samples show excellent colloidal stability in aqueous suspension. Biological results showed that ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs display around 3.5-fold higher anticancer efficacy in human lung cancer (A549) and breast cancer (MCF7) cells than ZnO NPs. A mechanistic approach suggested that the anticancer response of ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs was mediated via oxidative stress evident by the induction of the intracellular reactive oxygen species level and the reduction of the glutathione level. Moreover, green prepared nanostructures display good cytocompatibility in normal cell lines; human lung fibroblasts (IMR90) and breast epithelial (MCF10A) cells. However, the cytocompatibility of ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs in normal cells was better than those of pure ZnO NPs and ZnO/ZrO2 NCs. Augmented anticancer potential and improved cytocompatibility of ZnO/ZrO2/rGO NCs was due to ginger extract mediated beneficial synergism between ZnO, ZrO2, and rGO. This novel investigation emphasizes the significance of medicinal herb mediated ZnO-based NCs synthesis for biomedical research.
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Okpara, Enyioma C., Omolola E. Fayemi, El-Sayed M. Sherif, Harri Junaedi, and Eno E. Ebenso. "Green Wastes Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Studies." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194241.
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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared using a simple green synthesis approach in an alkaline medium, from three different extracts of citrus peels waste. The synthesized nano-crystalline materials were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-vis analysis of the nanoparticles showed broad peaks around 360 nm for the ZnO NPs (Zinc oxide nanoparticles) from three citrus peels’ extracts. ZnO NPs exhibited Zn–O band close to 553 cm−1, which further verified the formation of the ZnO NPs. A bandgap of 3.26 eV, 3.20 eV and 3.30 eV was calculated for the ZnO NPs from grape (ZnO NPs/GPE), lemon (ZnO NPs/LPE), and orange (ZnO NPs/OPE) peels extract, respectively. The average grain sizes of the ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated to be 30.28 nm, 21.98 nm, and 18.49 nm for grape (ZnO NPs/GPE), lemon (ZnO NPs/LPE), and orange (ZnO NPs/OPE) peel extract, respectively. The surface morphology and sizes of the nanoparticle were confirmed by ESEM and TEM analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the zeta potential of the as-prepared ZnO NPs from OPE, LPE, and GPE was −34.2 mV, −38.8 mV, and −42.9 mV, respectively, indicating the high stability of the nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammetric properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated across extracts, and the results showed that the citrus peels extracts (CPE) mediated ZnO NPs modified screen plate carbon (SPC/ ZnO NPs/CPE) electrodes exhibited enhanced catalytic properties when compared with the bare SPCE. The electroactive areas computed from the enhancement of the bare SPCE was approximately three times for SPCE/ ZnO NPs/LPE, and SPCE/ZnO NPs/GPE, and two times for SPCE/ZnO NPs/OPE, higher than that of the bare SPCE. Comparison across the extracts suggested that the catalytic properties of the nanoparticles were unique in ZnO NPs from GPE.
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Komatsu, Setsuko, Kazuki Murata, Sayuri Yakeishi, Kazuyuki Shimada, Hisateru Yamaguchi, Keisuke Hitachi, Kunihiro Tsuchida, Rumina Obi, Shoichi Akita, and Ryo Fukuda. "Morphological and Proteomic Analyses of Soybean Seedling Interaction Mechanism Affected by Fiber Crosslinked with Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 3, 2022): 7415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137415.
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Nanoparticles (NPs) enhance soybean growth; however, their precise mechanism is not clearly understood. To develop a more effective method using NPs for the enhancement of soybean growth, fiber crosslinked with zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs was prepared. The solution of ZnO NPs with 200 nm promoted soybean growth at the concentration of 10 ppm, while fibers crosslinked with ZnO NPs promoted growth at a 1 ppm concentration. Soybeans grown on fiber cross-linked with ZnO NPs had higher Zn content in their roots than those grown in ZnO NPs solution. To study the positive mechanism of fiber crosslinked with ZnO NPs on soybean growth, a proteomic technique was used. Proteins categorized in photosynthesis and secondary metabolism accumulated more in soybeans grown on fiber crosslinked with ZnO NPs than in those grown in ZnO NPs solution. Furthermore, significantly accumulated proteins, which were NADPH oxidoreductase and tubulins, were confirmed using immunoblot analysis. The abundance of NADPH oxidoreductase increased in soybean by ZnO NPs application. These results suggest that fiber crosslinked with ZnO NPs enhances soybean growth through the increase of photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. Additionally, the accumulation of NADPH oxidoreductase might relate to the effect of auxin with fiber crosslinked with ZnO NPs on soybean growth.
