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1
Lewis, Helen. "Characterisation of fluid-flow systems for Irish lead-zinc deposits." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337511.
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Whitbread, Michael Andrew Ian, and n/a. "Lithogeochemichal alteration aound the Century and Elura Zn-Pb-Ag deposits: detecting alteration expressions in deep and near surface environments." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20051129.112425.
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Exploration companies commonly rely on geochemistry to identify alteration of
distinctive geochemical and mineralogical character, surrounding metal sulphide
deposits that were precipitated from hydrothermal fluids. However, examination of
raw analytical data is prone to error due to closure effects and the difficulty in
removing the effects of background variation in unaltered rocks from the variations
imposed by later hydrothermal alteration. Closure can be avoided by using ratios, or
by utilising mass balance approaches based on fixing volume, mass or concentration
changes between samples of parent and daughter lithologies. Using a parent-daughter
approach is limiting, because only pairs of samples can be compared at any one time
and because an unaltered equivalent must be produced for each sample examined in
this way. Pearce Element Ratio analysis and General Element Ratio analysis (PER
and GER) are not restricted in this fashion, and are more amenable to interrogation of
large data sets. PER and GER are also capable of decoupling background variation
from that variation due to hydrothermal alteration. Furthermore, these ratio methods
are readily applied to commercially derived lithogeochemical assays.
In this study, various analytical methods and interpretive techniques (including PER
and GER) have been applied to identify alteration in rocks around the Century and
Elura Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, and to assess whether primary ore-related alteration effects
can still be identified once altered rocks have been subjected to weathering.
Ratios of trace elements over a conserved element have been used to generate a suite
of pathfinder elements for each deposit. Elements enriched in host rocks around both
deposits include the economic metals Zn, Pb and Ag, along with Rb and Tl. Sodium is
ubiquitously depleted in altered rocks. Other elements in the pathfinder suites are
distinctive to each deposit type, and include a number of major and trace elements
that are added or removed from the rocks around the mineralised zones. For example,
Sb and As are enriched in rocks around Elura mineralisation while Ge and Cd are
enriched in samples around Century deposit.
Iron carbonate development accompanied by potassic alteration, the destruction of
albite and the absence of chlorite are the dominant mineral alteration effects at both
deposits. PER and GER diagrams have been used to quantify the intensity of this
alteration and allow lithogeochemistry to be used to vector towards high intensity
alteration, which is adjacent to Century and Elura mineralisation. These ratio methods
are applied to both visibly and cryptically altered rocks at both deposits, and have a
very high degree of success in classifying alteration in unweathered rocks.
The following simple PER ratios indicate proximity to Elura mineralisation:
Ca/C, K/Al for shales, K/(Al-Na) for siltstones/sandstones.
The following simple PER ratios indicate proximity to Century mineralisation:
Mn/Ti, Mg/Ti and Fe/Ti vs C/Ti, K/Ti vs Al/Ti, K/Ti vs (Al-Na)/Ti.
Pathfinder elements can be overlain onto PER and GER diagrams to aid in ranking the
prospectivity of samples, and to assess mineral hosts for individual pathfinder
elements.
Weathering destroys most indicators of alteration in the Elura area, while alteration
signatures are better preserved in host rocks around the Century deposit.
3
More, Andrew P. "Textural and microstructural studies of zinc sulfide and associated phases in certain base metal deposits." Thesis, Aston University, 1988. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14382/.
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A textural and microstructural study of a variety of zinc sulfide-containing ores has been undertaken, and the possible depositional and deformational controls of textural and microstructural development considered. Samples for the study were taken from both deformed and undeformed zinc ores of the Central U.S. Appalachians, and deformed zinc ores of the English Pennines. A variety of mineralogical techniques were employed, including transmitted and reflected light microscopy of etched and unetched material, transmission electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. For the Pennine zinc sulfides, spectroscopic, x-ray diffraction and fluid inclusion studies were also undertaken. Optical and electron optical examination of the Appalachian material confirmed the suitability of zinc sulfide for detailed study with such techniques. Growth and deformation-related microstructures could be distinguished from specimen-preparation induced artifacts. A deformationally-mduced lamelliform optical anisotropy is seen to be developed in areas hosting a dense planar microstructure of {111} twin- and slip-planes. The Pennine zinc sulfide texturally records a changing depositional environment. Thus, for example, delicately growth- zoned crystals are truncated and cross-cut by solution disconformities. Fluid inclusion studies indicate a highly saline (20-25 wt. % equiv. NaCl), low temperature (100-150°C.) fluid. Texturally, two varieties of zinc sulfide can be recognised; a widely developed, iron- banded variety, and a paragenetically early variety, banded due to horizons rich in crystal defects and microscopic inclusions. The zinc sulfide takes the form of a disordered 3C-polytype, with much of the disorder being deformational in origin. Twin- and slip-plane fabrics are developed . A deformation-related optical anisotropy is seen to overprint growth-related anisotropy, along with cuprian alteration of certain {111} deformation planes.
4
Latorre, J. J. "Exploration for stratabound copper, lead and zinc deposits in the Damara-Katanga orogen, central-southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005558.
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The Damara-Katanga orogen in central-southern Africa represents an area of 1.73xl0⁶ sq. km. The region is considered one of the wealthiest metallogenic provinces in the world. Successful exploration for stratabound base-metal deposits has taken place at this particular area since the introduction of more organised methodology in the early 1920s. The genesis, location and distribution of the ore deposits are related to their tectonic settings. Geodynamic evolution of the orogen, which initially formed part of a complex Pan-African rift system, comprises the following stages rifting; downwarping, including spreading on the western portion; syn-orogeny and late-orogeny. Two major tectonic events in the history of the region have been identified: the Katangan (900-750 Ma) and the Damaran episodes (750-500 Ma). Timing of mineralisation of ore deposits has been related to the evolutionary stages of the orogen. Genetic models of the most productive deposits are briefly discussed in this dissertation. The sedimentological, geochemical, paleogeographic and structural features can be employed as geological guidelines for integrated exploration programmes. Discoveries of major deposits and prospects in the orogen are also summarised, focussing on the exploration methods employed. The cost-effective use of the exploration techniques includes the classical copper-lead-zinc soil sampling for residual soils such as those in the Copperbelt area. Airborne magnetics and electromagnetics and follow-up ground geophysics have proved successful in areas where the cover is transported in the search for shallow ore deposits such as the Matchless massive sulphides. Remote sensing, geochemical and geophysical techniques have been tried in covered areas of western Botswana. The lack of geological control makes this interpretation difficult. A detailed geological mapping and the use of geochemical and geophysical techniques has been used to delineate carbonate-hosted base-metal deposits at the Otavi Land. The more expensive traditional methods necessary for the delineation of orebodies, such as pitting, trenching and drilling, are also discussed. Using a sequential approach, a possible exploration strategy is suggested, outlining the cost-effective use of remote sensing, geochemical and geophysical techniques. Standardisation in basic geological information is required for future successful explorations in the Damara-Katanga orogen, as well as attractive mining policies. In the event of their implementation, exploration perspectives are promising, specifically in terms of ore potential.
5
Winter, Lawrence Stephen. "The genesis of ‘giant’ copper-zinc-gold-silver volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits at Tambogrande, Perú : age, tectonic setting, paleomorphology, lithogeochemistry, and radiogenic isotopes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/773.
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The ‘giant’ Tambogrande volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits within the Cretaceous Lancones basin of northwestern Perú are some of the largest Cu-Zn-Au-Ag-bearing massive sulphide deposits known. Limited research has been done on these deposits, hence the ore forming setting in which they developed and the key criteria that permitted such anomalous accumulation of base-metal sulphides are not understood.
Based on field relationships in the host volcanic rocks and U-Pb geochronology, the deposits formed during the early stages of arc development in the latest Early Cretaceous and were related to an extensional and arc-rift phase (~105-100 Ma, phase 1). During this time, bimodal, primitive basalt-dominant volcanic rocks were erupted in a relatively deep marginal basin. Phase 1 rhyolite is tholeiitic, M-type, and considered to have formed from relatively high temperature, small batch magmas. The high heat flow and extensional setting extant during the initial stages of arc development were essential components for forming a VMS hydrothermal system. The subsequent phase 2 (~99-91 Ma) volcanic sequence comprises more evolved mafic rocks and similar, but more depleted, felsic rocks erupted in a relatively shallow marine setting. Phase 2 is interpreted to represent late-stage arc volcanism during a waning extensional regime and marked the transition to contractional tectonism.
The Tambogrande deposits are particularly unusual amongst the ‘giant’ class of VMS deposits in that deposition largely occurred as seafloor mound-type and not by replacement of existing strata. Paleomorphology of the local depositional setting was defined by seafloor depressions controlled by syn-volcanic faults and rhyolitic volcanism. The depressions were the main controls on distribution and geometry of the deposits and, due to inherently confined hydrothermal venting, enhanced the efficiency of sulphide deposition.
Geochemical and radiogenic isotope data indicate that the rhyolites in the VMS deposits were high temperature partial melts of the juvenile arc crust that had inherited the isotopic signatures of continental crust. Moreover, Pb isotope data suggest the metal budget was sourced almost wholly from mafic volcanic strata. Therefore, unlike the implications of many conventional models, the felsic volcanic rocks at Tambogrande are interpreted to have only played a passive role in VMS formation.
6
Korkalo, T. (Tuomo). "Gold and copper deposits in Central Lapland, Northern Finland, with special reference to their exploration and exploitation." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951428108X.
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Abstract
At least 30 gold deposits verified by means of one or more notable diamond drill hole results have been discovered in Central Lapland in the last 20 years, and these can be divided spatially into groups, between which the metal composition varies. The deposits contain varying amounts of sulphides and sulpharsenides as well as gold. Pyrite is the most common sulphide mineral in the gold deposits associated with volcanic rocks, and usually pyrrhotite in those associated with sedimentary rocks. The principal sulphide minerals in those connected with banded iron formations are pyrite and arsenopyrite. A separate group of formations consists of the palaeoplacer gold deposits associated with the molasse-like quartzites and conglomerates of Central Lapland.
