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Abu-rish, Eman Y., Eman R. Elayeh, and Michael J. Browning. "Physicians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards Zika virus infection in Jordan." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 07 (July 31, 2019): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11356.
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Introduction: Zika virus (ZIKAV) disease is a public health problem of international concern. Recent evidence has documented imported ZIKAV cases into the Middle East and the existence of ZIKAV-transmitting mosquitoes in Jordan. However, limited data exist on the role of physicians in public awareness in this regard. This study aimed to assess ZIKAV knowledge, attitudes and counseling practices (KAP) of general physicians and gynecologists in Amman, Jordan.
Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, a structured paper-based questionnaire was completed by 119 participants during 2016-2017.
Results: Only 4.2% of the physicians correctly addressed ZIKAV-complication questions. A misconception of considering direct contact between individuals and breastfeeding as modes of ZIKAV transmission was observed. Only one participant correctly recognized that isolation of infected or exposed persons is not recommended. Having at least five years of experience in medical practice was the only factor that was significantly associated with a high knowledge score (P-value=0.011). Although prevention measures are the sole method to control ZIKAV spread, only 50% of participants believed in the efficacy of such measures. Despite a quarter of participants perceiving ZIKAV as a threat to their patients, none of them have counseled a patient in this regard before. The presence of an evidence of ZIKAV in Jordan and health authorities' recommendations were the most important predictors for adoption of counseling practice.
Conclusions: General physicians and gynecologists in Jordan had several gaps in knowledge of key aspects of ZIKAV disease, and there is a need for specific training programs of physicians and gynecologists.
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Villa Flor, Cármen Júlia Del Rei, Caroline Ferreira Guerreiro, and Jorge Luis Motta Dos Anjos. "DESENVOLVIMENTO NEUROPSICOMOTOR EM CRIANÇAS COM MICROCEFALIA ASSOCIADO AO ZIKA VÍRUS." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 7, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v7i3.1386.
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Introdução: O virús Zika (ZIKAV) no Brasil foi identificado no início de 2015, concomitantemente houve um aumento de casos de microcefalia, sendo 1.248 novos casos, representando um salto de vinte vezes em relação aos últimos anos. Objetivo: Avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) em portadores de microcefalia pelo ZIKAV. MATERIAIS e Métodos: Pesquisa observacional, de corte transversal, com análise descritiva, através da revisão de dados em prontuários com a amostra composta por 22 lactentes com microcefalia associada ao ZIKAV. Resultados: A idade média na consulta de 8,9 ± 2,13 meses, idade gestacional de 38,13 ± 2,38 semanas ao nascimento, peso de 2603.9 gramas ± 579,5 e perímetro cefálico de 28,86±1.74 centímetros. 10 (45,45%) pacientes apresentaram histórico de convulsões, 11 (50%) alterações visuais, 2 (9,09%) auditivas e 4 (18,18%) articulares. Observou-se atrasos no DNPM. O tônus de membros superiores e membros inferiores apresentaram-se aumentados, em que os membros superiores e membros inferiores apresentou-se aumentado, sendo que os membros superiores apresentaram o valor médio superior aos membros inferiores, porém sem significância estatística (p=0,1). Conclusão: Os portadores de microcefalia associada ao ZIKAV apresentam atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor,alterações visuais, auditivas e sensoriais, impactando na independência funcional e na inserção social dessa população.
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Raza, Muhammad Hashim, Sarfraz Hussain, Muhammad Abdul Rehman Tanveer, and Ayesha Zaman. "A Clinical Review of Zika Virus (ZIKAV)." Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 2, no. 2 (February 2017): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25046/aj020202.
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Sareen, Sanjay, Sandeep K. Sood, and Sunil Kumar Gupta. "SECURE INTERNET OF THINGS-BASED CLOUD FRAMEWORK TO CONTROL ZIKA VIRUS OUTBREAK." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, no. 1 (2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317000113.
