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1
Ahmad, Muhammad Shakeel, Shwe Sin Han, Amad Zafar, Usman Ghafoor, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, Muhammad Umair Ali, and You Seung Rim. "Indoor and Outdoor Performance Study of Metallic Zinc Particles in Black Paint to Improve Solar Absorption for Solar Still Application." Coatings 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050536.
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In this study, the effects of metallic zinc (Zn) particles were studied to increase surface temperature on a solar-still absorber, which is a major component of increased production. Various concentrations of Zn particles were mixed in black paint and applied to the absorber plate. SEM and XRD were used to examine and confirm the surface morphology and phase identification of as-received powder. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to examine light-absorption properties. Finally, extensive indoor testing (using an improvised solar emulator) and outdoor testing were conducted to optimize the concentration. The specimens containing 10 wt% Zn in black paint showed the highest increase in temperature, i.e., 103.53 °C in indoor conditions at 1000 W/m2 irradiation, which is 59.17% higher than a bare aluminum plate and 17.57% higher than an only black-paint-coated aluminum plate. On the other hand, specimens containing 10 wt% Zn reached just 87.53 °C, compared to 80.00 °C for an only black-paint-coated aluminum plate and 60.62 °C for bare aluminum.
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Lü, Xue Ming, Xiao Ping Zou, Jin Cheng, Gang Qiang Yang, Cui Liu Wei, Zhe Sun, Hong Ying Feng, Yuan Yang, Gong Qing Teng, and Xiang Min Meng. "Influence of Potassium Chloride on the Electrochemical Deposition of ZnO Plate Films." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.703.
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KCl is usually used as the supporting electrolyte in electrochemical deposition of Zinc oxide materials. Besides the role of supporting electrolyte, it can also influence the morphology of the fabricated materials. In this work, ZnO and zinc hydroxide chloride hydrate (Zn5(OH)8Cl2•H2O) mixture with platelet-like morphology were electrochemically deposited directly on ITO-coated glass substrates at 65°C. The electrolyte was 0.1M Zn(NO3)2•6H2O with KCl concentration varied from 0 to 3.2M. It was found that only ZnO thin film was obtained when the concentration of KCl was below 0.02M. Plates structure appeared as the concentration of KCl increased to 0.04M. Plentiful plates were obtained when the concentration of KCl was 0.05M-0.2M. From the X-ray diffraction, it was confirmed that the plate films was the mixture of ZnO and Zn5(OH)8Cl2•H2O. The plates showed perfect single crystal structure confirmed by selected area electron diffraction. Zn and Zn5(OH)8Cl2•H2O were obtained when the concentration of KCl was above 0.8M.
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Wu, Guang Ming, Yao Ding, De Wen Gao, Guang Jian Xing, Yang Zhou, and Tian Lan Yin. "Electrochemical Deposition and Properties Research of ZnO Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 669 (March 2013): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.669.72.
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The transparent ZnO films were deposited on the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates by using the square wave potential deposition method. The conductive graphite plate is used for counter electrode, electrolyte consist of zinc nitrate and additive of electrochemistry, which is made up CTAB and potassium nitrate. Crystallinities of the films were examined by X-ray diffractometer. The morphologies of zinc oxide films were observed with atomic force microscope. Optical characteristics of zinc oxide layers were measured with UV–vis spectrophotometer. The optimal conditions for preparation of zinc oxide thin films with the square wave potential method were as follows: the deposition time was 6 min, concentration of zinc nitrate was 0.05mol/L, deposition temperature was 80 °C, and the annealing temperature was 500 º C. The average optical transmittance of the ZnO films is higher than 85% in the visible range. Moreover, the films have flat surface and small grain size.
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Yasoda, Ratna Divya, Nour Hakim, Ying Huang, and Xiaoning Qi. "Post-Fire Analysis of Thermally Sprayed Coatings: Evaluating Microstructure, Mechanical Integrity, and Corrosion Behavior." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2023): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051490.
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This paper examines the impact of fire on the microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion behavior of wire-arc-sprayed zinc, aluminum, and Zn-Al pseudo-alloy coatings. Steel plates coated with these materials were subjected to temperatures in increments of 100 °C, starting from 300 °C and progressing until failure. Microstructural characterization, microhardness, abrasion resistance, and electrochemical impedance studies were performed on the post-fire coatings. The findings from this study show that heat had a positive impact on the performance of zinc and Zn-Al pseudo-alloy coatings when they were exposed to temperatures of up to 400 °C, while aluminum coatings maintain their performance up to 600 °C. However, above these temperatures, the effectiveness of coatings was observed to decline, due to increased high-temperature oxidation, and porosity, in addition to decreased microhardness, abrasion resistance, and corrosion protection performance. Based on the findings from this study, appropriately sealed thermal-spray-coated steel components can be reused after exposure to fire up to a specific temperature depending on the coating material.
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Leng, Yan Hong, Yun Li Feng, and Meng Song. "Study on Hot Dip and Coating Structure of 55% Al-Zn Alloy Coated Steel." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.276.
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Hot dip galvanizing treatments of Galvalume were studied by using methods of Gleeble thermal simulation experiment and optical microscopy(OM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive analysis(EDAX), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and so on. Meanwhile, surface morphology, microstructure, phases and the respective compositions of Al-Zn alloy coating plate were investigated, the formation of hot dipped 55％Al-Zn alloy coating were analyzed. The results show that to get better coated surface, in-zinc pot temperature should be controlled in the range of 590~610°C, and height of air-knife nozzle should be kept in the range of 150~200mm. Surface layer of 55％Al-Zn alloy coating is covered by Al-Zn alloy, the intermediate alloy layer is consisted of binary and ternary compounds, such as θ phase (FeAl3), Al0.3Fe3Si0.7and Al3.21Si0.47.
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Song, Meng, Yun Li Feng, and Jing Bo Yang. "Study on Manufacturing Process and Applying of Galvalume." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 1406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.1406.
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Annealing and dip galvanizing treatments of Galvalume were studied by using methods of Gleeble thermal simulation experiment and optical microscopy (OM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and so on. Meanwhile, surface morphology, microstructure, phases and the respective compositions of Al-Zn alloy coating plate were analyzed. The results show that decreased rate and prolonged time of annealing treatment cause less effect on process ability of product, which all because of the short time of annealing process in continuous aluminum-zinc treatment. However, coarse grain which causes low strength, high elongation and r value occurs when rising annealing temperature. To get better coated surface, in-zinc pot temperature should be controlled in the range of 590~610°C, and height of air-knife nozzle should be kept in the range of 150~200mm. Surface layer of 55％Al-Zn alloy coating is covered by Al-Zn alloy, the intermediate alloy layer is consisted of binary and ternary compounds, such as θ phase (FeAl3), Al0.3Fe3Si0.7 and Al3.21Si0.47. Keywords: Galvalume, Process, Microstructure, Properties
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Guo, Changjian. "Application of ZnO Semiconductor Nanomaterial Ink in Packaging and Printing Design." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6166533.
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In order to obtain a flat and clear packaging printing pattern, the author proposes a printing method based on ZnO semiconductor nanomaterial ink. The method uses zinc acetate dihydrate as raw material, ethylenediamine as a complexing agent, absolute ethanol as a solvent, and ethyl cellulose as an auxiliary agent to prepare particle-free ZnO functional ink. The ink was spin-coated on a glass substrate, cured at different temperatures on a heating plate for 30 min, and passed through an X-ray diffractometer, a field emission scanning electron microscope, an infrared spectrometer, a synchronous thermal analyzer, an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and a transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized inks and the resulting films. Experiments show that the decomposition temperature of particle-free ZnO conductive ink is much lower than that of zinc acetate precursor; the film cured at 300°C for 30 min has a smooth surface, uniform particle size, good crystallinity, and transmittance of up to 80%. After inkjet printing on the PI flexible substrate, after curing at 300°C for 30 min, the pattern surface is smooth and clear, and the outline is clear. Conclusion. The printing method is based on ZnO semiconductor nanomaterial ink. It has good application prospects in packaging and printing design.
