Relevant bibliographies by topics / ZnO/Ag

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'ZnO/Ag'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "ZnO/Ag"

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Naji, Hassan Khuder, Amjed Mirza Oda, Wesam Abdulaljeleel, Hussein Abdilkadhim, and Rawaa Hefdhi. "ZNO-Ag/PS and ZnO/PS Films for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.41347.

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Two films of ZnO-Ag/polystyrene (ZnO-Ag/PS) and ZnO/polystyrene (ZnO/PS) have been prepared to evaluate the photodegradation ability of stabilized catalysts. The efficiency of ZnO improved against recombination of electron-hole pair by modification of catalyst surface with Ag photodeposition to be more resistant towards photocorrosion. ZnO-Ag catalyst was characterized by SEM and EDS analysis to show high roughness of this catalyst and Ag deposited on the surface was 2% (molar ratio). ZnO-Ag/PS and ZnO/PS composites were made as films and were then analyzed by FTIR spectra that showed the interaction of ZnO and ZnO-Ag with polystyrene appeared in the range of 400–620 cm–1, XRD pattern indicated the presence of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO and ZnO/PS film has maximum absorbance at 376 nm in UV-VIS spectra. This value shifted to 380 nm because of the photodeposition. The photocatalytic reaction was depicted using methylene blue (MB) in the UV-irradiation action of stacked films in MB solution. The result showed that both ZnO-Ag/PS and ZnO/PS films gave efficiency to remove MB by 97% and 70%, respectively. The reusability test of the films showed that ZnO-Ag/PS was more resistant than ZnO/PS. The presence of Ag also increased the efficiency in photodegradation and resistance against photocorrosion.
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Yuan, Xiaohong, Qufu Wei, Huizhen Ke, Zujian Huang, and Dongsheng Chen. "Structural color and photocatalytic property of polyester fabrics coated with Ag/ZnO composite films." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-09-2018-0112.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare structural colors of fabrics coated with Silver/Zinc Oxide (Ag/ZnO) composite films by magnetron sputtering and analyze the relationship between the colors and the thickness of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) film in Ag/ZnO composite film and the photocatalytic property of the fabrics coated with Ag/ZnO composite film. Design/methodology/approach Ag/ZnO composite films deposited on polyester fabrics were prepared by magnetron sputtering technology. The structural colors of textiles coated with Ag/ZnO composite films and the relationship between the colors and Ag/ZnO composite films were analyzed, and the photocatalytic property of Ag/ZnO composite films was also discussed. Findings The results indicated that the colors varied with the thicknesses of the ZnO film in Ag/ZnO composite films. The reactive sputtering time of ZnO film was 5, 8, 10 and 14 min, respectively, and the colors of the corresponding fabrics were purple, blue, blue-green and yellow. Meanwhile, the polyester fabrics coated with Ag/ZnO composite films showed the excellent photocatalytic properties, and silver (Ag) films deposited under the ZnO films in Ag/ZnO composite films could also improve the photocatalytic activities of ZnO films, and the formaldehyde degradation rates was 77.5%, which was higher than the 69.9% for the fabrics coated only with the ZnO film. Originality/value The polyester fabrics coated with Ag/ZnO composite films not only created various structural colors using change the thicknesses of the ZnO film, but also achieved the multifuctionality, which will have a broad application prospect in textile fields.
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Shang, Jian, Ye Sun, Teng Zhang, Zhen Liu, and Hong Zhang. "Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated ZnO Nanorod Arrays." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (April 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3281802.

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Silver (Ag) has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and is widely used in various fields, including in antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants. For reasons of cost and cytotoxicity, improvement of the antibacterial efficiency of Ag is necessary. The scientific community has also shown a strong enthusiasm in this research area. In this paper, ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared on a titanium (Ti) substrate by seed-assisted hydrothermal method and Ag nanoparticles were deposited by magnetron sputtering to obtain Ag nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays (ZnO nanorods/Ag nanoparticles). The antibacterial properties of ZnO nanorods/Ag nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were systematically studied by agar diffusion method and were compared with other samples such as ZnO nanorod arrays and ZnO seed layer/Ag nanoparticles. The experimental results showed that ZnO nanorods/Ag nanoparticles displayed significantly higher antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other samples, including ZnO nanorod arrays and ZnO seed layer/Ag nanoparticles. These superior antibacterial properties originated predominantly from the morphological structure of ZnO nanorods, which optimized the particle size and distribution of Ag nanoparticles, greatly improving their antimicrobial efficiency. The synergistic antibacterial properties of Ag nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods make Ag nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays a promising candidate for antibacterial coating of orthopedic implants.
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Vu, Anh-Tuan, Thi Anh Tuyet Pham, Thi Thuy Tran, Xuan Truong Nguyen, Thu Quynh Tran, Quang Tung Tran, Trong Nghia Nguyen, et al. "Synthesis of Nano-Flakes Ag•ZnO•Activated Carbon Composite from Rice Husk as A Photocatalyst under Solar Light." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5892.264-279.