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Objectives: Zika virus (ZikaV) is currently one of the most important emerging viruses in the world which has caused outbreaks and epidemics and has also been associated with severe clinical manifestations and congenital malformations. Traditional approaches to combat the ZikaV outbreak are not effective for detection and control. The aim of this study is to propose a cloud-based system to prevent and control the spread of Zika virus disease using integration of mobile phones and Internet of Things (IoT).Methods: A Naive Bayesian Network (NBN) is used to diagnose the possibly infected users, and Google Maps Web service is used to provide the geographic positioning system (GPS)-based risk assessment to prevent the outbreak. It is used to represent each ZikaV infected user, mosquito-dense sites, and breeding sites on the Google map that helps the government healthcare authorities to control such risk-prone areas effectively and efficiently.Results: The performance and accuracy of the proposed system are evaluated using dataset for 2 million users. Our system provides high accuracy for initial diagnosis of different users according to their symptoms and appropriate GPS-based risk assessment.Conclusions: The cloud-based proposed system contributed to the accurate NBN-based classification of infected users and accurate identification of risk-prone areas using Google Maps.
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Phong, Trần Vũ, Nguyễn Hải Sơn, Nguyễn Văn Soái, Trần Thị Minh Tâm, Phan Hà Mỵ, Nguyễn Thuỳ Linh, Nguyễn Tuấn Anh, et al. "Tìm hiểu sự lưu hành Arboviruses trên muỗi Aedes tại một số địa phương miền Bắc Việt Nam, 2016-2019." Tạp chí Y học Dự phòng 30, no. 6 (April 27, 2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51403/0868-2836/2020/190.
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Trong các vi rút truyền qua muỗi Aedes, bên cạnh vi rút DENV vi rút ZIKAV, CHIKV đang có xu hướng lan rộng ra nhiều quốc gia trên thế giới. Nghiên cứu này được tiến hành nhằm xác định sự lưu hành của muỗi Aedes nhiễm DENV, CHIKV và ZIKAV tại một số địa phương có số ca mắc sốt xuất huyết hàng năm cao ở miền Bắc Việt Nam trong thời gian 2016-2019. Trong năm 2016, nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại 3 xã phường của tỉnh Nam Định và 6 xã phường của Hà Nội. Muỗi Ae. aegypti và Ae. albopictus phát hiện được hầu hết ở các xã phường nghiên cứu. Muỗi Ae. aegypti chiếm tỷ trọng lớn ở các phường nội thành, nơi luôn có các ổ dịch sốt xuất huyết được phát hiện hàng năm. Phân tích tổng số 622 muỗi Ae. aegypti và Ae. albopictus từ các điểm nghiên cứu bằng kỹ thuật real-time RT PCR đa mồi phát hiện DENV/CHIKV/ ZIKAV chưa phát hiện thấy muỗi Aedes nhiễm DENV/CHIKV/ZIKAV. Áp dụng thêm kỹ thuật Pan RT-PCR chi Flaviviruses, Alphaviruses và Phelbovirus phân tích 478 muỗi Ae. aegypti thu thập tại Hà Nội năm 2019 cũng không phát hiện muỗi nhiễm các vi rút này. Vẫn có sự lưu hành của muỗi Aedes tại Nam Định và Hà Nội, chưa phát hiện thấy muỗi Aedes nhiễm DENV, CHIKV và ZIKAV. Các giám sát lưu hành Arbovirus trên muỗi cần tiếp tục duy trì, áp dụng thêm các kỹ thuật sinh học phân tử như Pan RT-PCR sàng lọc các chi/nhóm vi rút sẽ giúp tăng hiệu quả giám sát.
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Moreira, Martha Cristina Nunes, Corina Helena Figueira Mendes, and Marcos Nascimento. "Zika, protagonismo feminino e cuidado: ensaiando zonas de contato." Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação 22, no. 66 (September 2018): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622017.0930.
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Neste ensaio iluminamos temas lançados ao debate pós-epidemia de Zika Vírus (ZIKAV) na vida de mulheres e crianças. Analisamos 23 artigos, publicados entre 2016 e 2017, selecionados em periódicos brasileiros, no campo das Ciências Sociais e Humanas em Saúde. Há um discurso mestiço de reivindicação por direitos – grandes narrativas de apelo social e explicação pelas forças sociais de um Estado negligente – associado a pequenas narrativas de cuidado de um filho com deficiência. Provisoriamente, concluímos que a zona de contato se dá pelo movimento de resgate das pequenas narrativas na tradução das iniquidades produzidas pelo Estado na vida das pessoas comuns.
