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Journal articles on the topic 'Zinc metal battery'
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1
Huang, Qian, Shuxian Zhuang, Xin You, Jinpeng Zhang, Ao Xie, Yu Chen, Yang Tang, et al. "Honeycomb-like carbon with doping of a transition-metal and nitrogen for highly efficient zinc–air battery and zinc-ion battery." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 6, no. 1 (2022): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01427g.
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The hierarchical honeycomb-like transition-metal/nitrogen co-doped carbon materials were fabricated, and they acted as highly efficient electrocatalysts for the cathode of a zinc–air battery and the anode of a zinc-ion battery.
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Okobira, Tatsuya, Dang-Trang Nguyen, and Kozo Taguchi. "Effectiveness of doping zinc to the aluminum anode on aluminum-air battery performance." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209307.
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Many efforts have been devoted to the improvement of metal-air batteries. Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and has high electrochemical potential. Therefore, the aluminum-air battery is one of the most attractive metal-air batteries. To overcome some disadvantages of the aluminum-air battery, some alloys of aluminum and several metals have been proposed. In this study, the performance improvement of the aluminum-air battery by doping zinc (Zn) to the aluminum anode was investigated. Zinc was doped to aluminum by a simple process. The difference in the characteristics of Zn-doped Al due to different heating temperature during the doping process was also investigated. The maximum power density of the battery was 2.5 mW/cm2.
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Andrade, Tatiana S., Antero R. S. Neto, Francisco G. E. Nogueira, Luiz C. A. Oliveira, Márcio C. Pereira, and Panagiotis Lianos. "Photo-Charging a Zinc-Air Battery Using a Nb2O5-CdS Photoelectrode." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101240.
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Integrating a photoelectrode into a zinc-air battery is a promising approach to reducing the overpotential required for charging a metal-air battery by using solar energy. In this work, a photo-fuel cell employing a Nb2O5/CdS photoanode and a Zn foil as a counter-electrode worked as a photoelectrochemical battery that saves up to 1.4 V for battery charging. This is the first time a Nb2O5-based photoelectrode is reported as a photoanode in a metal-air battery, and the achieved gain is one of the top results reported so far. Furthermore, the cell consumed an organic fuel, supporting the idea of using biomass wastes as a power source for sunlight-assisted charging of metal-air batteries. Thus, this device provides additional environmental benefits and contributes to technologies integrating solar energy conversion and storage.
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Zhang, Emma Qingnan, and Luping Tang. "Rechargeable Concrete Battery." Buildings 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030103.
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A rechargeable cement-based battery was developed, with an average energy density of 7 Wh/m2 (or 0.8 Wh/L) during six charge/discharge cycles. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were selected as anodes, and nickel-based (Ni) oxides as cathodes. The conductivity of cement-based electrolytes was modified by adding short carbon fibers (CF). The cement-based electrodes were produced by two methods: powder-mixing and metal-coating. Different combinations of cells were tested. The results showed that the best performance of the rechargeable battery was the Ni–Fe battery, produced by the metal-coating method.
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Phuc, Nguyen Huu Huy, Tran Anh Tu, Luu Cam Loc, Cao Xuan Viet, Pham Thi Thuy Phuong, Nguyen Tri, and Le Van Thang. "A Review of Bifunctional Catalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries." Nanoenergy Advances 3, no. 1 (February 2, 2023): 13–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv3010003.
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Zinc–air batteries are promising candidates as stationary power sources because of their high specific energy density, high volumetric energy density, environmental friendliness, and low cost. The oxygen-related reactions at the air electrode are kinetically slow; thus, the air electrode integrated with an oxygen electrocatalyst is the most critical component, and inevitably determines the performance of a Zn–air battery. The aim of this paper was to document progress in researching bifunctional catalysts for Zn–air batteries. The catalysts are divided into several categories: noble metal, metal nanoparticle (single and bimetallic), multicomponent nanoparticle, metal chalcogenide, metal oxide, layered double hydroxide, and non-metal materials. Finally, the battery performance is compared and discussed.
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Mathialagan, Kowsalya, Saranya T, Ammu Surendran, Ditty Dixon, Nishanthi S.T., and Aiswarya Bhaskar. "(Digital Presentation) Development of Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Electrically Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024403mtgabs.
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Zinc-air battery is a promising battery system as it possesses high theoretical energy density and is cost-effective3. The theoretical energy density of a Zinc-air battery is 1086 Wh kg-1, which is five times greater than that of lithium-ion batteries2. Moreover, zinc metal is one of the most abundant metals in the earth’s crust and is inexpensive. Rechargeable metal-air batteries operate based on two fundamental electrochemical reactions as Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) during discharge and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) during recharge processes, respectively3. Electrocatalytic activity of the bifunctional electrocatalyst towards these two oxygen reactions will decide the performance of the battery1. Recent advancements in catalyst development are the fabrication of rechargeable air electrodes using a single active material that is capable of bifunctionally catalyzing ORR and OER3. The development of bifunctional catalysts with high activity is necessary for rechargeable metal-air batteries, such as zinc-air batteries3. In this work, a perovskite-type LaFeO3 material was synthesized using a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method and is investigated as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Structural studies using X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of phase pure LaFeO3 in space group Pbnm. This catalyst displayed considerable bifunctional catalytic activity for both oxygen reduction (0.74 V vs. RHE) and oxygen evolution reactions (0.40 V vs. RHE at 10 mA cm-2) in 1 M KOH electrolyte. Electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries assembled using LaFeO3 as the oxygen electrocatalyst deliver a specific capacity of 936.38 mAh g( Zn) -1 after the 1st discharge. Further details will be discussed in the poster. Financial support from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India under research grant number DST/TMD/MECSP/2K17/20 is gratefully acknowledged. References: [01] Y. Li, M. Gong, et. al., Nature communications, 4, (2013), 1-7 [02] P. Gu, M. Zheng, et. al., Journal of Material Chemistry, (2017), 1-17 [03] D. U. Lee, P. Xu, et. al., Journal of Material Chemistry, 4, (2016), 7107-7134
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Kheawhom, Soorathep, and Sira Suren. "Printed air cathode for flexible and high energy density zinc-air battery." MRS Advances 1, no. 53 (2016): 3585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.443.
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ABSTRACTFlexible zinc-air batteries were fabricated using an inexpensive screen-printing technique. The anode and cathode current collectors were printed using commercial nano-silver conductive ink on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and a polypropylene (PP) membrane, respectively. Air cathodes made of blended carbon black with inexpensive metal oxides including manganese oxide (MnO2) and cerium oxide (CeO2), were studied. The presence of the metal oxides in the air cathodes enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction which is the most important cathodic reaction in zinc-air batteries. The battery with 20 %wt CeO2showed the highest performance and provided an open-circuit voltage of 1.6 V and 5 – 240 mA.cm-2ohmic loss zone. The discharge potential of this battery at the current density of 5 mA.cm-2was nearly 0.25 V higher than that of the battery without metal oxides. Finally, the battery was tested for its flexibility by bending it so that its length decreased from 2.5 to 1 cm. The results showed that the bending did not affect characteristics on potential voltage and discharging time of the batteries fabricated.
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Xu, Xiaoyun, Songmei Li, Huibo Yan, Juan Du, Shubin Yang, and Bin Li. "Manipulating underpotential deposition nucleation of zinc deposition towards high-stable zinc metal battery." Journal of Energy Storage 72 (November 2023): 108625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108625.