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Yu, Liang, Qingfeng Yi, Xiaokun Yang, and Xiulin Zhou. "One-Step Construction of Ni/Co-Doped C–N Nanotube Composites as Excellent Cathode Catalysts for Neutral Zinc–Air Battery." Nano 14, no. 03 (March 2019): 1950028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500280.
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Development of a neutral Zn–air battery is of much significance due to the high stability of zinc in a neutral electrolyte. Here, Ni/Co-doped C–N nanotube composites (C–N, Ni/C–N, Co/C–N, and Ni–Co/C–N) as efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts in a neutral medium have been prepared by direct pyrolysis of Ni/Co salt, dicyandiamide (DCD) and glucose. Among the synthesized catalysts, Ni–Co/C–N presents a high ORR current density of 8.5[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] in a 0.5[Formula: see text]mol[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]L[Formula: see text] KNO3 solution. The ORR electron transfer number of the catalyst Ni–Co/C–N is 3.8, indicating that O2 is almost completely reduced to H2O. A neutral zinc–air battery utilizing a 0.5[Formula: see text]mol[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]L[Formula: see text] KNO3 solution has been assembled by using the prepared composite catalyst coated on carbon paper as an air cathode, and Zn plate as an anode. The battery with the cathode catalyst Ni–Co/C–N delivers the open-circuit voltage of 1.13[Formula: see text]V and the maximum power density of 65[Formula: see text]mW[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]. The constant discharge current density of 50[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], 100[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] and 150[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] can last 202[Formula: see text]h, 93[Formula: see text]h and 11[Formula: see text]h, respectively. A stable voltage plateau appears at various discharge current densities. The neutral zinc–air battery can be repeatedly discharged after replacing the zinc anode. Results indicate that the synthesized Ni–Co/C–N catalyst is an excellent cathode material applied to a neutral zinc–air battery, showing broad application prospects as a mobile power source.
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Selvi, M. Senthamizh, N. Sankara Subramanian, and S. Rajathi. "Effect of Spinrate on the Structural, Optical and Surface Properties of the Sol-Gel Spin Coated Zinc Oxide Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.403.
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Zinc Oxide thin films have been deposited on glass substrates at different spin rate by sol-gel spin coating method. XRD measurement of the ZnO films confirms the Wurtzite hexagonal phase with the preferred orientation along the C-axis (002) plane. The other characteristic orientations (100) and (101) have also been observed. The average crystallite size evaluated from the XRD data lies between 5 nm and 20 nm. The crystallographic parameters viz., lattice constants, mean crystalline size, dislocation density, texture coefficient and standard deviation have been calculated from the XRD data. The estimated texture coefficient indicates the oriented overgrowth of (002) plane for the ZnO films spin coated up to the spin rate 3500 rpm. ZnO thinfilm spin coated at 4000 rpm and 3500 rpm shows maximum transmittance of 87.5% and 88.5 % respectively at 850 nm. The measured direct band gap energy of the ZnO films coated at different spin rates varies between 3 eV and 3.3 eV. The grain size observed from the microstructure of AFM is around 50 nm and this indicates the aggregation of nanosize cryatallites. The effect of spin rate on the structural, optical and surface properties of the spin coated ZnO thinfilms have been investigated and reported.
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Tsoy, Alexandr, Alexandr Granovskiy, Dmitriy Koretskiy, Diana Tsoy-Davis, Nikita Veselskiy, Mikhail Alechshenko, Alexandr Minayev, Inara Kim, and Rita Jamasheva. "Experimental Study of the Heat Flow and Energy Consumption during Liquid Cooling Due to Radiative Heat Transfer in Winter." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 22, 2023): 4865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134865.
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Radiation cooling is a passive energy saving cooling technology. The process of cooling heat transfer liquid due to the combined effect of night radiative cooling and convection of air at negative temperatures (in winter) is studied. The radiator used for cooling was built into the roof of the building. Its radiating plate was made of a steel sheet coated with zinc oxide. In it, heat dissipation was carried out both from the upper and lower sides of the radiating plate. The experimental values of the heat flux ranged from 20 to 80 W·m−2 at a temperature difference between heat transfer liquid and air from 5 to 15 °C and ambient air temperature from −17 to +5 °C. The correctness of the model for calculating the heat flux in winter conditions was confirmed. A theoretical calculation showed that, in winter, the heat flux removed by the radiator will be 15% less than the heat flux in summer. The amount of heat transferred per watt of electrical power of the refrigeration unit reached 8 W·W−1. To keep the refrigeration unit with radiative heat transfer more efficient than in a conventional vapor compression chiller, the heat transfer liquid temperature should be 6 °C above the atmospheric temperature air. The results of the study show that radiative cooling can be used in winter and may be useful for the development of energy-efficient cooling systems for various purposes (air conditioning, industrial cooling systems and fruit storage chambers).
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KHAN, SHAKIL, MUHAMMAD IFTIKHAR, HAFIZ WASEEM AHMAD ALVI, MUHAMMAD ASIM RASHEED, ABDUL FAHEEM KHAN, ABDUL WAHEED, MAZHAR MEHMOOD, ATTAULLAH SHAH, and ARSHAD MAHMOOD. "EFFECT OF OXIDATION TIME ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ZNO FILMS PREPARED BY HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION OF ELECTRODEPOSITED ZN COATING ON ITO SUBSTRATE." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 10 (July 25, 2020): 1950227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19502275.
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In this work, hydrothermal oxidation of electrodeposited zinc coatings is used to produce zinc oxide (ZnO) films. In the first step, zinc (Zn) coating is electrodeposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. The Zn films are then immersed in deionized water at [Formula: see text]C. The exposure time of Zn coating in deionized water is varied from 1[Formula: see text]h to 24[Formula: see text]h in sequence. At the 24[Formula: see text]h exposure time, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal that zinc film has been completely converted to ZnO. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results show morphological changes from flakes (for pure Zn) or 2D plates to rod (ZnO) like morphology which further changes to cotton-flower like shapes with an increase in oxidation time. Diffuse reflectance spectral measurements show the band gap tuning with oxidation time (it decreases from 3.28[Formula: see text]eV to 3.19[Formula: see text]eV). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra have depicted phonon replicas with energy separation of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]meV for the ZnO films obtained after 6 and 12[Formula: see text]h exposure time in deionized water at [Formula: see text]C temperature.
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Karzhavin, V. V., L. V. Maltsev, and V. V. Bakina. "Study on Surface Layers of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys and Analysis of their Scuff Resistance." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1248.
