Journal articles on the topic 'Zinc ores New South Wales'
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1
Birch, W. D., E. A. J. Burke, V. J. Wall, and M. A. Etheridge. "Ecandrewsite, the zinc analogue of ilmenite, from Little Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, and the San Valentin Mine, Sierra de Cartegena, Spain." Mineralogical Magazine 52, no. 365 (April 1988): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.365.10.
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AbstractEcandrewsite, the zinc analogue of ilmenite, is a new mineral which was first described from the Broken Hill lode in 1970 and discovered subsequently in ores from Little Broken Hill (New South Wales) and the San Valentin Mine, Spain. The name ‘ecandrewsite’ was used in a partial description of the mineral in ‘Minerals of Broken Hill’ (1982), thereby establishing the Little Broken Hill locality, specifically the Melbourne Rockwell Mine, as the type locality. Microprobe analysis of ecandrewsite from the type locality gave ZnO 30.42 (wt.%), FeO (total Fe) 11.37, MnO 7.64, TiO2 50.12, total 99.6%, yielding an empirical formula of (Zn0.59Fe0.24Mn0.17)1.00Ti0.99O3 based on 3 oxygen atoms. All compositions from Little Broken Hill and the San Valentin Mine are ferroan manganoan ecandrewsite. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction data are (d in Å, (hkil), I/Io):2.746, (104), 100; 2.545, (110), 80; 1.867, (024), 40; 3.734, (012), 30; 1.470, (3030), 30; 1.723, (116), 25. Ecandrewsite is hexagonal, space group RR3¯ assigned from a structural study, with a = 5.090(1), c = 14.036(2)Å, V = 314.6(3)Å3, Z = 6, D(calc.) = 4.99. The mineral is opaque, dark brown to black with a similar streak, and a submetallic lustre. In plane polarized light the reflection colour is greyish white with a pinkish tinge. Reflection pleochroism is weak, but anisotropism is strong with colours from greenish grey to dark brownish grey. Reflectance data in air between 470 and 650 nm are given. At the type locality, ecandrewsite forms disseminated tabular euhedral grains up to 250 × 50 µm, in quartz-rich metasediments. Associated minerals include almandine-spessartine, ferroan gahnite and rutile. The name is for E. C. Andrews, pioneering geologist in the Broken Hill region of New South Wales. Type material consisting of one grain is preserved in the Museum of Victoria (M35700). The mineral and name were approved by the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names in 1979.
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Birch, W. D. "Zinc-manganese carbonates from Broken Hill, New South Wales." Mineralogical Magazine 50, no. 355 (March 1986): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.355.07.
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AbstractSpecimens of honey-brown to pinkish-brown globular carbonates encrusting concretionary goethite–coronadite from the oxidized zone at Broken Hill, New South Wales, have compositions in the rhodochrosite–smithsonite series. This may be the first extensive natural occurrence of this solid-solution series. Growth of the carbonates occurred in zones which have near uniform composition. The ratio MnCO3/(MnCO3 + ZnCO3) for each zone bears a linear relationship to the measured d spacing for the 104 X-ray reflections. Because cerussite is the only other mineral associated with the Zn-Mn carbonates and because of an absence of detailed locality information, the paragenetic significance of these minerals cannot be determined. The solutions depositing them may have been derived from the near-surface equivalents of the Zinc Lode horizons.
3
Apte, Simon C., Graeme E. Batley, Ronald Szymczak, Paul S. Rendell, Randall Lee, and T. David Waite. "Baseline trace metal concentrations in New South Wales coastal waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96121.
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Concentrations of ten trace elements at five localities in New South Wales coastal waters were measured by ultratrace sampling and analysis. Mean concentrations of cadmium (2.4 ng L-1), copper (31 ng L-1), nickel (180 ng L-1), lead (9 ng L-1) and zinc (<22 ng L-1) are among the lowest reported in the Southern Hemisphere and are consistent with recent oceanographic data for the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Waters from the southernmost sampling locality (Eden) contained higher phosphate, silicate, cadmium and nickel, but lower chromium concentrations than waters from the other four localities, reflecting the inputs of water from the Tasman Sea in the south compared with the dominance of waters from the Coral Sea along the rest of the coast. Cadmium concentrations were positively correlated with both phosphate and silicate. Chromium and lead concentrations were also significantly correlated. It is likely that a major source of lead is atmospheric deposition. The trace metal concentrations were comparable to those in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean, indicating that fluvial inputs or processes occurring in the coastal margin were of limited importance in determining trace metal concentrations.
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Batley, GE. "Heavy metal speciation in waters, sediments and biota from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 5 (1987): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870591.
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The distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals in waters and sediments from Lake Macquarie (N.S.W.) have been examined. Elevated concentrations of zinc, lead, cadmium and copper detected in surface sediments and waters from the northern end of the lake are attributable to discharges from a lead-zinc smelter on Cockle Creek. The majority of the metals are in bioavailable forms and are shown to be accumulated in seagrasses, seaweeds and bivalves. Calculations indicate that, at the current rates of discharge, the concentrations of bioavailable metals in newly-deposited sediments should not be deleterious. Elutriate tests showed that there will be no significant mobilization of metals during dredging operations to remove the contaminated sediments.
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Khan, Mohammad Riaz, and D. J. Barber. "Composition-related microstructures in zinc-bearing carbonate assemblages from Broken Hill, New South Wales." Mineralogy and Petrology 41, no. 2-4 (April 1990): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01168497.
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Somerville, D. C., and H. I. Nicol. "Mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 8 (2002): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01086.