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Haque, FM Anamul, and Saria Tasnim. "Recent Update on Management of Pregnancy with ZIKA Virus Infection." Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 31, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v31i1.34275.
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Zika, an emerging Aedes-mosquito-borne virus are currently being identified with alarming outbreak is spreading throughout the America. Health expert warn that anytime virus could enter Bangladesh due to worldwide easy communication of the people. Concerns have grown even stronger in Bangladesh after news media in Thailand and Taiwan reported cases of the viral infection among locals. Both places are popular destinations for Bangladeshi travellers, increasing the risk of the virus also spreading here. Aedes aegypti, the carrier of the virus, is also responsible for spreading dengue fever throughout the Indian sub-continent region, especially in Bangladesh and India. Pregnant women are at increased risk of neonatal complication like microcephaly if infected with ZIKA virus. This review describes epidemiology, transmission of ZIKAV, clinical presentation and recommendations for pregnancy according to CDC, RCOG,SGOC and WHO guidelines.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2016; Vol. 31(1) : 40-45
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Dotta, Alexandre Godoy, and Larissa Ribeiro Tomazoni. "The impact of the ZIKA Virus on the reproductive health of Brazilian women, environmental racism and the action for Direct Control of Unconstitutionality (ADI) No. 5581." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Jurídicas (Brazilian Journal of Law Research) 1, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51284/rbpj.01.godoydotta.
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Has the objective of identifying social vulnerabilities on the ZIKAV epidemic that occurred in Brazil in 2015. Search realize the main focuses of social vulnerability and possible impacts of the disease on policies for the promotion of women's reproductive health. Develops by means of the analysis of the official reports of the Ministry of the health of Brazil and of the data presented by the Brazilian Institute of geography and statistics (IBGE). Concludes by pointing to poverty and the lack of basic infrastructure services suitable for the main factor that caused the Brazilian outbreak. Describes how the disease affected mostly northeastern poor women. And weaves considerations of environmental racism and the report by the action of unconstitutionality (ADIN 5.581/2016), notably on the protection and defense of reproductive rights, especially the right to abortion.
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Ainisa, Syifa N., Jaharuddin, and Endar H. Nugrahani. "DYNAMICAL SYSTEM OF ZIKAV DISEASE SPREAD THROUGH THE ISOLATION WITH TWO GROUPS OF INFECTED POPULATION." Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences (FJMS) 102, no. 11 (December 12, 2017): 2611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/ms102112611.
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Honein, Margaret (Peggy), Marcela Mercado, Suzanne Gilboa, Diana Valencia, Marcela Daza, Romeo Galang, Christina Winfield, et al. "1873. Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes Among Colombian Women with Zika Virus Disease in 3 Surveillance Sites, Proyecto Vigilancia de Embarazadas con Zika." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.103.
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Abstract Background Proyecto Vigilancia de Embarazadas con Zika (VEZ) was an intensified surveillance system built upon existing national surveillance of pregnant women with symptoms of Zika virus (ZIKV) disease and conducted in three Colombian cities with a high prevalence of Zika. This analysis of data from VEZ estimates the risk of Zika-associated birth defects among pregnant women with symptoms of ZIKV disease, and among a subset with laboratory evidence of possible ZIKV infection during pregnancy. Methods During April–November 2016, pregnant women were enrolled if they were reported to the surveillance system (Sivigila) or visited participating clinics with symptoms of ZIKV disease. Maternal and pediatric data were abstracted from prenatal care, ultrasound, and delivery records, as well as from pediatric or specialist visit records. Available maternal and infant specimens were tested for the presence of ZIKV RNA and/or anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin (IgM) antibodies. Results Of 1,223 women enrolled, 47.8% and 34.3% reported first or second trimester symptom onset, respectively. Of 381 pregnancies with maternal and/or infant specimens tested, 108 (29%) had laboratory evidence of possible ZIKV infection during pregnancy; half of these (53.3%) were positive for ZIKV RNA only, 37.4% for IgM antibodies only, and 9.3% for both. Of 1,190 of pregnancies with known outcome, 63 (5%) had Zika-associated brain or eye defects; among the subset with any laboratory evidence, 12 (11%) had Zika-associated brain or eye defects. The prevalence of Zika-associated brain or eye defects was 5.9% (35/593) and 4.5% (19/423) among pregnancies with symptom onset in the first and second trimester, respectively. Conclusion Among pregnant women with symptoms of ZIKV disease enrolled during the height of the ZIKV epidemic in Colombia, prevalence of any Zika-associated brain or eye defect was 5%, with a higher prevalence among those with laboratory evidence of possible ZIKV infection. Rapid enhancements to Colombia’s national surveillance enabled the estimation of the risk of birth defects associated with ZIKV disease in pregnancy. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
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Liao, Tony, Xiaole Wang, Marco Donolato, Eva Harris, Magelda Montoya Cruz, Angel Balmaseda, and Robert Y. L. Wang. "Evaluation of ViroTrack Sero Zika IgG/IgM, a New Rapid and Quantitative Zika Serological Diagnostic Assay." Diagnostics 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10060372.