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To reduce the risk of scoring copper or zinc coatings were applied to the samples in molten salts at a temperature of 350-500°C. Using ion sputtering and Auger electron spectroscopy the depth of the surface layers and the grain size in the coating were determined. Samples were plates 0.5-0.7 mm thick made of titanium and aluminum alloys. For copper-coated alloys a coating zone up to 10 μm and a diffuse zone up to 6 μm which is intermediate between the coating and the substrate can be distinguished in the surface layers. For zinc-coated aluminum alloys there is one zone of 5-7 μm which is an aluminum-zinc alloy of variable composition across depth. Thus, a soft metal formed on the surface of the titanium and aluminum alloys when processed in the salt melt is connected to the base metal with metallic bonds. Moreover, the higher the temperature and the longer the holding time in the salt melt, the thicker the coating is. While investigating the score resistance a dependence of the friction moment change on the path travelled to a score appearance was obtained. It has been established that the score resistance of the titanium and aluminum alloys is directly dependent on the inhomogeneity factor which is sharply increased when there is a softer (compared with the base metal) coating on the surface of the metal processed. Experimental stamping-drawing of cups made of the titanium alloy workpieces preliminary copper-coated in the salt melt was carried out. The production cycle was significantly reduced, and the surface quality of the products after the coating removal was high, the scoring was not observed. Thus, the use of soft (compared with the base metal) metal coatings applied in salt melts is promising for titanium and aluminum alloys.
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P A, Jeeva, Karthikeyan S, Rajagopal D, VamshiKrishna Reddy K, Prashanth B, and Narayanan S. "An Investigation on Laser shot peened surfaces." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2022.20.5.1375.
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The present work is focused on the influence of zinc trivalent plating on laser shot peened AISI 304 stainless steel samples to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel surface. AISI 304 steel samples were heat treated by annealing and polished to perform Laser Shot Peening (LSP) process using Nd-YAG laser functioning at a pulse interval of 10ns with different energies of 200 mJ, 300 mJ and 400 mJ on each sample. The highest magnitude of compressive residual stresses is induced using the pulse density of 2500 pulses/cm2. The laser treated sample was characterized by surface hardness using Vickers micro hardness test and surface morphology using an optical microscope and SEM analysis. The surface hardness of the sample is increased by increasing laser energy. The prepared zinc trivalent is plated using electro deposition on the laser treated surface by maintaining current between 1.5 to 4 amps/Dm2, and temperature between 20 to 40 deg C. MAHR’s roughness tests were performed to find the surface roughness of the sample. The surface roughness has drastically increased on zinc coated samples compared to samples without coating. The Vickers micro hardness test conducted on zinc trivalent plated sample revealed the increase in hardness value of 200mJ by 24% compared with 200mJ sample without coating. SEM and EDAX were carried out to know the changes occurred in the chemical composition of the samples before and after coating.
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Choi, Jun Yong, Hyo Jin Kim, and Jae Kyoo Lim. "Effects of Sea Water Immersion and Temperature on the Strength of Spot-Welded Steel Plates." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2847.
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The spot welded structure operates in diverse climatic situations because of temperature, humidity and precipitation. In addition, factors of environmental pollution such as acid rain, that causes corrosion, have the tendency to increase. But spot welded structure strength is affected by dampness and environment temperature. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of temperature of the spot welded part. In this study, the strength distribution of spot welded plates is evaluated for the environmental temperature of zinc coated steel plates and the test is conducted with the welded part immersed in distilled and synthetic sea water. Specimens are immersed into water for 10, 100, 500 and 1000hours to evaluate the effects of water immersion time on tensile-shear strength under the conditions of -40, 0, 20 and 50°C. Strength is evaluated by using the tensile-shear test. The conditions of spot welding are 240kgf electrode force, 10kA welding current with 0 and 5mm clearance. In this study, spot welded specimens with clearance have lower tensile-shear strength in the distilled water or synthetic sea water compared with spot welded specimens without clearance. And they have lower tensile-shear strength under -40°C and over 50°C.
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KAREEM, M. M., Z. T. KHODAIR, and F. Y. MOHAMMED. "EFFECT OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON STRUCTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ZnO NANOROD THIN FILMS PREPARED BY HYDROTHERMAL METHOD." Journal of Ovonic Research 16, no. 1 (January 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2020.161.53.
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The hydrothermal process is considered as one of the simplest and cheapest methods applied to prepare zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO-NRs) to be arranged on glass substrates. Each glass substrate was pre-coated by ZnO seed layer. The grown nanostructures were annealed in air at temperatures of 200, 250 and 400 °C. The effect of annealing process on structural, optical and morphological properties has been studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests confirmed that all synthesized samples are polycrystalline structures that possess hexagonal shapes and preferable orientation plane of (002), along with c-axis coordination which is also evident from FE-SEM image. The intensity of (002) peak was most prominent at 250 °C. Due to the increase in crystals size with annealing temperature at 250 °C, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) has been decreased. The energy dispersive spectroscopy test (EDS) showed that the Zn:O atomic ratio for all samples was nearly stoichiometric. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) image show that the root mean square (RMS) decreases when the temperature increases up to 400 °C. The optical transparency and band gap of (ZnO-NRs) decreased with the increase of annealing temperature.
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Mohammed, Raghad, Sabah Ahmed, Ahmed Abdulrahman, and Samir Hamad. "Synthesis and Characterizations of ZnO Thin Films Grown by Physical Vapor Deposition Technique." Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jastt1456.
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In the current study, Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been synthesized over the whole the glass-slide substrate by utilizing the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The Zinc (Zn) seed layer was deposited by heating the high purity Zn powder by using a molybdenum (Mo) boat at 37.503×10-3 Torr vacuum pressure of the PVD chamber. The ZnO thin films were fabricated by oxidation of the Zn seed layer coated glass-slide substrate at 400 °C. The morphological, chemical compositions, crystal quality, structural and optical properties of fabricated ZnO thin film were characterized and studied utilizing several characterization techniques. The results found that the high distribution density, homogenous, uniform, and high-quality ZnO thin film was grown over the entire substrate. The synthesized ZnO thin film with a thickness of 130 nm was grown with high purity and polycrystalline hexagonal-Wurtzite phase of ZnO. The sharp, and dominant diffraction peak was observed at peak position 34.3375 along (002) plane and c-axis. The investigated crystal size, dislocation density, and interplanar spacing were about 13.33 nm, 5.63×10-5 A°, and 2.609 A°, respectively. Also, UV-visible spectroscopy results show the high transmittance and low absorbance in the visible (Vis.) region and were about 90%, and the transmittance decreases sharply near the UV region at a wavelength around 383 nm. Besides, obtained the energy band-gap (Eg) was about 3.24 eV.
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Shahzad, Babar, and Yang Qi. "A Systematic Study of Solution Aging Time Impact on Surface Morphology of Sol-Gel Derived ZnO Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 216 (March 2011): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.216.271.
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Pure ZnO thin films were spin coated on glass substrates using 0.5M Zinc acetate dihydrate precursor solution and then annealed at 500°C for 2h in air to get good quality thin films. The effect of sol-aging time, from as-synthesized to 4week aged, on microstructure and morphology of ZnO thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed the polycrystalline wurtzite structure preferentially oriented along the (002) polar plane with variable peak intensity. AFM analysis exposed an asymmetrical cyclic morphology transition with sol-aging time from comparatively smooth surfaces with small spherical particles to a rigid wrinkle network of a high rms surface roughness value of at～42.4nm which finally untied and evolved as homogeneous surface of uniform grain distribution after 4 weeks of aging time. The minimum surface roughness of 1.6nm was obtained for the film prepared from 24h aged solution.
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Sukhummek, Boonnak, Suppalak Angkaew, Wunpen Chonkaew, Kritsana Pongcharoen, and Kannika Lumpuengkul. "The Effect of Titanium Dioxide and Additives on Heat Reflection and Thermal Reduction of Paint." Key Engineering Materials 545 (March 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.545.95.