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Ma, Nengyan, Peijun Wu, Yixue Wu, Donghao Jiang, and Gangtie Lei. "Progress and perspective of aqueous zinc-ion battery." Functional Materials Letters 12, no. 05 (September 17, 2019): 1930003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604719300032.
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Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) as a new battery technology have received great attention due to the high energy and power density, low cost, high safety and environmental friendliness. However, their practical deployment has been restricted by some serious issues such as corrosion of zinc metal anode in aqueous electrolyte, undesired growth of zinc dendrites, and hydrogen evolution from the water splitting. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been devoted to mitigate these issues and significant progresses have been achieved. In this paper, we review some key recent progresses of aqueous ZIBs, focusing on materials engineering strategies that are able to address the major challenges. Moreover, we provide rational perspectives on the future development of ZIBs.
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Madan, Chetna, and Aditi Halder. "Nonprecious Multi-Principal Metal Systems As the Air Electrode for a Solid-State Rechargeable Zinc-Air Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642327mtgabs.
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Zinc-air battery technology is gaining recognition as a promising energy storage device to be used in portable electronics and electric vehicles. Despite possessing high theoretical energy density, environmental and operational safety, and easy accessibility of zinc reservoirs, the successful commercialization of zinc-air batteries suffers due to the poor oxygen electrocatalysis kinetics at the air cathode. The kinetically inept oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions at the cathode lead to a large overpotential barrier and poor charge-discharge cyclic performance of the rechargeable zinc-air battery. This work demonstrates designing a multi-principal metal bifunctional electrocatalyst that is directly deposited on conductive, porous, and flexible substrates to eliminate the necessity of polymeric binders. The flexible bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst used for the cathode of solid-state ZAB is assembled with gel polymer electrolyte and zinc anode giving excellent charge-discharge cyclic stability and constant discharge voltage (close to 1.65 V). These multi-principal metal electrocatalysts constituting quasi-equimolar concentration, provide numerous combinations of surface functionality, multiple adsorption sites, and electronic environments thus enabling better optimization of the catalytic performance.
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Xu, Lei, Mi Yan, Xinying Wang, Wei Li, and Jinhui Peng. "The influences of silver and zinc addition on the electrochemical performances of the Pb–Ca–Sn Grids for lead acid batteries." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018002.
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The silver and zinc addition on the electrochemical performances of the Pb–Ca–Sn Grids were investigated. The corrosion film structure, phase composition and electrochemical performances of Pb − 0.08 wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn alloy, Pb − 0.08 wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn − 0.03 wt.% Ag alloy and Pb − 0.08wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn − 0.06 wt.% Zn alloy in a 1.28 g/mL of H2SO4 solution were studied by SEM observation, metallographic study, XRD, CV test and Constant DC discharge. It was found that the corrosion film of the alloy Pb – 0.08 wt.% Ca – 1.2 wt.% Sn appears as flaky crystal structure, while with the addition of 0.03% Ag and 0.06% Zn into Pb – 0.08 wt.% Ca – 1.2 wt.% Sn, the corrosion film being transformed into the crystalline columnar, compact structure. XRD analysis shows that the relative diffraction density of PbO2 increases with the addition of Ag and Zn. The capacity loss of the battery with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Zn grids is significant less than that with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Ag and Pb–Ca–Sn grids, and the life of battery with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Zn grids is longer than that with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Ag and Pb–Ca–Sn grids. The addition of Zn into Pb–Ca–Sn alloy can obviously improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy and form a new positive grid material for the lead-acid battery.
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Wang, Shurui. "Research Status and Optimization Methods of Zinc Ion Battery." MATEC Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338201015.
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Up against the energy shortage and aggravating environmental pollution, it is extremely urgent to develop renewable clean energy. With efficient energy storage and energy conversion, electrochemical energy storage is the key direction for the development of energy storage technology in the future. Besides, aqueous zinc ion battery has attracted researchers because of its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity. Cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries are roughly divided into manganese-based compounds, vanadium-based compounds, Prussian blue analogues, etc, which usually use zinc metal as an anode. Electrolytes include solid hydrogel electrolytes and liquid ion electrolytes. However, some problems exist in cathode materials, such as elements dissolution and low discharge voltage, while anode materials have problems in zinc dendrite growth and side reactions, and water decomposition occurs in electrolytes. In recent years, researchers have devoted themselves to optimizing aqueous zinc ion batteries in different ways, so as to obtain their high performance. In this paper, the general situation of zinc ion battery is introduced at first, and then the research status is emphatically expounded from the perspectives of problems existing in cathode materials, anode materials, electrolyte, and their optimization methods, which provides references for developing high-performance aqueous zinc ion battery.
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Lin, Ming-Hsien, Chen-Jui Huang, Pai-Hsiang Cheng, Ju-Hsiang Cheng, and Chun-Chieh Wang. "Revealing the effect of polyethylenimine on zinc metal anodes in alkaline electrolyte solution for zinc–air batteries: mechanism studies of dendrite suppression and corrosion inhibition." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 39 (2020): 20637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta06929a.
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We detailly reveal the effects of PEI on zinc nuclei growth and corrosion protection of zinc anode in the alkaline electrolyte solution and confirm the benefit of PEI for improving cycling stability in the practical zinc–air battery.
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Wang, Runkang. "Controlled Construction and Properties Study of PDMS Coatings for Stabilizing Zinc Metal Anode." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3174.
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Polydimethylsilane (PDMS) is a promising coating material. The subject proposes a SiO2-doped PDMS coating material (defined as SO-PDMS), which is hydrophobic and can help desolvate ions in solution, regulate the electric field distribution on the electrode surface, inhibit the formation of dendrites, and reduce the side reactions such as the evolution of oxygen and hydrogen. SiO2 is rich in silanol groups, which can coordinate with zinc ions to promote the rapid transport of zinc ions and facilitate the uniform deposition of zinc ions on the anode surface. The SO-PDMS@Zn symmetric battery has a lower overpotential (25 mV) and a cycle life (240 h) much higher than that of the bare Zn-Zn battery during charge-discharge cycles, showing the excellent ability of SO-PDMS to activate rapidly and then remain stable. The SO-PDMS-coated half-cell maintains a good Coulombic efficiency during operation, with an average Coulombic efficiency of 97.21%, and no obvious loss is seen after 130 cycles, showing the high reversibility of the battery reaction. The CA curve shows that SO-PDMS can significantly regulate the ion diffusion on the surface of the Zn anode, which can restrict the Zn ions to nucleate in situ. The full cell using V2O5 as the cathode performed well with a considerable capacity increase in the early cycles (240 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1).
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Wu, Zhenrui, Evan Hansen, and Jian Liu. "An in-Depth Study of How Zinc Metal Surface Morphology Determines Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery Stability." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01114mtgabs.
