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Journal articles on the topic 'Zinc evaporation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Khalsa, Kawal Preet Singh, and Sayan Sadhu. "Experimental Study of Domestic Refrigerator Performance Improvement with Evaporative Condenser." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 29, no. 02 (April 28, 2021): 2150015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521500152.

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Evaporation of defrosted water in household refrigerators and condenser waste heat utilization has been reported by many researchers but limited literature is available on the study of evaporative cooling in domestic refrigerators (condenser waste heat utilization for defrost water evaporation) with helical coil heat exchangers. This paper is concerned with evaluating domestic refrigerator performance by employing an evaporative helical coil heat exchanger before hot wall condenser which is utilized for evaporation of defrost water and reducing the superheated refrigerant temperature to condensing temperature to reduce the condenser load and improve the overall performance of a domestic refrigerator. Results show that evaporative cooling increases COP of the system by 25.3%, reduces the energy consumption of the refrigerator by 7.3% and the compressor run time by 10.6%. These experimental results also revealed that using two different thermal conductivity tube materials for evaporative helical coil condenser (Copper tube and Zinc coated steel tube) provided with less wall thickness (0.2[Formula: see text]mm) PVC coating results in good agreement for the same evaporation rate of defrosted water.

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2

Hino, Mitsutaka, Shei-bin Wang, Tetsuya Nagasaka, and Shiro Ban-Ya. "Evaporation Rate of Zinc in Liquid Iron." ISIJ International 34, no. 6 (1994): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.34.491.

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3

HINO, Mitsutaka, Shei-bin WANG, Tetsuya NAGASAKA, and Shiro BAN-YA. "Evaporation Rate of Zinc in Liquid Iron." Tetsu-to-Hagane 80, no. 4 (1994): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.80.4_300.

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4

Xing, Y. J., Z. H. Xi, X. D. Zhang, J. H. Song, R. M. Wang, J. Xu, Z. Q. Xue, and D. P. Yu. "Thermal evaporation synthesis of zinc oxide nanowires." Applied Physics A 80, no. 7 (December 19, 2003): 1527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-003-2388-x.

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5

Zhang, Mengxu, Jianli Li, Qiang Zeng, and Qiqiang Mou. "An Experimental Study on the Reduction Behavior of Dust Generated from Electric Arc Furnace." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173604.

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To improve the utilization value of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) containing zinc, the reduction behavior of non-agglomerate dust was investigated with carbon and ferrosilicon in an induction furnace. The experimental results show that when the temperature increases, the zinc evaporation rate increases. When the reducing agent is carbon, zinc evaporation mainly occurs in the range of 900–1100 °C. When the reducing agent is ferrosilicon, zinc begins to evaporate at 800 °C, but the zinc evaporation rate is 90.47% at 1200 °C and lower than 99.80% with carbon used as a reducing agent at 1200 °C. For the carbon reduction, the iron metallization rate increases with a rise in the temperature. When the reducing agent is ferrosilicon, with an increase in temperature, the metallization rate first increases, then decreases, and finally, increases, which is mainly due to the reaction between the metallic iron and ZnO. In addition, the residual zinc in the EAFD is mainly dispersed in the form of a spinel solution near the metallic phase.

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6

Liang, Shuang, Xiaoping Liang, and Qian Tang. "Treatment of Secondary Dust Produced in Rotary Hearth Furnace through Alkali Leaching and Evaporation–Crystallization Processes." Processes 8, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040396.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the extraction of KCl and the improvement of the zinc grade of secondary dust obtained from rotary-hearth-furnace secondary dust (RHF secondary dust) using alkali leaching (Na2CO3 solution) and evaporation–crystallization processes. The effects of the liquid–solid ratio and Na2CO3 content on the element leaching ratio in the alkali leaching process, as well as the effects of the volume–evaporation ratio and cooling temperature on KCl extraction in the evaporation–crystallization process, were investigated. The results showed that the optimum liquid–solid ratio was 6:1, and the optimum quantity of Na2CO3 was 1.5 times the basic quantity. The recovery ratio of zinc reached 95.23%, and the leaching ratio of K reached 79.01%. The experimental results of the evaporation–crystallization process demonstrated that the evaporation temperature was 80 °C, the volume evaporation ratio was 50%, the cooling temperature was 25 °C, and the mass fraction of K2O in the obtained crystals was 58.99%.