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The mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from 34 floral species was analysed for 10 elements. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of major and minor elements were the following: potassium (K) 5530, phosphorus (P) 4600, sulfur (S) 2378, calcium (Ca) 1146, magnesium (Mg) 716, sodium (Na) 82, iron (Fe) 67, zinc�(Zn) 58, manganese (Mn) 33 and copper (Cu) 12. Close correlations existed between Mn and Cu, P and S, K and S and K and Zn. Single species demonstrated similar element profiles. Echium plantagineum pollen had a high mean concentration of P (7411 mg/kg) and S (3133 mg/kg) when compared with the mean of the total; Brassica�napus pollen had high concentration of Mg (1400 mg/kg) and Ca (1750 mg/kg) and low concentration of Fe (27 mg/kg); Hypochoeris radicata had low concentrations of 6 elements — Fe (4.5 mg/kg), Zn (20 mg/kg), Mg�(240 mg/kg), S (1400 mg/kg), P (2066 mg/kg) and K (2433 mg/kg). Asphodelus fistulosus had the highest concentration of K at 38 000 mg/kg, the next highest value of 8200 mg/kg being for Prunus dulcis.
7
Muldoon, DK. "Nutrition of irrigated crops on an alkaline brown clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. 1. Lucerne." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (1986): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860445.
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The elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc were sequentially omitted from a 'complete' fertiliser applied to plots on an alkaline soil, and lucerne (Medicago sativa) was sown immediately afterwards. The dry matter production of lucerne was measured in repeated cuts over 2 years; its mineral composition was determined periodically. In a second experiment 4 rates of phosphorus were applied to a l -year-old stand of lucerne and dry matter production recorded for 1 year. Lucerne yields in the first year were reduced from 17-1 8 t/ha to less than 14 t/ha by omitting phosphorus. Yields universally decreased in the second year as the 50 kg/ha P applied at sowing was depleted through the removal of 40 kg/ha P in forage. Following this depletion a linear yield response up to 80 kg/ha P was found (experiment 2). Omitting phosphorus fertiliser reduced the plant phosphorus concentration from 0.23 to 0.21% when sampled 15 months after sowing. The plant phosphorus concentration decreased with time in all treatments. The available soil phosphorus level decreased from an initial 12 to 6-7 �g/g after 6 months and further to 2 �g/g after 30 months. Fertiliser phosphorus raised the soil phosphorus level but this also was depleted to 2-3 �g/g in 30 months. Omitting zinc reduced the plant zinc concentration. However, neither the omission of nitrogen, potassium, sulfur nor zinc from the fertiliser had any effect on lucerne yields.
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Muldoon, DK. "Nutrition of irrigated crops on an alkaline brown clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. 2. Wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (1986): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860451.
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In a field nutrient-omission experiment, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc were sequentially omitted from a 'complete' fertiliser applied to irrigated wheat on an alkaline brown clay soil. Wheat forage and grain yields were recorded for 3 years following this single application. The chemical composition of forage and grain was determined. A second experiment elucidated the response to nitrogen fertiliser after 2 years of wheat or fallow. Deficiencies of phosphorus and nitrogen were evident in the second and subsequent crops. Forage and grain yields were reduced in the absence of these elements as were the respective concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the forage and grain. The omission of zinc fertiliser reduced the concentration of zinc in the grain but not the grain yield. Omitting sulfur led to lower grain yields in the second year. Both sulfur and nitrogen were required to achieve maximum grain nitrogen and sulfur contents. The response to nitrogen fertiliser peaked at 130 kg/ha N after a fallow. After continuous wheat, however, over 200 kg/ha N was required for maximum yields. A positive tillering response to nitrogen accounted for much of this grain yield response. Grain nitrogen contents remained low until 100kg/ha N was applied.
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Haddad, K. S., and J. C. Evans. "Assessment of chemical methods for extracting zinc, manganese, copper, and iron from New South Wales soils." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629309368779.
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Elliott, Peter. "Cardite, Zn5.5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)(OH)3·3H2O, a new zinc arsenate mineral from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia." Mineralogy and Petrology 115, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-021-00750-2.
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Graham, G. A., G. Byron, and R. H. Norris. "Survival ofSalmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) in the zinc polluted Molonglo River near Captains Flat, New South Wales, Australia." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36, no. 1 (December 1986): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623493.
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Ashley, P. M., and B. R. Willott. "Zinc-lead skarn deposits at Leadville, New South Wales, Australia, and their distinction from volcanic-hosted massive sulphides." Mineralium Deposita 32, no. 1 (January 1997): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050069.
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Lottermoser, Bernd G. "Natural enrichment of topsoils with chromium and other heavy metals, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 35, no. 5 (1997): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96108.
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Total heavy metal concentrations [cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper(Cu), iron (Fe), mangnese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)]were determined in surface soil samples from Port Macquarie, New South Wales,Australia. Composite topsoil samples (0–10 cm depth) had mean values(per kg) of 13 mg Co, 1020 mg Cr, 59 mg Cu, 136·7 g Fe, 719 mg Mn, 149mg Ni, 20 mg Pb, and 47 mg Zn. The topsoils were generally characterised by alow pH (3·8–5·2) and a mineralogy dominated by haematite,magnetite, quartz, and kaolinite. Chromium was predominantly present in thetopsoils as Cr3+ in microcrystalline chromite(FeCr2O4) and, to a lesser degree,in kaolinite and haematite. Differences in Cr soil concentrations with depthwere due to variations in the relative abundance of the various soilcomponents, rather than Cr3+ mobility within the soilprofile. The elevated heavy metal concentrations are the result of soildevelopment over metal-rich bedrock (serpentinite matrix melange) andassociated enrichment of relatively immobile elements (Cr, Fe, Ni) in theresidual soil profile. The ANZECC and NH&MRC (Australian and New ZealandEnvironment and Conservation Council and National Health & MedicalResearch Council) environmental investigation limits were exceeded for100% of the sample sites for Cr, 47% for Cu, 61% for Mn,and 58% for Ni.
14
Cresswell, GC, and RJ Wickson. "Seasonal variation in the nutrient composition of the foliage of pecan (Carya illinoensis)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 3 (1986): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860393.
