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Journal articles on the topic 'Zincate'

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Published: 8 June 2024

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1

Semenov, V. V., N. V. Zolotareva, O. V. Novikova, B. I. Petrov, N. M. Lazarev, R. V. Rumyantsev, M. A. Lopatin, T. I. Lopatina, T. A. Kovylina, and E. N. Razov. "Preparation of Water-Soluble Zinc(II) Complexes with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid: Molecular Structure of Zinc Ethylenediaminetetraacetate Trihydrate." Координационная химия 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0132344x22600436.

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Poorly soluble zinc ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate Zn[ZnL] reacts with sodium Na4L, potassium K4L, ammonium (NH4)4L, 2-ammonioethanol (H3NCH2CH2OH)4L, and hexamethylene-1,6-diammonium {H3N(CH2)6NH3}2L salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid H4L to give readily soluble sodium Na2[ZnL], potassium K2[ZnL], ammonium (NH4)2[ZnL], 2-ammonioethanol (H3NCH2CH2OH)2[ZnL], and hexamethylene-1,6-diammonium {H3N(CH2)6NH3}[ZnL] ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincates. The reaction of tetrakis(triethylammonium) salt {(C2H5)3NH}4L with Zn[ZnL] does not give the expected bis(triethylammonium) ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate {(C2H5)3NH}2[ZnL], but gives instead mono(triethylammonium) ethylenediaminetetraacetate zincate, {(C2H5)3NH}H[ZnL]; in aqueous solution, this product generates poorly soluble zinc ethylenediaminetetraacetate H2[ZnL(H2O)]·2H2O, which was studied by X-ray diffraction (CCDC no. 2172274).

2

Westerhausen, Matthias, Bernd Rademacher, Wolfgang Schwarz, and Sonja Henkel. "Lithium-zinkate mit heteroleptischem Triorganylzinkat-Anion / Lithium Zincates with Heteroleptic Triorganylzincate Anion." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 49, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1994-0208.

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Abstract Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-as well as bis(2,2,4,4,6,6-hexa-methyl-2,4,6-trisila-cyclo-hexyl)zinc react with methyl lithium or phenyl lithium in the pres ence of the tridentate l,3,5-trimethyl-l,3,5-triazinane (TMTA) to yield zincates of the type LiZnR2R'·2TMTA. The compounds are colorless and insoluble in aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. These zincates exist in solution as well as in the crystalline state as separated ions, as confirmed for lithium-methyl-bis(2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-2,4,6-trisila-cyc/o-hexyl)-zincate · 2TMTA by X-ray diffraction (P1̄; a -1139,5(3); b = 1482,4(4); c = 1528,6(5) pm; α = 95,33(2); β = 100,13(2); γ = 106,91(2)°; Z = 2). The lithium cation is six-coordinated by two TMTA ligands in a distorted anti-prismatic complex. The zinc atom displays a trigonal planar coordination with Zn-C bond lengths of 207 pm to the 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-2,4,6-trisila-cyc/o-hexyl ligands and of 202 pm to the methyl group. One trisila-cyc/o-hexyl substi tuent exists in the chair, the other one in the twist conformation. The reaction of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide with bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)zinc yields the benzene soluble lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino-bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)zincate TMTA. The molecular structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (P212121; a -1024,8(3); b = 1775,4(7), c = 1918,2(8) pm; Z = 4). The bridging bis(trimethylsilyl)amino ligand displays long Zn-N and Li-N distances of 213 and 208 pm, respectively, due to the steric inter-ligand repulsion. During the reaction of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide with bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-zinc no zincate formations observed. The decomposition products lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)-methanide and the heteroleptic bis(trimethylsilyl)amino-bis(trimethylsilyl)methylzinc were detected.

3

Chiba, Atsushi. "Crystal Orientation and Surface Morphology of Sono-Electroplated Zinc Film from Alkali Zincate Bath." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1743.

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Zn plated on Cu plate from 0.65 mol/dm3 alkali zincate solution in 8 mol/dm3 KOH bath Electrolysis was carried out as current density of 10 - 100 mA/cm2. The sonication was prepared 40 kHz. The current efficiency was 76.1 % at 10 mA/cm2 in 0.10 mol/dm3 zincate and 100 % in 0.15 mol/dm3 zincate at 50 mA/cm2. The current efficiency and thickness of diffusion layer affected with the agitation of micro-jet. Surface of film was smooth and dense as particle crushed down with the shockwave pressure. (112) plane moved horizontally to <113> direction under the compressive stress or shearing stress.