The iron oxide-copper-gold deposits of Central Lapland, which are a significant potential source of copper and gold, are mostly associated with skarn rocks at the eastern contact of the acidic intrusive rocks of Western Lapland and with skarn rocks occurring as interlayers in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks.
The gold deposits that have led to actual mining activities in Central Lapland are Saattopora in Kittilä and Pahtavaara in Sodankylä. Apart from the Laurinoja iron oxide-copper-gold ore body in Kolari, copper concentrate has been produced from the Saattopora gold ore deposit and the Pahtavuoma copper ore deposit. Only one gold ore in Central Lapland is being actively exploited at present, that of the Pahtavaara mine, which was worked in 1995–2000 and reopened in 2003.
The best starting point for successful gold ore exploration in Central Lapland can be achieved through a thorough knowledge of the deformation zones and their structures and alteration processes and the application of geochemical methods. Magnetic surveys can be of help in identifying and locating deformation zones of interest for exploration purposes and the majority of the associated shear zones and faults. Ore-critical zones usually feature graphite-bearing schists and iron sulphide-bearing sequences that can be traced by electrical methods and used as marker zones to verify the results of geological mapping. Geological, geophysical and geochemical techniques have been used in great diversity, and in particular till geochemistry and bedrock drilling have been methods by which the gold and copper deposits in Central Lapland have been discovered.
A total of 7.6 million tonnes of gold and copper ores, including the Laurinoja iron oxide-copper-gold ore, were extracted in Central Lapland over the period 1982–2000. The resulting production of gold during this period was 10 800 kg, together with 21 000 tonnes of copper in concentrates and 4500 kg of silver.
The gold and copper ores have been concentrated by gravity separation and/or flotation, since the ores so far taken into production has been of the free milling type. However, a substantial proportion of the deposits in the area contain copper, nickel, cobalt and arsenic as well, in the form of sulphides or sulpharsenides, so that the achievement of commercially saleable products calls for the use of different leaching processes. Deposits have also been found in Central Lapland that have consisted partly or entirely of refractory gold ore in which gold is lying in the crystal lattice of pyrite and/or arsenopyrite, the processing of which by the above-mentioned methods is not economic, as it requires pre-treatment by bio-oxidation or pressure oxidation in order to convert the gold to a cyanide-soluble form.
7
Gebert, James 1962. "The metallogeny of Cu-Ni and Zn-Cu-Pb deposits of the Frederickson Lake area, central Labrador Trough /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63942.
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Leonel, Letícia Gameiro. "Aplicação de variáveis indicadoras na avaliação da incerteza volumétrica em um depósito de Zn-Pb." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-24022016-092459/.
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Santa Maria é um projeto de exploração mineral conduzido pela empresa Votorantim Metais Ltda, com foco nas comodities zinco e chumbo. Localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, próximo das antigas minas de Camaquã e Uruguay, o projeto se encontra em uma região geologicamente fértil para exploração mineral. O depósito de Santa Maria possui informações suficientes para permitir a avaliação dos recursos minerais e também estudos de viabilidade econômica de projeto, entretanto, sua mineralização ocorre de forma heterogênea e condicionada a feições geológicas estruturais complexas, inserindo dúvidas à respeito da forma e volume dos corpos mineralizados. O objetivo desta pesquisa é a avaliação da incerteza associada à modelagem dos corpos mineralizados. Essa avaliação foi realizada através da comparação entre o modelo tridimensional confeccionado por interpretação de seções e outros dois modelos probabilísticos: um gerado por krigagem de indicadoras e outro gerado por simulação sequencial de indicadoras, que permitiu a interpretação da incerteza associada. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível quantificar os valores de volume máximo, mínimo e médio esperado no depósito, além de avaliar regiões de maior e menor confiança. A utilização conjunta dos métodos de krigagem de indicadoras e simulação sequencial de indicadoras se mostrou uma excelente opção para avaliação do modelo interpretado. Através do tratamento dos resultados foi possível obter informações à respeito da variabilidade local e global do depósito e sobre o comportamento espacial da mineralização. Os resultados e interpretações obtidos podem ser aplicados em trabalhos futuros no depósito, como na classificação do recurso mineral, no refinamento do modelo geológico e no planejamento de futuras malhas de sondagem infill.Santa Maria is a mineral exploration project conducted by Votorantim Metais Ltda, with focus on zinc and lead extraction. The project is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the vicinities of the old mines of Camaquã and Uruguay, a favorable area for mineral exploration. There is enough information about Santa Maria\'s deposit to allow the estimation of mineral resources and the project\'s economical viability study, however, its mineralization occurs in heterogeneous ways and is conditioned to complex geological structural features, casting doubts about the shape and volume of the ore bodies. The main goal of this research is evaluating the uncertainty associated with the modeling of the orebodies. This evaluation was performed by comparing a three-dimensional model created by section interpretation and other two probabilistic models: one generated by indicator kriging, and the other generated by sequential indicator simulation, which allowed the interpretation of the associated uncertainty. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to quantify the maximum, minimum and average expected volume of the deposit, and also to evaluate the regions of most and least reliability. The joint use of indicator kriging and sequential indicator simulation methods proved to be an excelent tool for evaluating the interpreted model. By processing the results it was possible to obtain information about deposit\'s local and global variability and spatial behavior of mineralization. The obtained results and interpretations can be applied in deposit\'s further sutdies, for instance, to classify the mineral resource, to refine the geological model or to plan future infill drilholes.
9
Lardeau, Maria. "Mineralogie et petrogenese du minerai sulfure du gisement volcano-sedimentaire a zn-cu-ba-(pb-ag) de chessy-les-mines (rhone) : application a l'etude des amas sulfures metamorphises." Orléans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ORLE2053.
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L'etude petrogenetique des minerais de chessy-les-mines a permis de preciser la nature de la mineralisation et l'etude des deformations, de retracer l'evolution geologique complexe. Il est apparu que les metamorphismes ont amene une homogeneisation et une purification chimique des mineraux du minerai alors que leur recristallisation lors de la mise en place du granite a entraine un rajeunissement chimique. Cette approche petrogenetique et geochimique renforce la parente genetique entre chessy-les-mines et saint bel
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Neder, Renato Dantas. "Depositos de sulfeto maciço associados a rochas vulcanicas : o caso do deposito Zn-Pb do Expedito, Aripuana, MT, Brasil." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287171.
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Orientador : Bernardino Ribeiro de FigueiredoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T16:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neder_RenatoDantas_D.pdf: 4565799 bytes, checksum: 6470a7bb9ede00a82da67c1352765e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002
Doutorado
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Militon, Christian. "La metallogenie polyphasee a zn-pb-ba-f et mg-fe de la region de gedre-gavarnie-barroude (hautes-pyrenees)." Orléans, 1987. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798146.
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Une prospection geologique systematique de ces terrains a conduit a la reconnaissance de quatre principaux types de mineralisations dans le socle, le devonien inferieur et le cretace : 1 - une mineralisation stratiforme a zn-pb-ba-f de type sedimentaire - exhalatif omnipresente au sommet de la barre calcaire emsienne (devonien inferieur). 2 - de nombreux filons de types b. P. G. C. A gangue de siderite avec, pour certains, presence importante de barytine ou de fluorine ; ces filons correspondent a une phase de mineralisation tardi-hercynienne, probablement en liaison avec une phase tectonique compressive impliquant un contexte decrochant a composante cisaillante senestre, evoluant progressivement vers une distension nord-sud. 3 - des amas metasomatiques a mg-fe dans la barre calcaire emsienne, pouvant representer le sommet du systeme hydrothermal responsable des filons tardi-hercyniens du socle. 4 - la dissemination de galene dans les calcaires du santonien et de petits amas decimetriques de barytine secants sur la dolomie greseuse du cenomanien ; ces indices traduisent la remobilisation de filons tardi-hercyniens principalement d'apres l'identite des compositions isotopiques du plomb.
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Kärner, Katrin. "The metallogenesis of the Skorpion non-sulphide zinc deposit, Namibia." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=985497890.
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Poulter, Neil. "Novel antimicrobial plasma deposited films." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518294.
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Bacterial infection is a growing concern in hospital and community settings, where the issue of biofilms is a major problem. Most current methods of preventing microbial attachment and biofilm formation are limited due to application, process or inherent flaws. It was proposed that thin films containing an organometallic element could be deposited using plasma, a quick, clean surface modification technique; to create antimicrobial films which could then be applied to a range of substrates. Several novel antimicrobial monomer systems were synthesised and characterised based on silver, copper and zinc as the active constituent with phosphines, phosphites, maleimide and a novel Schiff base among the ligand systems. All monomers were found to greatly inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in solution and on solid media. Successful monomers were deposited onto suitable substrates (glass, gold, plastics, non-woven polypropylene) using continuous wave and pulse plasma, with the films characterised and low levels of active metal found in analysis using XPS and SIMS. Films were tested against solutions of pathogenic bacteria using a number of traditional and modern microbiological techniques and found to inhibit growth under a range of conditions, potentially due to the synergistic action of metal and ligand on bacterial cells. Effective control of bacteria was exhibited at times varying from 1h to 24h+. Highly volatile compounds were produced which allowed quick deposition of plasma films, which showed excellent activity against bacteria (99.9%+ growth reduction), indicating viability for potential application. All films tested showed no inhibition or toxicity to eukaryotic cells.
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McCloy, John S. "Properties and Processing of Chemical Vapor Deposited Zinc Sulfide." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194010.