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Leaves were sampled every 2 weeks throughout the 1980-81 and 1981-82 growing seasons from a commercial pecan orchard in New South Wales. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were highest at leaf emergence and decreased with time. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium and boron were lowest early in the season and increased with time. There was no true seasonal pattern in leaf zinc which varied in apparent response to foliar zinc spray use. These trends were similar for the cultivars Witchita and Western Schley. Minimum seasonal variation in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the main fertiliser nutrients, occurred between 1 February and 21 March. This period is therefore the most suitable for general diagnostic purposes such as the evaluation of fertiliser programs and surveys of crop nutrient status.
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Ryan, M. H., R. M. Norton, J. A. Kirkegaard, K. M. McCormick, S. E. Knights, and J. F. Angus. "Increasing mycorrhizal colonisation does not improve growth and nutrition of wheat on Vertosols in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 10 (2002): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02005.
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Most crops host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Canola and other brassicas are some of the few exceptions. This study examined AM fungal colonisation, uptake of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn), growth, and yield of wheat following brassicas and crops that host AMF in 5 crop-sequence experiments in southern New South Wales and Victoria. All experiments were on alkaline Vertosols, similar to soils in the northern wheatbelt on which low AM fungal colonisation of wheat following canola, or long-fallow, has been reported to induce poor crop growth. Soils with a broad range of extractable P concentrations were chosen. AM fungal colonisation of wheat was generally lower following brassicas than hosts of AMF, although this varied with year and location. The effect on wheat AM fungal colonisation levels did not vary between brassicas with differing levels and types of root glucosinolates. Low AM fungal colonisation did not affect early wheat growth, pre-anthesis P and Zn uptake, or yield. A positive relationship between AM fungal colonisation and grain Zn and P concentrations occurred in one experiment. High levels of colonisation by AMF did not protect crop roots from damage by root pathogens and high levels of pathogen damage made interpretation of results difficult in some instances. As these findings are consistent with results from an experiment on an acidic Kandosol in southern New South Wales, it appears farmers do not need to consider the degree to which wheat will be colonised by AMF when planning crop sequences in south-eastern Australia.
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Brown, K. R., and R. G. McPherson. "Concentrations of copper, zinc and lead in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) from the Georges River, New South Wales." Science of The Total Environment 126, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90481-7.
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Doyle, AD, RW McLeod, PTW Wong, SE Hetherington, and RJ Southwell. "Evidence for the involvement of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in wheat yield decline in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (1987): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870563.
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Factors responsible for a decline in wheat yields in some paddocks in the Gunnedah (northern New South Wales) area were investigated in a series of field experiments. Yield decline is not apparent on soils cultivated for less than 10 years, and barley and sorghum crops are not affected. Plant nutrition apparently is not a major factor in the decline, because, although there was a small response to zinc application in 1 experiment, wheat yields were not significantly increased by the application of N, P, K, Cu, Mg, B, Mn, Mo or S in a paddock where the yield of wheat was half that of the surrounding barley crop. Fumigation of the soil with methyl bromide increased wheat cv. Timgalen yield by 78% to equal that of barley cv. Clipper in a second experiment. Large numbers of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) were associated with unfumigated wheat plots, with smaller numbers present on barley plots. In a third experiment, the grain yields of all of the 9 cereal genotypes tested were increased when sown with 4 kg/ha of aldicarb. The relative yield increase associated with aldicarb showed good correlation with the reputed tolerance of the genotypes to P. thornei. Pratylenchus thornei occurred to a depth of 120 cm. Aldicarb did not affect P. thornei numbers below 15 cm, while methyl bromide controlled P. thornei to depths of 30-90 cm. Aldicarb virtually eliminated P. thornei from the surface 10 cm of soil, but had no effect on the incidence of the fungal diseases common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) or crown rot (Fusarium graminearum). Soil fumigation with methyl bromide controlled B. sorokiniana and F. graminearum as well as P. thornei and gave yields 9% higher than did treatment with aldicarb. In another experiment, ethylene dibromide (2.7-10.8 L/ha) had no consistent effect on the yield of wheat or numbers of P. thornei while terbufos (0.6 and 1.2 kg/ha) gave a small reduction in P. thornei numbers and a small increase in yield. These data indicate that P. thornei is at least partially responsible for wheat yield decline in parts of northern New South Wales.
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Elliott, Peter. "Hodgesmithite, (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10·3H2O, a new copper zinc sulfate mineral with a unique, decorated, interrupted-sheet structure." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 75, no. 6 (November 14, 2019): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205252061901343x.
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Hodgesmithite, ideally (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10·3H2O, is a new copper zinc sulfate mineral from the Block 14 Opencut, Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. Electron microprobe analysis provided the empirical formula Cu4.84,Zn2.16,Cd0.04[(SO4)1.89,(SiO4)0.12]2.01(OH)9.82·3.15H2O based on 21 oxygen atoms per formula unit. Hodgesmithite is trigonal, space group P3, with a = 8.1905 (12), c = 7.0990 (14) Å, V = 412.43 (12) Å3 and Z = 1. The crystal structure of hodgesmithite, R 1 = 0.0272 for 5145 reflections with F o > 4σ(F o) measured with synchrotron X-ray radiation (λ = 0.71080 Å), contains interrupted sheets of edge-sharing Cu(O,OH)6 octahedra in the (001) plane. Every seventh octahedral site is vacant and capped by a ZnO4 tetrahedron and an SO4 tetrahedron which are attached to the sheet above and below this position. The sheets are additionally decorated on one side by SO4 tetrahedra that share a vertex incident to three Cu—O(apical) bonds. Interstitial H2O groups lie between the sheets. ZnO4 tetrahedra share vertices with SO4 tetrahedra from the adjacent sheet to provide linkage between the sheets in the c direction.
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Cooper, J. L. "The effect of biosolids on cereals in central New South Wales, Australia. 2. Soil levels and plant uptake of heavy metals and pesticides." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 4 (2005): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03100.