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This study aimed to synthesize Ag•ZnO•Activated carbon (Ag•ZnO•AC ) composite from rice husk for degradation of dyes. The deposition of Ag and ZnO on AC led to decreasing the surface area and pore volume of Ag•ZnO•AC composite. In addition, when Ag and ZnO were dispersed on activated carbon, the Ag•ZnO flakes became denser and tighter, but the particle size of Ag became smaller from 5 to 7 nm. The photocatalytic ability of Ag•ZnO•AC composite was evaluated by degradation of Janus Green B (JGB) and compared with that of AC, ZnO, Ag•ZnO, and ZnO•AC samples. The effects of catalyst dosages, pH values, and initial dye concentrations on photocatalytic degradation were investigated in detail. The Ag•ZnO•AC composite had a high degradation efficiency of 100% in 60 min, showing the reaction rate of 0.120 min-1 and degradation capacity of 17.8 mg/g within 20 min. The photocatalytic performance of the Ag•ZnO•AC composite was also evaluated by cyclic test and the degradation of other persistent dyes such as Methylene Blue, Tartrazine, Congo Red, and organic compounds (Caffeine and Bisphenol A). Based on the experimental results, the possible destruction route of JGB by the as-synthesized Ag•ZnO•AC composite was suggested. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved
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Yi, Zhigang, Tao Jiang, Ying Cheng, and Qiong Tang. "Effect of SiO2 aerogels loading on photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene using composites with tetrapod-like ZnO." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0081.

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AbstractTo study the effect of improved adsorption property of tetrapod-like ZnO (T-ZnO) on its photocatalytic performance, a new composite was prepared by loading silica aerogels (SiO2(AG)) on the surface of T-ZnO via the sol–gel method. Various characterization methods showed that SiO2(AG) was uniformly loaded on the surface of T-ZnO, and the morphology as well as structural characteristics of SiO2(AG) and T-ZnO were not changed. Nitrobenzene (NB) was selected as the model pollutant, and the adsorption and photocatalytic properties of T-ZnO and SiO2(AG)/T-ZnO for NB were studied. The photocatalytic degradation processes of NB using T-ZnO and SiO2(AG)/T-ZnO followed the first-order reaction. Considering the initial moment reaction kinetic, the photocatalytic kinetic of SiO2(AG)/T-ZnO and T-ZnO was consistent with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model, and reaction rate constant {k}_{{\text{SiO}}_{2}\left(\text{AG}\right)/\text{T-ZnO}}^{^{\prime} }\gt {k}_{\text{T-ZnO}}^{^{\prime} }, adsorption rate constant {K}_{\text{ad}{\text{SiO}}_{2}(\text{AG})/\text{T-ZnO}} > Kad T-ZnO, which demonstrated that SiO2(AG) loading could increase T-ZnO adsorption to NB, then promoted its photocatalytic performance.
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Hu, Ya Wei, Hui Rong He, Xia Kong, and Yang Min Ma. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Ag/ZnO Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.714.

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Ag/ZnO nanoparticles with different Ag concentrations were fabricated through sol-gel method under 500 °C for 60 min with a heating rate 5 °C·min-1. The phase, the crystallographic structure and the surface topography of the Ag/ZnO nanoparticles were charactered by XRD and SEM. The antibacterial activities of the Ag/ZnO nanoparticles were performed by disc diffusion method. The results indicate that the as-prepared Ag/ZnO nanoparticles display great antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticle without Ag doping. And Ag/ZnO nanoparticles with 5 mol% Ag concentration show more excellent antibacterial activity toward S.aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with diameters zones of inhibition 21.7, 18.5, 18.4 and 17.8 mm than other Ag/ZnO nanoparticles. And the mechanism of ZnO antibacterial activity is discussed.
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Hsueh, Yi-Huang, Chien-Te Hsieh, Shu-Ting Chiu, Ping-Han Tsai, Chia-Ying Liu, and Wan-Ju Ke. "Antibacterial Property of Composites of Reduced Graphene Oxide with Nano-Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using a Microwave-Assisted Approach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215394.

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Graphene oxide (GO) composites with various metal nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing interest owing to their broad scope in biomedical applications. Here, microwave-assisted chemical reduction was used to deposit nano-silver and zinc oxide NPs (Ag and ZnO NPs) on the surface of reduced GO (rGO) at the following weight percentages: 5.34% Ag/rGO, 7.49% Ag/rGO, 6.85% ZnO/rGO, 16.45% ZnO/rGO, 3.47/34.91% Ag/ZnO/rGO, and 7.08/15.28% Ag/ZnO/rGO. These materials were tested for antibacterial activity, and 3.47/34.91% Ag/ZnO/rGO and 7.08/15.28% Ag/ZnO/rGO exhibited better antibacterial activity than the other tested materials against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli K12. At 1000 ppm, both these Ag/ZnO/rGO composites had better killing properties against both E. coli K12 and the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus SA113 than Ag/rGO and ZnO/rGO did. RedoxSensor flow cytometry showed that 3.47/34.91% Ag/ZnO/rGO and 7.08/15.28% Ag/ZnO/rGO decreased reductase activity and affected membrane integrity in the bacteria. At 100 ppm, these two composites affected membrane integrity more in E. coli, while 7.08/15.28% Ag/ZnO/rGO considerably decreased reductase activity in S. aureus. Thus, the 3.47/34.91% and 7.08%/15.28% Ag/ZnO/rGO nanocomposites can be applied not only as antibacterial agents but also in a variety of biomedical materials such as sensors, photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and catalysis, in the future.
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Kalnaowakul, Phuri, Tonghathai Phairatana, and Aphichart Rodchanarowan. "Photocatalytic Comparative Study of TiO2, ZnO, Ag-G-ZnO and Ag-G-TiO2 Nanocomposite Films." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.825.