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The structure and properties of chemical vapor deposited zinc sulfide (CVD ZnS) were assessed before and after heat treatments, involving different annealing and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) profiles. Samples were characterized using optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, electron diffraction, polycrystalline and powder x-ray diffraction, x-ray chemical microanalysis, photoluminescence, ultraviolet through longwave infrared transmission, and mechanical testing. Before heat treatment, CVD ZnS consists of lamellar twinned structures in 10 to 100 nm layers aggregated into domains which compose grains typically 5 to 10 μm in diameter with an overall crystallographic texture on the {100} planes. The scattering behavior of CVD ZnS was investigated and described by a surface scattering model based on internal surface roughness and refractive index variations due to onedimensional stacking disorder. The two to five percent hexagonality measured by x-ray diffraction is believed to form due to oxygen impurities at the twin boundaries which cause nanostructural polytypism and result in differential refractive index and scattering. CVD ZnS variants in low temperature deposited red ZnS and sulfur precursor elemental ZnS are examined as well. Color in CVD ZnS is believed to be due to band edge position, probably due to oxygen content, and not directly related to the hydride absorption at 6 μm. After annealing or hot isostatic pressing above 850 °C for sufficient time, CVD ZnS recrystallizes and becomes strongly textured on the {111} planes. This recrystallization is required to remove stacking disorder, resulting in a structure with less than half a percent hexagonality and low visible scattering. The recrystallization is believed to proceed by diffusing the oxygen at the nano-twin boundaries back into the lattice, thus unpinning the boundaries and allowing them to move and grow into the tabular recrystallized morphology by polytype induced exaggerated grain growth. The presence of active metals like platinum, silver, copper, or nickel during hot isostatic pressing causes a reaction with sulfur and lowers the temperature required for recrystallization. The optical scattering model is consistent in describing standard CVD ZnS, elemental ZnS, and multispectral recrystallized ZnS as having successively lower birefringence at internal surfaces.
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Banks, D. A. "On the origin of the Tynagh lead + zinc + copper deposit, Ireland." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382386.
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Westendorp, Raymond William Carleton University Dissertation Geology. "Magnetite zones at the Ansil copper-zinc deposit, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec." Ottawa, 1992.
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Cox, Nicholas David. "Geology of the Mount Costigan lead-zinc deposit, west-central New Brunswick." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5980.
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The Mount Costigan Pb-Zn deposit is located about 40km east of Plaster Rock, New Brunswick within the Early Devonian Costigan Mountain Formation, in the Matapedia Cover Sequence (formerly the Cialeur Bay Synclinorium). It occurs about 250m east of the summit of Mount Costigan within a series of brecciated and unbrecciated crystal and lapilli tuff, rhyolite and minor siltstone which are exposed in six trenches (North, South, East, West, Southwest and Central). To the west the Costigan Mountain Formation is overlain by the Wapske Formation. The most significant feature of the deposit is the large amount of brecciation, which, in the Central Trench, also serves as the main sulphide host. Petrographic studies indicate that the breccia consists of angular to subangular blocks of massive and banded crystal tuff, massive to spherulitic to flow-banded rhyolite and minor lapilli tuff. The Mount Costigan deposit is interpreted to represent a base metal variety of epithermal deposit. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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CHEN, SONG LING. "Application de la teledetection a la metallogenie de la montagne noire et de l'albigeois (massif central)." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30159.
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Beh, Holger [Verfasser], and Margit [Akademischer Betreuer] Zacharias. "The conductivity behavior of zinc oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156532647/34.
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Herodotou, Stephania. "Zirconium doped zinc oxide thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2013045/.
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Doped zinc oxide is of interest as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), due to the abundance of its major constituents, its low resistivity, high transparency and wide bandgap. The current work focuses on the properties required for TCO applications including resistivity of ≤10-3 Ω•cm, carrier density of ≥1020 cm-3, and transparency >80% in the visible light. Zirconium (Zr4+) was chosen as the dopant in the current work due to its abundance, comparable ionic size to Zn and because it can act as a double donor providing up to two extra free electrons per ion when substituted for Zn2+. The doping process can be controlled using atomic layer deposition (ALD), with the doped films resulting in an increased conductivity. The films in the current work resulted in a minimum resistivity of 1.44×10-3 Ω•cm and maximum carrier density of 3.81×1020 cm-3 for films <100 nm thickness, having 4.8 at.% Zr concentration. The resistivity was further reduced after reducing the interfacial and grain boundary scattering (i.e. increase grain size), by increasing the overall film thickness. The resistivity of 7.5×10-4 Ω•cm, carrier mobility of 19.6 cm2V‒1s-1 and carrier density of 4.2×1020 cm-3 were measured for a 250 nm thick film with 4.8 at.% doping. The tuning of the carrier density via doping offers control over the optical gap due to the net effect of Burstein-Moss effect and bandgap renormalisation. This resulted to an increase of the optical gap from 3.2 eV for the un-doped ZnO to 3.5 eV for 4.8 at.% Zr-doped films. The average optical transparency in the visible/near IR range was as high as 91% for 4.8 at.% doped films. The thickness increase also resulted in a grain orientation shift from perpendicular to the substrate (i.e. polar c-plane orientation) to parallel (i.e. non-polar m-plane) due to the strain increase that forced the films to grow at a low strain energy direction. This offers the possibility of growing non-polarised films that show no piezoelectric field charge observed in polar oriented films. Therefore, controlling the grain size through the number of ALD cycles can effectively result in mobility and preferred orientation control, while the doping concentration controls the resistivity, optical bandgap and transparency of the films.
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Li, Ning. "Depositional controls and genesis of the Jinding sandstone-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, Yunnan Province, Southwest China /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998.Vita. One folded ill. in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-235). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.
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Baran, Andre. "Chemical bath deposited zinc cadmium sulfide and sputter deposted [sic] zinc oxide for thin film solar cell device fabrication." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022644.
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Bradford, John Allan. "Geology and genesis of the midway silver-lead-zinc deposit, north-central British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27398.
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The Midway Ag-Pb-Zn manto deposit is hosted in Middle Devonian McDame Group limestones of the Cassiar Terrane, a displaced segment of the North American miogeocline. In the map area (1040/16), platformal carbonates and siliciclastics of Cambrian to Devonian age are unconformably overlain by Devono-Mississipian basinal sediments, including exhalites (Earn Group). These are structurally overlain, above a flat lying decollement, by Upper Paleozoic marginal basin sediments, basaltic volcanics, intrusives and ultramafites (Sylvester allochthon). The decollement represents the boundary between Cassiar Terrane and Slide Mountain Terrane in the map area.
Jurassic contraction of the North American margin and emplacement of the Sylvester allochthon produced southeasterly trending major and minor structures. Cretaceous - Tertiary extension, linked to transcurrent motion along the Kechika and related faults, produced the north trending high angle Tootsee River fault zone, which divides the map area.
Two intrusive suites, of mid-Cretaceous (100 Ma) and Late Cretaceous (70 Ma) ages, are documented by K-Ar dating. The Late Cretaceous episode is evidenced by large sericite - pyrite alteration zones southeast of Midway, but only a few felsic porphyry dykes are exposed at current erosion levels.
High angle faults in the Tootsee River fault zone confined intrusion driven hydrothermal fluid migration up plunge from an intrusive centre about 2 kilometres southeast of Midway. Fluids were ponded in a southeasterly plunging antiformal trap, and massive sulphides deposited in zones of pre-existing karst breccia porosity beneath a relatively impermeable shale cap. Fe and Cu rich pyrrhotitic assemblages occur at greater depth toward the intrusive centre, with sulphosalt rich pyritic assemblages at shallower depths to the north.
Immiscible aqueous - carbonic liquid and vapour were trapped in quartz deposited with sulphides at 300-340OC. Later lower temperature inclusions record the progressive loss of CH₄ and CO₂ from the system. Salinities were about 7-10 weight % NaCl equivalent. Sulphur isotopes of sulphides span a narrow range, indicating a well mixed reservoir and H₂S dominated environment. Both sedimentary and igneous sources are indicated. Oxygen isotopes of carbonates demonstrate large ¹⁸O depletions due to extensive meteoric water interaction. In a regional context (Rancheria silver district), Midway lead isotopes suggest mixing of upper crustal lead from country rocks with intrusion derived lower crustal lead. Cassiar Terrane epigenetic deposits are distinguished from epigenetic deposits of Slide Mountain Terrane, which have significant mantle lead, consistent with derivation from oceanic and arc host rock assemblages.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Marin, Andrew. "Electrical characterization of atmospherically deposited ZnO/Cu₂O photovoltaic devices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608206.
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Anderson, Iain Kerr. "Ore depositional processes in the formation of the Navan zinc/lead deposit, Co. Meath, Ireland." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23503.
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Burtt, Martin David. "Geology of the B-baseline zone, Walton barium-copper-lead-zinc-silver deposit, Nova Scotia." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10065.
Full textAbstract:
The Walton Ba-Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Nova Scotia, is hosted by Visean-aged carbonate rocks of the Macumber Formation and its associated breccia. The Macumber Formation in the Walton area is divided into two units, the lower Macumber, a laminated carbonate 30-40$\sp\prime$ thick and the upper Macumber, a synsedimentary slump breccia that forms two mounds up to 70$\sp\prime$ thick. Outside the immediate mine area the carbonate is either limestone or dolostone; the Macumber Formation surrounding the deposit has been altered by hydrothermal fluids to manganiferous siderite. Based on barite and metal content two main ore types were defined. Type I comprises barite and variable sulphide contents, whereas Type II comprises only sulphides. Type I ore forms a stratiform sheet which straddles the upper Macumber/lower Macumber contact and contains lenses of Pb-rich and Cu-rich ore. Type II ore is most commonly associated with the upper Macumber mounds where it forms a large pod which cuts the Type I ore zone. The host stratigraphy is presently steeply dipping and faulted, both of which are considered to be post-ore events. The Walton deposit probably formed when uplift of the Cobequid Highlands in the late Namurian initiated gravity-driven flow of basinal fluids through a basal aquifer within the Horton Bluff Formation. The hot fluids flowed south toward the basin margin and leached salts and metals from the aquifer. In the Walton area these fluids were released, along faults, into the overlying Macumber carbonate and synsedimentary carbonate breccia, replacing them initially with manganiferous siderite. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Foulkes, Susan Elizabeth. "New geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Gamsberg zinc deposit, Namaqualand Metamorphic Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012084.