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In order to achieve the net-zero world initiative and combat the climate crisis, a global consensus of marching towards a sustainable energy structure has been built, where developing reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy storage devices, the medium of storing intermittent surplus electricity from clean and inexhaustible renewable energy sources, such as wind power and solar energy, and transferring to the smart electric grid system, is of great significance [1]. Besides lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the two dominant technologies having been developed substantially in the energy storage industry, researchers started pioneering studies on multivalent-ion systems of Ca [2, 3], Mg [4], Al [5, 6], and Zn [7-9] with competitive advantages, especially the ones as non-flammable economic substitutes, to ease manufacturing burden and enrich practical solutions for widespread application scenarios [10]. Especially, zinc metal with benefits of aqueous compatibility, commensurate capacity (820 mAh/g), and crust abundance, a resurgence of rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is happening. This battery system with water-based electrolyte chemistries is born with eye-catching benefits of safety and affordability; Zn/MnO2 with an improved energy density of 409 Wh/kg at 1.9 V is considered a promising candidate for grid-scale energy storage [11]. This revolutionary cheap and safe solution empowers the global energy structural transformation and enriches the public’s awareness of sustainable development. However, like most reactive metals, zinc exposed in the air naturally evolves a dense passivation layer of Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 to discontinue the corrosion by oxygen and humidity, which, in batteries, can passivate the molecular dynamics at the interface between zinc and the electrolyte and demonstrate enormous electron transfer resistance due to the inferior conductivity [12]. Thus, wearing off this passivation layer is considered a facile approach to revitalize the frozen kinetics of zinc ions [13]. Exposing fresh zinc to the electrolyte is also conductive of forming a functional solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Studies present that ZnF2-rich SEI plays a pivotal role in elongating the cycling life of zinc symmetric cells by effectively screening zinc from electrolyte solvents and reducing their sequence of side reactions [14]. Additionally, a tactful change of zinc’s surface roughness before electrochemical operations should impact electron distribution, zinc nucleation and growth, and SEI formation. Especially, dendrites are often considered guilty of internal short-circuiting of batteries; similar to lithium, the far-end of zinc dendrites can become dead zinc, whose accumulation brings in issues of electrolyte depletion, anodic capacity loss, internal resistance growth, and cell polarization [15]. In this work, a simple method was developed to change the surface of Zn anode to create more nucleation sites with lowered energy barriers (nucleation over-potentials), thus alleviating their dendrite growth. The cycling programs for zinc symmetric cells are standardized by fixing either the depth of cycling (DOC) or the areal current density in accordance with the constant energy or constant power supply in full batteries. In order to enunciate the battery degradation mechanism and shed light on the gas emission problems, we operate a careful electrochemical analysis cooperated with the differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) technique. The preliminary data demonstrate an evident impact of initial zinc surface morphology on sequential zinc plating/stripping profiles and eventual lifespans at serial DOCs and current densities.
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Baek, Sangha, Jae Min Park, Taehun Kang, and Ho Seok Park. "Enhancing Aqueous Zinc Metal Anode Reversibility with the Nucleation Sites Given by Oxidized Black Phosphoruspresentation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0215mtgabs.
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Electric vehicles and renewable energy have gain lots of interests as a trial to protect environment and to prepare the depletion of fossil fuels. However, currently widely used lithium-ion batteries have disadvantages such as safety issue due to the fire hazard from organic electrolytes and non-uniform distribution of lithium reserves. Accordingly, aqueous zinc ion battery is attracting attention as an alternative because of the use of zinc, which has about 17 times more reserves than lithium, and the use of aqueous electrolyte, which has a low risk of fire. To achieve the high-performance aqueous zinc ion battery, zinc metal has been studied a lot due to its high theoretical capacity (820 mA/g). However, there are several huddles to use the zinc metal as an anode. Low reversibility due to the dendrite formation, exhaustion of electrolyte from the hydrogen evolution reaction, and low energy efficiency coming from high overpotential during charge and discharge steps are them. In this study, we tried to overcome these shortcomings by using black phosphorus. Black phosphorus with a layered structure can make phosphorene, a two-dimensional structure like graphene, through exfoliation. Such phosphorene has the advantage of being able to increase the effect of functionalization because the surface occupies a large proportion of the total. Specifically, after oxidizing exfoliated black phosphorus, we could chemically attach it to the zinc surface, a water-stable two-dimensional coating layer was formed. It could drive a uniform and facile deposit of zinc. Computational and experimental methods were used to understand this role of oxidized black phosphorus.
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Li, Yuanshun, Brian Washington, Gabriel Goenaga, and Thomas A. Zawodzinski. "Improve the Zinc Slurry-Air Battery Performance: New Operational Mode to Separate Effects." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022156mtgabs.
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In recent years, zinc air batteries received substantial interest as a viable next generation of batteries based on their merits of high energy densities, high performance, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and abundant electrode material. Traditional secondary zinc air flow batteries use zinc metal as an anode. Severe dendrite growth and passivation limits the cycling behavior, which hinders commercialization in the industry. By substituting the zinc plate with a zinc slurry (zinc particles suspended in the alkaline media, typically with a high concentration of potassium hydroxide), the battery can in principle achieve higher energy density and attain more cycles but with very limited performance. Important questions related to such systems include the accessible percentage of Zn capacity, controlled by the formation of passivating layers on the particle and the intrinsic resistance of the slurry. Here, we present a new operational mode to investigate the performance of zinc slurry air battery. The anode of the test battery system consists of 5 cm2 nickel plate as current collector for 5 cm3 zinc slurry. The cathode consists of air electrode, bipolar plate, and current collector. Zinc particles (Spectrum) were suspended in 4M KOH stabilized by polyacrylic acid (PAA). In our testing, the polarization loss was measured and is separated from that associated with the air electrode using a reference electrode. The conductivity of the slurry was measured by the simply modified configuration of the cell. The utilization of zinc is measured by chronopotentiometry. The battery can work at 1.1 V with 200mA/cm2, and the slurry can achieve 48.7% utilization. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the US Department of Energy Office of Electricity Storage Systems Program directed by Dr. Imre Gyuk and the University of Tennessee Governor’s Chair Fund for support of this work. Figure 1
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Avraamides, J. "The Iodine Propanenitrile Water-System. Effects of Added Salts on Distribution Coefficient and Conductivity." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 1 (1987): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9870209.
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Distribution coefficients for iodine in the propanenitrile-water solvent system were measured as a function of the nature and concentration of various added metal halides. BothNaCl and KI at concentrations between 1 and 3 M had a positive effect on the distribution coefficient. Zinc halides, particularly zinc iodide, tended to lower the distribution coefficient significantly and also raised the conductivity of the organic phase. These studies suggest that the two-phase solvent system is suitable for application in a zinc-iodine battery.
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Chang, Haiyang, Shanshan Cong, Lei Wang, and Cheng Wang. "Research Progress of Bifunctional Oxygen Reactive Electrocatalysts for Zinc–Air Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213834.
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Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have several advantages, including high energy density, cheap price and stable performances with good application prospects in the field of power batteries. The charging and discharging reactions for the air cathode of ZABs are the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, which play an important role in the whole performance of ZAB. Due to the cost and limited reserves of highly active precious metal catalysts, it is crucial to design alternative efficient and stable dual-functional non-precious metal catalysts. In the present review, we present a systematic summary of the recent progress in the use of transition metal-based electrocatalysts as alternatives to precious metals for the positive poles of ZAB air. Combined with state-of-the-art in situ characterization technologies, a deep understanding of the catalytic mechanism of OER/ORR provided unique insights into the precise design of excellent synthetic non-precious metal catalysts from the perspective of atomic structure. This review further shows that the hybrid electric battery is a new strategy to improve the efficiency of the hybrid electric battery, which could be available to alleviate the problem of resource shortage. Finally, the challenges and research trends for the future development of ZABs were clearly proposed.
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Ebin, Burçak, Martina Petranikova, Britt-Marie Steenari, and Christian Ekberg. "Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18815966.
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The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO2with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.
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ShakeriHosseinabad, Fatemeh, Diba Behnoud Far, and Edward P. L. Roberts. "A Two-Dimensional Transient Model to Investigate the Influence of Flow Field Design on Zinc Deposition and Performance in a Zinc-Iodide Flow Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014565mtgabs.