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Two forms of biosolids, with and without lime, were applied to acid soils at 2 sites growing wheat and triticale in central New South Wales. The forms of biosolids used were dewatered sewage sludge cake, and N-Viro Soil which is a lime-amended sewage sludge. Dewatered sewage sludge cake was applied at rates of 0, 6, 12 and 24 dry Mg/ha, and N-Viro soil at 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dry Mg/ha. The soil was sampled and analysed at 2 points in time to determine the effect of the biosolids on heavy metal concentrations. Vegetative plant material and grain were also analysed for heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide levels. Zinc and copper concentrations increased significantly with the addition of biosolids, especially with the highest rates of dewatered sewage sludge cake. However, all soil heavy metals were below the maximum allowable soil contaminant concentrations set by Environment Protection Authority, NSW. Cereal species, the addition of lime, and biosolids each affected heavy metal concentrations in plant material, but the responses differed between sites. Also, the changes in heavy metal concentrations in plant material were smaller and less consistent than the changes in soil heavy metal concentrations. The maximum heavy metal concentrations in grain were all below the maximum permitted concentrations of Food Standards Australia New Zealand. There were no detectable changes in the levels of organo-chlorine pesticides in the grain.
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Huett, D. O., and I. Vimpany. "Revised diagnostic leaf nutrient standards for macadamia growing in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06133.
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Leaf nutrient analyses are widely used to determine the nutritional status of macadamia orchards. A commercial database was developed from 2186 observations collected from 186 farms across 56 geographical areas spanning New South Wales and Queensland. The data were collected over 10 years, with 1 to 9 sequential annual observations on each farm. An experimental database was also developed where several of the most popular commercial cultivars growing in the Lismore area of New South Wales and the Bundaberg area of Queensland were sampled at monthly intervals over a 2–3 year period. Two canopy sampling heights were used to confirm the effect of shading (irradiance) on leaf nutrient composition. This latter study confirmed that spring was an appropriate time to sample and that irradiated leaves, usually located in an upper canopy position, should be sampled. The most important change to the recommended leaf nutrient standards was the increase in the leaf nitrogen range from 1.3–1.4% to 1.4–1.7% for all cultivars except 344, where we recommend 1.6–2.0%. The study also confirmed that the adequate concentration range for zinc should be much lower than originally recommended. We recommend concentrations of 6–15 mg/kg. Minor changes were made to most other macro- and micronutrients. We also advise caution when interpreting the analyses of some nutrients because concentrations can change over the spring period. The revised leaf nutrient standards were developed from two large and comprehensive databases and reliably represent adequate leaf nutrient concentrations in productive, well-managed macadamia orchards in Australia. A single leaf analysis will not reliably indicate the nutritional status of a macadamia orchard. Additional information is required on trends in leaf and soil analyses over time as well as fertiliser, yield and management history.
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Haddad, KS, and RG Weir. "Influence of soil properties on the use of soil and plant zinc to predict zinc response in maize." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850856.
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The value of using the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) soil zinc and/or the zinc concentration in young maize tops to predict the response, to zinc application, of maize growth on soils from the Liverpool Plains of New South Wales was assessed in a glasshouse experiment. Forty-eight composite soil samples, 23 medium clays (MC) and 25 heavy clays (HC), were collected from the study area and two rates of zinc (0 and 10 �g/g air-dried soil), were applied to each soil in a triplicated randomized block design. Maize was grown for 30 days and the growth response to zinc application was calculated as Bray's percentage yield (%y). Although zinc application generally increased the yield of maize grown on all soils tested (P<0.001), the correlations between %y and soil zinc, plant zinc and soil zinc, and %y and plant zinc of all soils tested, as one group, were not significant. When the soils were treated as two textural groups and the influence of other soil properties on the growth response of maize to zinc application were tested statistically, the %y differed between the MC and HC groups (P<0.05) and between the soils in each group (P<0.001). The multiple regression of %y on soil properties, within each soil group, revealed that, for the MC soils, the phosphorus content, DTPA extractable iron, manganese and zinc, percentage organic carbon and phosphorus sorption capacity were consistently and significantly related to %y and accounted for 93% of variation in %y. For the HC soils, only pH, DTPA-extractable manganese and percentage organic carbon were significantly related to %y and these accounted for 75% of the variation in %y. Zinc concentration in maize tops grown on the untreated soils was 12-40 �g/g. The %y was significantly (P<t0.05) related to zinc concentration in the tops of maize grown on the MC soils (r= 0.63), but not in those grown on the HC soils. These results suggest that, for maize grown in these soils, it is not possible to predict the response to zinc application by considering only zinc levels in soil or in young maize tops.
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Langlands, JP, GE Donald, and AJ Smith. "Analysis of data collected in a residue survey: copper and zinc concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle in Australian sheep and cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (1987): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870485.
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Samples of h e r , kidney and muscle were collected between 1975 and 1983 from 2797 sheep or cattle at 39 meatworks located in all Australian States and the Northern Territory on behalf of the Australian Bureau of Animal Health. The samples were analysed for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) at government analytical laboratories. Mean values and proportions falling into various class intervals are presented. Hepatic Cu concentrations tended to be positively skewed with a long tail of observations with high concentrations. About 3% of ovine livers and 9% of bovine livers contained <2 mg Cu/kg freshweight when calculated on a national basis. This concentration was arbitrarily taken as the criterion of a low Cu status, and the proportion within States falling into this class ranged from about 1% in sheep from Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania to about 11% in Victoria. Proportions in cattle were highest in Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales, and were 13.6, 10.5 and 8.9% respectively. Correlations between Cu and Zn concentrations in the different tissues were low. Possible sources of bias in applying the results to predicting the number of Cu-deficient animals in the various States are discussed.
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Slater, Kaylee, Megan E. Rollo, Zoe Szewczyk, Lee Ashton, Tracy Schumacher, and Clare Collins. "Do the Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Women Attending Public Hospital Antenatal Clinics Align with Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Recommendations?" Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082438.