4

Sun, Qi Lei, and Ze Rui Liu. "Electrochemical Behaviors of Q420 Hot Galvanized Plate in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.854.

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The electrochemical behaviors of Q420 hot galvanized plate in the simulated concrete pore solution are studied by means of polarization curves and AC impedance. The result shows that, when the Q420 galvanized plate is in the simulated concrete pore solution, the stable and protective calcium zincate grains can be produced on the coating surface of the galvanized steel, so that the coating can enter the passive state and prevent the further corrosion of zinc in the alkaline environment. When the carbonification occurring in the concrete reduces the pH of medium or changes the medium environment due to the intrusion of Cl-, some small corrosion pores occur at the grain boundary of zinc grain first, then the calcium zincate grain Ca [Zn (OH)3]2·2H2O begins to be produced near the small pores, and with the gradual growth of calcium zincate grain, the zinc layer surface is gradually coated to form the protective layer with gradually increasing corrosion resistance. After the zinc base is fully coated by the calcium zincate grain, the corrosion current density declines to about the critical passive value, and the zinc layer is in the passive state. When Cl- enters the corrosive concrete environment, Cl- will destroy the primary corrosion product film calcium zincate covering the galvanized coating, so that the galvanized coating can enter the active state again.

5

Bikulčius, Gedvidas, Sigitas Jankauskas, Aušra Selskienė, Laurynas Staišiūnas, Tadas Matijošius, and Svajus Joseph Asadauskas. "New Insight into Adherence of Ni-P Electroless Deposited Coatings on AA6061 Alloy through Al2O3 Ceramic." Coatings 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050594.

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The adhesion quality of Ni-P coatings on aluminum is important for mechanical and anticorrosion properties. In this study, the adhesion of Ni-P coatings on nanoporous Al2O3 ceramic (NAC) was evaluated by impact testing. NAC was fabricated on AA6061 alloy by anodizing in sulfuric acid. The deposition of Ni-P coating was carried out on NAC with and without zincate pretreatment. It was found that zincate activation of Al2O3 accelerates the formation of Ni-P coating. A cross-sectional analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the mechanical properties and impact resistance of the Ni-P coating are strongly related to the chemical composition in the vicinity of its interface with Al2O3. The course of the formation process of Ni-P coating and its mechanisms are also very important. Although the formation of Ni-P coating was slower without zincate treatment, its stronger adhesion to NAC led to superior impact resistance compared to zincate-treated Al2O3. Improved durability of items with Ni-P coatings can benefit many applications.

6

Li, Song, and Yuan Yuan Zhou. "Preparation of Tetragonal and Hexagonal Calcium Zincate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1454.

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Tetragonal and hexagonal calcium zincate as an active material in Zn/Ni secondary battery has been successfully prepared with precipitation transformation method by isothermal in the reasonable concentration of KOH as base solution for the first time. The chemical composition of Ca [Zn (OH)3]2•2H2O was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction pattern 、TG-DSC and infrared spectroscopy. These results all show that perfect crystal shape of either regular tetragonal or hexagonal calcium zincate (regardless of crystal size) should always have the same chemical expression of Ca [Zn (OH)3]2•2H2O as its form; and incomplete crystal shape of calcium zincate prepared in different conditions , their chemical expression may be the form of Ca [Zn (OH)3]2•nH2O(n=1~2).

7

KAWASHIMA, Satoshi. "Zincate Process of Aluminum." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 64, no. 12 (2013): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.64.645.

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8

AZUMI, Kazuhisa, Takuma YUGIRI, Masahiro SEO, Katsuhiko TASHIRO, and Satoshi KAWASHIMA. "Double Zincate Pretreatment of Al Alloy in a LiOH-based Zincate Solution." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 51, no. 3 (2000): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.51.313.

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9

Tong, Meng Liang, and Xuan Yan Liu. "Preparation and Electrochemical Performances of Calcium Zincate Synthesized by Microwave Method." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.868.