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In this study, the photocatalytic properties and morphology of TiO2, ZnO, Ag-graphene-zinc oxide (Ag-G-ZnO) and Ag-graphene-titanium dioxide (Ag-G-TiO2) nanocomposite were compared. The Ag-G-ZnO and Ag-G-TiO2 nanocomposite were successfully prepared by thermal decomposition of colloidal solution. These prepared composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy and photocatalytic activities. The results from XRD patterns show that Ag-G-TiO2 composites and the Ag-G-ZnO nanocomposites were in the form of fcc and hcp crystal structure, respectively. The SEM images show that at calcination of 500 °C for 3 h, the composite thin film of Ag-G-ZnO and Ag-G-TiO2 were homogenous. In the case of the photocatalytic experiments using methylene blue dye (MB) under UV irradiation, the order of the photocatalytic activities from high to low performances are Ag-G-ZnO, Ag-G-TiO2, ZnO and TiO2, respectively.
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Wen, Jing, Chun Ying Zuo, and Cheng Zhong. "Ab Initio Investigations of Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Ag-F Codoped ZnO." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1097.

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Motivated by the widely discussed Ag doped ZnO and the lack of follow-up reports about the realization of p-n junctions, we calculated the electronic structures and optical properties of pure, Ag-doped and Ag-F codoped ZnO based on the density-functional theory. It was found that Ag doped ZnO shows p-type conduction character. But there are some unstable factors and self-compensations in this structure. We also calcualted the formation energy and ionization energy of the impurity for Ag-F codoped ZnO. It was found that incorporating the reactive donor F into Ag doped ZnO system, not only enhances the Ag acceptor solubility, but also gets a shallower Ag acceptor energy level in the band gap. In addition, we analyze the imaginary part of the dielectric function, reflectivity and absorption coefficient for pure ZnO and Ag-F codoped ZnO. Compared with the pure ZnO, the remarkable feature for Ag-F codoped ZnO is that there is a strong absorption in the visible-light region, which indicates that it could be taken as a potential candidate for a photocatalytic material.
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Saratovskii, A. S., K. Yu Senchik, A. V. Karavaeva, S. K. Evstropiev, and N. V. Nikonorov. "Photo-oxygenation of water media using photoactive plasmonic nanocomposites." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 20 (May 28, 2022): 201103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094408.

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Plasmonic nanocomposites ZnO–Ag and ZnO–SnO2–Ag(AgCl) were prepared by the polymer–salt method, and their structure and morphology were studied using XRD and SEM analyses. It was found that the addition of photoactive inorganic nanocomposites ZnO–Ag and ZnO–SnO2–Ag(AgCl) in pure water significantly enhances the effectiveness of its disinfection and purification during UV treatment and provides the effective water oxygenation. Oxygen photogeneration under blue light (λex. = 405 nm) can be related to the plasmon-excitation processes in ZnO–SnO2–Ag(AgCl) composites. Prepared composites demonstrate antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The increase of Ag content in ZnO–Ag and ZnO–SnO2–Ag(AgCl) composites significantly enhances their antibacterial activity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ZnO/Ag"

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Lucilha, Adriana Campano. "Nanocristais de ZnO e Ag-Ag2O-ZnO : síntese, caracterização heterogênea." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 2011. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000184639.

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Dentre os processos de oxidação avançados (POAs), a fotocatálise heterogênea mediada por óxidos semicondutores como ZnO e TiO2 tem sido muito efetiva na remoção de cor com baixo nível de contaminante. As caracterizações estruturais e morfológicas dos fotocatalisadores utilizados neste processo são importantes, pois o conhecimento da composição da camada superficial do sólido, viabiliza a compreensão da capacidade de adsorção e de fotocatálise. Este trabalho tem como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar nanocristais de ZnO e Ag2O-ZnO obtidos em diferentes temperaturas e aplicar na fotocatálise do diazocorante direct red 23. A síntese de ZnO a partir de oxalato de zinco ocorre em temperatura de calcinação superior a 400ºC. Por outro lado, o oxalato misto de prata e zinco (Ag2C2O4 - ZnC2O4) calcinado a 400ºC produziu Ag, Ag2O e ZnO. A atividade fotocatalítica das amostras sintetizadas em diferentes temperaturas de calcinação foi investigada pela degradação do diazo corante direct red 23 (DR23), mantendo-se constante a concentração de corante 0,75x10-4 mol L-1 e utilizando-se 2,0 g L-1 do fotocatalisador a 30ºC. O ZnO calcinado a 600ºC apresentou o melhor kobs, sendo este, 3 vezes maior que ZnO calcinado a 800ºC. Com relação às amostras de ZnO sintetizadas na presença de Ag e Ag2O, o melhor valor de kobs foi observado para a amostra calcinada em 400ºC, sendo este 3,6 vezes maior que em 600ºC. A capacidade fotocatalítica dos materiais sintetizados foi prejudicada com a elevação da temperatura de calcinação, pois ocorre obstrução dos poros dos fotocatalisadores diminuindo, portanto, a área superficial específica. Assim, a mistura dos entre ZnO e Ag2O resulta em síntese viável para aplicação em fotocatálise heterogênea, pois a capacidade fotocatalítica de descoloração do diazocorante DR23 foi maior quando se utilizou este fotocatalisador quando comparado ao ZnO puro.
Among the advanced oxidation processes, AOPs, used for the color removal with low level of contaminant, the heterogeneous photocatalysis mediated by semiconductor oxides as ZnO and TiO2 have been very effective. The structural and morphological characterizations of the samples resulting of the syntheses are important, because the composition knowledge of the solid surface layer, it makes feasible the interaction comprehension with the substract and consequently of the adsorption and photocatalysis capacities. The characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction, TGA/DTA thermal analysis, Raman scattering, X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry (EDX), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and textural analysis. This work has as the objective to synthesize and to characterize ZnO and Ag-Ag2O-ZnO nanocrystals, obtained in different temperatures and apply to the direct red 23 diazodye photocatalysis. The ZnO synthesis from the zinc oxalate occurs in calcinations temperature higher than 400ºC. On the other hand, the mixed oxalate of silver and zinc (Ag2C2O4 - ZnC2O4) calcinated at 400ºC produced Ag, Ag2O, and ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples at different calcination temperatures was investigated by the direct red 23 diazodye (DR23), maintaining constant the azo dye concentration (0.75x10-4 mol L-1) and using photocatalyst (2.0 g L-1) at 30ºC.The calcinated ZnO at 600º C presented the best kobs, that is, three-fold larger than calcinated ZnO at 800ºC. With the respect to the ZnO samples synthesized in the presence of Ag and Ag2O, the best value of the rate constant was observed to the calcinated sample at 400ºC, being this 3.6 fold larger than at 600ºC. The photocatalytic capacity of the synthesized materials was prejudiced with the calcinations temperature elevation, because the obstruction occurs in the photocatalyst pores and decreasing, the specific surface area. So, the mixture between ZnO and Ag2O is a viable synthesis for application in heterogeneous photocatalysis, because DR23 azodye decolorization using this photocatalyst was higher when compared to pure ZnO.
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Ibn, Mahrsi Mouna. "Nanohybrides ZnO/Ag ou ZnO/oxyde de cuivre pour applications photocatalytiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0044.