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This work aimed to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) content as well as type and content of additives on heat reflection and thermal reduction of external roof paint. Three additives were used including 80-micron glass microspheres (RM1), 40-micron glass microspheres (RM2) and the commercial insulated resin mixed with 80-micron glass microspheres (RM3). The three-layer paint structure (topcoat, middle insulating layer, and bottom rust-protective layer) coated on zinc plate was used. TiO2 (23-32 %wt) was incorporated into topcoat layer while the additives (0.5, 1 and 2 %wt) were added into the middle layer. Thickness of the topcoat and bottom layer was 100 microns and that of the middle layer were 100 and 200 microns. The results revealed that TiO2 improved heat reflectivity of paint film and the optimum reflectance was obtained at 28 %wt TiO2 loading. All of the microsphere additives enhanced thermal reduction through its insulating nature. It was found that higher content of additives gave larger thermal reduction and larger microsphere (RM1) gave a larger thermal reduction than that of the smaller ones (RM2). The incorporation of 1 %wt RM3 in the middle layer (200-micron thick) gave the best results which can lower the internal temperature up to 7 °C compared to the standard roof paint formulation. Note that adding too much additive (2 %wt of RM3) caused phase separation and high surface roughness in the middle layer, and resulted in catastrophically drop in thermal reduction ability.
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Tseng, Yung-Kuan, Hsu-Cheng Hsu, Wen-Feng Hsieh, Kuo-Shung Liu, and I.-Cherng Chen. "Two-step oxygen injection process for growing ZnO nanorods." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 12 (December 2003): 2837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0396.
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Uniform hexagonal prismatic zinc oxide rods were grown over the entire alumina substrate at 550°C using a two-step oxygen injection process, whether the substrates were coated with a catalyst or not. X-ray diffraction showed that all of the depositions exhibited a preferred orientation in the (002) plane. The influence of oxygen concentration was investigated by changing the oxygen flow rate. Oxygen concentration affected the size of ZnO nanorods, especially the diameter. The ZnO nanorods were further checked using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, and room-temperature ultraviolet lasing. The results showed that the rods were single crystals and had excellent optical properties. By observing the growth process, we found that the diameter increased slowly, but the longitudinal growth rate was very high. The growth of ZnO nanorods revealed that the uniform hexagonal prismatic ZnO nanorods were synthesized through vapor deposition growth and a self-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process.
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Yalcin, Muhammet, Ugur Arslan, and Ayse Dundar. "Evaluation of antibacterial effects of pulp capping agents with direct contact test method." European Journal of Dentistry 08, no. 01 (January 2014): 095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.126256.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: Calcium hydroxide has been used in dentistry as a major capping material having the capacity to introduce the formation of a mineralized dentin bridge, but it has no direct inducing effect to the pulp cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of three different pulp capping agents using a direct contact test (DCT). Materials and Methods: The antibacterial properties of three pulp capping agents were evaluated a DCT. For the DCT, wells (n = 12) of 96-microtiter plates were coated with the tested cements (Dycal, Dentsply, USA; DiaRoot BioAggregate, Diadent, Holland; Calcimol LC, Voco, Germany) and Kalzinol (zinc oxide/eugenol cement, Dentsply, USA) was used as control material. A Lactobacillus casei suspension was placed on the surface of each specimen for 1 h at 37°C. Bacterial growth was monitored for 16 h with a temperature-controlled microplate spectrophotometer. The kinetics of the outgrowth in each well were recorded continuously at 650 nm every 30 min. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and Tamhane's T2 multiple comparison test. The level of significance was determined as P < 0.05. Results: All pulp capping agents showed an increase in the logarithmic growth rate of L. casei when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, all pulp capping agents did not show antibacterial activity. Conclusions: The tested pulp capping agents haven't got antibacterial properties. Therefore, they should be used carefully when pulp is exposed or only very thin dentin remained over the pulp to avoid bacterial contamination.
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Nizami, M. Z. I., Y. Nishina, T. Yamamoto, Y. Shinoda-Ito, and S. Takashiba. "Functionalized Graphene Oxide Shields Tooth Dentin from Decalcification." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519894583.
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This in vitro study assessed the efficacy of functionalized graphene oxide (f-GO) nanocomposites on the decalcification of dentin, because dental caries of the root surface is becoming one of the new problems in aged society. Hydroxyapatite plates (HAP) and dentin slices were coated with f-GO nanocomposites by comparing them to silver diamine fluoride as a positive control, then treated with decalcification solutions such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citrate at 37°C for 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant protection of the surface morphology of HAP and dentin. On the other hand, a cariogenic Streptococcus mutans growth was inhibited by f-GO nanocomposites. In addition, cytotoxicity of them to epithelial cells was much less than that of povidone-iodine, which is commonly used for oral disinfectant. We synthesized 5 different f-GO nanocomposites such as GO–silver (Ag), GO-Ag–calcium fluoride (CaF2), GO-CaF2, GO-zinc, and GO–tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). They were standardized by evaluating under SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and Raman spectra after being synthesized in an aseptic technique. The abilities of GO-Ag, GO-Ag-CaF2, and GO-CaF2 nanocomposites were most preventive for decalcification. In addition, GO-Ag and GO-Ag-CaF2 almost completely inhibited S. mutans growth. However, they did not exhibit cytotoxicity to epithelial cells except at the highest concentration (0.1 w/v%) of GO-Ag and GO-Ag-CaF2. Furthermore, these f-GO nanocomposites exhibited less or no discoloration of dentin, although commonly used silver diamine fluoride causes discoloration of dentin to black. Thus, these f-GO nanocomposites are useful to protect dental caries on the tooth root that becomes a social problem in aged society.
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Doyan, Aris, and Humaini Humaini. "SIFAT OPTIK LAPISAN TIPIS ZnO." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpft.v3i1.321.
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The aim of this research is to manufacture and characterize optical properties of ZnO thin layer which is deposited on glass substrate by sol-gel spin-coating method, through the process of growing ZnO thin layer of zinc acetate dehydrate (ZnAc) precursor on glass substrate with spin speed 2000 rpm for 30 minutes on a spin coater plate. The growth of layers by the sol-gel method of spin-coating is determined by the length of time of spin rotation which is related to the thickness of the thin layer. The Samples on the substrate in anneling at 400 oC and 500 oC for 1.5 hours to obtain a thin layer of ZnO. The obtained layer was characterized by UV-Vis test to determine the optical properties of the coating which include absorbance, transmittance, and bandgap energy. UV-Vis testing states that, the higher concentration of ZnO solution then the layer looks increasingly not transparent so that the transmittance value is smaller, otherwise the absorbance value of the layer becomes higher. This is indicated by the results obtained, at 1 M molarity concentration obtained the value of transmittance (50. 40%), while at a concentration of 0.7 M obtained greater transmittance value (75.24%) at the same heating temperature 500 oC. The gap energy is a forbidden area where electrons are located between the valence bands filled by the electrons and the empty conduction bands of the electrons. With respect to the photon energy to excite the electrons, the annealing treatment will affect the magnitude of the gap energy. High annearance temperature obtained a smaller gap energy compared with lower anneling temperatures. The obtained energy gap of 2.1 eV at 400 °C annealing temperature is greater than 0.1 eV compared to the heating temperature of 500 oC at 2.0 eV.
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Akhramochkina, Tatiana I. "Experimental studies of the adhesion force between a zinc-coated steel plate and concrete." Stroitel'stvo: nauka i obrazovanie [Construction: Science and Education] 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2021.2.1.