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Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) belong to the flavivirus genus and are antigenically closely related. They also share the same mosquito vector and can cause similar symptoms upon infection. However, DENV and ZIKV infections lead to different clinical sequelae and treatments; therefore, clinicians need rapid and accurate diagnostics capable of distinguishing between the two diseases. Methods: We employed the immuno-magnetic assay technology on a microfluidic cartridge (ViroTrack Sero Zika IgG/IgM) for diagnosis of ZIKV infection based on the aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles. We carried out three serological studies including samples from the Dominican Republic, USA, and Nicaragua, aimed at detecting ZIKV-specific IgG and IgM using the ViroTrack Sero Zika IgG/IgM test. Results: The seroconversion results were comparable with ZIKV IgG and IgM reactivity measured by the commercial ZIKV ELISA kit. The sensitivity and specificity for both ZIKV IgG and IgM tested by the ViroTrack Sero Zika IgG/IgM was approximately 98% and 93%, respectively. Conclusion: Serological detection of ZIKV infection by the new ViroTrack Sero Zika IgG/IgM test shows promising performance and limited cross-reactivity with DENV.
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Sam, I.-Ching, Magelda Montoya, Chong Long Chua, Yoke Fun Chan, Andrew Pastor, and Eva Harris. "Low seroprevalence rates of Zika virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 11 (July 11, 2019): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz056.
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Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is believed to be endemic in Southeast Asia. However, there have been few Zika cases reported to date in Malaysia, which could be due to high pre-existing levels of population immunity. Methods To determine Zika virus (ZIKV) seroprevalence in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1085 serum samples from 2012, 2014–2015 and 2017 were screened for anti-ZIKV antibodies using a ZIKV NS1 blockade-of-binding assay. Reactive samples were confirmed using neutralization assays against ZIKV and the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. A sample was possible ZIKV seropositive with a ZIKV 50% neutralization (NT50) titre ≥20. A sample was probable ZIKV seropositive if, in addition, all DENV NT50 titres were <20 or the ZIKV NT50 titre was >4-fold greater than the highest DENV NT50 titre. Results We found low rates of possible ZIKV seropositivity (3.3% [95% confidence interval {CI} 2.4 to 4.6]) and probable ZIKV seropositivity (0.6% [95% CI 0.3 to 1.4]). Possible ZIKV seropositivity was independently associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.06], p<0.0001) and male gender (OR 3.5 [95% CI 1.5 to 8.6], p=0.005). Conclusions The low ZIKV seroprevalence rate, a proxy for population immunity, does not explain the low incidence of Zika in dengue-hyperendemic Kuala Lumpur. Other factors, such as the possible protective effects of pre-existing flavivirus antibodies or reduced transmission by local mosquito vectors, should be explored. Kuala Lumpur is at high risk of a large-scale Zika epidemic.
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Oliveira, Wuelison Lelis de, Sara Dantas, Jessíca Reco Cruz, Amilton Victor Tognon Belchior, Letícia Gonçalves Grasso, Luiza Putrick da Silva, Sarah Sena Zanella, et al. "Análise espacial e desfechos dos casos notificados de síndrome congênita associada ao Zikav em gestantes, nascidos vivos e natimortos em Porto Velho, estado de Rondônia no período de 2015 a 2022." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 13 (October 14, 2022): e528111335646. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i13.35646.