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La croissance rapide de la population ainsi que l'industrialisation ont suscité des inquiétudes majeures quant à la disponibilité de l'énergie et à la pollution de l'environnement. La résolution de ces problèmes est au cœur de nombreuses recherches à l'échelle mondiale. L'énergie solaire, en tant que source d'énergie propre et pratiquement inépuisable, devrait être efficacement exploitée, notamment via des processus photocatalytiques, pour améliorer la dépollution environnementale. Les nanomatériaux hybrides, tels que ZnO/métal noble et ZnO/oxydes métalliques, se positionnent comme des candidats prometteurs pour atteindre ces objectifs car ils absorbent efficacement la lumière visible et permettent une séparation efficace des porteurs de charge. Ce mémoire est consacré au développement de nouveaux photocatalyseurs hétérostructurés pour la dégradation des polluants organiques. L'étude a exploré deux voies novatrices de synthèse de ZnO associé soit à des nanoparticules d'argent métallique soit à des oxydes de cuivre. Dans la première partie de cette mémoire, un procédé a été développé pour préparer des particules de ZnO d'environ 87 nm associées à des nanoparticules d'argent d'une taille moyenne de 2.7 nm. Cette stratégie met en œuvre la synthèse d'hydroxydes doubles lamellaires de zinc dopés à l'argent, suivie de la photodéposition des ions Ag+ en Ag(0), et enfin, la conversion par thermolyse de l'hydroxyde double lamellaire en oxyde de zinc. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, la photodéposition de nanoparticules de CuO-Cu₂O à la surface de ZnO a permis le développement d’hétérostructures avec une jonction p-n entre CuO-Cu₂O et ZnO. Les nouvelles méthodes de synthèse de catalyseurs hétérostructurés développées dans le cadre de cette thèse ont permis le développement de matériaux photocatalytiquement actifs pour la dégradation de polluants persistants en milieux aqueux. En termes de stabilité, ces catalyseurs peuvent être utilisés sur plusieurs cycles de dégradation sans perte notable d'efficacité. Le projet comporte également l'étude des différents paramètres expérimentaux afin d'optimiser les propriétés structurales, électroniques, optiques et photocatalytiques de ces matériaux
The fast growth of the population and industrialization have produced major concerns regarding energy availability and environmental pollution. Addressing these issues is at the forefront of global research. Solar energy, as a clean and almost infinite source, can be effectively harnessed through photocatalytic processes to contribute to environmental remediation. Hybrid nanomaterials, such as ZnO/noble metal and ZnO/metal oxides, emerge as promising candidates to achieve these goals due to their enhanced light absorption capability and excellent charge carrier separation. This thesis is dedicated to the development of new hybrid photocatalysts designed for the degradation of organic pollutants. The study explores two innovative synthesis pathways of ZnO, combined with photodeposited nanoparticles of metallic silver or copper oxide, onto ZnO. In the first part of the study, a solvothermal method was developed to prepare ZnO particles of approximately 87 nm associated with silver nanoparticles with an average size of 2.7 nm. This strategy involves the synthesis of silver-doped zinc double-layered hydroxides, followed by the photodeposition of Ag+ ions into Ag(0), and ultimately, the conversion through thermolysis of the double-layered hydroxide into ZnO. In the second part, the preparation via an environmentally friendly and easy photodeposition method was used to create heterostructured photocatalysts featuring a p-n junction between CuO-Cu₂O and ZnO. The novel synthesis methods for ZnO-based heterostructured catalysts developed in the framework of this thesis have led to the creation of nanohybrid materials exhibiting high efficiency in degrading persistent pollutants in aqueous environments. In terms of stability, these hybrid photocatalysts can be used over multiple degradation cycles without a significant loss of effectiveness. The project also involves the study of various experimental parameters to optimize the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the photocatalysts
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Phillips, Charlotte Louise. "First principles modelling of the ZnO/Ag interfacial system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611694.