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Zinc-based flow batteries are attractive because they have high aqueous solubility and hence high energy density, as well as rapid kinetics [1,2]. Among the aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs), the zinc-iodide flow battery has been reported to have very high discharge energy density [1]. However, aqueous zinc batteries suffer from dendrite formation resulting in capacity fading and a decreased battery performance. In our previous study [3], we evaluated a novel flow field design for the zinc-iodide flow battery. When compared to a conventional flow-by (FB) mode, significantly higher charge and energy efficiencies were obtained with the novel arrangement. In the novel flow design, part of the was drawn through the porous electrode towards the current feeder, and this was found to enhance the effective surface area and decrease the ohmic loss. This design, called flow-by-through (FBT), with a component of flow in the direction of the current feeder, can prevent the blockage of the mass/ion transport pathway and enhance the flow distribution in hybrid flow batteries [4]. Based on X-ray computed tomography and SEM characterization, a denser zinc deposit, with more zinc deposition inside the felt were observed with the FBT mode, which may explain the increased discharge capacity and cycle life of the battery [3]. A mathematical model of the zinc-iodide RFB can help us better understand the battery performance in the different flow modes. Models of RFBs have been used to investigate the impact of the flow field on performance since 1980 [5]. In this study, we have used a two-dimensional transient model with the COMSOL multi-physics software package to study the galvanostatic charge/discharge behavior of the zinc-iodide RFB in FB and FBT modes. The model considers the electrochemical kinetics, mass transport and the current and potential distribution in a single cell zinc-iodide flow battery. This is the first reported modeling study of the influence of the FBT design on the performance of an RFB. The galvanostatic charge-discharge of a zinc-iodide battery was modelled at a current density of 20 mA cm-2, and a charge duration of 20000 s, corresponding to a state of charge of 25.7%. These conditions were chosen to enable comparison and validation with experimental data are shown in Figure 1. The rate of zinc ion consumption and the amount of zinc deposition on the graphite felt electrode for both FB and FBT arrangements were evaluated using the model. The distribution of zinc deposition, potential and current, will be presented, which provide new insights into the impact of the flow arrangement on the battery performance. The model will be applied to predict cell voltage and efficiency, maximum discharge capacity and maximum discharge power density of the zinc-iodide RFB for FB and FBT arrangements. [1] Li, B., Nie, Z., Vijayakumar, M., Li, G., Liu, J., Sprenkle, V., & Wang, W. (2015). Ambipolar zinc-polyiodide electrolyte for a high-energy density aqueous redox flow battery. Nature communications, 6(1), 1-8. [2] Higashi, S., Lee, S. W., Lee, J. S., Takechi, K., & Cui, Y. (2016). Avoiding short circuits from zinc metal dendrites in anode by backside-plating configuration. Nature communications, 7(1), 1-6. [3] ShakeriHosseinabad, F., Daemi, S. R., Momodu, D., Brett, D. J., Shearing, P. R., & Roberts, E. P. (2021). Influence of Flow Field Design on Zinc Deposition and Performance in a Zinc-Iodide Flow Battery. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(35), 41563-41572. [4] Zhou, X., Lin, L., Lv, Y., Zhang, X., Fan, L., & Wu, Q. (2020). Elucidating effects of component materials and flow fields on Sn–Fe hybrid flow battery performance. Journal of Power Sources, 450, 227613. [5] Trainham, J. A., & Newman, J. (1981). A comparison between flow-through and flow-by porous electrodes for redox energy storage. Electrochimica Acta, 26(4), 455-469. Figure 1
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T, Saranya, Kowsalya Mathialagan, Ditty Dixon, Aiswarya Bhaskar, and S. T. Nishanthi. "MOF-Derived Nanoporous Carbon As an Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Erzabs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024508mtgabs.
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Zinc-air batteries are cost-effective batteries that possess a high energy density (1086 Wh Kg-1), compared to other conventional battery systems. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ERZABs), an effective bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst is required. Hence, the development of non-noble metal bifunctional catalysts for ORR and OER is of prime importance. The transition metal-based catalysts have increasing demand since they are promising alternatives, in terms of cost and durability, to noble metal catalysts. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) based catalysts show high catalytic activity due to adjustable pore size, ultra-high surface area, and structural designability[1].Increasing porosity can augment the catalytic activity by increasing the surface area, thereby enhancing the ORR kinetics. In the present work, a CFZ-NPC (CoFeZn-MOF derived nanoporous carbon) was synthesized via hydrothermal method and investigated as a bifunctional catalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries[2]. The catalyst shows a high electrochemical activity towards oxygen reduction reaction with a half-wave potential of 830 mV vs. RHE and a comparable oxygen evolution activity (overpotential of 379 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA cm-2 ) with IrO2 (Over potential of 377 mV at 10 mA cm-2). The binder-free CFZ-NPC air electrode when applied into a Zinc-air battery system, delivers a low charge-discharge potential gap of 862 mV at 5 mA cm-2. Interestingly, the catalyst possesses an excellent electrochemical performance in the electrically rechargeable Zn-air battery over 1000 cycles at selected DOD for 157 h with a specific capacity of 890 mAh g(Zn) -1 without much efficiency drop. Financial support from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India under research grant number DST/TMD/MECSP/2K17/20 is gratefully acknowledged References; [1] Ren, Shuangshuang et al. 2020. “Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zn-Air Batteries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8(13): 6144–82. [2] Tang, Jing et al. 2016. “Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Controlled Catalytic Graphitization of Nano porous Carbons.” Nature Publishing Group (April): 1-8.
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Wang, Xuyang, Alina V. Kirianova, Xieyu Xu, Yanguang Liu, Olesya O. Kapitanova, and Marat O. Gallyamov. "Novel electrolyte additive of graphene oxide for prolonging the lifespan of zinc-ion batteries." Nanotechnology 33, no. 12 (December 24, 2021): 125401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac40bf.
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Abstract Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have attracted the attention of the industry due to their low cost, good environmental friendliness, and competitive gravimetric energy density. However, zinc anodes, similar to lithium, sodium and other alkali metal anodes, are also plagued by dendrite problems. Zinc dendrites can penetrate through polymer membranes, and even glass fiber membranes which seriously hinders the development and application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. To resolve this issue, certain additives are required. Here we have synthesized an electrochemical graphene oxide with novel electrolyte based on tryptophan, which allows to obtain few-layered sheets with a remarkably uniform morphology, good aqueous solution dispersion, easy preparation and environmental friendliness. We used this electrochemical graphene oxide as an additive to the electrolyte for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. The results of phase-field model combined with experimental characterization revealed that the addition of this material effectively promotes the uniform distribution of the electric field and the Zn-ion concentration field, reduces the nucleation overpotential of Zn metal, and provides a more uniform deposition process on the metal surface and improved cyclability of the aqueous Zn-ion battery. The resultant Zn∣Zn symmetric battery with the electrochemical graphene oxide additive affords a stable Zn anode, which provided service for more than 500 h at 0.2 mA cm−2 and even more than 250 h at 1.0 mA cm−2. The Coulombic efficiency (98.7%) of Zn∣Cu half-cells and thus cyclability of aqueous Zn-ion batteries using electrochemical graphene oxide is significantly better compared to the additive-free electrolyte system. Therefore, our approach paves a promising avenue to foster the practical application of aqueous Zn-ion batteries for energy storage.