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Calcium zincate as an active material in Zn/Ni secondary battery has been successfully synthesized by microwave method. The chemical composition of Ca(OH)2·2Zn(OH)2·2H2O was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction pattern and weight loss in thermogravimetric analysis.The results of cyclic voltammetry and experimental Zn/Ni battery charge–discharge test showed that the material of calcium zincate had excellent electrochemical performances: a high discharging platform of 1.685 V and a good cycleability, discharge capacity would be 70.0% of initial capacity after circulated 120 times.

10

Tsehaye, Misgina Tilahun, Getachew Teklay Gebreslassie, Nak Heon Choi, Diego Milian, Vincent Martin, Peter Fischer, Jens Tübke, et al. "Pristine and Modified Porous Membranes for Zinc Slurry–Air Flow Battery." Molecules 26, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134062.

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The membrane is a crucial component of Zn slurry–air flow battery since it provides ionic conductivity between the electrodes while avoiding the mixing of the two compartments. Herein, six commercial membranes (Cellophane™ 350PØØ, Zirfon®, Fumatech® PBI, Celgard® 3501, 3401 and 5550) were first characterized in terms of electrolyte uptake, ion conductivity and zincate ion crossover, and tested in Zn slurry–air flow battery. The peak power density of the battery employing the membranes was found to depend on the in-situ cell resistance. Among them, the cell using Celgard® 3501 membrane, with in-situ area resistance of 2 Ω cm2 at room temperature displayed the highest peak power density (90 mW cm−2). However, due to the porous nature of most of these membranes, a significant crossover of zincate ions was observed. To address this issue, an ion-selective ionomer containing modified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium monomer was coated on a Celgard® 3501 membrane and crosslinked via UV irradiation (PPO-3.45 + 3501). Moreover, commercial FAA-3 solutions (FAA, Fumatech) were coated for comparison purpose. The successful impregnation of the membrane with the anion-exchange polymers was confirmed by SEM, FTIR and Hg porosimetry. The PPO-3.45 + 3501 membrane exhibited 18 times lower zincate ions crossover compared to that of the pristine membrane (5.2 × 10−13 vs. 9.2 × 10−12 m2 s−1). With low zincate ions crossover and a peak power density of 66 mW cm−2, the prepared membrane is a suitable candidate for rechargeable Zn slurry–air flow batteries.

11

Abbasi, Ali, Soraya Hosseini, Anongnat Somwangthanaroj, Ahmad Azmin Mohamad, and Soorathep Kheawhom. "Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide)-Based Hydroxide Exchange Separator Membranes for Zinc–Air Battery." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153678.

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Rechargeable zinc–air batteries are deemed as the most feasible alternative to replace lithium–ion batteries in various applications. Among battery components, separators play a crucial role in the commercial realization of rechargeable zinc–air batteries, especially from the viewpoint of preventing zincate (Zn(OH)42−) ion crossover from the zinc anode to the air cathode. In this study, a new hydroxide exchange membrane for zinc–air batteries was synthesized using poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) as the base polymer. PPO was quaternized using three tertiary amines, including trimethylamine (TMA), 1-methylpyrolidine (MPY), and 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and casted into separator films. The successful synthesis process was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, while their thermal stability was examined using thermogravimetric analysis. Besides, their water/electrolyte absorption capacity and dimensional change, induced by the electrolyte uptake, were studied. Ionic conductivity of PPO–TMA, PPO–MPY, and PPO–MIM was determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to be 0.17, 0.16, and 0.003 mS/cm, respectively. Zincate crossover evaluation tests revealed very low zincate diffusion coefficient of 1.13 × 10−8, and 0.28 × 10−8 cm2/min for PPO–TMA, and PPO–MPY, respectively. Moreover, galvanostatic discharge performance of the primary batteries assembled using PPO–TMA and PPO–MPY as initial battery tests showed a high specific discharge capacity and specific power of ~800 mAh/gZn and 1000 mWh/gZn, respectively. Low zincate crossover and high discharge capacity of these separator membranes makes them potential materials to be used in zinc–air batteries.

12

Pokorný, P., R. Pernicová, M. Vokáč, I. Sedlářová, and M. Kouřil. "The impact of produced hydrogen gas and calcium zincate on changes of porous structure of cement paste in the vicinity of hot-dip galvanized steel." Koroze a ochrana materialu 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2017-0012.