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Theodorou, Ioannis. "Bioreactivity of ZnO and Ag nanostructures in the lung." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/43959.

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One-dimensional nanomaterials (NMs) have become the focus of intensive research due to their unique physicochemical properties and their application in the fabrication of nanoscale devices. Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) are considered as potential building blocks for the next generation of optical, electronic and sensing devices. However, there is currently limited information on human health effects from Ag and ZnO NW exposures, but concerns have been raised about a potentially greater toxicity compared to their non-fibrous counterparts. Inhalation of Ag and ZnO NWs represents one of the primary routes for human exposure. Due to their size, these NMs are expected to preferentially deposit in the alveolar region of the lungs, where any damage would not only impact pulmonary homeostasis but would also determine possible translocations to other organs. Therefore, the interactions of Ag and ZnO NWs with the pulmonary epithelium urgently need to be addressed, in order to predict their adverse effects and provide guidelines for their safe use. Along with concerns about the toxic effects of Ag NMs, there is also potential for enormous benefit via highly efficacious antibacterial modality. Bacterial infections of the pulmonary system, such as tuberculosis, are increasing; especially infections caused by bacterial strains resistant to existing conventional antibiotics. AgNPs represent exciting candidates for the development of novel platforms for the treatment of pulmonary bacterial infections. Whilst the biological activity of silver has been well demonstrated, the mechanisms by which AgNPs degrade at the bio-nano interface and how these processes correlate to their bioreactivity are poorly understood. The motivation of this thesis is to investigate the bioreactivity of Ag and ZnO nanostructures in the lungs. The main objective of the work presented here is to examine the bioreactivity of Ag and ZnO NWs with human lung epithelial cells from the perspective of their putative toxicity. For inhaled NMs that reach the alveoli, the lung lining fluid (LLF) that covers their surface represents a first line of defence of the lungs. Therefore, the emphasis of this work is placed on characterizing the impact of the LLF on the physicochemical properties of Ag and ZnO NWs. The formation of a phospholipid/protein corona is shown to modify the ion release kinetics and aggregation states of the NWs. These effects are correlated with the cellular uptake and toxicity of the NWs to human lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which Ag and ZnO NWs degrade within epithelial cells are investigated. In the case of AgNWs, intracellular dissolution precedes the precipitation of highly insoluble silver sulfide, which could significantly limit their short-term toxicological effects. ZnO NWs, on the other hand, rapidly dissolve intracellularly and cell death correlates with the amount of free Zn2+ ions released. Furthermore, the antibacterial effects of AgNPs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are examined. A set of analytical transmission electron microscopy techniques are employed to investigate the ultrastructural damage in bacterial cells and the mechanisms by which AgNPs induce cell damage. The antimicrobial effects of AgNPs are also examined in M.tb-infected macrophages, to explore the potential use of AgNPs as therapeutic agents for pulmonary bacterial infections.
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Azevedo, Carla Sofia Leite. "Toxicity of Ag decorated ZnO nanomaterials to Daphnia magna." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15411.