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The base metal massive sulfide deposits of the Aggeneys-Gamsberg (A-G) District are hosted within the Mesoproterozoic Bushmanland Group of the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Complex in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The district displays an apparent eastward trend in the economic concentration of base metals (+ barite) from relatively Cu-Pb-rich, Ba-poor mineralisation at Black Mountain to Zn- and Ba-rich ores at Gamsberg. Base metal sulfides at Gamsberg are restricted to the so called Gams (Iron) Formation which comprises a sulfidic mineralized unit (“B”) enveloped within a sequence of meta-sedimentary units (“A” and “C”). The aim of the study was to shed further light on the genesis and chemical evolution of the sulfide mineralisation at Gamsberg in the context of the entire A-G District, by interrogating further the apparent district-wide trend in base metal distribution. The Gams Iron Formation was sampled and studied from one key drill core intersection (“G1”) which intersects the largest part of it as described elsewhere; a small number of additional samples from a second drill core (“G2”) complemented the main sample suite. Minerals that make up the silicate assemblages across the studied section include quartz, garnet, pyroxene, pyroxenoid, phyllosilicates, carbonates, amphiboles, oxides (chiefly magnetite) and graphite. In a stratigraphic context, the mineralogical variations conform directly to those documented in the relevant literature from the Gamsberg locality. These are coupled, where possible, with mineral-chemical profiles of selected silicate species which replicate those of bulk-rock compositions, particularly with respect to Mn, Fe and Ca in the upper C Unit of the studied section. These signals collectively track the characteristic transition from a terrigenous, siliciclastic sediment-dominated footwall to an exhalative sediment-dominated hanging wall to the sulfide mineralisation as also seen in similar deposits elsewhere, particularly with respect to the characteristic Mn-rich signature increasingly observed in the hanging wall C Unit. The foregoing suggests that the examined section faithfully records the interpreted primary stratigraphy of the deposits, despite the complex structural and metamorphic overprint that characterises the region. This facilitates a stratigraphic analytical approach on the sulfidic Unit B, through a combination of mineral-chemical and stable isotope analyses. Dominant sulfides in Unit B are sphalerite and pyrite, with lesser pyrrhotite and minor galena. Sphalerite shows high and generally invariant contents of Fe (mean 12.18wt%, as FeS) whereas Zn anti-correlates with Mn (mean 5.58wt%, as MnS). Isotopic analyses for S, Fe and Zn in hand-picked sphalerite and pyrite separates were used with a view to providing new evidence for chemical and isotopic variation within the sulfide ore-body in a vertical (i.e. stratigraphic) sense, discuss the implications thereof, and ultimately interpret the new data in light of similar existing data from the A-G District and elsewhere. The δ³⁴S data for pyrite (plus a single pyrrhotite grain) and sphalerite from both cores G1 and G2 show comparable compositional ranges between 22.9 and 30.4‰ and between 27 and 30.1‰ respectively. The δ⁵⁶Fe data for pyrite show a range between -1.85 and 0.19‰, whereas seven sphalerite separates have a very narrow range of δ⁶⁶Zn from 0.06 to 0.20‰. The atypically high sulfur isotope data reported in this study are interpreted to reflect sedimentary deposition of primary sulfide ore at Gamsberg from an isotopically highly evolved seawater sulfate source through large-scale Rayleigh fractionation processes. Thermogenic sulfate reduction is proposed to have been the main reductive mechanism from seawater sulfate to sulfide, given the absence of very low δ³⁴S data for sulfides anywhere in the A-G District. By contrast, the δ⁶⁶Zn values for sphalerite are for all intents and purposes invariant and very close to 0‰, and therefore suggest little Zn isotope fractionation from an original exhalative fluid source. On this evidence alone, Zn isotopes therefore appear to hold little promise as a proxy of the chemical and isotopic evolution of SEDEX deposits in space and time, although this can only be verified through further application in the broader A-G District and similar deposits elsewhere. The apparent decoupling of Zn and S isotopes in the Gamsberg sulfide deposit, however, points towards diverse sources of these two components, i.e. ascending metalliferous brines versus seawater respectively. Finally, pyrite δ⁵⁶Fe data do show a stratigraphic trend of generally declining values up-section, which are interpreted to reflect the influence of broadly coeval precipitation of isotopically heavy Fe-oxides on a broader-scale – now preserved as abundant magnetite through metamorphism. Further work on the iron isotope composition of silicate-and oxide-hosted Fe on a local-to-district scale will assist in testing this interpretation.
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Conrad, Heidi Ann. "Electrochemically Deposited Metal Alloy-silicate Nanocomposite Corrosion Resistant Materials." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271794/.
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Zinc-nickel ?-phase silicate and copper-nickel silicate corrosion resistant coatings have been prepared via electrochemical methods to improve currently available corrosion resistant materials in the oil and gas industry. A layered silicate, montmorillonite, has been incorporated into the coatings for increased corrosion protection. For the zinc nickel silicate coatings, optimal plating conditions were determined to be a working pH range of 9.3 -9.5 with a borate based electrolyte solution, resulting in more uniform deposits and better corrosion protection of the basis metal as compared to acidic conditions. Quality, strongly adhering deposits were obtained quickly with strong, even overall coverage of the metal substrate. The corrosion current of the zinc-nickel-silicate coating is Icorr = 3.33E-6 for a borate based bath as compared to a zinc-nickel bath without silicate incorporation (Icorr = 3.52E-5). Step potential and direct potential methods were examined, showing a morphological advantage to step potential deposition. The effect of borate addition was examined in relation to zinc, nickel and zinc-nickel alloy deposition. Borate was found to affect the onset of hydrogen evolution and was examined for absorption onto the electrode surface. For copper-nickel silicate coatings, optimal conditions were determined to be a citrate based electrolytic bath, with pH = 6. The solutions were stable over time and strong adhering, compact particle deposits were obtained. The corrosion current of the copper-nickel-silicate coatings is Icorr = 3.86E-6 (copper-nickel coatings without silicate, Icorr = 1.78E-4). The large decrease in the corrosion current as the silicate is incorporated into the coating demonstrates the increase in corrosion resistance of the coatings with the incorporation of silicates.
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Ochoa-Landin, Lucas Hilario 1955. "Geological, sedimentological and geochemical studies of the Boleo copper-cobalt-zinc deposit, Santa Rosalia, Baja California, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288901.
Full textAbstract:
The Santa Rosalia basin is a NW-SE elongated and fault limited basin, which evolved from Upper Miocene to Pleistocene time. The transtensional Upper Miocene Santa Rosalia basin located in central Baja California, consists of almost 500 m of nonmarine to marine sedimentary rocks, with tuffaceous beds interbedded in its lower part. The sedimentary rocks consist of the Boleo Formation, which is 200 to 300 m thick and is dominated in its lower part by marine transgressive sediments and evaporite bodies followed by 170 to 300 m of clastic coarsening upward fan-delta marine-nonmarine sequence. The clastic sequence presents at least three well organized upward coarsing cycles (90-100 m thick each one). Each cycle represents a prograding fan-delta formed probably as a consequence of large and repeated vertical movements of the basin floor with respect to source areas, during the early stage of the opening of Gulf of California. Coeval with the deposition of the clastic sequence of the Boleo Formation there was extensive ash volcanism which originated from a volcanic center north of the basin. Copper-cobalt-zinc stratiform ore bodies (mantos) are hosted within the tuffaceous fine facies in the bottom of each sedimentary cycle. At least five mantos were recognized named as 4, 3, 3(1), 2 and 1. Ore minerals and their textures, the geometry of the mantos and elemental zonation, suggest a diagenetic origin for the different ore bodies. The lowest manto, 4, in the district seems to have a geological correspondence with the Lucifer manganese deposit north of the district associated with hot spring mineralization. Manto 3, 3(1), 2 and others all of which occur at a higher stratigraphic level than manto 4, are associated with mineralized fluids sourced from NW-SE faults. Fluids moving through the conduits crossed an oxidation-reduction boundary with the consequent precipitation of sulfide under reducing conditions. Sulfur and carbon-oxygen isotopes studies support anoxic conditions and a bacteriological origin for the sulfur and a mixture of seawater and freshwater during the formation of the mantos. Cu/Co, Cu/Zn and Co/Zn ratios and Cu-Co and Zn absolute values in the mantos support a horizontal and vertical zoning produced by low temperature up-ward moving solutions. The spatial and temporal correlation of the Boleo deposit with the opening of the Gulf of California indicate that the rifting setting might be the source of the metals and the same time might have induced the migration of the ore fluids.
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Stevanato, Rodoilton. "Modelo exploratorio para depositos de chumbo e zinco na faixa Itaiacoca - PR/SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/43575.