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Abstract The paper summarizes the impact of produced hydrogen and calcium hydroxyzincate (Ca[Zn(OH)3]2·2H2O) on the formation of the porous structure of cement paste in the vicinity of hot-dip galvanized steel. These substances result from cathodic (hydrogen) and anodic (zincates-formed by reaction with hydroxides) corrosion reactions of hot-dip galvanized steel (or pure zinc) in the cement paste. The cement binder pore structure was studied by means of mercury porosimetry and analysis of scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy images. The porosity of the cement paste at the galvanized steel / cement interphase increased as a result of galvanized steel corrosion while hydrogen was formed. Such a porous structure was maintained throughout the maturation of cement paste. Kinetics of galvanized steel corrosion related primarily to water transport through the binder. The formation of calcium zincate did not result in transition of galvanized steel from active to passive state corrosion.

13

Sharma, Ram A. "Kinetics of Calcium Zincate Formation." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 135, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2096172.

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14

HUANG, Xiao-mei, Ning LI, De-yu LI, and Li-min JIANG. "Zincate mechanism on cast Al-Si alloy in non-cyanide multi-metal zincate solutions." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 16, no. 2 (April 2006): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(06)60071-x.

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15

Shin, JaeWook, Jung-Min You, Jungwoo Z. Lee, Rajan Kumar, Lu Yin, Joseph Wang, and Y. Shirley Meng. "Deposition of ZnO on bismuth species towards a rechargeable Zn-based aqueous battery." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 38 (2016): 26376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04566a.

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16

Sharma, Ram A. "Physico‐Chemical Properties of Calcium Zincate." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 133, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 2215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2108376.

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17

Debiemme‐Chouvy, Catherine, Jacques Vedel, Marie‐Claire Bellissent‐Funel, and Robert Cortes. "Supersaturated Zincate Solutions: A Structural Study." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 142, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2048582.

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18

Cheng, Ya-Qian, Lu-Ping Lv, Jian-Wu Xie, Hai-Bin Wang, and Zhi-Min Jin. "Ammonium trichloro(hexamethylenetetramine)zincate(II) sesquihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 12 (November 30, 2006): m3591—m3593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806050550.

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19

Simicic, Milos, and Konstantin Popov. "Zinc electrodeposition from alkaline zincate solution by pulsating overpotentials." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 9 (2000): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0009661s.

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It is well known that smooth zinc deposits cannot be obtained from alkaline zincate using constant overpotential and current rate. During prolonged metal deposition, spongy and dendritic deposits are formed. It has been shown that the deposits are less agglomerated in the case of square-wave pulsating overpotentials regime than the ones obtained in case of constant overpotential regime. This is explained in a semiquantitative way by two phenomena: selective anodic dissolution during overpotentials ?off? period and decreasing diffusion control. These effects is more pronounced at higher pause-to-pulse ratio. Increasing the pause-to-pulse ratio causes a reduction of the ratio between diffusion and activation overpotential, resulting in a more compact deposit. Confirmation of the proposed semiquantitative mathematical model was obtained by zinc electrodeposition onto a copper wire from a 0.1 M zincate solution in 1.0 M KOH at room temperature.

20

Heydorn, Raymond Leopold, Jana Niebusch, David Lammers, Marion Görke, Georg Garnweitner, Katrin Dohnt, and Rainer Krull. "Production and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Separators for Nickel-Zinc Batteries." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 5727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155727.

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The need for energy-storing technologies with lower environmental impact than Li-ion batteries but similar power metrics has revived research in Zn-based battery chemistries. The application of bio-based materials as a replacement for current components can additionally contribute to an improved sustainability of Zn battery systems. For that reason, bacterial cellulose (BC) was investigated as separator material in Ni-Zn batteries. Following the biotechnological production of BC, the biopolymer was purified, and differently shaped separators were generated while surveying the alterations of its crystalline structure via X-ray diffraction measurements during the whole manufacturing process. A decrease in crystallinity and a partial change of the BC crystal allomorph type Iα to II was determined upon soaking in electrolyte. Electrolyte uptake was found to be accompanied by dimensional shrinkage and swelling, which was associated with partial decrystallization and hydration of the amorphous content. The separator selectivity for hydroxide and zincate ions was higher for BC-based separators compared to commercial glass-fiber (GF) or polyolefin separators as estimated from the obtained diffusion coefficients. Electrochemical cycling showed good C-rate capability of cells based on BC and GF separators, whereas cell aging was pronounced in both cases due to Zn migration and anode passivation. Lower electrolyte retention was concluded as major reason for faster capacity fading due to zincate supersaturation within the BC separator. However, combining a dense BC separator with low zincate permeability with a porous one as electrolyte reservoir reduced ZnO accumulation within the separator and improved cycling stability, hence showing potentials for separator adjustment.