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Qian, Xinye, Lina Jin, Shanwen Wang, Shanshan Yao, Dewei Rao, Xiangqian Shen, Xiaoming Xi, and Jun Xiang. "Zn-MOF derived micro/meso porous carbon nanorod for high performance lithium–sulfur battery." RSC Advances 6, no. 97 (2016): 94629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19356k.
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A unique micro/meso porous carbon nanorod (MPCN) was fabricated by carbonizing a zinc metal–organic framework (Zn-MOF) precursor, which was prepared by a facile aqueous solution method at room temperature.
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Roberts, Edward, Mohammad Rahimi, Asghar Molaei Dehkordi, Fatemeh ShakeriHosseinabad, Maedeh Pahlevaninezhad, and Ashutosh Kumar Singh. "(Invited) Redox Flow Battery Innovation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013483mtgabs.
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Flow battery innovations should offer significant improvements in performance, without compromising the durability / lifetime, and be cost-effective and scalable. The presentation will review some of the progress that has been made to enhance flow battery performance, and will discuss a number of recent innovations that aim to deliver these characteristics. These will include: Magnetic flowable electrodes applied in a polysulfide-iodide flow battery. Using flow through the current feeder to enhance mass transport and enable dendrite free zinc deposition in the zinc-iodide flow battery. Graphene modified membrane for enhanced power density. Flowable electrodes have emerged as a novel concept for high energy density batteries. To date, in most cases the flowable solid phase includes a redox active energy storage material, for example in zinc-nickel, sodium-sulfur, and lithium-sulfur systems [1-3]. In contrast, we have demonstrated the use of a carbon – magnetite nanocomposite which acts as an electrocatalyst but is not redox active [4,5]. This nanomaterial can be dispersed in the electrolyte and circulated through the battery to enhance the performance of a conventional static electrode. The magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposite can also be exploited, by using a magnetic field to assemble a high surface area electrode comprising a percolating network of the nanomaterial on the current feeder. The electrode also can be removed by releasing the magnetic field at the current feeder, and after being washed out of the cell the nanocomposite can be separated in a magnetic field. This enables replacement of the active electrode without the need to dismantle the cell. Zinc-iodide flow batteries offer high energy density due to the high aqueous solubility of the ZnI2. However, the power density that can be achieved is limited by potential for the dendritic growth of zinc deposits, and as zinc metal builds up in the cell the areal capacity is limited. We have found that by drawing some of the electrolyte through the current feeder, improved performance can be obtained [6]. This enables operation at higher power density and the denser uniform deposit should enable increased areal capacity. We attempted to reduce crossover in the all-vanadium redox flow battery by using a graphene modified nafion membrane. However, we found that the addition of the graphene reduced the losses in the battery and enabling a significant increase in the power density and discharge capacity. Currently we are working to optimize and scale up the membrane modification process, and to explore the mechanism of performance enhancement. References G. Zhu et al. (2020) High-energy and high-power Zn–Ni flow batteries with semi-solid electrodes. Sustainable Energy Fuels, 4, 4076-4085. Yang et al. (2018) Sodium–Sulfur Flow Battery for Low-Cost Electrical Storage. Advanced Energy Materials, 11, 1711991. Suo et al. (2015) Carbon cage encapsulating nano-cluster Li2S by ionic liquid polymerization and pyrolysis for high performance Li–S batteries. Nano Energy, 13, 467-473. Rahimi, A.M. Dehkordi, E.P.L. Roberts (2021) Magnetic nanofluidic electrolyte for enhancing the performance of polysulfide/iodide redox flow batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 309, 137687. Rahimi, A.M. Dehkordi, H. Gharibi, E.P.L. Roberts (2021) Novel Magnetic Flowable Electrode for Redox Flow Batteries: A Polysulfide/Iodide Case Study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 60, 824-841. F. ShakeriHosseinabad et al. (2021) Influence of Flow Field Design on Zinc Deposition and Performance in a Zinc-Iodide Flow Battery. ACS Applied Mat. & Interfa
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Zheng, Jingxu, Qing Zhao, Tian Tang, Jiefu Yin, Calvin D. Quilty, Genesis D. Renderos, Xiaotun Liu, et al. "Reversible epitaxial electrodeposition of metals in battery anodes." Science 366, no. 6465 (October 31, 2019): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6873.
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The propensity of metals to form irregular and nonplanar electrodeposits at liquid-solid interfaces has emerged as a fundamental barrier to high-energy, rechargeable batteries that use metal anodes. We report an epitaxial mechanism to regulate nucleation, growth, and reversibility of metal anodes. The crystallographic, surface texturing, and electrochemical criteria for reversible epitaxial electrodeposition of metals are defined and their effectiveness demonstrated by using zinc (Zn), a safe, low-cost, and energy-dense battery anode material. Graphene, with a low lattice mismatch for Zn, is shown to be effective in driving deposition of Zn with a locked crystallographic orientation relation. The resultant epitaxial Zn anodes achieve exceptional reversibility over thousands of cycles at moderate and high rates. Reversible electrochemical epitaxy of metals provides a general pathway toward energy-dense batteries with high reversibility.
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Zhang, Yu, Mengdie Xu, Xin Jia, Fangjun Liu, Junlong Yao, Ruofei Hu, Xueliang Jiang, Peng Yu, and Huan Yang. "Application of Biomass Materials in Zinc-Ion Batteries." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062436.
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Currently, aqueous zinc-ion batteries, with large reserves of zinc metal and maturity of production, are a promising alternative to sustainable energy storage. Nevertheless, aqueous solution has poor frost resistance and is prone to side reactions. In addition, zinc dendrites also limit the performance of zinc-ion batteries. Biomass, with complex molecular structure and abundant functional groups, makes it have great application prospects. In this review, the research progress of biomass and its derived materials used in zinc-ion batteries are reviewed. The different regulation strategies and characteristics of biomass used in zinc-ion battery electrodes, electrolyte separators and binders are demonstrated. The regulation mechanism is analyzed. At the end, the development prospect and challenges of biomass in energy materials application are proposed.
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Oman, Henry. "Advances in Lithium and Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Performance." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 11 (November 1999): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053434.
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Traditional batteries stored energy in thick plates made from heavy metals like lead, nickel, and zinc. They delivered from 15 to 20 Wh/kg. Lighter-weight lithium anodes were used in some military batteries. Then came the need for lightweight batteries for powering cellular telephones and laptop computers. Lithiumion batteries were developed, and the worldwide demand, just for use in laptop computers, has grown to 150 million units per year.The need to reduce air pollution in downtown areas has created a market for battery-powered electric vehicles. Clara Ford chose to drive an electric car, even though her husband, Henry Ford, was making gasoline-powered cars. However, the cost of replacing worn-out leadacid batteries soon ended the electric-car age of the early 1900s. The need for lightweight, long-life batteries for zero-emission cars has produced unprecedented investments in battery technology. The lithium-battery technology used in laptop-computer batteries did not support the requirements of high power and long life for the charge/discharge cycling needed in electric cars. An executive of a lithium-battery manufacturer was asked what he was doing about the cycle life of his batteries. His answer: “The life of a laptop computer is nine months. Then a newer model makes it obsolete. We meet this requirement!”
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Guo, Beibei, Qiangjian Ju, Ruguang Ma, Zichuang Li, Qian Liu, Fei Ai, Minghui Yang, et al. "Mechanochemical synthesis of multi-site electrocatalysts as bifunctional zinc–air battery electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 33 (2019): 19355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06411g.