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The maternal diet influences the long-term health status of both mother and offspring. The current study aimed to compare dietary intakes of pregnant women compared to food and nutrient recommendations in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) and Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Usual dietary intake was assessed in a sample of women in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy attending antenatal outpatient clinics at John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales (NSW). Dietary intake was measured using the Australian Eating Survey, a validated, semi-quantitative 120-item food frequency questionnaire. Daily food group servings and nutrient intakes were compared to AGHE and NRV targets. Of 534 women participating, none met the AGHE recommendations for all food groups. Highest adherence was for fruit serves (38%), and lowest for breads and cereals (0.6%). Only four women met the pregnancy NRVs for folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre from food alone. Current dietary intakes of Australian women during pregnancy do not align with national nutrition guidelines. This highlights the importance of routine vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy, as intakes from diet alone may commonly be inadequate. Future revisions of dietary guidelines and pregnancy nutrition recommendations should consider current dietary patterns. Pregnant women currently need more support to optimise food and nutrient intakes.
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Hamilton, Jessica L., Siobhan A. Wilson, Bree Morgan, Anna L. Harrison, Connor C. Turvey, David J. Paterson, Gregory M. Dipple, and Gordon Southam. "Accelerating Mineral Carbonation in Ultramafic Mine Tailings via Direct CO2 Reaction and Heap Leaching with Potential for Base Metal Enrichment and Recovery." Economic Geology 115, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4710.
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Abstract Accelerated carbonation of ultramafic mine tailings has the potential to offset CO2 emissions produced by mining ores from Cu-Ni-platinum group element, podiform chromite, diamondiferous kimberlite, and historical chrysotile deposits. Treatments such as acid leaching, reaction of tailings with elevated concentrations of gaseous CO2, and optimization of tailings pore water saturation have been shown to enhance CO2 sequestration rates in laboratory settings. The next challenge is to deploy treatment technologies on the pilot and field scale while minimizing cost, energy input, and adverse environmental impacts. Implementation of accelerated tailings carbonation at field scale will ideally make use of in situ treatments or modified ore-processing routes that employ conventional technology and expertise and operate at close to ambient temperatures and pressures. Here, we describe column experiments designed to trial two geochemical treatments that address these criteria: (1) direct reaction of partially saturated ultramafic tailings with synthetic flue gas from power generation (10% CO2 in N2) and (2) repeated heap leaching of ultramafic tailings with dilute sulfuric acid. In the first experiment, we report rapid carbonation of brucite [Mg(OH)2] in the presence of 10% CO2 gas within tailings sampled from the Woodsreef chrysotile mine, New South Wales, Australia. Within four weeks, we observe a doubling of the amount of CO2 stored within minerals relative to what is achieved after three decades of passive mineral carbonation via air capture in the field. Our simulated heap leaching experiments, treated daily with 0.08 M H2SO4, produce high-Mg leachates that have the potential to sequester 21.2 kg CO2 m–2 y–1, which is approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher than the rate of passive carbonation of the Woodsreef mine tailings. Although some nesquehonite (MgCO3 · 3H2O) forms from these leachates, most of the Mg is precipitated as Mg sulfate minerals instead. Therefore, an acid other than H2SO4 could be used; otherwise, sulfate removal would be required to maximize CO2 sequestration potential from acid heap leaching treatments. Reactive transport modeling (MIN3P) is employed to simulate acid leaching experiments and predict the effects of heap leaching for up to five years. Finally, our synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy results for leached tailings material reveal that valuable trace metals (Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, Cr) become highly concentrated within secondary Fe (hydr)oxide minerals at the pH neutralization horizon within our column experiments. This discrete horizon migrates downward, and our reactive transport models indicate it will become increasingly enriched in first-row transition metals in response to continued acid leaching. Acid-leaching treatments for accelerated mineral carbonation could therefore be useful for ore processing and recovery of base metals from tailings, waste rock, or low-grade ores.
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Huett, D. O., and I. Vimpany. "An evaluation of foliar nitrogen and zinc applications to macadamia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05165.
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The efficiency and effectiveness of foliar nitrogen (N) applications as urea to macadamia leaves were investigated in field experiments at Alstonville, New South Wales. The first experiment (August 2000) evaluated the effect of 1–8% urea solutions on the evidence of leaf burn. A 2% urea solution produced negligible leaf burn (1% leaves with lesions) whereas the incidence of leaf burn increased with urea concentration; 20% of leaves were affected with an 8% urea solution. In the following month, a second experiment was conducted using a 2% urea solution that was painted onto both sides of leaves to measure N uptake efficiency. The urea was enriched with the stable isotope 15N, which allows a direct measure of urea uptake, a common method for tracing plant N uptake. Leaves were sampled after 3 and 6 days, and cellulose acetate was then applied to remove urea adhering to the surface of leaves. Leaves adjacent to urea-treated leaves were also sampled to account for any transport out of treated leaves. The experiment was repeated in September 2001. In 2000, a mean of 31% of the urea was absorbed by the mature leaves and this increased the N content by 2.2%. In 2001, a mean of 38% of the urea was absorbed by the mature leaves and this increased N content by 1.9%. Leaves from part of a large mature macadamia tree were stripped to provide an estimate of leaf biomass. From this, the increase in leaf N uptake for a mature orchard was calculated to be 3.98 kg/ha in 2000 and 4.57 kg/ha in 2001. The efficiency of application and hence leaf N uptake from a commercial spray would be expected to be lower than that of the present study. Commercial foliar urea applications are unlikely to meet the N requirements of a productive macadamia orchard. In a separate study, the efficiency of zinc (Zn) fertiliser as soil (5–20 g Zn/m2 canopy ground area) and foliar applications were examined at a mature commercial orchard near Alstonville on a Ferrosol soil. In August 2001, a 2% solution of zinc sulfate heptahydrate was thoroughly applied to the canopy of trees using a backpack misting machine and mature leaves were sampled 4 weeks later. Non-sprayed control trees were also sampled. Cellulose acetate was applied to sampled leaves to remove foliar-applied Zn adhering to the surface of leaves. The leaf Zn concentrations were increased (P<0.05) from 11 to 52 mg/kg 4 weeks after foliar Zn application. Sprayed leaf Zn concentrations were stable 18 weeks later, and flush leaves that emerged after spray application had similar (P>0.05) Zn concentrations to control leaves 12 months later indicating that little if any remobilisation of Zn had occurred over these periods. Soil Zn application had no effect (P>0.05) on leaf Zn concentrations 1 and 2 years after application. The effectiveness of a commercial foliar Zn application was evaluated in September 2001 using a low set orchard sprayer and a 1% Zn solution. After 4 weeks, leaf Zn concentrations were increased from 12 to 26 mg/kg. Foliar Zn applications can be recommended to increase leaf Zn concentrations in macadamias despite evidence in the literature for only 1% uptake efficiency.