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Objetivos: O presente estudo objetiva-se em descrever a distribuição espacial e temporal, implicações e desfechos dos casos suspeitos de ZIKAV em gestantes, nascidos vivos e natimortos em Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil, no período de 2015-2022. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo, de natureza descritiva e abordagem quantitativa, através dos dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravo e Notificação – SINAN do Registro de Eventos em Saúde Pública – RESP-Microcefalia, compreendidos entre janeiro de 2015 a julho de 2022. Resultados: Foram analisados 151 casos suspeitos em gestantes, destes 58 confirmados, predominaram gestantes não brancas, adultas jovens, de gravidez única. Em relação aos nascidos vivos e natimortos, houve maior proporção no sexo masculino, nascidos de peso adequado, a principal alteração congênita detectada foi a microcefalia e desfecho de 18 óbitos. Considerações Finais: Os achados deste estudo evidenciam a importância de redução da taxa de infecção pelo vírus em gestantes, bem como as implicações no binômino mãe-feto, a necessidade da assistência integral ao pré-natal, conforme preconizado pelas diretrizes de assistência à saúde da mulher e, ações á nível de vigilância epidemiológica e sanitárias voltadas ao controle do Aedes aegypti.
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Katzelnick, Leah C., César Narvaez, Sonia Arguello, Brenda Lopez Mercado, Damaris Collado, Oscarlett Ampie, Douglas Elizondo, et al. "Zika virus infection enhances future risk of severe dengue disease." Science 369, no. 6507 (August 27, 2020): 1123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6143.
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The Zika pandemic sparked intense interest in whether immune interactions among dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV1 to -4) extend to the closely related Zika virus (ZIKV). We investigated prospective pediatric cohorts in Nicaragua that experienced sequential DENV1 to -3 (2004 to 2015), Zika (2016 to 2017), and DENV2 (2018 to 2020) epidemics. Risk of symptomatic DENV2 infection and severe disease was elevated by one prior ZIKV infection, one prior DENV infection, or one prior DENV infection followed by one ZIKV infection, compared with being flavivirus-naïve. By contrast, multiple prior DENV infections reduced dengue risk. Further, although high preexisting anti-DENV antibody titers protected against DENV1, DENV3, and ZIKV disease, intermediate titers induced by previous ZIKV or DENV infection enhanced future risk of DENV2 disease and severity, as well as DENV3 severity. The observation that prior ZIKV infection can modulate dengue disease severity like a DENV serotype poses challenges to development of dengue and Zika vaccines.
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Santiago, Helton C., Tertuliano A. Pereira-Neto, Marcela H. Gonçalves-Pereira, Ana C. B. Terzian, and Anna P. Durbin. "Peculiarities of Zika Immunity and Vaccine Development: Lessons from Dengue and the Contribution from Controlled Human Infection Model." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030294.
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The Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated from a rhesus macaque in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947. Isolated cases were reported until 2007, when the first major outbreaks of Zika infection were reported from the Island of Yap in Micronesia and from French Polynesia in 2013. In 2015, ZIKV started to circulate in Latin America, and in 2016, ZIKV was considered by WHO to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to cases of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), a ZIKV-associated complication never observed before. After a peak of cases in 2016, the infection incidence dropped dramatically but still causes concern because of the associated microcephaly cases, especially in regions where the dengue virus (DENV) is endemic and co-circulates with ZIKV. A vaccine could be an important tool to mitigate CZS in endemic countries. However, the immunological relationship between ZIKV and other flaviviruses, especially DENV, and the low numbers of ZIKV infections are potential challenges for developing and testing a vaccine against ZIKV. Here, we discuss ZIKV vaccine development with the perspective of the immunological concerns implicated by DENV-ZIKV cross-reactivity and the use of a controlled human infection model (CHIM) as a tool to accelerate vaccine development.