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FUJIHARA, JUNKO, HIDEKI HASHIMOTO, NAOKI NISHIMOTO, MIKI TONGU, and YASUHISA FUJITA. "COMPARISON OF THE IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITIES OF NITROGEN DOPED (p-TYPE) AND n-TYPE ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES." Surface Review and Letters 25, no. 04 (May 11, 2018): 1850084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18500841.
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The use of NPs in the health care field is increasing. Before their biological application, investigating the toxicities of both n-type ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and nitrogen-doped (“p-type”) NPs is important. Using L929 cells, the cell viability, oxidative stress, apoptosis induction, inflammatory responses, and cellular uptake were assayed 24[Formula: see text]h after the addition of n-type ZnO NPs and nitrogen-doped NPs (which act as p-type) (25[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL). The ZnO NPs were fabricated using a gas evaporation method. Increased H2O2 generation and decreased levels of glutathione were more evident in with n-type than in those treated with nitrogen-doped (“p-type”) ZnO NPs. Caspase-3/-7 activity was higher in cells treated with n-type ZnO NPs than in those treated with nitrogen-doped (“p-type”) NPs. Elevated levels of TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-1[Formula: see text] were observed in cell culture supernatants: IL-1[Formula: see text] levels were higher in n-type ZnO NPs than nitrogen-doped (“p-type”) NPs. The cellular Zn uptake of n-type ZnO NPs was higher than nitrogen-doped (“p-type”) NPs. These findings show that n-type ZnO NPs have higher cytotoxicity than nitrogen-doped (“p-type”) ZnO NPs. This may be due to a reductive effect of n-type ZnO NPs that induces higher free radical production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cellular uptake of this type of ZnO NPs.
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Cyril, A., G. Senthamilselvan, A. Palanimurugan, and A. Dhanalakshmi. "ZnO AND ALKALINE EARTH METAL (Mg) DOPED ZnO NANOPARTICLES FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL STUDIES." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 03 (April 30, 2022): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213329.
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The chemical co-precipitation method was used to prepare zinc oxide and magnesium doped ZnO nanoparticles (MgZnO NPs), and their structural, optical, thermal, and antibacterial properties were investigated. XRD spectra revealed that all synthesized NPs are hexagonal wurtzite structure and the size of ZnO and Mg-ZnO NPs is 51 and 42 nm. The FTIR spectra of ZnO and Mg-ZnO NPs have peaks at 463 and 470 cm-1 respectively. Mg-ZnO NPs have increased the thermal stability region from (177-288°C) to (198-296°C). ZnO NPs have high antibacterial activity against E. coli, whereas Mg-ZnO NPs have antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeroginosa.
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Bautista-Diaz, Jaime, Oscar Cruz-Alvarez, Ofelia Adriana Hernández-Rodríguez, Esteban Sánchez-Chávez, Juan Luis Jacobo-Cuellar, Pablo Preciado-Rangel, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, and Damaris Leopoldina Ojeda-Barrios. "Zinc sulphate or zinc nanoparticle applications to leaves of green beans." Folia Horticulturae 33, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0028.
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Abstract The green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a very widely grown food crop that contributes significantly to human dietary needs in many countries due to its high content of protein. This study evaluates foliar applications of ZnSO4 versus that of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to leaves of the green bean cv. ‘Strike’ and records the plant responses in terms of Zn uptake and concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and bioactive compounds. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Chihuahua, Mexico, with a completely randomised experimental design with 10 replicates. The two treatments were foliar applications of either an aqueous solution of ZnSO4 or an aqueous suspension of ZnO NPs (both 150 mg · L−1). The application of ZnO NPs significantly increased concentrations of Zn2+ in the leaflets, roots, stems and pods of chlorophylls a and b (values 15.40 μg · g−1 and 11.64 μg · g−1, respectively). Sucrose concentration was also increased by Zn2+ applications, but no differences were found in total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TFl) or antioxidant capacity (AC). In the pods and seeds, Zn2+ application left sucrose and TFl concentrations unchanged, but the TP increase was significant. The AC was affected by both zinc sources and only in the pods. The applications of ZnSO4 or ZnO NPs significantly increased the biomass accumulation (79.10 g · p−1 and 84.70 g · p−1 DW) and yield (55.64 g · p−1 and 53.80 g · p−1 FW). These results suggest that the application of ZnO NPs could represent a worthwhile biofortification strategy in the commercial production of green bean cv. ‘Strike’.