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Spry, P. G. "The Geology of the Broken Hill Lead-Zinc-Silver Deposit, New South Wales, Australia.: A. E. WEBSTER. Pp. 278. CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits Monograph 1. 2006. ISBN 1-86295-353-8. Price: $100.75." Economic Geology 105, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 868–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.4.868.
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Crocker, GJ, KP Sheridan, and ICR Holford. "Lucerne responses to lime and interactions with other nutrients on granitic soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850337.
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Experiments were carried out in the field and glasshouse to determine the requirements for lime and nutrient elements by lucerne growing on moderately acid, weakly buffered granitic soils of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The initial field experiment, which was an omission type at two sites with basal applications of phosphorus and sulfur, gave responses only to molybdenum, whilst on the 'complete' nutrient treatment (potassium, magnesium, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, cobalt and iron), there were large responses to lime. The subsequent glasshouse experiments gave large positive interactions between lime and the complete nutrient treatment and also between lime and phosphorus. The interactions between lime and complete nutrients involved mainly boron and to a lesser extent molybdenum, but at least one other nutrient, probably potassium, was also involved. However, the largest interaction was between lime and phosphorus. There was little indication that the lime effect was caused by increased nutrient availability in the soil or by improved root nodulation; it appeared to be associated with greatly improved root growth. White clover differed from lucerne in giving no interactions between lime and other nutrients and was much less sensitive to lime-induced boron deficiency. The results' of these experiments indicate that lucerne yields on these granitic soils cannot be maximized by the application of nutrient elements unless lime is also applied. Likewise lime has little effect unless deficient nutrients are also applied. Near-maximum yields were obtained with lime at 2.5 t/ha in the presence of adequate levels of deficient nutrients.
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McDonald, G. K., J. D. Taylor, A. Verbyla, and H. Kuchel. "Assessing the importance of subsoil constraints to yield of wheat and its implications for yield improvement." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 12 (2012): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12244.
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Many of the soils in the Australian cereal belt have subsoils with chemical and physical properties that restrict root growth, which limits water use and yield. On alkaline sodic soils salinity, high pH, high available boron (B), deficiencies of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and high soil strength occur commonly and aluminium (Al) toxicity restricts root growth on acid soils. While the effects of individual subsoil constraints have been studied there is some debate about the relative importance to yield of the different soil stresses across the region. To address this issue yield variation among a set of 52 varieties of bread wheat was analysed using yield data from 233 trials conducted over 12 years. The trials were conducted in all mainland States but the majority were in South Australia and Western Australia. Each variety was characterised for its response to high B, high pH, Al toxicity, salinity, deficiencies in Zn and Mn and resistance to root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus), root growth through strong soil, seminal root angle, carbon isotope discrimination (CID) and maturity. This data was then used to examine the contribution of each trait to the genetic variation in yield at each of the 233 trials. The contribution of a specific trait to the genetic variation in yield at each site was used to infer the importance of a particular constraint to yield at that site. Of the traits linked to soil constraints, salinity tolerance, (measured by Na+ exclusion) was most often associated with genetic variation in grain yield (34% of all experiments), followed by tolerance to high Al (26%) and B tolerance (21%). Tolerance to low Zn and Mn were not consistently associated with yield variation. However, maturity was the trait that was most frequently associated with yield variation (51% of experiments), although the relative importance of early and late flowering varied among the States. Yield variation was largely associated with early flowering in Western Australia and the relative importance of late flowering increased as trials moved eastward into South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Narrow, rather than wide, seminal root angle was more commonly associated with high yield (25% of sites) and there was little evidence of any regional pattern in the importance of root angle. CID was important in 18% of trials with a low CID being most commonly associated with high yields. The yield advantage at sites where a trait contributed significantly to yield variation ranged from ~15% for Na+ exclusion and B tolerance to 4% for tolerance to high pH. The analysis has provided an assessment of the relative importance of a range of traits associated with adaptation to environments where subsoil constraints are likely to affect yield and has indicated patterns in the importance and effects of these traits that may be linked to regional variation in rainfall and soils.
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Sarooshi, RA, and GC Cresswell. "Effects of hydroponic solution composition, electrical conductivity and plant spacing on yield and quality of strawberries." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (1994): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940529.