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Introduction. The co-authors present the findings of experimental studies of the adhesion force arising between a zinc-coated steel plate and concrete. Four specimens were used in testing. Rectangular plates, embedded in a concrete parallelepiped, had different types of surfaces. They were smooth, perforated with holes, or they had connecting elements such as bolts or spikes. The behavior of specimens under loading is analyzed; graphs, describing the dependency between displacements and loading are provided, and the design resistance is determined to analyze the adhesion force between concrete and a zinc-coated steel plate. Materials and methods. Four specimens were used in testing. Each specimen represented a zinc-coated steel plate embedded in a concrete parallelepiped. A test bench, consisting of a load frame and a hydraulic cylinder, which pulled the steel plate out of a concrete parallelepiped, was used in the experiment. Results. Deformation dependences of specimens were obtained, graphs describing the dependence of displacement on loading were drawn for four types of surfaces, loading values that trigger the failure of specimens and dependence between the loading value, that triggers the failure, and the structure of the embedded part of the plate, are identified. The nature of the concrete failure at the interface with a zinc-coated plate is tracked. Conclusions. The results of the experiment enable us to conclude that the joint action of concrete and a steel beam is possible without the use of additional elements in composite structures that have bent profiles. The adhesion properties of materials and the stamped part of the profile are capable of absorbing shear forces arising in structures. For a more accurate analysis of floor slabs that contain bent profiles, additional experimental studies are to be conducted. Specimens, having bent profiles embedded in concrete, will be tested in the course of these experiments.
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Islam, Md Mobaidul, Md Mehedi Hasan, and Jin Jang. "High-Performance Flexible Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Ferroelectric Thin-Film Transistors on PI Substrate By Solution Process." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 15 (October 9, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0215812mtgabs.
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Flexible electronics such as wearable electronics, electronic skins, implantable devices, and flexible displays are started influencing our lives in various aspects due to their lightweight, portability, and human-friendly interface. In these applications, nonvolatile memory (NVM) and synaptic devices are essential elements to implement high speed integrated circuits and neuromorphic computing at low power consumption. Perovskite-based ferroelectric (FE) materials such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), BaTiO3 (BTO), and SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) have been studied widely because of their fast switching speed, large polarization, and high dielectric constant. However, it is very difficult to integrate these materials with conventional semiconductor technology owing to their poor compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Therefore, hafnium (Hf) based FE-materials could be a suitable candidate for next-generation flexible electronics. Which exhibits immense prospects due to their excellent performance, CMOS compatibility, high scalability, and chemical simplicity with various dopants (Al, Zr, Gd, La, Sr, and Y). Among these, Zr-doped HfO2 (Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO)) has been attracted intensive attention because of its low annealing temperature and large remnant polarization. We study the inverted staggered structured flexible HZO FE-TFTs on polyimide (PI) substrate with zinc oxide (ZnO) as the active layer. A 50 nm molybdenum (Mo) layer was deposited by sputtering and patterned to form the gate electrode. Then, the HZO precursor solution was spin-coated at 2000 rpm for 30 s and cured at 250 °C on a hot plate for 5 min, followed by UV/O3 curing at 100 °C for 5 min in ambient air as a gate insulator (GI). Thereafter, the Al2O3 precursor solution was deposited as a capping layer on top of the HZO film using the same process steps but the rpm was 3500. The crystallization was performed by furnace annealing at 450 °C for 2 h in N2 environment. The thicknesses of HZO and Al2O3 films are 20 and 15 nm, respectively. Afterwards, the ZnO (25 nm) channel layer was deposited using spray pyrolysis at 350 °C substrate temperature. The ZnO and GI films were patterned sequentially to form the active island and via-hole, respectively. Finally, a 50 nm thick Mo film was sputtered and patterned to form the source/drain (S/D) electrodes. The origin of ferroelectricity in HZO GI was analyzed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) measurement from film and drain current vs gate voltage (ID vs VGS), gate leakage current (IG), and drain current vs drain voltage (ID vs VDS) characteristics measurements from TFT structures using Agilent 4156C semiconductor parameter analyzer. Channel width and length were 50 and 10 μm, respectively. Fig. 1 (a) shows the schematic structure of an inverted staggered HZO FE-TFT on PI substrate. Fig. 1 (b) and (c) show the ID vs VGS characteristics with anticlockwise hysteresis of HZO and Al2O3 capped HZO TFTs on PI substrate. The Al2O3 capped HZO TFT exhibits clear ferroelectric property with a large memory window (MW) of ≈1.9 V. A thin Al2O3 capping layer on top of HZO enhances the microstructure and morphology of HZO even at a low annealing temperature of 450 °C and helps to induce the ferroelectricity in HZO GI. Fig. 1 (d) shows the photograph of the measurement setup of HZO FE-TFTs during electrical measurements under tensile stress at 2 mm. Fig. (e) and (f) exhibit the ID vs VGS and IG vs VGS characteristics with anticlockwise hysteresis of Al2O3 capped HZO FE-TFTs under different tensile stress, respectively. The ID vs VGS curves exhibit almost identical performance during forward and reverse bias at different bending radii without showing significant changes in the electrical characteristics. The MWs were evaluated under different bending radii and they show the almost same value of ≈1.9 V from flat state and down to 2 mm bent state. The corresponding IG vs VGS curves at different bending radii exhibit a clear butterfly shape with current peaks at about ±2 V. These findings indicate that the solution-processed flexible HZO FE-TFTs have high stability under mechanical stress and contain ferroelectricity even at 2 mm bending radius without deteriorating MW. Therefore, the low-cost solution-processed FE-HZO GI has significant potential to be employed in nonvolatile memory and synaptic devices for future flexible electronics. Figure 1
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ZHANG, Wei, Michael ROBICHAUD, Edward GHALI, and Georges HOULACHI. "Electrochemical behavior of mesh and plate oxide coated anodes during zinc electrowinning." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 26, no. 2 (February 2016): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64121-3.
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Sun, Qi Lei, and Ze Rui Liu. "Electrochemical Behaviors of Q420 Hot Galvanized Plate in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.854.
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The electrochemical behaviors of Q420 hot galvanized plate in the simulated concrete pore solution are studied by means of polarization curves and AC impedance. The result shows that, when the Q420 galvanized plate is in the simulated concrete pore solution, the stable and protective calcium zincate grains can be produced on the coating surface of the galvanized steel, so that the coating can enter the passive state and prevent the further corrosion of zinc in the alkaline environment. When the carbonification occurring in the concrete reduces the pH of medium or changes the medium environment due to the intrusion of Cl-, some small corrosion pores occur at the grain boundary of zinc grain first, then the calcium zincate grain Ca [Zn (OH)3]2·2H2O begins to be produced near the small pores, and with the gradual growth of calcium zincate grain, the zinc layer surface is gradually coated to form the protective layer with gradually increasing corrosion resistance. After the zinc base is fully coated by the calcium zincate grain, the corrosion current density declines to about the critical passive value, and the zinc layer is in the passive state. When Cl- enters the corrosive concrete environment, Cl- will destroy the primary corrosion product film calcium zincate covering the galvanized coating, so that the galvanized coating can enter the active state again.
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Khlongwanitchakul, Kornkanok, Niwat Anuwongnukroh, Surachai Dechkunakorn, Parichart Naruphontjirakul, Wassana Wichai, and Ratchapin Laovanitch Srisatjaluk. "Antibacterial Effect of Experimental Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligature Coated with Zinc Oxide Particles." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 61 (July 31, 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-qcm4oh.