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7

Ding, Q. P., Q. Q. Cao, H. B. Huang, S. G. Yang, X. N. Zhao, and Y. W. Du. "Zinc oxide microtubes prepared by optical thermal evaporation." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39, no. 1 (December 15, 2005): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/1/008.

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8

Li, Hui Feng, Jian Wang, Yun Hua Huang, and Yue Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Nanorod Networks." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.457.

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Three-dimensional (3D) ZnO nanorod networks were synthesized through the direct evaporation of metal zinc with high purity via a chymical evaporation deposition (CVD) method in Ar and O2 at 910 °C without any catalyst. The nanorod networks of as-synthesized ZnO were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The branches within one network show very regular orientation relationships: either perpendicular or parallel to each other. The nanorods follow a growth direction [0001]. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were measured at room temperature and showed the different PL features of other nanostructures. Two typical emission peaks at -401 nm and at 452-495 nm were observed. Specially, the emission peak at 452-495 nm includes four subordinate peaks.

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9

XING, Y. J., D. P. YU, Z. H. XI, and Z. Q. XUE. "THERMAL EVAPORATION SYNTHESIS OF ZnO MICROSHELLS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (July 10, 2005): 2722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031596.

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We demonstrate the synthesis of zinc oxide microshells by thermal evaporation of ZnO and Zn powders. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations reveal that the products are ZnO microshells with hollow cores, of which the wall thickness is about several hundred nanometers. The possible growth process is discussed.

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10

Abdulgafour, Hind I., Yushamdan Yusof, F. K. Yam, and Hassan Zainuriah. "Growth of ZnO Nanostructures at Different Temperatures without Catalyst by Wet Thermal Oxidation Process." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.132.

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In this study, an efficient method to achieve a wide range of high-quality zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures through zinc powder evaporation at different temperatures is developed. ZnO nanostructures could be synthesized on n-type silicon substrates by a simple thermal evaporation technique without a catalyst at 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. Samples are annealed in wet oxygen and ambient argon gases. Surface morphology, crystallinity, and optical properties of the ZnO nanostructures are examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope measurements, X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence measurement.

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11

Salém-Vasconcelos, S., and O. Dietzsch. "Preparation of thin, homogeneous zinc targets by vacuum evaporation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 379, no. 2 (September 1996): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(96)00525-6.

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12

Ng, K. Y., Amol Muley, Y. F. Chan, A. C. M. Ng, A. B. Djurišić, and A. H. W. Ngan. "Highly facetted metallic zinc nanocrystals fabricated by thermal evaporation." Materials Letters 60, no. 19 (August 2006): 2423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.01.069.

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13

Abdulgafour, H. I., Z. Hassan, N. Al-Hardan, and F. K. Yam. "Growth of zinc oxide nanoflowers by thermal evaporation method." Physica B: Condensed Matter 405, no. 11 (June 2010): 2570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2010.03.033.

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14

Tukhlibaev, O., and U. Zh Alimov. "Laser photoionization spectroscopy of the zinc atom and the study of zinc sulfide evaporation." Optics and Spectroscopy 88, no. 4 (April 2000): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.626828.

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15

Luo, Jingsong, Jie Lin, Nan Zhang, Xiaoyang Guo, Ligong Zhang, Yongsheng Hu, Ying Lv, Yongfu Zhu, and Xingyuan Liu. "Eu and F co-doped ZnO-based transparent electrodes for organic and quantum dot light-emitting diodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 20 (2018): 5542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00521d.

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16

Zhao, W. C., B. Q. Xu, and H. W. Yanga. "Liquid-vapor equilibrium and evaporation rate of Cd-Zn liquid alloy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb201229030z.

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In this study, LVE (liquid-vapor equilibrium) data of cadmium-zinc system were determined at pressure of 7.5 Pa. We compare the use of the Redlich-Kister polynomials with the Wilson equation in fitting activities. The LVE for Cd-Zn system in vacuum distillation was modeled using the two models. The results of the two models are reliable, the Redlich-Kister polynomialsis better than the Wilson equation. The LVE phase diagram is reliable for predicting the process of vacuum distillation for Cd-Zn system. Evaporation rates of elements in Cd-Zn alloy were experimental measured and calculated by the Langmuir equation. Experimental data on the evaporation of pure metals Cd and Zn are included. The evaporation coefficients of zinc and cadmium under vacuum conditions were calculated. The deviations were discussed. Comparing calculations with experimental results, it can be found that the trend is consistent. The activation energies of Cd and Zn in the Cd-Zn alloy under experimental conditions were also calculated.