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Sanchez Clemente, Nuria, Elizabeth Brickley, Marcia Furquim de Almeida, Steven Witkin, and Saulo Duarte Passos. "Can Zika Virus Infection in High Risk Pregnant Women Be Differentiated on the Basis of Symptoms?" Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111263.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy is associated with congenital neurological abnormalities. Our understanding of the full clinical spectrum of ZIKV infection is incomplete. Using data from this prospective cohort study consisting of 650 women attending a high-risk pregnancy clinic during the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, we investigated the extent to which specific symptoms can be utilized to differentiate ZIKV-infected pregnant women from those with other pregnancy-related problems. All were tested for ZIKV in urine by RT–qPCR. Demographic and clinical data including physical symptoms during follow-up were recorded and analyzed with respect to Zika virus exposure status. Forty-eight (7.4%) women were positive for ZIKV by RT–qPCR. The majority (70.8%) were asymptomatic, and only four ZIKV-positive women (8.3%) reported symptoms during pregnancy that met the WHO case definition. Zika-positive and -negative women reported similar frequencies of ZIKV-like symptoms (as per the WHO definition): fever (16.7% vs. 13.6%), arthralgia/arthritis (10.4% vs. 11.3%), rash (4.2% vs. 5.3%), and conjunctivitis (2.1% vs. 3.2%). Most pregnant women positive for ZIKV in urine are asymptomatic and do not deliver a baby with microcephaly. Physical symptoms alone did not differentiate between high-risk pregnant women positive or negative for ZIKV.
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Kiechle, Frederick, Ronald Carlton, Angelica Freddo, and Henry Quezada. "1779. Comparison of Two Zika IgM Antibody Capture Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (MAC-ELISA) in Symptomatic Patients from Dominican Republic, 2016." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1642.
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Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitos. To assess the clinical presentation in 434 symptomatic patients (64 men, 370 women [65 pregnant; 305 nonpregnant]) during a ZIKV outbreak in the Dominican Republic (DR) in 2016, we evaluated clinical symptoms, ZIKV by qualitative detection of ZIKV RNA and ZIKV IgM by two MAC-ELISA assays, one from CDC and performed by the Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL and one from InBios International Inc., Seattle, WA (Zika Virus Detect). Methods The Aptima ZIKV assay (Hologic, San Diego, CA) was used to detect ZIKV by transcription-mediated amplification RT–PCR in serum, plasma, or urine. Corresponding clinical symptomology reports were reviewed for all 434 patients. The results from the two MAC-ELISA assays were evaluated by linear regression analysis. The two MAC-ELISA assays were reported as optical density (OD) ratios from a sample with three different antigens (P/N ratio for CDC Zika MAC-ELISA and Zika Immune Status Ratio or ISR for InBios Zika Virus Detect MAC-ELISA). Results There was a biphasic increase in ZIKV detection in April and late May/June 2016 in the 434 symptomatic patients. All 434 had one or more of four symptoms including rash, fever, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. Linear regression analysis (log scale) of results from subject samples tested on the two MAC-ELISAs (282 total) revealed a slope of 1.172, y-intercept of 0.1584 and R2 of 0.587. In 88 RT–PCR-negative patients, 48 (54.5%) were positive by both MAC-ELISAs; 27 (30.7%) were negative by both MAC-ELISAs and 13 (14.7%) had discrepant results with a sensitivity of 85% for the InBios MAC-ELISA. The InBios also detected IgM in 54.4% of samples that were positive for ZIKV by RT–PCR attributable to errors in determining the days post symptom onset. Conclusion In 2016 there was a biphasic spike of ZIKV-positive infections in 434 symptomatic men and women tested in DR. Both linear regression analysis and our comparative analysis in the ZIKV RT–PCR-positive and negative cohorts demonstrate that the InBios Zika Virus Detect MAC-ELISA provides diagnostic results comparable to the CDC Zika MAC-ELISA. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Steffen, Tara, Mariah Hassert, Stella G. Hoft, E. Taylor Stone, Jianfeng Zhang, Elizabeth Geerling, Brian T. Grimberg, M. Scot Roberts, Amelia K. Pinto, and James D. Brien. "Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 Vaccine against Zika Virus." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020170.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant public health concern due to the pathogen’s ability to be transmitted by either mosquito bite or sexual transmission, allowing spread to occur throughout the world. The potential consequences of ZIKV infection to human health, specifically neonates, necessitates the development of a safe and effective Zika virus vaccine. Here, we developed an intranasal Zika vaccine based upon the replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 (hAd5) expressing ZIKV pre-membrane and envelope protein (hAd5-ZKV). The hAd5-ZKV vaccine is able to induce both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to ZIKV epitopes. Importantly, this vaccine generated CD8+ T cells specific for a dominant ZIKV T cell epitope and is shown to be protective against a ZIKV challenge by using a pre-clinical model of ZIKV disease. We also demonstrate that the vaccine expresses pre-membrane and envelope protein in a confirmation recognized by ZIKV experienced individuals. Our studies demonstrate that this adenovirus-based vaccine expressing ZIKV proteins is immunogenic and protective in mice, and it encodes ZIKV proteins in a conformation recognized by the human antibody repertoire.