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Objectives . This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activity of elastomeric ligatures coated with Zinc oxide particles against Streptococcus mutans. Methods. ZnO particles grafted with (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) were prepared in situ. The ATR-FTIR spectrum was used to analyze the APTMS grafted on ZnO surfaces. Two concentrations of ZnO-APTMS, i.e., 5 and 10 wt%, were coated on orthodontic elastomeric ligatures by the dip coating method. Antibacterial property of the ZnO-APTMS coated elastomeric ligatures against S. mutans ATCC25175 were investigated by the agar diffusion test. The effect of ligature aging on antibacterial property was evaluated by the direct contact test, in which the growth of bacteria was determined by the turbidity after exposed to the samples that had been immersed in distilled water for 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 days. The drop plate test was also performed to determine the inhibitory and the bactericidal effects. Results. The analysis of ATR-FTIR spectrum confirmed that APTMS was successfully grafted on ZnO surfaces. The agar diffusion test could not demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of the ZnO-coated elastomeric ligatures. However, results from the direct contact and the drop plate tests showed the inhibitory effects on bacterial growth compared to the positive controls (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effect of the ZnO-coated elastomeric ligatures was observed even after they had been immersed in distilled water for 28 days. Conclusions. The surface coating elastomeric ligatures with 5 and 10 wt% ZnO-APTMS exhibited antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria, S. mutans. The bacterial inhibitory effect was prolonged until 28-day.
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Wilden, J., Jean-Pierre Bergmann, M. Dolles, and Sebastian Reich. "Use of Zinc-Alloys for Low Temperature Soldering of Zinc Coated Steels." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.127.
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Zinc coated steels are nowadays used for different applications as for example for household appliances, automotive or offtakes. Due to the boiling temperature of zinc (907°C), which is lower than the steel melting point, the welding of zinc coated steel sheets presents many difficulties. As a result of the violent evaporation of zinc, pores in the weld seam are present after solidification and the zinc coating near the weld is damaged. Brazing of zinc coated steels with CuSi-alloys offers some advantages, as the joining temperature is about 950-1000°C. Nevertheless the high melting point of these filler materials requires very restricted process strategies and damaging of the zinc coating near the brazing seam can’t be avoided. Although laser-, plasma- and MIG-joining with CuSi and CuAl are performed nowadays. ZnAl-alloys are characterized through low melting temperature, which are comparable to the melting point of zinc, so that the damaging of the zinc coating can be reduced. In this paper investigations carried out with ZnAl-materials for joining zinc coated steel sheets as DC04ZE75/75 and DX56Z (thickness 0,9 mm) are reported. First investigations were performed by resistance spot soldering and show that using low temperature melting materials leads to a lower damaging of the zinc coating. Further the process reliability of laser soldering with ZnAl-alloys and a Nd:YAG as well as a diode laser is reported and confirms the suitability of these alloys for a damaging free joining zinc coated steels. The low surface tension leads to a wide bearing section, so that advantageous properties are expected. The mechanical properties of edge welds are evaluated in this paper through tensile tests as well.
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Ohashi, Takahiro, Taiki Ohno, Yuki Shiraishi, Hamed Mofidi Tabatabaei, and Tadashi Nishihara. "Friction-Stir Spot Mechanical Joining between Hot-Dip 55% Aluminum–Zinc Alloy-Coated Steel Sheet and A5083 Aluminum Alloy Plate Using Conventional Punching." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.8.
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In this study, we fabricated a mechanical joining with spot friction-stirring between an aluminum alloy plate and an aluminum–zinc alloy-coated steel sheet; this was achieved by utilizing a conventional press-punching preprocess. In the preprocessing, a hot-dip 55% aluminum–zinc alloy-coated steel sheet was punched using a press and an inclined surface was generated at the wall of a punched hole due to shear droop. Subsequently, an A5083P-O aluminum alloy plate was positioned against it, and friction stirring was conducted on its rear surface. The hole was filled with the aluminum alloy to generate a mechanical interlock at the tilt of the wall. Further, we evaluated its cross tensile strength (CTS) and tensile shear strength (TSS) and obtained an average CTS and TSS of 368 kN and 1470 kN, respectively.
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Kim, Yeon Jae, Dong Hyun Kim, Jung Soo Kim, Jae Ho Jang, Uoo Chang Jung, and Dae Geun Nam. "Electro and Surface Properties of Graphene-Modified Stainless Steel for PEMFC Bipolar Plates." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.167.
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Chemical converted graphene (CCG) were coated on 316L stainless steel as a bipolar plate which is a component of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by electro spray coating (ESC). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to examine the thickness and surface properties of coating layer. Electrochemical potentiodynamic test was conducted in acidic atmosphere (0.1N H2SO4+2ppm F-) at 80°C using Versastat 4 and analysis program for corrosion resistance measurement. After packing bipolar plates for PEMFC stack, the electrical performances of graphite, bare SS316L and graphene coated SS316L bipolar plates were evaluated by PEMFC evaluating device. The chemical converted graphene was founded on the surface of coated SS316L, and the thickness was 12μm. Graphene coated bipolar plate showed high corrosion resistance of 1.32×10-7A/cm2beside bare SS316L bipolar plate. In electrical performance evaluation, the graphene coated bipolar plate was shown 0.978V on Voc and 0.5A/m2on the reduction potential (0.6V). Although the electrical performance of the graphene coated bipolar plate is lower than graphite bipolar plate, the thickness and weight is lower than graphite bipolar plate. These advantages can enable the PEMFC system more efficiently and economically.
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Lyu, Ping, Zhiqiang Fang, Xu Wang, Weibo Huang, Rui Zhang, Yingjie Sang, and Pengfei Sun. "Explosion Test and Numerical Simulation of Coated Reinforced Concrete Slab Based on BLAST Mitigation Polyurea Coating Performance." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072607.
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The mechanical strength, thermal stability, thermal performance, and microstructure of Qtech T26 blast mitigation polyurea (T26 polyurea) were studied using quasi-static and dynamic mechanical experiments, thermogravimetric experiments, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments, and contact explosion and non-contact explosion experiments with polyurea-coated reinforced concrete slabs. Additionally, the energy dissipation mechanism of the coating was analyzed. The blast mitigation ability and blast mitigation mechanism of T26 polyurea-coated reinforced concrete slabs were investigated by analyzing the macroscopic morphology of reinforced concrete slabs with or without coatings and the contact explosion simulation of polyurea-coated reinforced concrete slabs. The results showed that T26 polyurea exhibited a certain strain rate effect. Its initial thermal decomposition temperature reached 286 °C, and its thermal stability was good. After carbonization, carbon slag can form and adhere to the structural surface. The glass transition temperature Tgs of the soft segment was −44.9 °C, and the glass transition temperature Tgh of the hard segment was 36.5 °C, showing a certain amount of microphase separation morphology. After the explosion test, there was a small pit on the front surface of the coated reinforced concrete plate, and there was no damage on the back surface. The integrity of the plate was good. The uncoated reinforced concrete slab had a large crater on the front of the explosion surface, and the back of the explosion surface experienced explosion collapse, concrete crushing, and an overall loss of stability. The numerical simulation results showed that the failure mode of the coated plate was consistent with the test. The kinetic energy conversion rate of the uncoated reinforced concrete plate was 87.27%, and the kinetic energy conversion rate of the coated reinforced concrete plate was 95.36%. The T26 coating improved the kinetic energy conversion rate of the structure and improved the blast mitigation ability of the reinforced concrete plate structure.
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Li, Chengyi, Qunwu Huang, and Yiping Wang. "Effect of Color Coating of Cover Plate on Thermal Behavior of Flat Plate Solar Collector." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246696.
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An important trend of Building Integrated Solar Thermal (BIST) system is to improve the aesthetic aspect of the solar collector to meet the requirement of architectural style and energy collection. Painting on the glass cover in an appropriate method is a simple and practical way. In this study, a halftone coating was used to print a red brick wall pattern on the glass cover. A series of comparative experiments were carried out to test the effect of the coating on the thermal behavior of the solar collector. In heat collection processes, compared with the solar collector with blank cover plate, the one with coated cover plate has lower absorber plate temperature and higher cover plate temperature. The lower the solar irradiance, the smaller the effect of color coating on the solar collector. Compared with the uncoated surface, the coated surface is more sensitive to solar irradiation. In the same heat collection process, compared with the solar collector coated on the outer surface of the cover plate, the one coated on the inner surface has 0.8 °C higher heat absorber plate temperature and 5% lower top heat loss.