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Hsueh, Ting-Jen, and Ruei-Yan Ding. "A Room Temperature ZnO-NPs/MEMS Ammonia Gas Sensor." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193287.
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This study uses ultrasonic grinding to grind ZnO powder to 10–20-nanometer nanoparticles (NPs), and these are integrated with a MEMS structure to form a ZnO-NPs/MEMS gas sensor. Measuring 1 ppm NH3 gas and operating at room temperature, the sensor response for the ZnO-NPs/MEMS gas sensor is around 39.7%, but the origin-ZnO powder/MEMS gas sensor is fairly unresponsive. For seven consecutive cycles, the ZnO-NPs/MEMS gas sensor has an average sensor response of about 40% and an inaccuracy of <±2%. In the selectivity of the gas, the ZnO-NPs/MEMS gas sensor has a higher response to NH3 than to CO, CO2, H2, or SO2 gases because ZnO nanoparticles have a greater surface area and more surface defects, so they adsorb more oxygen molecules and water molecules. These react with NH3 gas to increase the sensor response.
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HAMOUDA, R. A., W. E. YOUSUF, A. B. ABEER MOHAMMED, D. B. DARWISH, and E. E. ABDEEN. "COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL METHODS IN VIEW OF CHARACTERISTICS, ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND LOADING ON ANTIBIOTICS IN VITRO." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 15, no. 1 (January 2020): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2020.151.93.
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ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) can be synthesized by chemical, physical and biological methods; many studies have indicated that biologically synthesized ZnO-NPs have ecofriendly benefits over physically and chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs. This study was carried out to evaluate the differences in characteristics and effects on pathogenic bacteria between ZnO-NPs synthesized by a chemical method and a biological method using the marine green alga Ulva fasciata. Additionally, the synergistic or antagonistic effects of loading ZnO-NPs synthesized by chemical and biological methods on antibiotics are investigated. The results show that there are differences in the characteristics of ZnO-NPs synthesized by the various methods, as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ZnO-NPs had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, , Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae (Em.1-EGY015), Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli O157 (KY797670) and Bacillus cereus SH06; moreover, green-synthesized ZnO-NPs were more effective against pathogenic bacteria than chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO-NPs synthesized by the green method was less than that of ZnO-NPs synthesized by the chemical method. The results demonstrated that the synergistic or antagonistic effects of ZnO-NP loading on antibiotics (ampicillin/sulbactam, tobramycin, flucloxacillin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, cephalexin, ofloxacin, and neomycin) varied according to the type of pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic, and method of synthesis of ZnO-NPs.
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Uresti-Porras, José-Gerardo, Marcelino Cabrera-De-La Fuente, Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza, Emilio Olivares-Sáenz, Raul I. Cabrera, and Antonio Juárez-Maldonado. "Effect of Graft and Nano ZnO on Nutraceutical and Mineral Content in Bell Pepper." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122793.
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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grafting, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and their interaction on the nutritional composition of bell pepper plants. The treatments evaluated included grafted and non-grafted pepper plants with four concentrations of ZnO NPs (0, 10, 20, 30 mg L−1) applied to the foliage. The following parameters were evaluated: content of N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, total antioxidants, ascorbic acid, total phenols, glutathione, total proteins, fruit firmness, and total soluble solids. Grafting increased the content of N 12.2%, P 15.9%, K+ 26.7%, Mg2+ 20.3%, Mn2+ 34.7%, Zn2+ 19.5%, Fe2+ 18.2%, Cu2+ 11.5%, antioxidant capacity 2.44%, ascorbic acid 4.63%, total phenols 1.33%, glutathione 7.18%, total proteins 1.08%, fruit firmness 8.8%. The application of 30 mg L−1 ZnO NPs increased the content of N 12.3%, P 25.9%, Mg2+ 36.8%, Mn2+ 42.2%, Zn2+ 27%, Fe2+ 45%, antioxidant activity 13.95%, ascorbic acid 26.77%, total phenols 10.93%, glutathione 11.46%, total proteins 11.01%, and fruit firmness 17.7% compared to the control. The results obtained demonstrate the influence of the use of grafts and ZnO NPs as tools that could improve the quality and nutrient content in fruits of bell pepper crops.