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Mestrado em Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia
A nanotecnologia é uma área em crescimento e os nanomateriais (NMs) podem ser encontrados numa vasta variedade de produtos como equipamentos ou dispositivos médicos e cosméticos. Os NMs atraem muita atenção devido à sua grande reatividade, resultado da sua elevada área de superfície em relação ao seu volume. Eles podem apresentar diferentes composições químicas, tamanhos e formas, o que pode influenciar o seu comportamento. Devido ao aumento de produção e presença em bens de consumo, os NMs podem chegar ao ambiente devido a introdução direta ou indireta. Apesar de muitos estudos se focarem na toxicidade dos NMs, diferentes resultados podem ser encontrados para NMs com a mesma composição química. Isto deve-se principalmente à influência de fatores abióticos e bióticos que podem alterar a biodisponibilidade dos NMs e por conseguinte a sua toxicidade, assim como à diversidade de características que estes materiais podem apresentar. A presença de outros NMs ou químicos no ambiente pode influenciar a sua toxicidade, aumentando-a ou diminuindo-a. Para além disto, têm sido desenvolvidos novos NMs formados por vários nanomateriais, aumentando as suas funcionalidades em comparação com o(a)s NMs/NPs isolado(a)s. Por estas razões é importante perceber como se irão comportar no ambiente. Tendo isto em consideração, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade de NMs compostos por ZnO-NM com Ag-NP na superfície (ZnO/Ag-NM) e tentar perceber se a toxicidade destes NMs pode ser prevista através da toxicidade individual dos seus componentes. Com este objetivo a toxicidade individual e em mistura de ZnO-NM e de Ag-NP foi avaliada no organismo Daphnia magna e posteriormente comparada com a toxicidade de ZnO/Ag-NM. Para isso, foram realizados testes de imobilização e reprodução. Para avaliar a toxicidade da mistura e dos ZnO/Ag-NM também foi utilizada a ferramenta informática MixTox, baseada no modelo de adição de concentração e foram explorados possíveis desvios como sinergismo/antagonismo (S/A), desvio dependente da dose (DL) e desvio dependente do ratio químico (DR). Os ZnO-NM e as Ag-NPs demonstraram um esperado aumento dose-resposta para Daphnia magna. Foi verificada, para ambos os NMs, uma diminuição da sobrevivência ao fim de 48h e uma diminuição do número de neonatos produzido durante 21 dias. As Ag-NPs foram as que demonstraram maior toxicidade. A mistura apresentou um desvio dependente da dose (DL) para a imobilização e para a reprodução foi observado sinergismo. Os ZnO/Ag-NMs apresentaram maior toxicidade do que os ZnO-NM individualmente. Quando os resultados foram analisados com o MixTox foi observado um desvio dependente do químico (DR) para a imobilização e um desvio dependente das doses usadas (DL) para a reprodução. Este estudo demonstra que tanto a mistura efetuada em laboratório como a previsão baseada nos resultados de toxicidade dos ZnO/Ag-NM não serão baseados no mesmo comportamento dos seus componentes e demonstra também a importância de ter em consideração a interação NM-NM aquando da avaliação da toxicidade dos NMs.
Nanotechnology is a rising field and nanomaterials (NMs) can now be found in a vast variety of products that can go from medical equipment to cosmetics. NMs attract much attention due to their high reactivity, a result of high surface area to volume ratio. They can present different chemical compositions, sizes and shapes which can alter their behaviour. Due to their increase of production and presence in consumer products, NMs can end up in the environment due to unintentional or intentional release. Although many studies have focused on the toxicity of NMs, different results can be found for NMs with the same chemical composition. This is due to the fact that abiotic and biotic factors can alter the NMs bioavailability and therefore their toxicity, along with the diversity of their inherent characteristics. The presence of other NMs or chemicals in the environment can also affect NMs toxicity, increasing or decreasing their toxicity. Also, new nanomaterials combining NM-NM are being development due to their enhancing characteristics when compared to NMs or nanoparticles (NPs) alone. Therefore, it is important to understand how they will behave in the environment. Taking this into account, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of a NM composed by ZnO-NM with Ag-NP on its surface (ZnO/Ag-NM) and try to understand if its toxicity can be predicted by the toxicity of the single components. With this purpose, the toxicity in Daphnia magna was evaluated to ZnO-NM and Ag-NP as single components, as a laboratory mixture and then compared to the toxicity of the ZnO/Ag-NM. To assess toxicity, immobilization and reproduction tests were performed. Also, the mixture toxicity and the toxicity of the ZnO/Ag-NM were analysed using the MixTox tool, based on the concentration addition model and possible deviations for synergism/antagonism (S/A), dose-level (DL) and dose-ratio (DR) were explored. ZnO-NM and Ag-NPs showed an increase toxicity to Daphnia magna with increasing concentrations. Decrease of survival after 48h and decrease in the number of neonates produce during 21 days were observed for both NMs with Ag-NPs demonstrating the highest toxicity. The mixture exposures showed a deviation dependency on the doses used (DL) for immobilisation and for reproduction a synergism deviation was observed. ZnO/Ag-NM showed higher toxicity when comparing to the ZnO-NM alone. When analysing the results with the MixTox tool a deviation dependent on the chemical present (DR) was observed for immobilization and a dose level deviation (DL) for reproduction. This study demonstrates that both, the mixture and the ZnO/Ag-NM, will not behave as their components and the toxicity cannot be predicted by them, highlighting the importance of taking into account the interaction NM-NM when assessing NMs toxicity.
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Singh, Jai, O. N. Srivastava, R. S. Tiwari, and P. Kumar. "Structural and optical investigations of low temperature solution based synthesized ZnO and Ag admix ZnO nanoparticles (NPs)." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20574.

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Опанасюк, Анатолій Сергійович, Анатолий Сергеевич Опанасюк, Anatolii Serhiiovych Opanasiuk, Олександр Ігорович Гузенко, Александр Игоревич Гузенко, Oleksandr Ihorovych Huzenko, Олександр Анатолійович Доброжан, et al. "Чорнила на основі наночасток Ag, ZnO, Cu2ZnSnS4 для друку електронних схем." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67837.

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Останнім часом виготовлення елементів побуту переходить від адитивного методу виробництва до формування цілісного об’єкта методом 3D друку. Це пов’язано з тим, що цей метод дає змогу здешевити і пришвидшити виробництво, а в подальшому перенести виготовлення нескладних предметів побуту безпосередньо в людські домівки. Технологія друку чорнилами на основі наночастинок металів та напівпровідників дає змогу швидко та дешево створювати електричну розводку і напівпровідникові елементи приладів сенсорики, прозорої електроніки та геліоенергетики.
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Londono, Zuluaga Nathalia. "Impacts of engineered nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, Ag) on aquatic microbial communities." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1858.