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17

Wisitsoraat, A., I. Pimtara, D. Phokharatkul, K. Jaruwongrangsee, and A. Tuantranont. "Zinc Oxide Nanopolypods Synthesized by Thermal Evaporation of Carbon Nanotubes and Zinc Oxide Mixed Powder." Current Nanoscience 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341310790226315.

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18

Deng, Shengjie, Qian Guo, Hui-Ping Wang, Fenggui Lu, Joshua Solomon, and Blair E. Carlson. "Effectiveness of pre-scanning on zinc evaporation in laser spot welding of zinc-coated steels." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106, no. 9-10 (January 18, 2020): 4423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04891-9.

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19

Hu, J. Q., X. L. Ma, Z. Y. Xie, N. B. Wong, C. S. Lee, and S. T. Lee. "Characterization of zinc oxide crystal whiskers grown by thermal evaporation." Chemical Physics Letters 344, no. 1-2 (August 2001): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00720-5.

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20

Yuvaraj, D., K. Narasimha Rao, and Keshab Barai. "Synthesis of platestacks and microtowers of zinc by thermal evaporation." Solid State Communications 149, no. 9-10 (March 2009): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2008.12.024.

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21

Yajima, Kohei, Hiroyuki Matsuura, and Fumitaka Tsukihashi. "Evaporation Behavior of Zinc Chloride in Ar–O2–H2O Atmosphere." ISIJ International 49, no. 1 (2009): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.10.

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22

Franzen, Andreas, and Wolfgang Pluschkell. "Removal of zinc layers from coated steel strip by evaporation." Steel Research 70, no. 12 (December 1999): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199905676.

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23

Lee, Jung Goo, Ryusuke Nakamura, Daisuke Tokozakura, Hideo Nakajima, Hirotaro Mori, and Jong Hoon Lee. "Formation of Hollow Zinc Oxide by Oxidation and Subsequent Thermal Treatment." Solid State Phenomena 135 (February 2008): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.135.11.

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The formation of hollow zinc oxide has been studied by oxidation and subsequent thermal treatment of nanometer-sized zinc particles using in-situ TEM. The zinc particles produced under UHV condition were exposed to air at room temperature for 0.6 ks, which resulted in the formation of oxide layer with thickness of 3 nm. Subsequent heating inside UHV chamber of TEM induced the evaporation of the inner zinc, which resulted in the formation of hollow zinc oxide. The produced hollow zinc oxide had the wurtzite structure. Based upon the vapor pressure of the inner zinc, it seems reasonable to consider that the internal zinc vapor leaks away through the interface between the oxide layer and the amorphous carbon film used as a supporting substrate.

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24

Kobayashi, K., P. Dordor, J. P. Bonnet, R. Salmon, and P. Hagenmuller. "Densification process in undoped zinc oxide." Journal of Materials Research 2, no. 4 (August 1987): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1987.0478.

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An original preparation of ZnO is described where the powder is obtained by precipitaton from zinc nitrate in aqueous solution followed by a calcination. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a close relation between the initial density and the morphology of the powder, the latter being also strongly dependent on the calcining conditions. The investigation of the densification process shows the extreme sensitivity of the final density to sintering conditions. A physical model based on the competitive influences of shrinkage and evaporation successfully describes the observed phenomena.

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25

A.s, Balaganesh, and Chandar Shekar B. "STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ZINC OXIDE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY THERMAL EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj224.

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Zinc oxide thin films of 800nm were successfully prepared by thermal evaporation technique. XRD analysis revealed polycrystalline nature of the as prepared ZnO films. The structural parameters such as crystallite size, dislocation density and micro strain were evaluated and discussed.

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26

Sun, X. W., C. X. Xu, B. J. Chen, and Y. Yang. "Growth and Characterization of Misostructural Zinc Oxide Tubes." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.293.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) microtube has been fabricated by heating the mixture of ZnO and graphite powders in the atmosphere. The ZnO microtubes showed perfect hexagonal profiles with bell-mouth or normal hexagonal tops. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the product was composed of ZnO with typical hexagonal structure grown predominantly along (002) direction. The growth process was interpreted by means of vaporliquid-solid mechanism combining with the evaporation of metallic zinc.