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Matysiak, W., and M. Zaborowska. "Hybrid ZnO/ZnO-NPs nanofibres fabricated via electrospinning." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1-2, no. 94 (May 1, 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5116.
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Purpose: Due to the growing interest and multitude of possible applications, zinc oxide nanowires, including those doped with ZnO nanoparticles, can became, alongside carbon nanotubes, a very desirable material which use is predicted in the construction of nanogenerators, dye sensitized solar cells, optoelectronics or ultrasensitive gas detectors. Design/methodology/approach: The electrospinning process allows for low-cost and scalable production of fibrous mats with diameters from a few to several hundred nanometers. What is more, electrospinning method has gained popularity also due to its versatility, now it is possible to produce fibres from almost every known polymer and the simplicity and lack of any additional functionalization of the obtained nanomaterials. The application of the calcination process to remove the polymer matrix from the obtained nanofibres results in the creation of ceramic nanofibres. Findings: Among the existing methods for the production of ceramic nanostructures, including the hydrothermal, physical and chemical vapour deposition methods, nanolithography or molecular self-assembly, the electrospinning process creates the possibility of fabricating one-dimensional nanostructures with unprecedented properties, good quality, no additional functionalization and purification. Research limitations/implications: Due to ongoing research on the potential applications of zinc oxide nanostructures, including photovoltaics, sensorics and electronics, the most predictable behaviour and properties of ZnO nanowires characterize those nanomaterials that exhibit a periodic structure of the crystal lattice. Considering the optimization of the parameters of the method of producing ceramic zinc oxide nanowires doped with crystalline ZnO nanoparticles, it is worth analysing the thermal treatment parameters of nanofibres. Practical implications: Although amorphous structure, hybrid ZnO nanofibres could be used as humidity sensors with much higher sensing properties than crystalline ZnO nanostructures. Originality/value: Low-cost, scalable production of ceramic nanofibres for most technical applications.
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Kang, Sang Gu, Kyung Eun Lee, Mahendra Singh, and Ramachandran Vinayagam. "Salicylic-Zinc Nanocomposites with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity." Coatings 13, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050941.
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Numerous infectious diseases and microorganisms with high drug resistance have motivated researchers to develop nanocomposite particles as antimicrobial agents. Herein, we report on nanocomposites of salicylic acid (SA) and 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SSA) with zinc oxide (ZnO), namely SA-ZnO and 5-SSA-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of the synthesized SA-ZnO and 5-SSA-ZnO NPs indicated the functionalization of ZnO with SA and 5-SSA. X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline structures of the synthesized NPs. The zeta potentials of the SA-ZnO, 5-SSA-ZnO, and ZnO NPs were 1.42, −5.98, and −0.172, respectively. The SA-ZnO and 5-SSA-ZnO NPs were spherical. Besides, the results of the antimicrobial assay indicated a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus by SA-ZnO and 5-SSA-ZnO NPs (0.1%). Scanning electron microscopy of NP-treated bacteria revealed cell death. Moreover, SA-ZnO and 5-SSA-ZnO NPs did not exhibit substantial toxicity against human HaCaT cells even at a high concentration (200 µg/mL). Overall, SA-ZnO and 5-SSA-ZnO NPs exhibited antibiotic-mimicking activity against bacteria with no cytotoxicity.
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An, Ran, Huajiang Wei, Ze Zhuang, Zhouyi Guo, Yonghong He, Shusen Xie, Hongqin Yang, and Huaimin Gu. "Influence of different sized nanoparticles combined with ultrasound on the optical properties of in vitro knee joint and knee osteoarthritis cartilage tissue was studied by OCT and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." Laser Physics 31, no. 12 (November 17, 2021): 125601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac36c2.