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Ainuddin, Ainun Rahmahwati, Muhammad Firdaus Hashim, and Ili Liyana Khairunnisa Kamardin. "Hydrothermal Synthesis Effect on Growth of Zinc Oxide Structure." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.126.
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The properties and performances of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) film have made the material spread widely in several applications such as in providing energy to consumers in which it is harvest energy from the sun rays. By using hydrothermal method in order to fabricate ZnO films is one of the process that consume less energy and lower temperature compare to the other methods. In this research, the seed layer of ZnO was deposited on Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrate and heat treated at 100 °C for 10 min prior to the hydrothermal growth. Hydrothermal growth temperature was varies at 70 °C, 90 °C and 110 °C for 12 hours. The ZnO-coated FTO films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The I-V characteristic of the ZnO-coated FTO films was characterized with solar simulator. The experimental results reveal that the hydrothermal growth temperature exerts a strong influence on the properties of the ZnO-coated FTO films. The effects of the hydrothermal growth temperature are discussed.
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Yu, C. C., and D. H. L. Ng. "Determination of the rolling direction of electrolytic zinc-coated steel plate by Barkhausen emission." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, no. 5 (1996): 4917–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.539287.
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Li, Yun Guang, Hyun Jin Yoo, Changyoon Baek, and Junhong Min. "Improvement of Heat Sink Effect Using Zinc Oxide Nanostructure." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 6980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18816.
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Heat sinks that dissipate heat effectively play a significant role in devices with high-precision temperature control, such as thermal cyclers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study was carried out to develop a heat sink with a high thermal conductivity to dissipate heat effectively. To increase the surface area of the heat sink, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were fabricated on an aluminum plate. ZnO nanostructures were fabricated by hydrothermal method and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. With the increase in the concentration of the precursors, the length of the nanorods increased, and with longer reaction time, nanostructures connected with higher stability and larger surface area. Thermal conductivity is increased by ZnO nanostructures and is affected by the concentration of precursors and the reaction time. Thermal conductivity of an optimal ZnO-coated Al plate is 2 times higher than that of a bare one. This technology can be applied to portable PCR devices to reduce weight, size, and power consumption.
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Kung, Fei, and Ming-Chien Yang. "Improvement of the Heat-Dissipating Performance of Powder Coating with Graphene." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061321.
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In this study, the epoxy powder was blended with graphene to improve its thermal conductivity and heat dissipation efficiency. The thermal conductivity of the graphene-loaded coating was increased by 167 folds. In addition, the emissivity of the graphene-loaded coating was 0.88. The epoxy powder was further coated on aluminum plate through powder coating process in order to study the effect on the performance of heat dissipation. In the case of natural convective heat transfer, the surface temperature of the graphene-loaded coated aluminum plate was 96.7 °C, which was 27.4 °C lower than that of bare aluminum plate (124.1 °C) at a heat flux of 16 W. In the case of forced convective heat transfer, the surface temperature decreased from 77.8 and 68.3 °C for a heat flux of 16 W. The decrease in temperature can be attributed to the thermal radiation. These results show that the addition of graphene nanoparticles in the coating can increase the emissivity of the aluminum plate and thus improving the heat dissipation.
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Raunija, Thakur Sudesh Kumar. "Methodology for the fabrication of next generation titanium carbide coated C/C composite bipolar plate." Ceramics International 41, no. 5 (June 2015): 6340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.01.067.
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Fan, Shuai, Jing Song Wang, Qing Wei Guo, Wei Ming Zhang, and Ping Sun. "Recovery of Copper by Electrodeposition Method from Electroplating Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 662 (October 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.662.141.
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Electrodeposition method was applied to recover copper from the simulation of copper-containing electroplating wastewater. Stainless steel plate is used as the cathode and the anode is made of titanium plate coated with RnO2+IrO2, titanium mesh coated with RnO2+IrO2 or stainless steel plate. The electrode potential of copper in electrolyte was calculated, and the effect of initial concentration of copper ions, temperature of electrolyte, voltage, electrode spacing, initial pH value and additive concentration on the recovery of copper was studied in detail. The experimental results showed that the proper anode is titanium plate coated with RnO2+IrO2.Under the condition ofinitial concentration of copper ions 25g/L, temperature of electrolyte 40°C, voltage 3.8V, electrode spacing 25mm, initial pH value 3.60, additive concentration 7.1g/L,the recovery rate of copper can achieve 99.4% and the current efficiency can achieve 88.5%.
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Park, Song-E., Wan-Kyu Ko, Jae Hyun Park, Mohamed Bayome, Justyn Park, Dong Nyoung Heo, Sang Jin Lee, Ji-Hoi Moon, Il Keun Kwon, and Yoon-Ah Kook. "Antibacterial Effect of Silver and Gold Nanoparticle Coated Modified C-Palatal Plate." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 8809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12497.
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Chen, Hao Tian, Ren Bo Song, Huan Jun Wei, Wei Feng Huo, and Li Fang Yang. "Surface Performance of Chrome-Free Anti-Fingerprint Zinc and Zn-Al-Mg Coated Steel." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.358.
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A principle investigation of the fingerprint resistance, alcohol resistance, solvent resistance, humidity resistance, high temperature resistant yellow degeneration and black tarnish resistance of pure Zinc and Zn-Al-Mg coating were performed in this study. To detect above surface performance and make some constructive suggestions, a series of simulations experiments and a surface performance evaluation system based on light color differentiation measurement instrument were designed. The results show that the two products both can meet the needs of users in above-mentioned surface performance, besides pure Zinc coated product has more advantages in this performance in comparison to Zn-Al-Mg coated product. Users should pay attention to clean the fingerprint regularly which attached to the surface of the steel plate during use and the protection with the exposed surfaces of the steel during shipping.
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Lu, Fenggui, Binfeng Lu, Xinhua Tang, and Shun Yao. "Study of influencing factors and joint performance of laser brazing on zinc-coated steel plate." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 37, no. 9-10 (April 24, 2007): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1035-7.
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Krishnan, Thurgadewi, Ng Con Nie, Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah, Mohamad Awang, and Wan Salida Wan Mansor. "TITANIUM DIOXIDE SOL-GEL/ZINC OXIDE POWDER-COATED CLAY BEADS IN PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTOR." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.18478.
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Catalyst Immobilization methods are important for providing better recovery of catalyst in photocatalytic treatment. The aim is to characterize and evaluate the photocatalytic performance of TiO2/ZnO-coated clay beads. The titanium dioxide/zinc oxide (TiO2/ZnO)-coated clay beads were prepared via the sol-gel process. Various ZnO powder ratios gave different TiO2/ZnO composites sol. Four layers of TiO2/ZnO sol were coated on clay beads and dried in the oven at 100°C for 30 min. The coated clay beads were calcined at 500°C for one hour for every two layers. Characterization of coated clay beads was done using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The increased surface area on small agglomeration and optimum loading of ZnO (5 g) resulted in the highest degradation efficiency recorded at 86.57%. An effective catalyst immobilization achieved a good recycling performance on clay beads. Degradation rate data were presented by pseudo-first-order kinetics. It was observed that the average degradation rate for TiO2/5 g ZnO is 0.00836 min–1. The actual results in this work can be applied as a guideline for the preparation of TiO2/ZnO-coated clay beads with high photocatalytic performance.