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27

Zoestbergen, E., T. F. J. Maalman, C. Commandeur, and M. Goodenough. "Influence of contamination on the thermal evaporation of a zinc melt." Surface and Coatings Technology 218 (March 2013): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.12.036.

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28

Khawaja, E. E., M. A. Al-Daous, S. M. A. Durrani, and M. F. Al-Kuhaili. "Chemical inhomogeneity in zinc telluride thin films prepared by thermal evaporation." Thin Solid Films 485, no. 1-2 (August 2005): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.03.033.

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29

Giri, P. K., P. K. Patel, C. J. Panchal, S. Bhattacharyya, Satchi Kumari, Dilip K. Singh, V. A. Kheraj, et al. "Studies on Zinc Oxide Nanorods Grown by Electron Beam Evaporation Technique." Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry 37, no. 6 (July 2007): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15533170701466018.

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30

Acharya, R., Y. Q. Zhang, and X. A. Cao. "Characterization of zinc-tin-oxide films deposited by thermal co-evaporation." Thin Solid Films 520, no. 19 (July 2012): 6130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.05.087.

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31

Park, Joodong, Han-Ho Choi, Kerry Siebein, and Rajiv K. Singh. "Two-step evaporation process for formation of aligned zinc oxide nanowires." Journal of Crystal Growth 258, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(03)01549-5.

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32

Niu, Junjie, Jian Sha, Zhihong Liu, Zixue Su, and Deren Yang. "Copper sulfide micro-tubes fabricated by thermal evaporation of zinc sulfide." Materials Letters 59, no. 16 (July 2005): 2094–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.01.079.

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33

Wang, Weiwei, Gengmin Zhang, Ligang Yu, Xin Bai, Zhaoxiang Zhang, and Xingyu Zhao. "Field emission properties of zinc oxide nanowires fabricated by thermal evaporation." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 36, no. 1 (January 2007): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2006.08.008.

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34

Sengoku, Masaya, Shinya Sawai, and Minoru Dohi. "Gas Evaporation of Zinc under Low Gravity with a Drop Capsule." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, Part 1, No. 4A (April 15, 1999): 2064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.38.2064.

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35

Comini, E., G. Faglia, M. Ferroni, and G. Sberveglieri. "Gas sensing properties of zinc oxide nanostructures prepared by thermal evaporation." Applied Physics A 88, no. 1 (April 18, 2007): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-007-3978-9.

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36

Yadav, Brijesh Kumar, Pratima Singh, and Dharmendra Kumar Pandey. "Synthesis and Non-Destructive Characterization of Zinc Selenide Thin Films." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2019-0112.

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AbstractThe present work encloses the deposition of three zinc selenide (ZnSe) thin films of thickness 175 nm, 243 nm, and 286 nm using thermal evaporation technique under a vacuum of 5 × 10−5 mbar. The deposited ZnSe thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface profilometer, ultraviolet (UV)-visible (Vis)-near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The structure and morphology measurements reveal that the deposited ZnSe material is nanocrystalline having a cubic structure whose crystallinity increases with an increase in film thickness/evaporation rate. The optical band gap estimated from the optical transmission spectra of the films is found to be 2.62 eV, 2.60 eV, and 2.57 eV, respectively, which decreases with an increase in film thickness. The estimation and polynomial curve fit analysis of refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant indicates that these physical quantities are fifth-order polynomial function of wavelength. The obtained results are compared and analysed for justification and application of ZnSe thin films.

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37

Brett, M. J., and R. R. Parsons. "Stoichiometry control mechanisms for bias-sputtered zinc-oxide thin films." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-132.

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We have deposited transparent, conducting ZnO thin films of resistivity 3 × 10−3 Ω∙cm by the technique of DC planar-magnetron sputtering in a reactive Ar–O2 atmosphere, incorporating a reactive gas baffle and substrate RF discharge. The substrate discharge was found to increase the oxygen content of the growing film. Films at low values of the RF-induced substrate self-bias voltage were characterized by a brown colour, resistivities of about 4 × 10−2 Ω∙cm, and composition ZnO0.8. Films at higher bias voltages of −80 V were clear with resistivities of 3 × 10−3 Ω∙cm and a composition approaching stoichiometric ZnO. The oxidation of the films by the RF discharge was shown to occur through preferential resputtering and re-evaporation of excess zinc and by activation and ion-plating of oxygen species. Resputtering and re-evaporation rates were found to be enhanced above that expected for bulk Zn, owing to the loosely bound nature of surface adatoms during film growth.