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Highly active porous FeCo/carbon oxygen electrocatalysts with well-defined multiple active sites have been prepared via a scalable mechanochemical route, which perform better than precious metal Pt/C and RuO2 in rechargeable Zn–air batteries.
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Ruismäki, Ronja, Anna Dańczak, Lassi Klemettinen, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Integrated Battery Scrap Recycling and Nickel Slag Cleaning with Methane Reduction." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050435.
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Innovative recycling routes are needed to fulfill the increasing demand for battery raw materials to ensure sufficiency in the future. The integration of battery scrap recycling and nickel slag cleaning by reduction with methane was experimentally researched for the first time in this study. Industrial nickel slag from the direct Outotec nickel flash smelting (DON) process was mixed with both synthetic and industrial battery scrap. The end products of the slag-scrap mixtures after reduction at 1400 °C in a CH4 (5 vol %)-N2 atmosphere were an Ni–Co–Cu–Fe metal alloy and FeOx–SiO2 slag. It was noted that a higher initial amount of cobalt in the feed mixture increased the recovery of cobalt to the metal alloy. Increasing the reduction time decreased the fraction of sulfur in the metal alloy and magnetite in the slag. After reduction, manganese was deported in the slag and most of the zinc volatilized. This study confirmed the possibility of replacing coke with methane as a non-fossil reductant in nickel slag cleaning on a laboratory scale, and the recovery of battery metals cobalt and nickel in the slag cleaning process with good yields.
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Wang, Zi Jian. "A Review of Inhibit the Growth of Lithium Dendrite Strategies." Defect and Diffusion Forum 421 (December 22, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4b15v7.
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Nowadays, the development of electronic technology has driven the development of battery industry. Under the rigid demand for energy storage materials, lithium metal has received a lot of attention due to its excellent energy storage performance, however, the growth of lithium dendrite makes it difficult to recycle. This review introduces the principle of lithium dendrite growth and its negative impact leading to the degradation of battery performance, and then focuses on the methods to inhibit lithium dendrite growth e.g., fabrication of alloyed structure, regulation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI), application of solid electrolyte and recent research progress e.g., nanodiamond additive method, single-atom zinc anion skeleton method, battery self-heating method.
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Liu, Wenbao, Jianwu Hao, Chengjun Xu, Jian Mou, Liubing Dong, Fuyi Jiang, Zhuang Kang, Junlin Wu, Baozheng Jiang, and Feiyu Kang. "Investigation of zinc ion storage of transition metal oxides, sulfides, and borides in zinc ion battery systems." Chemical Communications 53, no. 51 (2017): 6872–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc01064h.
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Zhang, Yongguang, Zhumabay Bakenov, Taizhe Tan, and Jin Huang. "Polyacrylonitrile-Nanofiber-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Novel Aqueous Sodium-Ion Battery Based on a Na4Mn9O18 Cathode and Zn Metal Anode." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080853.
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A gel polymer electrolyte was formed by trapping an optimized Na+/Zn2+ mixed-ion aqueous electrolyte in a polyacrylonitrile nanofiber polymer matrix. This electrolyte was used in a novel aqueous sodium-ion battery (ASIB) system, which was assembled by using a zinc anode and Na4Mn9O18 cathode. The nanorod-like Na4Mn9O18 was synthesized by a hydrothermal soft chemical reaction. The structural and morphological measurement confirmed that the highly crystalline Na4Mn9O18 nanorods are uniformly distributed. Electrochemical tests of Na4Mn9O18//Zn gel polymer battery demonstrated its high cycle stability along with a good rate of performance. The battery delivers an initial discharge capacity of 96 mAh g−1, and 64 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a high cycling rate of 1 C. Our results demonstrate that the Na4Mn9O18//Zn gel polymer battery is a promising and safe high-performance battery.
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Wang, Yuan, Zheng Chang, Junqiang Li, Ruizhe Li, and Fuqiang Huang. "Zinc ferrum energy storage chemistries with high efficiency and long cycling life." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 32 (2018): 15821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05375h.
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A new prototype of liquid Zn-ferrum batteries (ZFBs) using zinc metal as the anode, an aqueous Fe(ii/iii) redox couple as the catholyte, and modified carbon fibers with N and O (CF–N–O) as the positive electrode was proposed. This battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a capacity of 352 mA h g−1 and long cycling life.
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Zhi, Jian, Shengkai Li, Mei Han, and P. Chen. "Biomolecule-guided cation regulation for dendrite-free metal anodes." Science Advances 6, no. 32 (August 2020): eabb1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1342.
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Lithium (Li) or zinc (Zn) metal anodes have attracted interest for battery research due to their high theoretical capacities and low redox potentials. However, uncontrollable dendrite growth, especially under high current (>4 mA cm−2), precludes reversable cycling in Li or Zn metal batteries with a high-loading (>4 mAh cm−2), precludes reversable cycling in Li or Zn metal batteries with high-loading (>4 mAh cm−2) cathode. We report a cation regulation mechanism to address this failure. Collagen hydrolysate coated on absorbed glass mat (CH@AGM) can simultaneously induce a deionization shock inside the separator and spread cations on the anode to promote uniform electrodeposition. Employing 24 mAh cm−2 cathodes, Li and Zn metal batteries with CH@AGM delivered 600 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%. In comparison, pristine Li and Zn metal batteries only survive for 10 and 100 cycles, respectively. This approach enabled 400 cycles in a 200 Ah-class Zn metal battery, which suggests a scalable method to achieve dendrite-free anodes in various batteries.
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Gao, Yue, Daiwei Wang, Yun Kyung Shin, Zhifei Yan, Zhuo Han, Ke Wang, Md Jamil Hossain, et al. "Stable metal anodes enabled by a labile organic molecule bonded to a reduced graphene oxide aerogel." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 48 (November 16, 2020): 30135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001837117.
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Metallic anodes (lithium, sodium, and zinc) are attractive for rechargeable battery technologies but are plagued by an unfavorable metal–electrolyte interface that leads to nonuniform metal deposition and an unstable solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI). Here we report the use of electrochemically labile molecules to regulate the electrochemical interface and guide even lithium deposition and a stable SEI. The molecule, benzenesulfonyl fluoride, was bonded to the surface of a reduced graphene oxide aerogel. During metal deposition, this labile molecule not only generates a metal-coordinating benzenesulfonate anion that guides homogeneous metal deposition but also contributes lithium fluoride to the SEI to improve Li surface passivation. Consequently, high-efficiency lithium deposition with a low nucleation overpotential was achieved at a high current density of 6.0 mA cm−2. A Li|LiCoO2cell had a capacity retention of 85.3% after 400 cycles, and the cell also tolerated low-temperature (−10 °C) operation without additional capacity fading. This strategy was applied to sodium and zinc anodes as well.
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Abedin, Muhammad Raisul, Shamsul Abedin, Md Hasib Al Mahbub, Nandini Deb, and Mohidus Samad Khan. "A Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recover Zinc and Manganese from Spent Zn-C Batteries." Materials Science Forum 886 (March 2017): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.886.117.
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This study addresses the recovery of recovery of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) from spent dry cell (Zn-C battery) batteries using a hydrometallurgical approach. Every year, a significant number of Zn-C dry cell batteries are consumed and disposed worldwide. Zn-C dry cell batteries constitute more than 60% of Zn and Mn together. Higher amount of Zn and Mn present in Zn-C dry cells shows an industrial interest in recycling and recovering Zn and Mn. In this study the recovery of Zn and Mn from spent dry cells was investigated through an energy efficient hydrometallurgical route. Zn-C batteries were manually dismantled to collect the battery paste. Neutral leaching was carried out to remove potassium and non-metal contents. The battery powder was leached in sulfuric acid medium with glucose as reducing agent. The experiments were conducted according to ‘24 full factorial design’. The purpose of the design was to identify the most effective and optimum condition for Zn and Mn recovery from spent Zn-C batteries. Using the optimum operating condition, up to 86.54 % of Mn and 82.19% of Zn were recovered from the original battery powder.