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Uchida, Leo, Miki Shibuya, Ronald Enrique Morales-Vargas, Katsuro Hagiwara, and Yasukazu Muramatsu. "Zika Virus Potential Vectors among Aedes Mosquitoes from Hokkaido, Northern Japan: Implications for Potential Emergence of Zika Disease." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2021): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080938.
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The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a rapidly expanding mosquito-borne virus that causes febrile illness in humans. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the primary ZIKV vectors; however, the potential vector competence of other Aedes mosquitoes distributed in northern Japan (Palearctic ecozone) are not yet known. In this study, the susceptibility to Zika virus infection of three Aedes mosquitoes distributed in the main city of the northern Japan and their capacities as vectors for ZIKV were evaluated. Field-collected mosquitoes were fed ad libitum an infectious blood meal containing the ZIKV PRVABC59. The Zika virus was detected in the abdomen of Ae. galloisi and Ae. japonicus at 2–10 days post infection (PI), and from the thorax and head of Ae. galloisi at 10 days PI, resulting in 17.6% and 5.9% infection rates, respectively. The Zika virus was not detected from Ae. punctor at any time. Some northern Japanese Aedes could be suspected as vectors of ZIKV but the risk may be low when compared with major ZIKV vectors.
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Almansour, Iman, Rahaf Alfares, and Halah Aljofi. "Large-scale analysis of B-cell epitopes of envelope: Implications for Zika vaccine and immunotherapeutic development." F1000Research 7 (October 10, 2018): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16454.1.
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Background:Cases of the re-emergence of Zika virus in 2015 were associated with severe neurologic complications, including Gillien-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome in newborns. The major structural determinant of immunity to the Zika virus is the E protein. Although B-cell epitopes of Zika E protein were recently identified, data regarding epitope variations among Zika strains in pre-epidemic and epidemic periods are lacking.Methods:Here, we conducted systematic bioinformatics analyses of Zika strains isolated between 1968 and 2017. Multiple sequence alignment of E protein as well as B-cell epitopes annotations were performed. In addition, homology-based approach was utilized to construct three-dimensional structures of monomeric E glycoproteins to annotate epitope variations. Lastly, ofN-glycosylation patterns and prediction of protein stability upon mutations were also investigated.Results:Our analyses indicates that epitopes recognized by human mAbs ZIKV-117, ZIKV-15, and ZIKV-119 were highly conserved, suggesting as attractive targets for the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics directed against diverse Zika strains. In addition, the epitope recognized by ZIKV-E-2A10G6 mAb derived from immunized mice was highly conserved across Zika strains.Conclusions:Our data provide new insights regarding antigenic similarities between Zika strains circulating worldwide. These data are essential for understanding the impact of evolution on antigenic cross-reactivity between Zika lineages and strains. Furtherin-vitroanalyses are needed to determine how mutations could impact the development of vaccines that can effectively neutralize Zika viruses.
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Almansour, Iman, Rahaf Alfares, and Halah Aljofi. "Large-scale analysis of B-cell epitopes of envelope: Implications for Zika vaccine and immunotherapeutic development." F1000Research 7 (June 27, 2019): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16454.2.