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38

Li, Dun Fang, Cheng Yan Wang, Fei Yin, Yong Qiang Chen, Quan Ming Liu, and Xiao Wu Jie. "Synthesis of Tetrapod ZnO by Direct Oxidation of Zinc Metal at Elevated Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.788.

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ZnO product with tetrapod-shaped morphology was simply synthesized by controlling the evaporation and oxidation process of zinc metal. Pure bulk industrial zinc (99.995%) was first cast into small zinc pieces with a weight about 10～50g and then was heated in an alumina crucible in a furnace from room temperature to 1000～1250°C holding temperature, where the zinc pieces were vaporized and oxidized into zinc oxide products. The effects of zinc amount and holding temperature on the morphology of zinc oxide were investigated in this study. The products were confirmed to be zinc oxide with hexagonal wurtzite structure by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the morphologies of the products were T-ZnO whisker when the adding amounts of the zinc pieces were 20g and 30g, respectively. Based on the experimental results, it was speculated that crystal growth of T-ZnO comprised the formation of nuclei and the growth of need-like whisker.

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39

Caporaletti, O., and M. R. Westcott. "Fabrication of CdTe thin films by electron-beam evaporation." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 798–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-128.

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CdTe thin films were prepared by electron-beam evaporation and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electrical and optical measurements. All films had the cubic zinc-blende structure with a strong (111) orientation and exhibited columnar growth with relatively small grains. They were highly resistive and evidence of second phases (excess Te) was found in vacuum-evaporated samples. The preliminary evaluation of electron-beam evaporated films shows that their characteristics are similar to those of films produced by other techniques.

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40

Irudayaraj, A. Albert, G. Illavarasi, and A. Dhayal Raj. "Comparative Study on the Properties of BTCS and BTCZS Crystals Grown by Slow Evaporation Method." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.102.

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Good quality Bisthiourea Cadmium Sulphate (BTCS) and Bisthiourea Cadmium Zinc Sulphate (BTCZS) crystals have been grown by simple slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were found to be transparent in the entire visible region. From the powder X-ray diffractograms it is concluded that BTCS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system, whereas BTCZS crystals belong to monoclinic system. From the FTIR comparative study of BTCS and BTCZS, it is observed that when Zinc is added into BTCS crystal, there is a decrease in the frequency of symmetric C=S stretching and an increase in the frequency of N-H asymmetric stretching vibration. UV-Vis studies show that the grown crystals have high transparency in entire visible region. The Vicker’s microhardness results show that the addition of Zinc with Bisthiourea Cadmium Sulphate reduces the hardness of the crystal.

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41

ARIPONNAMMAL, S., R. SELVA VENNILA, S. RADHIKA, and P. M. USHASREE. "HIGH PRESSURE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY STUDY ON NONLINEAR SINGLE CRYSTAL ZINC THIOUREA CHLORIDE." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 11 (May 10, 2007): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907012918.

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Zinc thiourea chloride (ZTC) crystals were crystallized by slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals were determined by angle dispersive X-ray powder diffraction technique (XRD) and the structure was confirmed. High pressure electrical resistivity study was carried out on this crystal and the results are reported here.

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42

Hu, Xiu Lan, Yoshitake Masuda, Tatsuki Ohji, and Kazumi Kato. "Rapid Low-Temperature Synthesis of Porous ZnO Nanoparticle Film by Self-Hydrolysis Technique." Key Engineering Materials 445 (July 2010): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.445.123.

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Porous nano-scale ZnO particle film was rapidly synthesized from a mixing solution of zinc acetate dihydrate – acetone at about 90 °C. The crystal structure and morphology were clarified by the X-ray diffraction and a field emission scanning electron microscope. The evaporation of higher vapor pressure acetone resulted in the hydrolysis of zinc salt in itself crystalline water. Three morphologies of ZnO (dispersed nanoparticles, dispersed bread chip-shaped particles and flower-like bread chip-shaped assemblies) were observed.