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Jiang, Yao, Ming Peng, Jiao Lan, Yang Zhao, Ying-Rui Lu, Ting-Shan Chan, Ji Liu, and Yongwen Tan. "A self-reconstructed (oxy)hydroxide@nanoporous metal phosphide electrode for high-performance rechargeable zinc batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 37 (2019): 21069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07910f.
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A binder-free self-reconstructed (oxy)hydroxide@nanoporous Ni3P hybrid electrode is fabricated for rechargeable Zn battery with high capacity, excellent rate performance and cycling stability.
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Deng, Jie, Lei Wang, Fangming Jin, and Yun Hang Hu. "Metal-free surface-microporous graphene electrocatalysts from CO2 for rechargeable all-solid-state zinc–air batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 16 (2021): 10081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta01001h.
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Metal-free surface-microporous graphene was demonstrated as an excellent air electrode, creating an efficient and durable all-solid-state Zn–air battery with the smallest charge/discharge voltage gap of 0.25 V within a 10 min charge–discharge cycle.
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Kadam, Nishad, and A. Sarkar. "A rechargeable zinc–air battery with decoupled metal oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions." Journal of Power Sources 510 (October 2021): 230375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230375.
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Zhang, Jia Liang, Jian Guo Yang, Peng Li, and Hu Zhou. "An Automated Forming System of Negative Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1009.
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Negative plate forming is one of the important tasks of silver-zinc battery production. The objective of this work is to develop an automated forming system of negative plates to ensure the workers’ health and safety and to improve its production efficiency. The ointment injection and layer press method was studied by using two 3DOF robots moving and injecting zinc ointment along required trajectory and four 1DOF robots carrying the molds, carrier papers and metal grids between transportation lines and other machines. Experiment results show that the developed system with optimized parameters can reach the requirements of processing quality.
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Zheng, Zhuoyuan, Haichuan Cao, Wenhui Shi, Chunling She, Xianlong Zhou, Lili Liu, and Yusong Zhu. "Low-Cost Zinc–Alginate-Based Hydrogel–Polymer Electrolytes for Dendrite-Free Zinc-Ion Batteries with High Performances and Prolonged Lifetimes." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010212.
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Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) represent an attractive choice for energy storage. However, ZIBs suffer from dendrite growth and an irreversible consumption of Zn metal, leading to capacity degradation and a low lifetime. In this work, a zinc–alginate (ZA) hydrogel–polymer electrolyte (HGPE) with a non-porous structure was prepared via the solution-casting method and ion displacement reaction. The resulting ZA-based HGPE exhibits a high ionic conductivity (1.24 mS cm−1 at room temperature), excellent mechanical properties (28 MPa), good thermal and electrochemical stability, and an outstanding zinc ion transference number (0.59). The ZA-based HGPE with dense structure is proven to benefit the prevention of the uneven distribution of ion current and facilitates the reduction of excessive interfacial resistance within the battery. In addition, it greatly promotes the uniform deposition of zinc ions on the electrode, thereby inhibiting the growth of zinc dendrites. The corresponding zinc symmetric battery with ZA-based HGPE can be cycled stably for 800 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2, demonstrating the stable and reversible zinc plating/stripping behaviors on the electrode surfaces. Furthermore, the quasi-solid-state ZIB with zinc, ZA-based HGPE, and Ca0.24V2O5 (CVO) as the anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials, respectively, show a stable cyclic performance for 600 cycles at a large current density of 3 C (1 C = 400 mA g−1), in which the capacity retention rate is 88.7%. This research provides a new strategy for promoting the application of the aqueous ZIBs with high performance and environmental benignity.
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Yadav, Sudheer Kumar, Daniel Deckenbach, and Jörg J. Schneider. "Secondary Zinc–Air Batteries: A View on Rechargeability Aspects." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110244.
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Metal–air batteries hold a competitive energy density and are frequently recommended as a solution for low-cost, environmentally friendly electrochemical energy storage applications. Rechargeable zinc–air batteries are prominently studied future devices for energy storage applications. Up to date and despite substantial efforts over the last decades, it is not commercialized on a broader scale because of inadequate performance. Most essential, the ultimate long-term functional zinc–air battery has yet to be discovered. This challenge should be resolved appropriately before articulating the zinc–air batteries to commercial reality and be deployed widespread. We review the present status and some breakthroughs in rechargeable zinc–air batteries research in the last few years, focusing on the anode-related issues. A critical overview of the last five years of the still less explored but essential aspects of rechargeability in zinc–air batteries, such as zinc utilization, solid electrolyte interface, and cell design is presented, some perspectives on possible solutions are offered.
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Matthews, Kyle, Armin VahidMohammadi, Danzhen Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Patrice Simon, and Yury Gogotsi. "Electrochemical Properties of MXene Electrodes in Aqueous Zinc Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02157mtgabs.
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MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbonitrides, with a general structure of M n +1X n T x , where M is the transition metal, X is carbon or nitrogen, T represents the surface terminations (F, O, OH), and n can vary from 1-4. MXenes have shown promise in multiple electrochemical systems including aqueous supercapacitors and non-aqueous batteries containing monovalent cations. However, there have been limited works studying the electrochemical properties of these materials in aqueous electrolytes with multivalent cations such as Zn2+ and Mg2+. MXenes have high (electro)chemical stability in halide zinc electrolyte systems unlike many oxide materials. Herein, the charge storage mechanism of Ti3C2T x was studied in multiple Zn containing aqueous electrolytes. In-situ XRD and in-situ UV-Vis were employed to monitor the intercalating species and redox response in the electrodes. Ti3C2T x electrodes could deliver battery-like performance at low rates with supercapacitor performance at high rates. This work demonstrates the potential of using MXenes in zinc ion capacitors and zinc hybrid energy storage devices.
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Zhang, Yuxuan, Han Wook Song, and Sunghwan Lee. "(Digital Presentation) Ultrathin Stabilized Zn Metal Anode for Highly Reversible Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024439mtgabs.