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Abstract The penetration and accumulation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with different sizes in human normal knee joint (NKJ) tissue and knee osteoarthritis (OA) tissue were studied by continuous optical coherence tomography and diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy in this paper, and the effects of ZnO NPs of two sizes (30 nm and 90 nm) and ultrasound (US) on the optical properties of human NKJ and OA tissue were evaluated. The results show that the average attenuation coefficients of NKJ tissue decrease by 14.90%, 26.91%, 33.52% and 37.01%, and the DR spectra increases by 8.444%, 12.901%, 18.219% and 26.125%, respectively, after being treated with 90 nm ZnO NPs, 90 nm ZnO NPs/US, 30 nm ZnO NPs and 30 nm ZnO NPs/US. The average attenuation coefficients of OA tissue are reduced by 32.14%, 49.51%, 57.85% and 72.30%, and the DR spectra increase by 17.426%, 23.116%, 25.218% and 29.326%, respectively, after being treated with 90 nm ZnO NPs, 90 nm ZnO NPs/US, 30 nm ZnO NPs and 30 nm ZnO NPs/US. It is concluded that the optical properties of NKJ and OA tissues are greatly influenced by ZnO NPs and US. Nanoparticles have a greater impact on OA tissue than on NKJ tissue.
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Saleemi, Mansab Ali, Batoul Alallam, Yoke Keong Yong, and Vuanghao Lim. "Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Bioflavonoid Rutin: Characterisation, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities and In Vivo Cytotoxic Effects on Artemia Nauplii." Antioxidants 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101853.
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This study aims to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles with rutin (ZnO-R NPs) using a green synthesis approach and characterise the nanostructures for diverse biomedical applications. In this study, the optical and chemical properties of synthesised ZnO-R NPs were verified through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed a symmetric bending vibration peak of 460 cm−1 for ZnO-R NPs, whereas UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct absorption band at 395 nm. Moreover, the oval-shaped morphology of ZnO-R NPs was verified through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesised nanoformulation revealed a wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 13.22 nm; however, the zeta potential value was recorded as −8.50 ± 0.46 mV for ZnO-R NPs. According to an antioxidant study, ZnO-R NPs demonstrated lower free-radical scavenging activity than pure rutin. The cytotoxicity study was conducted using a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). In vitro analysis verified that ZnO-R NPs exhibited significantly higher anticancer and microbial growth inhibition activities than standard ZnO NPs (ZnO Std NPs) and pure rutin. In addition, ZnO-R NPs revealed a significantly lower IC50 value than the commercial ZnO Std NPs and pure rutin in MCF-7 cells (16.39 ± 6.03 μg/mL, 27 ± 0.91 μg/mL and 350 ± 30.1 μg/mL, respectively) after 48 h. However, synthesised ZnO-R NPs demonstrated no significant toxicity towards Artemia nauplii. These results highlight the synthesis of rutin-mediated ZnO NPs and their possible chemotherapeutic potential.
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Melnikova, Nina, Alyona Balakireva, Dmitry Orekhov, Denis Kamorin, Natalia Didenko, Darina Malygina, Alexander Knyazev, Denis Novopoltsev, and Anna Solovyeva. "Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Protected with Terpenoids as a Substance in Redox Imbalance Normalization in Burns." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060492.
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Preliminary protection of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with terpenoids such as betulin, its derivatives, and essential oils components has been proposed to produce gel-like oleophilic and hydrophilic formulations. We studied the properties of gel-like dispersions of ZnO NPs with immobilized terpenoids and their effects on the activity of LDH, GR, G6PDH, restoration of redox balance of co-enzyme pairs NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, as well as the activity of SOD, catalase, AlDH in erythrocytes in the treatment of burns in rats. Hysteresis loops on the rheograms of studied dispersions characterize their thixotropic properties. ZnO NPs with betulin diphosphate in the water–ethanol medium lead to a 20-fold increase in the hydrodynamic radius at pH 7.3 compared to the initial ZnO NPs, and facilitate the formation of Zn2+ ions and their penetration into the viable epidermis, unlike oleophilic dispersions. All dispersions reduce the healing time by one and a half times compared with the untreated control group, increase the activity of LDH, GR, G6PDH, SOD, catalase, AlDH, and contribute to the normalization of coenzyme balance. Normalization of the redox balance and wound state was more effective using hydrophilic dispersions due to Zn2 + penetration.