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The production and uses of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been increasing with the expansion of science and technology, and their unavoidable disposal into the soil and waterways, eventually ended up in the ocean causes serious concerns about their potential hazards to the environment and human health. The need to comprehend the impacts of ENPs in our aquatic ecosystem has motivated this research to study: 1) effect of TiO2 on Crypthecodinium cohnii; 2) effects of TiO2 and ZnO on an aquatic microbial community simulating a static lake environment; and 3) effects of TiO2, ZnO and Ag on a microbial community simulating those in a river after receiving treated wastewater. The results showed for the first study that TiO2 at different concentrations (50 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 2 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, and 0 mg/L) in a 10-day period of observation did not negatively affect either cell growth, substrate (glucose) utilization, cellular composition or lipid profile of C. cohnii. On the contrary, the size distribution and zeta potential of TiO2 demonstrated that at its highest concentration (50 mg/L), it might present an effect on the microalgae. However, there was not enough evidence to prove toxicity, since all of the other analysis performed confirmed no impact. The second experiment proved that TiO2 and ZnO had different effects on an aquatic microbial community at experimental dosages including river water without ENP addition, TiO2 at a final concentration of 700 µg/L, ZnO at 70 µg/L, and both TiO2 and ZnO at 700 µg/L and 70 µg/L, respectively. TiO2 alone had no effect on the relative abundance of bacterial species, but caused significant decrease and increase of the relative abundances of the Chlorophyte and Streptophyta phyla, respectively, compared with other treatments and controls. ZnO, both alone or together with TiO2, brought increased population within the phylum of Bacteroidetes and decreased population of three species: Mycobacterium riyadhense, Hyphomicrobium spp., and Verrucomicrobium spp. Taken as a whole, the interaction between TiO2 and ZnO was not significant in terms of each ENP’s physicochemical properties and toxicity toward the target microbial community. The third and last study investigated individual and combined effects from three ENPs: TiO2 (700 µg/L – 7,000 µg/L), ZnO (70 µg/L - 700 µg/L) and Ag (200 µg/L – 2,000 µg/L). ENPs at these doses were found to be impactful to the target bacterial community. Similarly, the Eukaryota kingdom was affected by the ENPs at all tested concentrations. Overall, this thesis established that parameters for studying ENPs such as dosage, primary particle size, light effect, exposure time, and species should be taken into considerations to assess their impacts due to their unique physical and chemical properties.
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Rojas, Michea Carolina Valeria. "Actividad fotocatalítica de nanoestructuras ZnO y ZnO:M (M: Fe, Cu, Ag)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144084.

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Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Ingeniería Química
En el presente trabajo de investigación se sintetizó materiales nanoestructurados de óxido de cinc mediante la técnica de sol gel. Con el objetivo de mejorar sus capacidades fotocatalíticas en la síntesis se incorporó cantidades conocidas de metales (dopaje), a saber, Cu, Fe y Ag, esto para producir cambios en su morfología y estructura cristalina. Se incorporó cobre en un 0.5, 1, 1.5 y 2% en fracción molar, hierro en un 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 y 2% en fracción molar y plata en un 0.5, 2, 3, 6 y 9% en fracción molar. Para caracterizar los materiales se realizó medidas de área superficial BET, microscopía electrónica de barrido, microscopía de transmisión electrónica, microscopía de transmisión electrónica de alta resolución, difracción de rayos X (DRX), fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX), espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopía micro-Raman, fotoluminiscencia (FL), y espectroscopía UV visible. Finalmente se llevaron a cabo pruebas de fotocatálisis con luz visible para evaluar las potenciales mejoras en el rendimiento de los materiales, y se determinaron las constantes cinéticas de aquellos que evidenciaron el mayor rendimiento en descontaminación de agua. Se obtuvo muestras de tamaño nanométrico con una morfología de partícula en el caso de hierro y plata. En el caso de cobre la morfología fue varillas. S observó que la incorporación de hierro y plata en el óxido de cinc favorecen la fotocatálisis, no así el cobre.
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Гузенко, Олександр Ігорович, Александр Игоревич Гузенко, Oleksandr Ihorovych Huzenko, Станіслав Ігорович Кахерський, Станислав Игоревич Кахерский, Stanislav Igorevich Kakherskyi, Олександр Анатолійович Доброжан, et al. "Газочутливий елемент детектора, створений методом друку з використанням наночорнил Ag та ZnO." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80968.

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Book chapters on the topic "ZnO/Ag"

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Wang, Pangpang, Dongyan Zhang, Chang Huang, Xiaoping Song, and Ri-ichi Murakami. "Surface Plasmon Resonant Enhanced Optical Transmission through ZnO/Ag/ZnO Multilayered Films." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 287–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470930991.ch27.

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Joshi, Monika, Vidur Raj, S. Pranauv Balaji, and Ayushi Kaushik. "Ag–ZnO Nanocomposite for Multi Gas Sensing Applications." In Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 453–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03002-9_113.

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Dhumal, Sandip, Krantisinha Jagtap, Shubham Malkunjikar, Mahesh Shindge, and Surendra D. Barewar. "Comparative Numerical Analysis of ZnO and Ag/ZnO Nanofluids Flowing Through Automobile Radiator." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 701–14. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7827-4_55.

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Settara, Khaoula, Fouaz Lekoui, Rachid Amrani, Elyes Garoudja, Ouissam Bouacha, Hadjer Asmaa Zerini, Walid Filali, and Hocine Akkari. "Studying the Effect of Mn Doping on the Electrical and Optical Properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnO Multilayer." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 187–92. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4776-4_19.

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Komatsu, Luiz Gustavo Hiroki, Washington Luiz Oliani, Camila Basseti Oliveira, Vijaya Kumar Rangari, and Duclerc Fernandes Parra. "Application of Nanoparticles of ZnO and ZnO-Doped-Ag in Polymeric Blend of HMSPP/SEBS for Biocide Activity." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 429–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36628-5_41.

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Manujlov, Eugene, Yuriy Gnatyuk, Vera Vorobets, Gennadiy Kolbasov, Natalia Smirnova, Anna Eremenko, Asta Guobiené, and Sigitas Tamulevičius. "Mesoporous TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO/Ag films: Sol-Gel Synthesis, Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Properties." In Sol-Gel Methods for Materials Processing, 427–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8514-7_38.

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Liao, W. C., C. H. Lai, Y. Y. Chang, H. L. Huang, and J. T. Hsu. "Antimicrobial effects of Ag/TiO2 compound coatings and ZnO films on titanium based surface." In IFMBE Proceedings, 29–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03891-4_8.