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Ever-increasing demands for energy, particularly being environmentally friendly have promoted the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), arguably the most well-studied energy storage system, have dominated the energy market since their advent in the 1990s.2 However, challenging issues regarding safety, supply of lithium, and high price of lithium resources limit the further advancement of LIBs for large-scale energy storage applications.3 Therefore, attention is being concentrated on an alternative electrochemical energy storage device that features high safety, low cost, and long cycle life. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is considered one of the most promising alternative energy storage systems due to the high theoretical energy and power densities where the multiple electrons (Zn2+) . In addition, aqueous ZIBs are safer due to non-flammable electrolyte (e.g., typically aqueous solution) and can be manufactured since they can be assembled in ambient air conditions. 4 As an essential component in aqueous Zn-based batteries, the Zn metal anode generally suffers from the growth of dendrites, which would affect battery performance in several ways. Second, the led by the loose structure of Zn dendrite may reduce the coulombic efficiency and shorten the battery lifespan.5 Several approaches were suggested to improve the electrochemical stability of ZIBs, such as implementing an interfacial buffer layer that separates the active Zn from the bulk electrolyte.6 However, the and thick thickness of the conventional Zn metal foils remain a critical challenge in this field, which may diminish the energy density of the battery drastically. According to a theretical calculation, the thickness of a Zn metal anode with an areal capacity of 1 mAh cm-2 is about 1.7 μm. However, existing extrusion-based fabrication technologies are not capable of downscaling the thickness Zn metal foils below 20 μm. Herein, we demonstrate a thickness controllable coating approach to fabricate an ultrathin Zn metal anode as well as a thin dielectric oxide separator. First, a 1.7 μm Zn layer was uniformly thermally evaporated onto a Cu foil. Then, Al2O3 , the separator was deposited through sputtering on the Zn layer to a thickness of 10 nm. The inert and high hardness Al2O3 layer is expected to lower the polarization and restrain the growth of Zn dendrites. Atomic force microscopy was employed to evaluate the roughness of the surface of the deposited Zn and Al2O3/Zn anode structures. Long-term cycling stability was gauged under the symmetrical cells at 0.5 mA cm-2 for 1 mAh cm-2. Then the fabricated Zn anode was paired with MnO2 as a full cell for further electrochemical performance testing. To investigate the evolution of the interface between the Zn anode and the electrolyte, a home-developed in-situ optical observation battery cage was employed to record and compare the process of Zn deposition on the anodes of the Al2O3/Zn (demonstrated in this study) and the procured thick Zn anode. The surface morphology of the two Zn anodes after circulation was characterized and compared through scanning electron microscopy. The tunable ultrathin Zn metal anode with enhanced anode stability provides a pathway for future high-energy-density Zn-ion batteries. Obama, B., The irreversible momentum of clean energy. Science 2017, 355 (6321), 126-129. Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K. S., The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2013, 135 (4), 1167-76. Li, C.; Xie, X.; Liang, S.; Zhou, J., Issues and Future Perspective on Zinc Metal Anode for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc‐ion Batteries. Energy & Environmental Materials 2020, 3 (2), 146-159. Jia, H.; Wang, Z.; Tawiah, B.; Wang, Y.; Chan, C.-Y.; Fei, B.; Pan, F., Recent advances in zinc anodes for high-performance aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2020, 70. Yang, J.; Yin, B.; Sun, Y.; Pan, H.; Sun, W.; Jia, B.; Zhang, S.; Ma, T., Zinc Anode for Mild Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives. Nanomicro Lett 2022, 14 (1), 42. Yang, Q.; Li, Q.; Liu, Z.; Wang, D.; Guo, Y.; Li, X.; Tang, Y.; Li, H.; Dong, B.; Zhi, C., Dendrites in Zn-Based Batteries. Adv Mater 2020, 32 (48), e2001854. Acknowledgment This work was partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Award No. ECCS-1931088. S.L. and H.W.S. acknowledge the support from the Improvement of Measurement Standards and Technology for Mechanical Metrology (Grant No. 22011044) by KRISS. Figure 1
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Li, Kaixin, Zhanhua Dong, and Zhe Lü. "Rational A/B Site Ion Doping to Design Efficient and Stable Pr0.5Ba0.4Ca0.1Fe1-xCoxO3-δ Perovskites as Zinc–Air Batteries Cathode." Batteries 8, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120259.
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The development of robust and efficient electrocatalysts for use in fuel cells and metal–air batteries has garnered a great deal of interest due to the quest for clean and renewable energy sources. In this paper, a promising Co-doped Pr0.5Ba0.4Ca0.1Fe1-xCoxO3-δ (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8; denoted as PBCFC-x, x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) with enhanced durability and electrocatalytic ORR/OER activity for zinc–air battery cathode catalysts is presented. Particularly, PBCFC-6 exhibits the best bifunctional catalytic activity in alkaline media among several materials, according to research using the RDE. The zinc–air battery with PBCFC-6 as the cathode catalyst delivered the smallest discharge–charge voltage difference at the current density of 10 mA·cm−2 and only increased by 0.031 V after 220 cycles (220 h), demonstrating its superior bifunctional catalytic activity and durability. The optimized electrochemical performance of both OER and ORR as well as stability in zinc–air batteries might result from the higher electrical conductivity, increasing concentration of adsorbed oxygen, and the greater proportion of Fe4+ (t2g3eg1) with optimal electron occupancy, owing to the partial replacement of Fe with Co.
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Chen, Shi, Yifeng Huang, Haoran Li, Fuxin Wang, Wei Xu, Dezhou Zheng, and Xihong Lu. "One-Pot Synthesis of NiSe2 with Layered Structure for Nickel-Zinc Battery." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031098.
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Transition metal organic framework materials and their selenides are considered to be one of the most promising cathode materials for nickel-zinc (denoted as Ni-Zn) batteries due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and controllable microstructure. Yet, their low capacity and poor cycling performance severely restricts their further development. Herein, we developed a simple one-pot hydrothermal process to directly synthesize NiSe2 (denotes as NiSe2-X based on the molar amount of SeO2 added) stacked layered sheets. Benefiting from the peculiar architectures, the fabricated NiSe2−1//Zn battery based on NiSe2 and the Zn plate exhibits a high specific capacity of 231.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, and excellent rate performance (162.8 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). In addition, the NiSe2//Zn battery also presents a satisfactory cycle life at the high current density of 8 A g−1 (almost no decay compared to the initial specific capacity after 1000 cycles). Additionally, the battery device also exhibits a satisfactory energy density of 343.2 Wh kg−1 and a peak power density of 11.7 kW kg−1. This work provides a simple attempt to design a high-performance layered cathode material for aqueous Ni-Zn batteries.
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Huang, Zechuan, Haoyang Li, Zhen Yang, Haozhi Wang, Jingnan Ding, Luyao Xu, Yanling Tian, David Mitlin, Jia Ding, and Wenbin Hu. "Nanosecond laser lithography enables concave-convex zinc metal battery anodes with ultrahigh areal capacity." Energy Storage Materials 51 (October 2022): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.06.054.
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Qu, Shengxiang, Bin Liu, Jingkun Wu, Zequan Zhao, Jie Liu, Jia Ding, Xiaopeng Han, Yida Deng, Cheng Zhong, and Wenbin Hu. "Kirigami-Inspired Flexible and Stretchable Zinc–Air Battery Based on Metal-Coated Sponge Electrodes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 49 (November 25, 2020): 54833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17479.
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Liang, Shuqi, and Ce Liang. "High-Density Cobalt Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanoshells as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Battery." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020243.
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High efficient electrocatalytic activity and strong stability to both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) are very critical to rechargeable Zn-air battery and other renewable energy technologies. As a class of promising catalysts, the nanocoposites of transition metal nanoparticles that are encapsulated with nitrogen-doped carbon nanoshells are considered as promising substitutes to expensive precious metal based catalysts. In this work, we demonstrate the successful preparation of high-density cobalt nanoparticles encapsulated in very thin N-doped carbon nanoshells by the pyrolysis of solid state cyclen-Co-dicyandiamide complex. The morphologies and properties of products can be conveniently tuned by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature. Owing to the synergetic effect of hybrid nanostructure, the optimized Co@N-C-800 sample possesses outstanding bifunctional activity for both ORR and OER in alkaline electrolyte. Meanwhile, the corresponding rechargeable zinc-air battery that is based on Co@N-C-800 air cathode also has excellent current density, low charge-discharge voltage gap, high power density, and strong cycle stability, making it a suitable alternative to take the place of precious metal catalysts for practical utilization.