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Orientador: Francisco Jose Fonseca FerreiraCo-orientadores: Paulo Cesar Soares, Augustinho Rigoti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná
Resumo: Neste estudo procurou-se aplicar e interrelacionar três grandes áreas do conhecimento: a geologia, a geoquímica e a geofísica voltadas para a elaboração de um modelo exploratório para depósitos de chumbo e zinco do tipo Mississippi Valley ou Irlandês, em ambiente modificado por processos tectono-metamórficos de idade meso/neoproterozóica, na Faixa Itaiacoca, inserida no escudo leste paranaense. Inicialmente discorre-se um breve histórico do estado da arte na exploração mineral, cujo desenvolvimento é apoiado pela prospecção e na sua condução à elaboração de programas exploratórios. Tais programas devem estar direcionados ao objeto, ou seja, o depósito mineral. Geologicamente, os estudos foram centrados na área de Palmeirinha, município de Sengés-PR, junto à divisa dos estados do Paraná e São Paulo, dentro da Faixa Itaiacoca, situada a NNE do Complexo Batolítico de Cunhaporanga e na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. As várias unidades mapeadas foram agrupadas de acordo com seu conteúdo litológico, características primárias, metamorfismo e deformações associadas. Individualizaram-se três complexos tectono- metamórficos e uma unidade granítica denominada Granito São Domingos. A unidade portadora e potencialmente favorável ao depósito de chumbo e zinco aqui estudado é representada por espessa seção de metapelitos e metacalcários intensamente deformados ao longo da direção NS, incorporando feições dúcteis e rúpteis, em sistemas de cavalgamentos, empurrões, falhamentos e dobramentos, com metamorfismo na fácies xisto verde inferior. A mineralização descoberta ocorre na porção basal da unidade metapelito-carbonática, em zona de falha transcorrente com direção N10E, subvertical e com rejeito lateral, causando cataclase e brechação nas encaixantes e nos metais-base. A mineralização hospeda-se em metadolarenitos intercalados por cálcio filonitos carbonosos e xistos quartzo-feldspáticos adjacentes. O minério compreende disseminações de galena e esfalerita com pirita e raros cristais de calcopirita, marcassita e covelita, os quais distribuem-se em fraturas e na matriz de brechas com remobilização e recristalização. As técnicas empregadas para a descoberta do depósito, incluem perfis de solos perpendiculares à direção das camadas e foram locados em função do conhecimento geológico prévio, ocorrências minerais, presença de gossans, estruturas e interface metapelitos/metacalcários; os alvos definidos foram escavados por trincheiras e perfurados, os quais resultaram na descoberta do depósito com teor de 7,0% de Pb e 3,0% de Zn com espessura de 1,30 metros. A geofísica, particularmente os métodos magnético e gamaespectrométrico (aéreos e terrestres), auxiliaram o mapeamento geológico-estrutural, enquanto os métodos IP/resistividade detectaram as continuidades vertical e lateral da mineralização, as quais foram confirmadas por novos furos exploratórios. A principal contribuição do presente estudo é a proposta de um modelo exploratório para depósitos de chumbo e zinco em metadolarenitos, enfocando desde a escala do contexto geotectônico até à microscopia da mineralização, além da prospecção e pesquisa na busca de novos depósitos de metais-base na Faixa Itaiacoca.
Abstract: Integrated geologic, geochemical and geophysical information are used to develop an exploration model for Mississippi Valley-type or Irish type lead-zinc deposits in the itaiacoca belt (Middle-Upper Proterozoic, Parana Shield), which has undergone tectonic and metamorphic deformation processes. The study area is located in the region of Palmeirinha, near the border of Parana and Sao Paulo States, NNE of the Cunhaporanga Batholit Complex, and East of the Parana Basin border. The defined units were mapped and grouped according to their lithologies, primary characteristics, metamorphism and associate deformation. Three tectonic and metamorphic complexes and a granitic unit named Sao Domingos Granite were defined. The most favorable unit, hosting the deposit been studied, consists of a thick sequence of metapelites and metadolomites, which were intensively deformed along a NS trend, exhibiting ductile to ruptile features including thrusts, faults and folds, and low greenschist facies metamorphism. The mineralization occurs in a N10E subvertical lateral-slip transcurrent fault zone at the basal part of the metapelites and metacarbonates unit. This transcurrent fault generated breccia and cataclasis in the metadolomites host rock and in the base metais. The deposit occurs in metadolostone covered by graphitic phyllonites and underlaid by quartz-feldspathic schists, placed side by side as a consequence of an allochtonous process along an unconformity between the Middle and Upper Proterozoic units. The ore consists of disseminated galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, marcasite and covellite, concentrated along the fractures and veinlets with remobilization and recristalization. The exploration strategy employed to discover the deposit includes soil sample analysis, mapping of mineral occurences, gossans, structures and metapelites to metadolomites transition. Selected targets were then drilled and the result was the discovery of a 1.30 m thick ore deposit with 7.0 % Pb and 3.0 % Zn. Geophysics, particularly magnetic and radiometric methods (ground and airborne), helped the geological and structural mapping whereas IP-resistivity mapped the continuity of the ore body, which was confirmed by new drill holes. The main new contribution of the present study is the proposal of an exploration strategy for the deposits in the Itaiacoca belt.
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Watanabe, Joy Kimi. "Silicon preparation techniques for nucleation and growth studies of zinc sulfide deposited by atomic layer epitaxy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185938.
Full textAbstract:
Zinc sulfide with a direct bandgap of 3.6 eV is a potential candidate as blue-light emitting diodes and lasers. Initial growth of ZnS on Si(100) substrates by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), a deposition technique in which film growth ideally proceeds in a 2-dimensional, layer-by-layer manner, has been investigated. The interaction between the first layer of atoms of the film and the substrate surface initiates film growth and affects the resulting structure. Work has focused on the effects of surface composition, (particularly on the role of sulfur) on the initial growth of ZnS on Si(100), and thus the chemical composition must be well controlled and characterized. Three methods have been used to process Si(100) substrates. The first was a wet chemical clean with either HF or H₂O passivation followed by a low temperature (700-800°C) anneal in UHV. The second processing method was ion sputter cleaning with a post-sputter anneal at 800-900°C. The third technique irradiated substrates held in UHV with a beam from a KrF excimer laser. Initial layers of ZnS (from Zn and H₂S) were then deposited onto processed substrates. Samples were characterized by in-situ angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) to determine the chemical composition of the surface and also the coverage and thickness of contamination and film layers. The main impurities on the surface were oxygen and carbon. The first two processing techniques had difficulty in either eliminating those impurities or caused additional contamination. Elimination of the impurities was achieved using excimer laser irradiation with a pre-dose of reactive gas. The substrate surface could also be chemically modified in a controlled manner using excimer laser irradiation. Deposition studies of initial sulfur and zinc layers onto the processed substrates determined the temperature during ALE growth should be held at 250-310°C. Uniform coverage of both sulfur and zinc was difficult to obtain, but experiments indicated sulfur adhesion improved with the presence of oxygen, and zinc adhesion improved when oxide or sulfide layers were present on the surface.
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Lamb, D. A. "A study into the growth kinetics and properties of thin film zinc oxide deposited by MOCVD." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429855.
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Rizzi, G. "The sedimentology and petrography of Lower Carboniferous limestones and dolomites : host rocks to the Navan zinc-lead deposit, Ireland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294560.
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Poignant-Molina, Léo. "Primary controls on iron and manganese distribution in sphalerite of the Gams Formation, Gamsberg zinc deposit, Namaqualand, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63775.
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The Gamsberg deposit is a 200 Mt zinc reserve belonging to the world class base metalrich Aggeneys-Gamsberg mining district. A rifting environment permitted the development of four proximal SEDEX-type deposits whereby Gamsberg is localized in the eastern side of the district and characterised by a peculiar enrichment in manganese. This study investigates the geochemistry of sphalerite in the Gams Formation holding the economic units of the deposit. Microscopic petrography revealed that most of primary textures have been overprinted by recrystallization, alteration, replacement and deformational textures produced during the polyphase metamorphism of the Namaquan Orogeny. Therefore, EPMA analysis provided the bulk of information to define the geochemical distribution of sphalerite. A lateral variation was noticed throughout the Gams Formation, whereby the North orebody presents Zn-rich and Fe+Mn-poor sphalerite while the West and East orebodies contain Zn-poor and Fe-Mn-rich sphalerite. This feature has been interpreted as the association of a chemocline and a variation in the basin topography defining deep Mn+Fe-rich zones and shallow Mn+Fe-poor zones in the primitive basin. It is suggested that mineralized hot brines mixed with seawater developed the chemocline. The uneven topography shaped the geochemical variation between the actual orebodies.
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Lalonde, Erik. "Alteration and Cu-Zn mineralization of the turgeon volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit (New Brunswick, Canada)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30505/30505.pdf.
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Le gîte Turgeon est un sulfure massif volcanogène (SMV) riche en Cu-Zn, encaissé dans les roches volcano-sédimentaires ordoviciennes du Groupe de Fournier dans la Boutonnière Elmtree-Belledune, au Nouveau-Brunswick (Canada). Le Groupe de Fournier comprend les formations Devereaux et Pointe Verte, qui sont tous les deux composées de gabbros et de basaltes cousinés. Le gîte Turgeon est composé de deux lentilles de sulfures massifs Cu-Zn avec des stockwerks chalcopyrite-pyrite sous-jacents aux deux lentilles. La géochimie indique que les roches encaissantes sont des basaltes et des andésites d’affinité tholéiitique de type MORB. Les roches encaissantes proximales aux lentilles de sulfures massifs sont composées de chlorite + quartz dans les zones stockwerks, tandis que les zones adjacentes aux lentilles de sulfures massifs sont altérées en calcite + sidérite + pyrite + talc. Les sulfures à Turgeon ont une valeur δ34S moyenne de 6.9 ‰ (5.8 – 10‰), indiquant que le soufre est principalement dérivé de la réduction thermochimique de sulfate d’eau de mer ordovicienne.The Turgeon deposit is a mafic-type Cu-Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit hosted in the Middle Ordovician gabbros, sheeted dykes, and pillow basalts of the Devereaux Formation of the Fournier Group in the Elmtree-Belledune Inlier, northern New Brunswick (Canada). The Turgeon deposit consists of two lensed-shaped Cu-Zn massive sulfide zones (“100m Zinc”, “48-49”) composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite, underlain by chalcopyrite-pyrite stockworks. Trace element geochemistry indicates that the host rocks are composed primarily of tholeiitic basalts and andesites with mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) signatures. Alteration mineral assemblages of the footwall basalts proximal to mineralization are dominantly chlorite ± quartz in the stockwork zone, and calcite ± siderite ± pyrite ± talc near the massive sulfide lenses. Sulfides at Turgeon have an average δ34S of 6.9 ‰ (5.8 – 10‰), indicating that sulfur was derived from thermochemical reduction of Ordovician seawater sulfate.