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43

Shekari, Leila, Abu Hassan Haslan, and Hassan Zainuriah. "Gan Nanowire Growth by Thermal Evaporation Method." Advanced Materials Research 501 (April 2012): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.501.276.

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In this research we introduce an inexpensive method to produce highly crystalline GaN Nanowires (NWs) grown on porous zinc oxide (PZnO) using commercial GaN powder, either in argon gas or combination of nitrogen and Ar gas atmosphere, by thermal evaporation. Morphological structural studies using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements showed the role of porosity and different gas flowing, in the alignment and nucleation of these NWs. The NWs grown under flow of mix gases have very different diameters of between 50 and 200 nm, but those which were grown in Ar gas atmosphere, have rather uniform diameter of around 50 nm. The length of the GaN NWs was uniform, (around 10 µm). Optical and structural characterizations were performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and high resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). Results revealed that these NWs are of single-crystal hexagonal GaN with [oooı] and [ıoīı] growth directions for the NWs grown under Ar and mixed gas flow.

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Belyaev, Alexey P., Dmitry A. Mokhorov, and Vladimir V. Antipov. "The composition of the vapor phase upon evaporation of a mechanical mixture of cadmium and zinc selenotelluride powders." Butlerov Communications 63, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-8-80.

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Abstract:

The effect temperature has on the composition of a vapor phase passed through a thermal field after the evaporation of a mechanical mixture of the powders of cadmium and zinc selenotelluride is studied. It is found that the composition of the vapor phase can be changed throughout the range of concentrations by varying the temperature. The results of the study are satisfactorily explained by the effect temperature has on the particle distribution function in correspondence to the weights of the molecules constituting the mixture. There were virtually no molecules of the evaporated substance in the vapor phase, which consisted of diatomic molecules of the elements of Group VX compounds and metal atoms. This means that with the evaporation of mechanical mixtures of CdTe and CdSe powders, the vapor phase in the evaporator contains only Cd, Se2, and Te2 molecules, while mixtures of ZnTe and ZnSe powders contain Zn, Se2 and Te2 molecules. Despite the similarity between the components’ heats of sublimation, their concentrations over the powdermixture did not correspond to the composition of the powder mixture, since compounds A2B6 sublimate incongruently. Coming from the evaporator, the vapor phase entered the thermal field and was condensed onto a substrate at room temperature at its outlet. As follows from the composition of the substrate films, the vapor phase at the outlet was enriched with the light component Se, compared to the powder mixture. By virtue of the law of the conservation of mass, the vapor phase was therefore enriched with the heavy component Te at the inlet to the thermal field. Our results show that the thermal field controls the composition of the vapor phase by changing the particle distribution function according to the weight of the molecules constituting the mixture. The temperature dependences of the composition of the vapor phase are presented for several mechanical mixtures of the powders of (CdSe)x (CdTe)1-x and (ZnSe)x (ZnTe)1-x, where x = 0.45-0.90.

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Yoshida, Takashi, Tetsuya Nagasaka, and Mitsutaka Hino. "Evaporation Rates of Zinc and Lead in Copper Melt under Reduced Pressure." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 63, no. 2 (1999): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.63.2_167.

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Shelpakova, I. R., V. I. Kosyakov, S. V. Kovalevski, and V. A. Shestakov. "The Use of Evaporation in Vacuum for Purification and Analysis of Zinc." Materials Research Bulletin 33, no. 2 (February 1998): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5408(97)00223-7.

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Niu, Junjie, Jian Sha, and Deren Yang. "Silicon nano-wires fabricated by a novel thermal evaporation of zinc sulfide." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 24, no. 3-4 (September 2004): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2004.03.022.

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Ogale, S. B., and Rashmi Nawathey. "Deposition of zinc ferrite (ZnxFe3−xO4) films by pulsed laser evaporation process." Journal of Applied Physics 65, no. 3 (February 1989): 1367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343008.

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Ben Rabeh, M., M. Kanzari, and B. Rezig. "Effect of Zinc Incorporation in CuInS2Thin Films Grown by Vacuum Evaporation Method." Acta Physica Polonica A 115, no. 3 (March 2009): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.115.699.

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Singh, Jai, R. S. Tiwari, and O. N. Srivastava. "Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanotetrapods and Nanorods by Thermal Evaporation without Catalysis." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.715.

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