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The influence of nutrient solution adjustment and replacement (management), its electrical conductivity (EC) and plant spacing on yield and quality of strawbeny fruit (var. Torrey) produced in a recirculating hydroponic system was studied at Gosford, New South Wales. Four ways of managing the nutrient solution were examined: (i) pH and EC adjusted daily and the solution replaced every 8 weeks (current grower practice); (ii) as above except that a topping up solution with lower potassium to nitrogen (K: N) ratio was used for EC adjustment; (iii) no daily adjustment of EC or pH and one-third of solution replaced every 2 weeks; and (iv) no daily adjustment of solution volume, EC or pH and full replacement after 8 weeks. Compared with grower practice, these alternative solution management strategies provided no advantage in yield, fruit number, or in the �Brix, citric acid, sweetness or flavour of fruit. Use of a topping up solution supplemented with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] to reduce the K : N ratio from 1.7:1.0 to 1.4:1.0 had no effect (P>0.05) on yield but significantly increased (P<0.05) berry weight and improved fruit aroma. Regardless of which method of nutrient solution adjustment and replacement was used, the chemical composition of the recirculating solution changed markedly over 53 days. The method of nutrient solution management significantly (P<0.05) affected leaf phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) but only Mg fell to a suboptimal level for growth of strawberries. Reducing the EC of the nutrient solution from 3 to 2 dS/m at early fruit set gave heavier (P<0.05) berries compared with constant EC of 2 dS/m. Increasing the EC from 2 to 3 or reducing it from 3 to 2 at early fruit set resulted in sweeter (P<0.05) berries and reducing the EC from 4 to 2 improved fruit aroma. Yield declined (P<0.05) when EC was increased from 2 to 4 dS/m. Solution EC bad significant effects (P<0.05) on leaf P, Mg, Mn and Zn. An increase in planting density from 5.35 to 9.35 plants/m2 lowered (P<0.05) marketable yield per plant and fruit acidity but gave 41% higher (P<0.05) yield on an area basis.
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Garrido, David Israel. "Response to: Prevalence of Anaemia in Children Diagnosed with Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Quito, Ecuador: Correspondence." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 40, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v40i1.29062.
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Dear editor,
This letter is in response to Chaudhary, Shrestha, and Pathak, who highlighted various aspects of our previous manuscript "Prevalence of Anaemia in Children Diagnosed with Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Quito, Ecuador." I want to respond to each point referred to in a similar extension as used by the authors.
We agreed on the fact that it is prompt to conclude in nutritional deficiencies as a risk factor to suffer pneumonia in Ecuadorian children that is why we express this conclusion as a possibility. Nevertheless, as evidenced in the meta-analysis presented by Jackson et al., the Odds Ratio (OR) meta-estimate for under nutrition as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory infections was 4.5 (95% CI 2.1-9.5)1. To add, in the same paper, the OR meta-estimate for anaemia, vitamin D deficiency, and zinc supplementation, was 3.9 (95% CI 2.4-6.3), 7.3 (95% CI 2.5 to 21.5), and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.9), respectively 1.
Moreover, in a study conducted in Malawi including 9 533 children, severe malnutrition and moderate malnutrition were associated not only with a pneumonia risk but with an increased risk of inpatient mortality, with Odds Ratios (OR) of 4.63 (3.08, 6.97) and 1.73 (1.21, 2.48) respectively. Therefore, there is supporting evidence globally of the suggested risk 2.
I am glad that the authors in the letter bring to the table a discussion of pneumonia diagnosis. In our study, the evaluation of pneumonia started with the clinical assessment including parameters with an acceptable sensitivity (Sen%) or specificity (Spe%), such as; fever on examination (Sen% 47, Spe% 68), history of fever (Sen% 92, Spe% 21), tachypnoea (Sen% 13, Spe% 95), rhonchi (Sen% 26, Spe% 98), crackles (Sen% 43, Spe% 73), wheezing (Sen% 4, Spe% 98) (3). However, as referred to in the original paper, the evaluation was not limited to these factors "Hypoxemia, defined as a sustained saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) <90 %, was used as criteria for hospitalization, along with criteria for respiratory distress, which includes: tachypnoea, dyspnoea, retractions (suprasternal, intercostal, or subcostal), grunting, nasal flaring, apnoea and altered mental status. Furthermore, CBC, acute-phase reactants and chest radiography were performed" (4). Nonetheless, I should remark two factors; firstly, pneumonia severity assessment is based on clinical parameters as presented in the New South Wales Government guideline (5). So, minimizing the utility of the clinical evaluation may be a mistake, especially in institutions without prompt access to the radiologic test. Secondly, even we knew that the patients included in this study were evaluated in other differential diagnoses like bronchiolitis, asthma or cardiac diseases which can mimic pneumonia, this was a cross-sectional study using retrospective data collection.
Regarding the exclusion criteria, concomitant conditions that could affect anthropometric measurements include any congenital disease, which compromises a normal growth independently of the nutritional intake (Examples; Down syndrome, achondroplasia). Conditions that could affect the haemoglobin measurement or other parameters in the complete blood count include haematological, infectious or any disease which physiopathology may influence the interpretation of these results in the context of our study (Examples; Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, haemolytic anaemia, solid tumour cancers, haematological neoplasm, paludism), and conditions that could predispose to pneumonia include diseases which may produce an increased risk of infections (Examples; haematological neoplasm, inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies, immunosuppressive therapy)
It is true that without specific evaluation of iron profile is not possible to establish with a high certainty iron deficiency. However, in our study are some relevant considerations; we excluded patients with a current diagnosis of other types of anaemia (haemolytic anaemia), chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and haematological neoplasms. All these factors reduce the possible causes of anaemia, and in the light that nutritional anaemia is the most frequent type in Latin America, it is reasonable to think that iron deficiency may be the leading cause in our patients. When we think about microcytic anaemia, as this was the most frequent type in our study, and as we excluded thalassemia, chronic inflammatory disease, and was no evidence of lead poisoning or newly diagnosed thalassemia in our patients, the possibility of iron deficiency increases. Although, at the end of our paper, we recommend the use of iron profile in new studies. I should highlight that we did not report cases of macrocytic anaemia.
The question regarding the use of nutritional supplements is interesting, especially considering that in Ecuador, the governmental normative of micronutrients supplementation with the product "Chis Paz" consider children between 6 and 24 months of age. In our study, there was no possibility to know if the patients receive any supplementation. But, it would be useful to include this variable in prospective studies.
Subclinical infections and iron deficiency anaemia have been described extensively in subclinical malaria, in other types of subclinical infections and even acute infections, there are still debate.
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Spry, Paul G., Ryan D. Mathur, Graham S. Teale, and Linda V. Godfrey. "Zinc, sulfur and cadmium isotopes and Zn/Cd ratios as indicators of the origin of the supergiant Broken Hill Pb–Zn–Ag deposit and other Broken Hill-type deposits, New South Wales, Australia." Geological Magazine, July 20, 2022, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756822000590.