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Johansson, Byberg Joel. "A comparative study of ZnO i-layer deposited with ALD and PVD for CIGS solar cells." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-375006.
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Two identified setbacks for CIGS based devices in order to obtain higher efficiency are parasitic absorption in the window layer structure and losses in open-circuit voltage due to bad interfaces. This study investigated how the performance of the solar cell is affected by depositing intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) and ZnMgO with atomic layer deposition (ALD) instead of the conventional sputtering. No significant improvement in fill factor was obtained by the use of ALD compared to sputtering, leading to the conclusion that pinholes in the sputtered film are not a detrimental factor for the cell. As the thickness of the i-layer increased, an increase in FF was observed for the ALD-deposited i-layer, whereas a decrease was observed for the sputtered i-layer. The open-circuit voltage was considered constant between the two series with only small fluctuations, indicating that the defect chemistry of the i-ZnO/CdS interface was not improved with the use of ALD. In this study it is shown that a gain in short-circuit current can be obtained for CIGS solar cells in the high energy region of the spectrum by reducing the thickness of the i-ZnO, as well as alloying the ZnO with Mg. When compared with a baseline layer sample with a sputtered i-layer thickness of around 90 nm, the estimated gain in short-circuit current density without a loss in fill factor was 0.14 and 0.20 mA/cm2 for ALD and sputtering, respectively. For the series with a ZnMgO i-layer, the highest estimated gain was 0.17 mA/cm2. This was observed for the sample with a 4:1 (Zn:Mg) pulse ratio, whereas higher Mg contents yielded a too high band gap that resulted in an electron blocking barrier.
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Grund, Klaus. "Bergbau zwischen Tradition und Zukunft, Vorbereitung zum Neuaufschluss einer Wolfram-Zinn-Lagerstätte im Erzgebirge." Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-228383.
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Die SME AG ist das erste Bergbauunternehmen, das seit Jahrzehnten ein neues Erzbergwerk erschließen und in Betrieb nehmen will. Traditionsreiche Bergbauunternehmen haben in der Vergangenheit neue Standorte, auf der Grundlage vorhandener Personalstrukturen, vorhandener Technik und Technologien, erschlossen. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag wird die strategische Herangehensweise der SME AG beschrieben, um zeitnah mit der Gewinnung in der Wolfram-Zinn-Lagerstätte zu beginnen.
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Alloteau, Fanny. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de l'altération atmosphérique des verres et étude d'un traitement de protection à base de sels de zinc." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEC004/document.
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Parmi la grande diversité des productions de verres anciens appartenant aux collections muséales (vaisselle, vitres, vitraux, bijoux, perles, incrustations, statuettes, mosaïques, émaux, céramiques glaçurées…), une proportion importante montre à leur surface les signes sévères d’une altération atmosphérique (présence de sels alcalins, fracturation) conduisant à une perte de transparence voire une perte irréversible de matière. Ces œuvres sont produites essentiellement à partir du Moyen-Âge (XIIe-XIIIe siècle), avec une forte représentation aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Les verriers ont en effet appliqué alors de nouvelles recettes par rapport à celles des périodes anciennes conduisant à une instabilité chimique du verre vis-à-vis de l’humidité ambiante. Quant aux œuvres actuellement en bon état de conservation, elles sont également susceptibles de se dégrader au cours du temps, selon leur composition et leur condition de conservation. À ce jour, le meilleur moyen de protection mis en œuvre par les conservateurs et les restaurateurs pour ralentir sensiblement cette altération est le contrôle de la température et de l’humidité de l’environnement de conservation (vitrines d’exposition spécifiques, réserves de musée). Cependant, afin de préserver cet important patrimoine culturel, il est d’un intérêt majeur de proposer de nouvelles solutions de protection qui soient à la fois plus efficaces et moins coûteuses pour les musées. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le présent projet de thèse. Il vise d’une part à faire progresser la compréhension des mécanismes d’altération atmosphérique des verres d’oxyde, d’autre part à mettre au point un traitement de protection à base de sels de zinc adapté au contexte muséal. En s’inspirant de procédés industriels qui exploitent de manière empirique l’effet protecteur des ions zinc (stockage et transport du verre plat, produits de lavage du verre en lave-vaisselle), nous avons en effet d’ores-et-déjà mis en évidence le fort potentiel de très faibles quantités de sels de zinc pour réduire efficacement les cinétiques d’altérations de compositions verrières altérables du patrimoineIn the cultural heritage field, it is of major concern to develop new protective methods for ancient glass objects that decay under atmosphere. In this framework, two complementary research directions are undertaken. The first one aims to get a better understanding of the glass atmospheric alteration mechanisms at a small scale. The second one is focused on the potentiality of a zinc salt surface treatment. By the mean of accelerated ageing experiments (temperature and humidity control) of replica glasses (alkali silicates), untreated or zinc salts treated, the evolution of the glass surface and sub-surface with atmospheric alteration are evaluated at different scales (macro – nano). These surface modifications are compared to the properties of hydrated layers of ancient glass objects that have been altered over decades. The influence of the ageing temperature and the glass composition on the atmospheric alteration mechanisms are highlighted. In particular, these parameters affect the proportion of alkali elements that are retained into the hydrated layer, which would severely impact the glass chemical durability. Positive effect of a zinc salt treatment to reduce the replica glasses hydration kinetics is shown with ageing experiments at 80 °C or 40 °C, when the glass surfaces are not pre-altered before the deposit. The formation of thermally activated zinc species that react with the glass surface are put in evidence as well as their predominant role in the protection mechanisms. Therefore, a zinc salt treatment might be considered if a heating step of the glass object is accepted (around 60 °C). However, the treatment performances seem to be strongly dependent on the surface alteration degree before the deposit. This point is critical for the relevance of the treatment for the glass artwork conservation and should be investigated deeper. Others directions of research are arisen in this work and should be followed to propose new protective methods in the longer terms
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Schäfer, Christian Martin. "Towards organic-inirganic hybrid thin films deposited by ALD/MLD." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22267.
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Mestrado em QuímicaA técnica de deposição por camada atómica (ALD) permite a deposição de filmes finos em fase de vapor de alta qualidade com um controlo de espessura à nano-escala. No presente trabalho foi demonstrado a deposição de filmes finos de óxido de zinco (ZnO) por ALD de elevada uniformidade em diferentes substratos, incluído nano-estruturas como por exemplo, nanotubos de carbono. Demonstrou-se por difracção de raio-X que o processo de deposição do ZnO originou a formação da estrutura da hexagonal, na fase wurtzite, com uma taxa de crescimento por ciclo de 1.9 Å. A deposição de filmes finos de natureza inorgânica (e.g. óxidos metálicos) por ALD está bem estabelecida contrariamente à emergente deposição por camada molecular (MLD) de filmes finos puramente orgânicos. Actualmente, a combinação de ALD/MLD começa a ganhar importância na criação de estruturas híbridas do tipo orgânica-inorgânicas. Nomeadamente, através da selecção adequada dos precursores, é possível obter diferentes arquitecturas funcionais em forma de filme fino, incluindo nano-laminados, superestruturas e redes metalo-orgânicas (MOFs) nano-porosas. A deposição de MOFs por ALD/MLD surge como uma alternativa para superar as desvantagens dos métodos convencionais de deposição de filmes finos baseados em soluções. Este trabalho contempla também a revisão da literatura no que diz respeito à síntese de este tipo de filmes finos obtidos em fase de vapor. Procedeu-se à reprodução dos resultados da literatura tendo como objectivo a síntese de filmes finos híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos (e.g. MOFs). Numa primeira fase efectuou-se a transformação vapor-sólido de um filme de ZnO crescido por ALD por exposição ao vapor de 2-metilimidazol. Posteriormente usou-se um processo ALD/MLD com o propósito de depositar uma estrutura do tipo zeólito (ZIF-8) a partir da reacção do dietilzinco (DEZ) e o 2-metilimidazol. Finalmente realizou-se a síntese de dois sistemas de filmes finos híbridos com base no ácido tereftálico como precursor orgânico e os seguintes precursores organometálicos: DEZ e Eu(TMHD)3. Para o caso do sistema DEZ/TPA, a formação da ligação Zn-TP nos filmes híbridos, foi observada por espectroscopia de FTIR
Atomic layer deposition is a state-of-the-art vapor phase deposition method for the creation of high quality thin films with nanoscale thickness control. As demonstrated in this work by the deposition of ZnO with a home-built reactor, ALD enables uniform and conformal film deposition even on complex nanostructures like carbon nanotubes. Deposition of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO proven by GIXRD with a growth-per-cycle of 1.9 Å, determined from XRR thickness measurements, was demonstrated. While the ALD synthesis of inorganic thin films, such as metal oxides is widely established, the organic counterpart molecular layer deposition (MLD) is still emerging. Recently, combining ALD/MLD has attracted great interest for the creation of organic-inorganic hybrid structures. By choice and adaptation of suitable precursors a great versatility of functional thin film architectures is achievable, spanning from novel multilayer nanolaminates and superstructures for thermoelectrics, over luminescent lanthanide hybrid films for optical application to even crystalline, nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as low-κ dielectrics in microdevices. Especially in the field of MOFs, a clean and precise synthesis route by ALD/MLD is desirable for device implementation in order to overcome the drawbacks of conventional, solution-based thin film deposition techniques. In this work, recent advances towards these vapor-processed hybrids are reviewed. Then, the reproduction of literature results leading to the deposition of organic-inorganic hybrid thin films (e.g. MOFs) was studied. The feasibility of a vapor-solid transformation of a sacrificial ALD-grown ZnO film by exposure to 2-methylimidazole (HMIM) and a direct ALD/MLD method using HMIM and diethylzinc (DEZ) towards a zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-8) have been attempted. Finally, the synthesis of two different hybrid films was studied involving the organic precursor terephthalic acid (TPA) combined with the organometallic precursors DEZ or Eu(TMHD)3. In case of the DEZ/TPA system, the deposition of a hybrid thin film with Zn-terephthalate bondings was evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy.