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Kablov, E. N., K. M. Khmeleva, S. V. Zavarzin, I. A. Kozlov, and S. L. Lonskii. "THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINIUM-ZINC COATINGS OBTAINED BY THE COLD SPRAY METHOD." Aviation Materials and Technologies, no. 1 (2022): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2713-0193-2022-0-1-78-91.
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A study was made of the influence of temperature and duration of heat treatment on the formation of diffusion zinc, aluminum and aluminum-zinc coatings. It is shown that at a heat treatment temperature of 400 °C, a three-phase structure in zinc coating is formed. Mutual diffusion occurs on samples with an aluminium-zinc coating with the formation of Al–Zn alloy, samples with an aluminum coating do not undergo structural changes under the studied heat treatment modes. According to the results of corrosion studies it has been revealed that in terms of their properties, mixed aluminum-zinc coatings are closer to the zinc-coated sample than to the aluminum-coated sample.
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Kim, Min-Jun, Sang-Hwan Bak, Woo-Chul Jung, Deog-Jae Hur, Dong-Shin Ko, and Man-Sik Kong. "Improvement of Heat Dissipation Characteristics of Cu Bus-Bar in the Switchboards through Shape Modification and Surface Treatment." Energies 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010146.
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In order to improve energy efficiency by increasing heat dissipation performance of bus-bar which distributes the current in high-power switchboard, the heat dissipation effects of the shape modification and surface treatment of Cu bus-bar were studied. The surface temperatures of the conventional plate-type bus-bar, and the improved tunnel-type bus-bar were compared by using electromagnetic and thermal analyses. The optimum thickness of tunnel-type bus-bar and the spacing and array among three bus-bars were calculated; and the surface temperature of tunnel-type bus-bar showed 7.9 °C lower than that of plate-type bus-bar in a 3-phase array condition. In addition, the surface and internal temperatures of the uncoated, CNT (Carbon nanotube)-coated, and BN (Boron nitride)-coated Cu bus-bars were measured with thermal imaging camera and the experiment using a hot plate. It was confirmed that the difference in the internal temperature between uncoated and BN-coated Cu was 19.4 °C. The application of the bus-bar improved from this study might contribute to the increase in power energy efficiency.
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Proch, Sebastian, Ulf Bexell, Claire Moffatt, Mikael Stenström, Carlos Bernuy-Lopez, Jörgen Westlinder, Hans Becker, et al. "Carbon-coated stainless steel as a bipolar plate material in PEM water electrolyzers." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233401002.
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The kinetically sluggish oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) leads to high potentials of >1.5 V vs RHE at the anode electrode during operation. In contrast, an investigation with an in situ reference electrode indicates a much lower potential at the anode side of the bipolar plate which would allow the use of stainless steel and carbon as the bipolar plate materials. This decoupling is induced by the low conductivity of the circulating deionized water. In single cell electrolyzer tests, we show that carbon-coated 316L (C-316L) stainless steel is suitable as a bipolar plate material in contact with the anode and cathode sides of the PEMWE. The coating remains stable throughout the experiments, i.e., 720 h at the anode and 1000 h at the cathode side. Based on these results we regard carbon-coated stainless steel as a sustainable solution for the large-scale application of PEM water electrolysis since it might replace (Pt-coated) titanium in the bipolar plate.
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Han, Shwe Sin, Usman Ghafoor, Tareq Saeed, Hassan Elahi, Usman Masud, Laveet Kumar, Jeyraj Selvaraj, and Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad. "Silicon Particles/Black Paint Coating for Performance Enhancement of Solar Absorbers." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 7140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217140.
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The availability of fresh drinkable water and water security is becoming a global challenge for sustainable development. In this regard, solar stills, due to their ease in operation, installation, and utilization of direct sunlight (as thermal energy), promise a better and sustainable future technology for water security in urban and remote areas. The major issue is its low distillate productivity, which limits its widespread commercialization. In this study, the effect of silicon (Si) particles is examined to improve the absorber surface temperature of the solar still absorber plate, which is the major component for increased distillate yield. Various weight percentages of Si particles were introduced in paint and coated on the aluminum absorber surface. Extensive indoor (using a self-made halogen light-based solar simulator) and outdoor testing were conducted to optimize the concentration. The coatings with 15 wt % Si in the paint exhibited the highest increase in temperature, namely, 98.5 °C under indoor controlled conditions at 1000 W/m2 irradiation, which is 65.81% higher than a bare aluminum plate and 37.09% higher compared to a black paint-coated aluminum plate. On the other hand, coatings with 10 wt % Si reached up to 73.2 °C under uncontrolled outdoor conditions compared to 68.8 °C for the black paint-coated aluminum plate. A further increase in concentration did not improve the surface temperature, which was due to an excessive increase in thermal conductivity and high convective heat losses.
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Fujitsu, Satoru, and Haruo Sekiguchi. "Piezoelectric Properties of Transparent Zinc Oxide Thin Plate with C-Axis Orientation." Key Engineering Materials 216 (September 2001): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.216.39.
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Ye, Qing, Jun Jie Hao, and Zhi Meng Guo. "Synthesis of Monodiperse Carbon-Coated Lithium Iron Phosphate." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1379.
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Carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4/C) powders were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and incipient wetness impregnation. The structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD and SEM. The results show that the LiFePO4powders are composed of small plate particles with diameter size of 1-3μm and thickness of 0.2μm. Through incipient wetness impregnation, monodisperse LiFePO4/C particles were obtained and carbon was uniformly distributed over LiFePO4particles to avoid the direct contact of them, which reduces the trend of agglomeration of the particles during the calcinations process.
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Costa, Andrea Machado, Elena Mavropoulos, Marcelo Tanaka, Daniel Navarro da Rocha, Flavia Mendonça Fonseca, and Marcelo Henrique Prado da Silva. "Osteoblastic Cells Response to Albumin Coatings on Zinc Containing Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 720 (November 2016): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.120.
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In this work, zinc-containing hydroxyapatite (ZnHA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) discs were coated with native bovine serum albumin (BSA) using 100 μg/ml BSA solution at 37°C. Changes on BSA secondary structure from α-helix to β-turn were detected by deconvolution analyses of FTIR amide I band. Fluorescence images of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultured on HA and ZnHA discs revealed cells with elongated morphology, typical of 2D experiments, after 24 hours. An intense cytoskeleton organization was observed on samples coated with BSA.
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Choe, Han Cheol, and Yeong Mu Ko. "Effects of HA/TiN Coated Film on the Surface Activation of Bone Plate Alloys." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2287.
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In this study, in order to fabricate dental and medical bone plates, the effects of hydroxyapatite(HA) coating made of tooth ash and TiN coating prepared by electron-beam physical vapor deposition(EB-PVD) method on corrosion resistance and surface phenomena of Ti alloyed bone plates were investigated using various test methods. The coatings were deposited on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by using a vacuum induction furnace. The corrosion behaviors of the samples were examined through potentiodynamic method in 0.9% NaCl solutions at 36.5±1°C and corrosion surface was observed using SEM and XPS. The surface roughness of TiN coated bone plates was lower than that of HA coated plates. The structure of TiN and HA coated layers showed the columnar structure. The corrosion potential was observed to be higher on the TiN and HA coated specimens than that of the non-coated alloy. The active current density was drastically lowered by both of TiN and HA coatings. The pit number and pit size of TiN and HA coated alloy were smaller in comparison with those of non-coated alloy. From the experimental results, it is suggested that TiN coated Ti alloy sample with rough surface has good protective propertiy against corrosion as well as HA coated bone plate alloy.