21

Bochatay, Valentin, Zeina Neouchy, Fabrice Chemla, Franck Ferreira, Olivier Jackowski, and Alejandro Pérez-Luna. "4-Amino-1-allenylsilanes from 4-Aminopropargylic Acetates through a Silylzincation/Elimination Sequence." Synthesis 48, no. 19 (June 13, 2016): 3287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1562429.

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4-Aminopropargylic acetates afford 4-amino-1-allenylsilanes upon reaction with the lithium (triorganosilyl)zincate (PhMe2Si)3ZnLi. The reaction is both stereoselective and stereospecific and proceeds through syn-silylzincation of the carbon–carbon triple bond followed by subsequent anti-β-elimination of the acetate group.

22

Mohammed, Abdul Jalil, and Michael Moats. "Effects of Carrier, Leveller, and Booster Concentrations on Zinc Plating from Alkaline Zincate Baths." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 3, 2022): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040621.

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Organic additives are required for alkaline zincate plating baths to obtain an acceptable coating on steel for corrosion protection. The effects and possible interactions of three commercial additives (Eldiem Carrier, Eldiem Booster, and Bright Enhancer 2× on zinc electrodeposition from a high-concentration alkaline zincate bath were investigated. Visually acceptable deposits were produced within the current density range of 130 to 430 A m−2 for most additive conditions examined. Over concentration ranges examined, decreasing the booster concentration led to brighter zinc deposits, and an interaction between the carrier and the booster was detected. The additives fostered the formation of compact and adherent coatings as illustrated by scanning electron microscopy. Throwing power and current efficiency were not impacted by the additives over the concentration ranges examined. Linear sweep voltammetry proved that the additives increased the overpotential for zinc deposition. The additive combination that produced the brightest deposit also demonstrated the strongest adsorption of additives in linear sweep voltammetry.

23

Linton, David J., Robert P. Davies, Paul Schooler, and Andrew E. H. Wheatley. "Selective Oxygen Capture in Lithium Zincate Chemistry." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426500108546650.

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24

Tomita, Yuichi, Yoshiyuki Ichikawa, Yoshimitsu Itoh, Kosuke Kawada, and Koichi Mikami. "Zincate-type enolate for radical α-trifluoromethylation." Tetrahedron Letters 48, no. 50 (December 2007): 8922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.10.041.

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25

Assmann, B., S. Sievertsen, and H. Homborg. "Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium Nitrito(phthalocyaninato)zincate Hydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 52, no. 4 (April 15, 1996): 876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270195014351.

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26

Kamp, Mathias, Jonas Bartsch, Gisela Cimiotti, Roman Keding, Ardiana Zogaj, Christian Reichel, Andre Kalio, Markus Glatthaar, and Stefan Glunz. "Zincate processes for silicon solar cell metallization." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 120 (January 2014): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.05.035.

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27

TRINSCHEK, D., and M. JANSEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Na2ZnO2, a New Sodium Zincate." ChemInform 27, no. 35 (August 5, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199635012.

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28

SCHEIKOWSKI, M., and HK MUELLER-BUSCHBAUM. "ChemInform Abstract: Potassium-Barium-Oxogallate/-zincate KBa6Ga7Zn4O21." ChemInform 25, no. 16 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199416016.

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29

Hu, Hang, Anqiang He, Douglas Ivey, Drew Aasen, Sheida Arfania, and Shantanu Shukla. "Failure Analysis of Nickel-Coated Anodes in Zinc-Air Hybrid Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01126mtgabs.