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Dogel, Jana. "Electrochemical SPM study of 2D and 3D phase formation of Zn at the ionic liquid, Au(111) interface." Karlsruhe : Univ.-Verl, 2004. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971617570.
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Frey, David. "Eine Zigarre muss man wie eine schöne Frau behandeln ... vom Flüchtlingskind zum König der Havanna ; eine biographische Annäherung an Zino Davidoff." Basel Informationslücke, 2004. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3153043&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Stalder, Marcel. "Petrology and mineral chemistry of sulphide ores and associated metalliferous rocks of the Gamsberg Zn-Pb deposit, South Africa : implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16072.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Gamsberg Zn-Pb deposit is a metamorphosed and multiply deformed sediment-hosted base metal deposit in the central Namaqua Province of South Africa. The deposit is hosted by the Bushmanland Group, a late Palaeoproterozoic (2000-1600 Ma) supracrustal succession of quartzite, metapelitic schist and interbedded metavolcanic rocks. Mineralisation occurs within the central part of the Gams Formation, a heterogeneous sequence of metamorphosed metalliferous sediments and fine-grained organic-rich shales. The ore horizon is subdivided into a lower unit of metapelite-hosted ore, an intermediate layer of phosphorite-hosted ore, and an upper unit of banded garnet-apatite ore. The ore body is enveloped by unmineralised silicate-, carbonate- and oxide-facies metalliferous rocks, which originally represented mixtures of Fe-Mn-rich hydrothermal precipitates, authigenic carbonate, and variable concentrations of detrital material. Based on mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, the metalliferous host rocks are subdivided into iron formations, coticules, Fe-Mn silicates, impure marbles and barite/Ba-rich quartzite. Minerals of the Gams Formation mostly represent solid solution between the Fe and Mn end-members of garnet, pyroxene, pyroxenoid, amphibole, olivine, spinel and ilmenite. Calcium-rich rock types are a typical feature and characterized by the occurrence of manganoan calcite, clinopyroxene, andradite-rich garnet and titanite. A successive increase in the (Mn+Ca):Fe value of rocks and minerals is evident with increasing distance from the ore horizon. Amphibole is restricted to Fe-rich ore-bearing assemblages, whereas orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, Fe-rich pyroxenoid and olivine are present in intermediate assemblages, and Mn-rich rhodonite and pyroxmangite in the most manganiferous assemblages. These variations are mimicked by an increase in the Mn:Fe value of coexisting garnet and ilmenite group minerals with increasing distance from ore. LA-ICP-MS analyses have been used to constrain the REE patterns of garnet and apatite. In the ore-body, these minerals display a positive Eu anomaly, which is interpreted to reflect a distinct hydrothermal signature. In contrast, garnet and apatite in unmineralised metalliferous rocks display nil or a negative Eu anomaly. Primary features of the Gams Formation, such as REE patterns, the banded nature of garnet-apatite ore, the presence of diagenetic apatite nodules, and the distribution of the redox-sensitive elements Ba and Mn have been used to constrain palaeo-environmental conditions. The results indicate that metapelitehosted ore has been deposited in a stratified ocean that was characterised by anoxic bottom waters and precipitation of Fe and Zn sulphides into organic matter-rich shales. These rocks were superceded by phosphorite-hosted ore, garnet-apatite ore and metalliferous host rocks that developed in a suboxic to oxic environment. The large size of the deposit, the internal lamination of the ores and the predominance of sphalerite and barite are consistent with a vent-distal setting and precipitation of the ore-forming constituents from dense and reduced hydrothermal fluids, which originated due to reactivation of dormant growth faults. Collectively, the geological evidence indicates that Gamsberg is bridging the gap betweenthe SEDEX and BHT classifications. The relationships demonstrate that differences between these two classes of sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits are predominantly related to environmental conditions within localised third order basins and not to fundamental differences in ore-forming processes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Gamsberg Zn-Pb afsetting is ‘n meerfasig vervormde en gemetamorfiseerde sedimentgesetelde onedel metaal afsetting in die sentrale Namakwa Provinsie van Suid Afrika. Die afsetting word geherberg deur die Boesmanland Groep, ‘n laat Paleoproterosoïse (2000 – 1600 Ma) bokors-opeenvolging van kwartsiet, metapelitiese skis en tussengelaagde metavulkaniese gesteente. Mineralisasie word gevind in the sentrale deel van die Gams Formasie. Die Gams Formasie is ‘n heterogene opeenvolging van gemetamorfiseerde metaalhoudende sediment en fynkorrelrige organiese skalie. Die erts horison word onderverdeel in ‘n onderste laag van metapeliet-gesetelde erts, n sentrale laag van fosforiet-gesetelde erts, en ‘n boonste laag van gebande granaat-apatiet erts. Die erts-liggaam word omhuls deur ongemineraliseerde silikaat-, karbonaat- en oksied-fasies metal-ryke rotse. Hierdie gesteentes word geinterpreteer as oorspronklike mengsels van Fe-Mn-ryke hidrotermale partikels, outigeniese karbonaat, en verskeie hoeveelhede detritale materiaal. Gebaseer op mineralogiese en geochemiese kenmerke word hierdie rotse onderverdeel in ysterformasies, „coticules“, Fe-Mn silikate, onsuiwer marmer en barite/Ba-ryke kwartsiet. Minerale van die Gams Formasie form meestal soliede oplossingsreekse tussen die Fe en Mn endlede van granaat, pirokseen, piroksenoid, amfibool, olivien, spinel en ilmeniet. Kalsium-ryke rots tipes is ‘n tipiese kenmerk van die Gams Formasie en word gekenmerk deur mangaan-ryke kalsiet, klinopirokseen, andradiet-ryke granaat en sfeen. Daar word ‘n stapsgewyse vergroting van die (Mn+Ca):Fe verhouding in gesteentes en minerale gevind met toeneemende afstand van die erts horison. Amfibool is beperk tot Fe-ryke ertsdraende gesteentes, ortopirokseen, klinopirokseen, Fe-ryke piroksenoid en olivien tot intermediêre gesteentes, en Mn-ryke rodoniet en piroksmangiet tot Mn-ryke gesteentes. Hierdie variasies gaan gepaard met vergroting van die Mn:Fe verhouding in granaat en ilmeniet-groep minerale met toeneemende afstand van die erts. LA-ICP-MS analises was gebruik om die skaars-aarde element patrone van granaat en apatiet te bepaal. In die erts-liggaam wys hierdie minerale ‘n positiewe Eu anomalie, wat geinterpreteerd word as ‘n hidrotermale kenmerk. In ongemineraliseerde gasheer gesteentes wys granaat en apatiet geen of ‘n negatiewe Eu anomalie. Primêre kenmerke van die Gams Formasie, soos skaars-aarde patrone, the gebande voorkoms van granaat-apatiet erts, die teenwoordigheid van diagenetiese apatiet knolle, en die verspreiding van die redox-sensitiewe elemente Ba en Mn, was gebruik om afleidings oor die paleo-omgewing te maak. Die resultate het gewys dat metapeliet-gesetelde erts afgeset was onder anoksiese bodem water deur presipitasie van Fe en Zn sulfiedes in organiese skalie. Hierdie erts gaan oor in fosforiet-gesetelde erts, granaat-apatiet erts en metaal-ryke gasheer gesteente wat in ‘n suboksiese tot oksiese omgewing ontstaan het. Die grootte van die afsetting, die interne gelaagdheid van die erts, asook die teenwoordigheid van sfaleriet en bariet dui op ‘n distale omgewing relatief tot die hidrotermale bron en presipitasie van die ertsuit digte en gereduseerde hidrotermale vloeistowwe, wat ontstaan het deur die heraktiveering van rustende groeiverskuiwings. Gesaamentlik bewys die geologiese kenmerke van Gamsberg dat gemetamorfiseerde SEDEX en Broken Hill-tipe mineralisasie binne die perke van ‘n enkele afsetting kan voorkom. Die geologiese verhoudings dui aan dat verskille tussen hierdie twee tipes van sedimentgesetelde afsettings meestal veroorsaak word deur omgewings-toestande binne in gelokaliseerde derde orde komme en nie deur fundamentele verskille in ertsvormende prosesse nie.
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Walter, Ingo. "Einfluss von Arsenverbindungen auf die Funktion der DNA-Reparaturproteine Fpg, XPA und PARP-1." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2958496&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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MCGLADREY, ALEXANDRA JANE. "THE INTEGRATION OF PHYSICAL ROCK PROPERTIES, MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY FOR THE EXPLORATION OF LARGE HYPOGENE ZINC SILICATE DEPOSITS: A CASE STUDY OF THE VAZANTE ZINC DEPOSITS, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8671.