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Li, Hongbo, Ronald Franken, Robert L. Stolk, Jatindra K. Rath, and Ruud E. I. Schropp. "Mechanism of Shunting of Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Deposited on Rough Ag/ZnO Substrates." In Solid State Phenomena, 27–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-43-4.27.

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Gaikwad, V. B., M. K. Deore, P. K. Khanna, D. D. Kajale, S. D. Shinde, D. N. Chavan, and G. H. Jain. "Studies on Gas Sensing Performance of Pure and Nano- Ag Doped ZnO Thick Film Resistors." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 293–307. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00578-7_18.

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Yabe, Hiromi, Eri Akita, Pangpang Wang, Daisuke Yonekura, Ri-ichi Murakami, and Xiaoping Song. "Effect of Film Thickness on Electrical and Optical Properties of ZnO/Ag Dual Layer Film." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 149–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118511428.ch17.

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Conference papers on the topic "ZnO/Ag"

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Yan, Jinliang, Xueqing Sun, Youliang Zhu, and Yinnv Zhao. "ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer films deposited at room temperature." In International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging: Technology and Applications 2007, edited by Liwei Zhou. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.791110.

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Koleva, M. E., N. N. Nedyalkov, P. A. Atanasov, N. Fukata, and M. Dutta. "Optical properties of Ag-ZnO nanostructures." In Eighteenth International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications, edited by Tanja Dreischuh, Sanka Gateva, and Alexandros Serafetinides. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2087769.

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Rahimi, Rahmatollah, Javad Shokrayian, and Mahboubeh Rabbani. "Photocatalytic removing of methylene blue by using of Cu-doped ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO and Cu,Ag-codoped ZnO nanostructures." In The 17th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-17-b018.

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Rahimi, Rahmatollah, Javad Shokrayian, and Mahboubeh Rabbani. "Photocatalytic removing of methylene blue by using of Cu-doped ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO and Cu,Ag-codoped ZnO nanostructures." In The 17th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-17-b019.

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Borras, Ana, Manuel Macias-Montero, Angel Barranco, Jose Cotrino, Juan Espinos, and Augustin R. González-Elipe. "Fabrication of heterostructured M@M´Ox Nanorods by low temperature PECVD." In 13th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering September 10 - 14, 2012, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/wcc2.47-50.

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In this communication we report on the fabrication of two different heterostructured core@shell 1D materials by low temperature (135 oC) plasma enhanced chemical deposition: Ag@TiO2 and Ag-NPs@ZnO nanorods (NRs). The controlled formation of these heterostructures on processable substrates such as Si wafers, fused silica and ITO is demonstrated. The NRs are studied by SEM, HAADF-STEM, TEM, XRD and in situ XPS in order to fully describe their microstructure and inner structure, eventually proposing a growth mechanism. The first type of nanostructures consists on a silver wire surrounded by a TiO2 shell that grows following the volcano-like mechanism. The Ag-NPs@ZnO nanostructures are formed by supported ZnO nanorods decorated with Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The 3D reconstruction by HAADF-STEM electron tomography reveals that the Ag NPs are distributed along the hollow interior of highly porous ZnO NRs. The aligned Ag-NPs@ZnO-NRs grow by a combination of different factors including geometrical distribution of precursor, plasma sheath and differences in the silver/silver oxide densities. Tuning the deposition angle, Ag-NPs@ZnO-NRs depicting different tilting angles can be homogeneously grown allowing the formation of zig-zag nanostructures. The as prepared surfaces are superhydrophobic with water contact angles higher than 150o. These surfaces turn into superhydrophilic with water contact angles lower than 10º after irradiation under UV light. In the case of the AgNPs@ZnO NRs such modification can be also provoked by irradiation with VIS light. The evolution rate of the wetting angle and its dependence on the light characteristics are related with the nanostructure and the presence of silver embedded within the NRs.
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Belkind, Abraham, Valery A. Koss, Kazem Memarzadeh, and John A. Woollam. "Optical Properties Of A Silver Layer In ZnO/Ag/ZnO and TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 Systems." In 1988 International Congress on Optical Science and Engineering, edited by Claes-Goeran Granqvist and Carl M. Lampert. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.949933.

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Saiga, N., K. Yamamichi, and Y. Atarashi. "Realization of transparency in ZnO/ZnO/Ag thin films for electrode." In The Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/PACIFIC RIM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2009.5292190.

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Koleva, M. E., A. Og Dikovska, N. N. Nedyalkov, P. A. Atanasov, and G. B. Atanasova. "Ag/ZnO nanocomposites prepared by laser methods." In Seventeenth International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications, edited by Tanja N. Dreischuh and Albena T. Daskalova. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2013424.

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Singh, Utpal, Anal K. Jha, K. P. Chandra, Jayant Kolte, A. R. Kulkarni, and K. Prasad. "Electrical conduction in PVDF/ZnO-Ag nanocomposites." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5032445.

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Cadar, A. Oana, Cecilia Roman, Lucia Gagea, B. Alina Matei, and Ileana Cernica. "Coprecipitation Synthesis of Ag-Doped ZnO Nanopowders." In 2007 International Semiconductor Conference, CAS 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smicnd.2007.4519723.

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Reports on the topic "ZnO/Ag"

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Dannenberg, Rand, Eric Stach, Darin Glenn, Peter Sieck, and Kyle Hukari. Microstructural and conductivity comparison of Ag films grown on amorphous TiO2 and polycrystalline ZnO. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821432.

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