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Abstract Various genetic models have been proposed for the supergiant Proterozoic Broken Hill Pb–Zn–Ag deposit largely based on geological and geochronological evidence. Here we present Zn, Cd and S isotope compositions as well as Zn/Cd ratios of sphalerite from Broken Hill and minor Broken Hill-type deposits (Australia) to help constrain these models but focus on syngenetic and magmatic–hydrothermal processes, since epigenetic models can be rejected because the orebodies were deformed and metamorphosed by the Olarian Orogeny. Values of δ34SVCDT, δ66ZnAA-ETH and δ114CdNIST SRM 3108 for sphalerite from Broken Hill range from +0.27 to +4.73 ‰, −1.15 to +0.46 ‰ and −0.48 to +0.01 ‰, respectively, while those for the smaller Broken Hill-type deposits range from −5.11 to +1.28 ‰, −0.97 to +0.10 ‰ and −1.02 to +2.59 ‰, respectively. By combining published S isotope data of sulfides from the Broken Hill district with those obtained here, the sources of sulfur via thermochemical sulfate reduction, bacterial sulfate reduction and a magmatic origin cannot be distinguished. However, when the S isotope compositions are considered along with the broad range of Cd and Zn isotope data for sphalerite, which are among the lightest and heaviest yet reported for a sulfide deposit, the isotopic datasets are consistent with low-temperature biogenic processes associated with syngenetic deposition of sulfides. Cadmium isotope compositions when coupled with Zn/Cd ratios of sphalerite have previously been used to classify Pb–Zn deposits, including low-temperature, high-temperature and exhalative ores. However, the Zn/Cd ratios of sphalerite from Broken Hill cannot be used for such classification purposes.
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CRANSTON, PETER S. "A new genus and species of Australian Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) tolerant to mine waste." Zootaxa 4263, no. 2 (May 9, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.2.10.
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For over 25 years an undescribed Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) has been known to dominate the lotic invertebrate assemblage associated with long-term polluting mine adits in Captains Flat, on the Molonglo River, southern New South Wales, Australia. Although known in all life stages, it has been impossible to allocate the species to any described genus. Renewed interest in the taxonomy of the Tanypodinae, particularly associated with molecular investigations and pollution indicator status warrants formal description. All stages conform to tribe Pentaneurini, but each life stage differs in morphological resemblance. Yarrhpelopia Cranston gen. n. is proposed for the taxon previously referred to under the informal code name of 'genus A'. The genus name derives from south-east Australian aboriginal word yarrh, in recognition of its core distribution and presence in flowing waters. A single species, A. norrisi Cranston sp. n., is described, acknowledging the late Professor Richard Norris, an influential Australian limnologist. Larvae dominate the benthos immediately adjacent to mine adits that continue to leach heavy metals (zinc, cadmium, copper and lead) into downstream sediments. A wider distribution includes cleaner near pristine, eastern Australian rivers between 30° and 42°S, but these records are excluded from the type series pending molecular insights into species limits.
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Attia, John R., Elizabeth Holliday, Natasha Weaver, Roseanne Peel, Kerry C. Fleming, Alexis Hure, John Wiggers, et al. "The effect of zinc supplementation on glucose homeostasis: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial." Acta Diabetologica, April 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-022-01888-x.
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Abstract Aims The burden and health costs of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus continue to increase globally and prevention strategies in at-risk people need to be explored. Previous work, in both animal models and humans, supports the role of zinc in improving glucose homeostasis. We, therefore, aimed to test the effectiveness of zinc supplementation on glycaemic control in pre-diabetic adults. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial across 10 General Practitioner (GP) practices in NSW, Australia. The trial is known as Zinc in Preventing the Progression of pre-Diabetes (ZIPPeD)Study. Pre-diabetic (haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 5.7–6.4%, 39–46 mmol/mol) men and women (N = 98) were all assigned to a free state government telephone health coaching service (New South Wales Get Healthy Information and Coaching Service) and then randomised to either daily 30 mg zinc gluconate or placebo. Blood tests were collected at baseline, 1, 6 and 12 months for the primary outcomes (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG)); secondary outcomes included Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA 2) parameters, lipids, body weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure and pulse. Results The baseline-adjusted mean group difference at 6 months, expressed as treatment–placebo, (95% CI) was −0.02 (−0.14, 0.11, p = 0.78) for HbA1c and 0.17 (−0.07, 0.42; p = 0.17) for FBG, neither of which were statistically significant. There were also no significant differences between groups in any of the secondary outcomes. Zinc was well tolerated, and compliance was high (88%). Conclusion We believe our results are consistent with other Western clinical trial studies and do not support the use of supplemental zinc in populations with a Western diet. There may still be a role for supplemental zinc in the developing world where diets may be zinc deficient. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12618001120268. Registered on 6 July 2018.
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McLaughlin, M. J., M. St J. Warne, D. P. Stevens, M. S. Whatmuff, D. Heemsbergen, K. Broos, G. Barry, et al. "Australia's National Biosolid Research Program - how it came about, and what has it discovered?" Water Practice and Technology 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2007.088.
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The National Biosolids Research Program (NBRP) was established by the CSIRO Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research in 2002 in order to coordinate research relating to the benefits and risks of using biosolids for Australian agriculture. Prior to the establishment of the NBRP, research on biosolid use in agriculture had been concentrated in one state (New South Wales), with pockets of uncoordinated activity in other states. The NBRP is a coalition of seven research agencies around Australia, with support from several metropolitan and regional water authorities, and from several state environmental and natural resource management agencies. In terms of potential environmental risks, the NBRP initially concentrated on metals and focussed field experimentation on cadmium, copper and zinc. The research has subsequently moved onto examining potential risks from pathogens, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds and personal care products. As well as potential risks, the benefits of nutrients and organic matter in biosolids on crop growth are also being assessed, with various cropping systems around Australia being evaluated.