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Exploration for large zinc silicate deposits is more challenging than zinc sulfide deposits, as they do not exhibit similar geophysical anomalies. The Vazante deposit, which is the world’s largest zinc silicate deposit, occurs in brecciated dolomite and comprises mainly willemite with various proportions of hematite, and minor franklinite and sphalerite. In the Vazante region, the exploration challenge is enhanced as outcrops are rare, bedrock generally sits below 10s of metres of laterite cover and barren hematite-rich breccias have a similar geophysical signature to willemite ore bodies. In order to evaluate the applications of geophysical surveys in the exploration of this type of deposit, data from 475 samples were investigated from drill holes representative of the various types of ore, host rocks and zones of known geophysical anomalies in the Vazante District. Geochemical (ICP-MS and XRF) and mineralogical (optical, EMPA, SEM and MLA) data were integrated with physical rock properties (density, magnetic susceptibility and K-U-Th gamma ray spectrometry) to assist in finding new ore zones. The most distinct physical property of the ore is density (3.0-4.3 g/cm3), compared with the host rocks (2.7-3.0 g/cm3). This is due to high proportion of denser minerals (hematite and willemite) in the ore. However, barren hematite breccias also have high densities (3.0-4.5 g/cm3). The zinc ore and hematite breccias yielded higher magnetic susceptibilities (0.1-38 x10-3 SI) than the surrounding host rocks, with the highest values associated with greater proportions of franklinite and magnetite (7-38 x10-3 SI). The zinc ore has an elevated U concentration (up to 33ppm) relative to the various host rocks (up to 7 ppm), yielding higher gamma spectrometric values. The results of this investigation indicate that an integration of magnetic, gravimetric and radiometric surveys would be required to identify zinc silicate ore zones and potentially differentiate them from barren hematite breccias and host rocks.Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-03-27 13:32:54.132
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Anstett, T. F. "Grade-tonnage models of silver-copper-lead-zinc vein deposits of the Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho." 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/14071286.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-148).
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Ahn, Hye In. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of the non-sulfide Zn deposits in the Sierra Mojada district, Coahuila, Mexico." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1856.
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The Sierra Mojada district consists of multiple types of mineral concentrations ranging from polymetallic sulfide deposits, "non-sulfide Zn" (NSZ) deposits, and a Pb carbonate deposit hosted by Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous carbonates. This study focuses on the two non-sulfide Zn deposits, the Smithsonite Manto and the Iron Oxide Manto, that occur south of the San Marcos fault. The Smithsonite Manto shows karst features, including internal sediments interbanded with smithsonite (ZnCO₃). The Iron Oxide Manto consists of strata-bound zones dominantly of hemimorphite (Zn₄Si₂O₇ (OH)₂·H₂O) that fills pores in Fe-oxides. The mineralogy of the NSZ mineralization consists of smithsonite, hemimorphite and Zn clays (sauconite) associated mainly with calcite and Mn-Fe-oxides. Zn clays are abundant in the Smithsonite Manto, but no Zn clays have been found in the Iron Oxide Manto. This project attempts to constrain the origin of the NSZ concentrations through petrographic and mineralogical study of major Zn-bearing minerals, and their carbon and oxygen stable isotopes and Pb isotope geochemistry. Smithsonite in the Smithsonite Manto occurs as botryoidal aggregates consisting of scalenohedral or rhombohedral microcrystals and banded colloform or massive smithsonite in open spaces, whereas smithsonite in the Iron Oxide Manto occurs as rhombic microcrystals grown in pore spaces or finely intergrown with Fe-oxides. Both Fe-poor and Fe-rich smithsonite are found in the Iron Oxide Manto. Under optical-CL, smithsonite displays complex growth zoning that can be related to variable trace element content. Trace elements semiquantitatively analyzed using LA-ICP-MS show that most blue luminescent smithsonite has lower Mn contents than pink to bright red luminescent zones in smithsonite. Preliminary fluid inclusion petrography in hemimorphite and calcite suggests that fluid composition can be related to precipitation of NSZ minerals from freshwater to slightly saline waters. Calculated salinities for two phase (liquid +vapor) and single phase (liquid) inclusions in hemimorphite range between 0.0 and 1.6 wt. % NaCl equivalent, and salinities of inclusions in calcite were between 0.0 and 1.1 wt. % NaCl equivalent. The oxygen isotope values for smithsonite are relatively constant (avg. [delta]¹⁸O[subscriptVSMOW] = 21.9 ± 0.5[per mille]), whereas [delta]¹³C[subscriptVPDB] values range from -8.4 to -1.1 [per mille]. The oxygen isotope values in late calcite are within the same range of smithsonite, whereas the average values of the carbon isotope are lower by 5 [per mille]. Formational temperature of smithsonite is calculated to be between 26 ~ 40 °C using the modern groundwater composition at Cuatro Ciénegas. Similar Pb isotopic compositions of smithsonite and cerussite to galena suggest the source of metals in the NSZ deposits presumably originate from the sulfide deposits.text
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Hawke, Michelle Irene. "Elemental characteristics of organic deposits from an area surrounding a lead-zinc smelter : concentration, distribution, mode of occurrence and mobility." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17082.
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Monitoring and remediation of anthropogenic trace elements requires knowledge of the magnitude of emissions and their fate in the environment. This study examines the role of organic sediments in the partitioning of Sb, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the environment surrounding a lead-zinc smelter.
Trace element concentrations in peat profiles were highest near the smelter and decreased with distance. Peat concentrations were compared to mineral soil concentrations and to atmospheric deposition rates. Anomalies between peat concentrations and deposition rates identify locations of secondary source impact. Concentrations are higher in impacted peats than in corresponding soils, indicating preferential sequestration.
Assigning a geochemical baseline and differentiating between trace element sources is difficult in areas with heterogeneous geochemistry. Two geochemical fingerprinting methods were applied to estimate smelter impact: normalisation to "conservative elements" and rare earth element patterns.
Interpretation of "conservative element" ratios proved difficult, due to concentration variability. It was concluded that conservative elements may not represent a geochemical baseline.
Light rare earth element enrichment was noted in peats and other sampling media closest to the smelter, but not in smelter feedstock or wastes, suggesting that LREE enrichment is overprinted from background geochemistry.
Sources of trace element-rich particles include stack emissions and fugitive and geogenic dust. Peat ash was examined by SEM-EDX to determine the morphology and elemental composition of the particulates. Rounded smelter-emitted particles are present in peats sampled close to the smelter. Weathering and mobilisation are indicated by changes in chemistry between fresh and weathered particles. Angular fugitive dust sulphide particles also occur.
Sequential leaching of peats and soils illustrates that trace element speciation is controlled by environmental conditions and by source. In smelter-impacted peats, elements are sequestered as exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-oxide or organic species, indicating precipitation from solution. Non-impacted peats contain higher proportions of residual and sulphide species.
Environmental parameters impact peat diagenesis and influence element behaviour. An organic petrographic evaluation of smelter-impacted peats aids in determining past and current conditions. A well-humified profile, which indicates aerobic conditions, contained abundant Fe-oxide species. Profiles containing maceral assemblages that indicate anaerobic conditions contained sulphide and organic species.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Hausmann, S. G. "A mineralogical investigation of the Letaba copper-zinc and the monarch cinnabar deposits located in the Murchison Range of the Eastern Transvaal." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17599.
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Reichert, Jörg [Verfasser]. "A metallogenetic model for carbonate hosted non sulphide zinc deposits based on observations of Mehdi Abad and Irankuh, Central and Southwestern Iran / von Jörg Reichert." 2007. http://d-nb.info/990044289/34.
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Gryger, Sean Michael. "Geologic framework of the Sierra Mojada mining district, Coahuila, Mexico : an integrative study of a Mesozoic platform-basin margin." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2637.
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The geology of the Sierra Mojada silver-lead-zinc mining district gives new insights into the stratigraphic evolution of the Coahuila Block and the Coahuila Folded Belt and the history of deformation along the basement-rooted San Marcos Fault Zone. Sierra Mojada provides the opportunity for substantial data collection relevant to the interaction of regional tectono-stratigraphic elements in a generally data-poor region of northeastern Mexico. Active mineral exploration has produced an extensive database of closely spaced drill core. Expansive underground workings facilitate subsurface geologic mapping. Sierra Mojada is situated at the northwestern edge of two tectono-stratigraphic provinces, the Coahuila Block, to the south, and the Coahuila Folded Belt, to the north. The San Marcos Fault, a west-northwest-trending regional structure extends through Sierra Mojada and is the informal boundary between these two provinces.
Sierra Mojada is situated on uplifted and deformed late Paleozoic Ouachita siliciclastic strata intruded by Triassic diorites. This basement is diagnostic of the Coahuila Block. Basement rocks are overlain by an immature conglomerate that is interpreted to be the updip equivalent of the Jurassic La Casita Formation. The stratigraphy of Sierra Mojada principally consists of a continuous succession of Barremian through Albian carbonates unconformably overlying the basal conglomerate. The Barremian-Aptian Cupido Formation locally records deepening conditions from a clastic-influenced evaporitic interior to high energy, open water conditions. The shale and lime mudstone of the La Pena Formation were deposited during a Gulf-wide transgression that signals the end of the Aptian. The Sierra Mojada region of the Coahuila Block was inundated throughout the Aptian and was affected by the late Aptian transgression. The Albian Aurora Formation constitutes the bulk of the Cretaceous section. Sierra Mojada exposes the Aurora shelf rim, progressing from platform margin to shelf rim and platform interior facies.
The structural features of Sierra Mojada affect the entire Cretaceous section. The high angle San Marcos Fault was reactivated with reverse motion during the Paleogene as a result of Laramide shortening. This juxtaposed basement and Jurassic conglomerate against the Cretaceous carbonates consistent with offset observed along the southern trace of the San Marcos Fault. A local colluvial unit suggests a lag in Laramide deformation. The carbonate strata and colluvial unit were overridden by a low angle, northeast-dipping thrust fault that placed a Neocomian through Aptian sequence atop the autochthonous Aptian-Albian carbonates. The allochthonous San Marcos Formation suggests regional-scale tectonic transport of this immature fluvial conglomerate from a downdip depozone within the Sabinas Basin. Kinematic indicators are consistent with the southwest-northeast axis for maximum compression established for Paleogene shortening throughout the Coahuila Folded Belt. The thrust fault bisects the principal ore zone within the Lower Aurora and upper La Pena Formations. This relation constrains the minimum age of ore emplacement to the Paleogene and suggests mineralization was genetically tied to the late stages of the Laramide Orogeny.text