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Hamouda, Ragaa A., Asrar A. Alharbi, Majdah M. Al-Tuwaijri, and Rabab R. Makharita. "The Antibacterial Activities and Characterizations of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, and Their Coated with Alginate Derived from Fucus vesiculosus." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102335.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles have many advantages for nano-biotechnologists due to their intense biomedical applications. ZnO-NPs are used as antibacterial agents, which influence bacterial cells through the rupture of the cell membrane and the generation of reactive free radicals. Alginate is a polysaccharide of natural origin due to its excellent properties that are used in various biomedical applications. Brown algae are good sources of alginate and are used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of nanoparticles. This study aims to synthesize ZnO-NPs by using brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Fu/ZnO-NPs) and also to extract alginate from the same alga, which is used in coating the ZnO-NPs (Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs). The characterizations of Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs were determined by FTIR, TEM, XRD, and zeta potential. The antibacterial activities were applied against multidrug resistance bacteria of both gram-positive and negative. The results obtained in FT-TR showed there are some shifts in the peak positions of Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs. The peak at 1655 cm−1, which assigned amide I-III, is present in both Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu-Alg-ZnO-NCMs; this band is responsible for bio-reductions and stabilization of both nanoparticles. The TEM images proved the Fu/ZnO-NPs have rod shapes with sizes ranging from 12.68 to 17.66 and are aggregated, but Fu/ZnO/Alg-NCMs are spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 12.13 to 19.77. XRD-cleared Fu/ZnO-NPs have nine sharp peaks that are considered good crystalline, but Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs have four broad and sharp peaks that are considered semi-crystalline. Both Fu/ZnO-NPs and Fu/ZnO-Alg-NCMs have negative charges (−1.74 and −3.56, respectively). Fu/ZnO-NPs have more antibacterial activities than Fu/ZnO/Alg-NCMs in all tested multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Fu/ZnO/Alg-NCMs had no effect on Acinetobacter KY856930, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterobacter aerogenes, whereas there was an apparent effect of ZnO-NPs against the same strains.
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Yadav, L. S. Reddy, B. Archana, K. Lingaraju, C. Kavitha, D. Suresh, H. Nagabhushana, and G. Nagaraju. "Electrochemical Sensing, Photocatalytic and Biological Activities of ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesis via Green Chemistry Route." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 04 (August 2016): 1650013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16500137.
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In this paper, we have successfully synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (Nps) via solution combustion method using sugarcane juice as the novel fuel. The structure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO Nps have been analyzed using various analytical tools. The synthesized ZnO Nps exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye, indicating that the ZnO Nps are potential photocatalytic semiconductor materials. The synthesized ZnO Nps also show good electrochemical sensing of dopamine. ZnO Nps exhibit significant bactericidal activity against Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eschesichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, the ZnO Nps show good antioxidant activity by potentially scavenging 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The above studies clearly demonstrate versatile applications of ZnO synthesized by simple eco-friendly route.
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Al-Selwey, Wadei A., Abdullah A. Alsadon, Mekhled M. Alenazi, Mohamed Tarroum, Abdullah A. Ibrahim, Awais Ahmad, Mohamed Osman, and Mahmoud F. Seleiman. "Morphological and Biochemical Response of Potatoes to Exogenous Application of ZnO and SiO2 Nanoparticles in a Water Deficit Environment." Horticulturae 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2023): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080883.
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A field study was conducted to understand the effectiveness of foliar applications of ZnO-NPs (0, 50, 100 mg L−1) and SiO2-NPs (0, 25, 50 mg L−1) on potato plant growth, morphology, nutrient uptake, oxidative stress, and antioxidative response under drought conditions (i.e., 100% crop evapotranspiration ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc). Results revealed that water deficiency significantly hampered plant growth and biomass production and stimulated oxidative stress in potatoes. However, the exogenous application of ZnO-NPs and SiO2-NPs significantly improved plant growth attributes such as the number of branches, plant height, fresh and dry biomass, leaf area, and leaf area index as compared with untreated plants. The foliar application of ZnO-NPs (i.e., 100 and 50 mg L−1) and SiO2-NPs (50 mg L−1) promoted the mineral ion accumulation in plants grown under water deficiency and thus resulted in higher NPK, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ contents. A significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was found in plants treated with 100 mg L−1 ZnO followed by 50 mg L−1 SiO2 and 50 mg L−1 ZnO nanoparticles as compared with untreated plants, respectively. Furthermore, the aforesaid treatments resulted in the maximum activity of antioxidant enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, polyphenol oxidase PPO, and ascorbate peroxidase APX) under water deficit stress. Similarly, the foliar application of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles improved nonenzymatic antioxidants such as total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) as compared with untreated plants (control). Moreover, plant growth traits were significantly and positively correlated with mineral contents, while they were negatively correlated with MDA and H2O2. ZnO-NPs and SiO2-NPs applications improved biochemical traits, which might lead to enhancements in plant tolerance and improvements in potato growth, productivity, and quality traits under water shortage conditions.