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A zinc-air flow battery system pumps "fuel” (a zinc particle/KOH slurry) from a fuel tank to a fuel cell stack, where the zinc particles are combined with oxygen from the air to form zincate ions and produce electricity. The zincate-rich electrolyte is then returned to the fuel tank. During the charging cycle, the electrolyte is passed to the zinc regenerator, where electricity (from renewable sources such as solar or wind) is utilized to convert the zincate ions to zinc particles. The regenerated fuel is pumped back into the fuel tank for the discharge process. Nickel is considered for use as the anode during zinc regeneration as it has been shown to be an active catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, nickel electrodes pose manufacturing challenges due to machinability issues. Alternatively, nickel can be coated on a machinable metal substrate to improve scalability. These electrodes are subjected to open circuit voltage (OCV), OER, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during operation of zinc-air flow batteries. The electrodes have been observed to fail during prolonged voltage cycling due to nickel coating delamination, which manifests itself as blistering, flaking, and discoloration. It is hypothesized that this may be due to electrolyte penetration into the pores of the nickel coating during operation. The present work is aimed at analyzing and mitigating the coating delamination process through characterization of various Ni coating recipes. As-fabricated and cycled electrodes are characterized using various microstructural techniques, including optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and x-ray tomography. Coated electrodes are also evaluated electrochemically and the results are correlated with the microstructural analysis. The overall goal of the work is to understand the failure mechanisms and apply the knowledge to fabricate improved coatings for OER electrodes.

30

Ajibola, Olawale Olarewaju, Daniel T. Oloruntoba, and Benjamin O. Adewuyi. "Effects of Hard Surface Grinding and Activation on Electroless-Nickel Plating on Cast Aluminium Alloy Substrates." Journal of Coatings 2014 (September 21, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/841619.

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This work examined effects of hard surface polishing grits and activation on electroless-nickel (EN) plating on cast aluminium alloy substrates in sodium hypophosphite baths. As-received aluminium alloy sample sourced from automobile hydraulic brake master cylinder piston was melted in electric furnace and sand cast into rod. The cast samples were polished using different grits (60 μm–1200 μm) before plating. The effects on adhesion, appearance, and quantity of EN deposits on substrates were studied. Observation shows that the quantity of EN deposit is partly dependent on the alloy type and roughness of the surface of the substrates, whereas the adhesion and brightness are not solely controlled by the degree of surface polishing. The best yield in terms of adhesion and appearance was obtained from the activation in zincate and palladium chloride solutions. Higher plating rates (g/mm2/min) of 3.01E-05, 2.41E-05, and 2.90E-05 were obtained from chromate, zincate, and chloride than 8.49E-06, 8.86E-06, and 1.69E-05 as obtained from HCl etched, NaOH, and H2O activated surfaces, respectively.

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Graham, David V., Eva Hevia, Alan R. Kennedy, and Robert E. Mulvey. "Lithium Dimethyl(amido)zinc Complexes: Contrasting Zincate (Amido = TMP) and Inverse Zincate (Amido = HMDS) Structures on Addition of TMEDA." Organometallics 25, no. 14 (July 2006): 3297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om060334i.

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32

Geier, Michael J., Xiaotian Wang, Luke D. Humphreys, Selcuk Calimsiz, and Mark E. Scott. "Warming Up to Oxazole: Noncryogenic Oxazole Metalation and Negishi Coupling Development." Synlett 30, no. 15 (August 19, 2019): 1776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611909.

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Abstract:

This report details the development of several suitable noncryogenic metalation conditions for the synthesis of oxazole zincate. Subsequent rounds of high-throughput catalyst screening ultimately led to the identification of several suitable Pd sources that can be used for the Negishi coupling of unsubstituted oxazole. The scope and generality for one of the reported conditions is also presented.

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Siu, S., and J. W. Evans. "Density and Viscosity Measurements of Zincate/KOH Solutions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 144, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837583.

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34

Lin, Dong-Dong, Li Zhang, and Duan-Jun Xu. "Poly[disodium bis(μ-malonato)zincate(II) dihydrate]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 59, no. 11 (October 15, 2003): m1010—m1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536803022153.