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Pei, Xingyao, Haiyang Jiang, Gang Xu, Cun Li, Daowen Li, and Shusheng Tang. "Lethality of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Surpasses Conventional Zinc Oxide via Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Damage and Calcium Overload: A Comparative Hepatotoxicity Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 6724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126724.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with high bioavailability and excellent physicochemical properties are gradually becoming commonplace as a substitute for conventional ZnO materials. The present study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity mechanism of ZnO NPs and traditional non-nano ZnO particles, both in vivo and in vitro, and identify the differences in their toxic effects. The results showed that the extent and conditions of zinc ion release from ZnO NPs were inconsistent with those of ZnO. The RNA-seq results revealed that the expression quantity of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) affected by ZnO NPs was more than in ZnO, and the overall differences in genes or transcripts in the ZnO NPs group were more pronounced than in the ZnO group. Furthermore, the cell inactivation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and intracellular calcium overload induced by ZnO NPs were more serious than ZnO in HepG2 cells. Moreover, compared with traditional ZnO, the rat liver damage induced by ZnO NPs was more significant, with evidence of higher AST and ALT levels, weaker antioxidant capacity, and more serious histopathological damage (p < 0.05). In summary, the hepatotoxicity of ZnO NPs was more serious than that of conventional ZnO, which is helpful to understand the hepatotoxicity mechanism of Zn compounds in different states and improve the risk assessment of novel nano ZnO products in a variety of applications.
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Xu, Kang, and Qingqing Wang. "Simple self-organization-based synthesis of gold nanoparticle-implanted ZnO aerogels with good sensing performance to gaseous ethanol." Nanotechnology 33, no. 21 (March 4, 2022): 215601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5541.
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Abstract Simple fabrication of metal-modified oxide aerogels is expected but remains challenging. This work presents a sample one-pot synthesis method for gold nanoparticle (NP) implanted ZnO (Au–ZnO) aerogels just by sequentially adding (CH3COO)2Zn and NaBH4 solutions into a pre-prepared Au colloidal solution. The typically fabricated Au–ZnO aerogels are constituted by ZnO networks implanted with uniform Au NPs. The Au NPs had a size of about 100 nm, and the ZnO nanochains in the networks were about 10 nm in thickness. Further, the proportion of the Au NPs in the final aerogels could be tuned by using different amounts of the Zn precursors. Furthermore, a mechanism based on metal oxidation and oriented connection growth (a self-organization process) has been presented for describing the formation of such Au–ZnO aerogels. In the typical formation, the Zn2+ ions first convert into ZnO beads, and then are self-organized to form networks wrapping the colloidal Au NPs under the effect of linker molecules, and this matches well with the observed experimental results. Most importantly, these Au–ZnO aerogels show great structurally enhanced gas sensing properties to gaseous ethanol compared with a pure ZnO film. They have a fast response (about 30 s), a high selectivity, and quantitative sensing to the target gas. This work has provided a simple preparation method for Au–ZnO aerogels, and also shows their great potential in gas sensing applications.
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Zeyrek Ongun, Merve, Sibel Oguzlar, Ugur Kartal, Metin Yurddaskal, and Ozge Cihanbegendi. "Energy harvesting nanogenerators: Electrospun β-PVDF nanofibers accompanying ZnO NPs and ZnO@Ag NPs." Solid State Sciences 122 (December 2021): 106772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2021.106772.
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Youn, Su-Min, and Soo-Jin Choi. "Food Additive Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Dissolution, Interaction, Fate, Cytotoxicity, and Oral Toxicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 6074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116074.
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Food additive zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as a Zn supplement in the food and agriculture industries. However, ZnO NPs are directly added to complex food-matrices and orally taken through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where diverse matrices are present. Hence, the dissolution properties, interactions with bio- or food-matrices, and the ionic/particle fates of ZnO NPs in foods and under physiological conditions can be critical factors to understand and predict the biological responses and oral toxicity of ZnO NPs. In this review, the solubility of ZnO NPs associated with their fate in foods and the GI fluids, the qualitative and quantitative determination on the interactions between ZnO NPs and bio- or food-matrices, the approaches for the fate determination of ZnO NPs, and the interaction effects on the cytotoxicity and oral toxicity of ZnO NPs are discussed. This information will be useful for a wide range of ZnO applications in the food industry at safe levels.