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35

Miminoshvili, Elguja B., Alexandre N. Sobolev, Ketevan E. Miminoshvili, and Tamara N. Sakvarelidze. "Bis(piperidinium)trans-dichlorobis(3,5-dinitrobenzoato)zincate(II)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 60, no. 3 (February 20, 2004): m319—m321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680400337x.

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36

Jin, Shouwen, Yanfei Huang, Shuaishuai Wei, Yong Zhou, and Yingping Zhou. "Poly[diammonium [(μ4-butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylato)zincate] tetrahydrate]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 10 (September 15, 2012): m1268—m1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812038883.

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37

Kiros, Yohannes. "Separation and permeability of zincate ions through membranes." Journal of Power Sources 62, no. 1 (September 1996): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02420-2.

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38

Liu, PengFei, and YiFei Zhang. "Nucleation and Structure of Supersaturated Sodium Zincate Solution." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58, no. 47 (October 28, 2019): 21187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03070.

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39

Ravindran, Visalakshi, and V. S. Muralidharan. "Cathodic processes on zinc in alkaline zincate solutions." Journal of Power Sources 55, no. 2 (June 1995): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(95)02184-i.

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40

Peng, Wen-jie, and Yun-yan Wang. "Mechanism of zinc electroplating in alkaline zincate solution." Journal of Central South University of Technology 14, no. 1 (January 2007): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-007-0008-1.

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41

Azumi, Kazuhisa, Takuma Yugiri, Masahiro Seo, and Shinji Fujimoto. "Double Zincate Pretreatment of Sputter-Deposited Al Films." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 148, no. 6 (2001): C433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1370966.

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42

Caldeira, Vincent, Laurent Jouffret, Julien Thiel, François R. Lacoste, Saïd Obbade, Laetitia Dubau, and Marian Chatenet. "Ultrafast Hydro-Micromechanical Synthesis of Calcium Zincate: Structural and Morphological Characterizations." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7369397.

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Calcium zincate is a compound with a large panel of application: mainly known as an advantageous replacement of zinc oxide in negative electrodes for air-zinc or nickel-zinc batteries, it is also used as precursor catalyst in biodiesel synthesis and as antifungal compound for the protection of limestone monuments. However, its synthesis is not optimized yet. In this study, it was elaborated using an ultrafast synthesis protocol: Hydro-Micromechanical Synthesis. Two other synthesis methods, Hydrochemical Synthesis and Hydrothermal Synthesis, were used for comparison. In all cases, the as-synthesized samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and LASER diffraction particle size analysis. Rietveld method was used to refine various structural parameters and obtain an average crystallite size, on a Hydro-Micromechanical submicronic sample. X-ray single crystal structure determination was performed on a crystal obtained by Hydrochemical Synthesis. It has been shown that regardless of the synthesis protocol, the prepared samples always crystallize in the same crystal lattice, withP21/cspace group and only differ from their macroscopic textural parameters. Nevertheless, only the Hydro-Micromechanical method is industrially scalable and enables a precise control of the textural parameters of the obtained calcium zincate.

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Häggman, Leif, Cecilia Lindblad, Anders Cassel, and Ingmar Persson. "Complex Formation Between Zinc(II) and Alkyl-N-iminodiacetic Acids in Aqueous Solution and Solid State." Journal of Solution Chemistry 49, no. 9-10 (October 2020): 1279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10953-020-01031-w.

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Abstract Removal of metal compounds from wastewater using processes where metals can be removed and valuable chemicals recycled is of significant industrial importance. Chelating surfactants are an interesting group of chemicals to be used in such applications. Carboxylated polyamines are a promising group to be used in such processes. To apply carboxylated polyamines as chelating surfactants, detailed knowledge of the solution chemistry, including complex formation, kinetics and structures of pure fundamental systems, is required. In this study zinc(II) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate systems with varying length of the alkyl chain have been studied. Acidic and stability constants have been studied by potentiometry, and the structures of both solids and aqueous solutions have been determined by EXAFS. Zinc(II) forms two strong complexes with alkyl-N-iminodiacetates in aqueous solution. In an attempt to determine the acidic constants of these complexes, the deprotonation of the nitrogen atom in the complex bound ligands, it was observed that this reaction is very slow and no accurate values could be obtained. The bis(alkyl-N-iminodiacetato)zincate(II) complexes take, however, up two protons in the pH region 3–7, which means that this complex is approximately singly protonated in the pH region 3–7 and doubly protonated at pH < 3. The bis(n-hexyl-N-iminodiacetato)zincate(II) complex at pH = 13 has a distorted octahedral configuration with four short strong Zn–O bonds at 2.08(1) Å, while the Zn–N bonds are weaker at much longer distance, 2.28(2) Å. Similar configurations are also found in most reported structures of zinc(II) complexes with carboxylated amines/polyamines. The singly protonated complex seems to be five-coordinate, with four Zn–O bond distances at ca. 2.03 Å, and a single Zn–N bond distance in the range 2.15–2.25 Å. The relationship between the structure of the protonated bis(n-hexyl-N-iminodiacetato)zincate(II) complex and the slow kinetics in the region pH = 3–7 are discussed.

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Guschlbauer, Jannick, Tobias Vollgraff, and Jörg Sundermeyer. "Homoleptic trimethylsilylchalcogenolato zincates [Zn(ESiMe3)3]− and stannanides [Sn(ESiMe3)3]− (E = S, Se): precursors in solution-based low-temperature binary metal chalcogenide and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) synthesis." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 8 (2020): 2517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04144c.

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Organic cation salts with homoleptic zincate and stannanide anions, Ph₄P [Zn(ESiMe₃)₃] (E = S (1a), Se (1b)) and Cat [Sn(ESiMe₃)₃] (Cat = Ph₄P⁺ (E = S (2a-Ph4P); Cat = PPN⁺ (E = S 2a-Ph4P, Se (2a)) are presented and structurally characterized.

45

Trinschek, D., and M. Jansen. "Na2ZnO2, ein neues Natriumzinkat / Na2ZnO2, a New Sodium Zincate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 51, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1996-0515.

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By reacting Na2O, which was produced in situ from NaN3 and NaNO2, with reactive ZnO in the solid state, the synthesis of Na2ZnO2 has been achieved. Na2ZnO2 is metastable up to about 750°C. The novel sodium zincate crystallizes in the spaceogroup P21/c (No. 14) with the lattice parameters a = 7.7352(2), b = 5.9782(2), c = 5.7248(2) Å, β = 94.934(3)°, Z = 4. According to a single crystal structure determination it is an representative of the anti type of the Ln2S2O (Ln = Er, Tm, Yb, Dy) structure.

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de Oliveira, Iara, Leandro Cunha, Leila Visconte, Marcelo Oliveira, and Mayura Rubinger. "The Evaluation of bis(4-Methylphenylsulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate (II) (ZNIBU) Activity in the Vulcanization of NBR Compounds and its Effect on their Mechanical Properties." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2010): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.03.237.

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The effect of accelerator type on the vulcanization process and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) compounds was investigated. Three commercial accelerators were selected, N-N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) and bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)zinc (II) (ZDMC) and compared with the compound bis(4 methylphenylsulfonyldithiocarbimato)zincate (II) (ZNIBU). Surprisingly, it was found that the optimum vulcanization time for ZNIBU showed better results than for TBBS.

47

Pessine, Elisabete Jorge, Silvia M. L. Agostinho, and Hélio C. Chagas. "Evaluation of the diffusion coefficient of the zincate ion using a rotating disk electrode." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-083.

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Using a rotating Hg-film disc electrode, the diffusion coefficient of the zincate ion in a 1–4 M aqueous solution of NaOH was measured. Experiments covered a temperature range from 25 to 40 °C. The experimental results are in agreement with the predictions of the Stokes–Einstein theory for diffusivity. The obtained Stokes radii decrease with increasing alkali concentration, but the ratio Dη/T is reasonably constant within the whole range of temperature investigated

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Rohan, James F., Patricia A. Murphy, and John Barrett. "Zincate-Free, Electroless Nickel Deposition on Aluminum Bond Pads." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 152, no. 1 (2005): C32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1836131.

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49

Afifi, S., A. Ebaid, M. Hegazy, and K. Donya. "On the Electrowinning of Zinc from Alkaline Zincate Solutions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2085902.

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50

Debiemme‐Chouvy, Catherine, and Jacques Vedel. "Supersaturated Zincate Solutions: A Study of the Decomposition Kinetics." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2086013.

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