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Background:Cases of the re-emergence of Zika virus in 2015 were associated with severe neurologic complications, including Gillien-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome in newborns. The major structural determinant of immunity to the Zika virus is the E protein. Although B-cell epitopes of Zika E protein were recently identified, data regarding epitope variations among Zika strains in pre-epidemic and epidemic periods are lacking.Methods:Here, we conducted systematic bioinformatics analyses of Zika strains isolated between 1968 and 2017. Multiple sequence alignment of E protein as well as B-cell epitopes annotations were performed. In addition, homology-based approach was utilized to construct three-dimensional structures of monomeric E glycoproteins to annotate epitope variations. Lastly, prediction of ofN-glycosylation patterns and prediction of protein stability upon mutations were also investigated.Results:Our analyses indicates that epitopes recognized by human mAbs ZIKV-117, ZIKV-15, and ZIKV-19 were highly conserved, suggesting as attractive targets for the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics directed against diverse Zika strains. In addition, the epitope recognized by ZIKV-E-2A10G6 mAb derived from immunized mice was mostly conserved across Zika strains.Conclusions:Our data provide new insights regarding antigenic similarities between Zika strains circulating worldwide. These data are essential for understanding the impact of evolution on antigenic cross-reactivity between Zika lineages and strains. Furtherin-vitroanalyses are needed to determine how mutationsat predefined epitopes could impact the development of vaccines that can effectively neutralize Zika viruses.
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Otu, Akaninyene A., Ubong A. Udoh, Okokon I. Ita, Joseph P. Hicks, Ido Ukpeh, and John Walley. "Prevalence of Zika and malaria in patients with fever in secondary healthcare facilities in south-eastern Nigeria." Tropical Doctor 50, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475519872580.
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We describe the frequency of Zika and malaria among patients presenting with fever to secondary health facilities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional, stratified survey design, we randomly selected nine facilities and consecutively recruited 100 participants (aged ≥ 1 year) who presented with fever. On testing blood samples using Biocan qualitative lateral flow immuno-chromatographic cassettes for Zika IgG and IgM, 10% were seropositive for Zika virus (ZIKV) IgM, 12% for ZIKV IgG and 20% for ZIKV IgM, IgG or both. Following microscopy of thick films stained with Giemsa for malaria parasites, 55% were positive for malaria and 15% were positive for both malaria and ZIKV IgM, IgG or both. A moderately negative association between urban and rural household location and seropositivity for ZIKV IgM or IgG was found on logistic regression. Our results clearly indicate a high rate of probable ZIKV and malaria co-incidence in Cross River State. Given the high risk of serious fetal outcomes following ZIKV infection, further epidemiological research and surveillance systems for ZIKV are clearly required.
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Mulkey, Sarah B., Emily Ansusinha, Caitlin Cristante, Stephanie M. Russo, Cara Biddle, Youssef A. Kousa, Lindsay Pesacreta, et al. "Complexities of Zika Diagnosis and Evaluation in a U.S. Congenital Zika Program." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1256.
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Abstract.The objective of the study was to describe the complexity of diagnosis and evaluation of Zika-exposed pregnant women/fetuses and infants in a U.S. Congenital Zika Program. Pregnant women/fetuses and/or infants referred for clinical evaluation to the Congenital Zika Program at Children’s National (Washington, DC) from January 2016 to June 2018 were included. We recorded the timing of maternal Zika-virus (ZIKV) exposure and ZIKV laboratory testing results. Based on laboratory testing, cases were either confirmed, possible, or unlikely ZIKV infection. Prenatal and postnatal imaging by ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were categorized as normal, nonspecific, or as findings of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Of 81 women–fetus/infant pairs evaluated, 72 (89%) had confirmed ZIKV exposure; 18% of women were symptomatic; only a minority presented for evaluation within the time frame for laboratory detection. Zika virus could only be confirmed in 29 (40%) cases, was possible in 26 (36%) cases, and was excluded in 17 (24%) cases. Five cases (7%) had prenatal ultrasound and MRI findings of CZS, but in only three was ZIKV confirmed by laboratory testing. Because of timing of exposure to presentation, ZIKV infection could not be excluded in many cases. Neuroimaging found CZS in 7% of cases, and in many patients, there were nonspecific imaging findings that warrant long-term follow-up. Overall, adherence to postnatal recommended follow-up evaluations was modest, representing a barrier to care. These challenges may be instructive to future pediatric multidisciplinary clinics for congenital infectious/noninfectious threats to pregnant women and their infants.
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Seferovic, Maxim D., Michelle Turley, Gregory C. Valentine, Martha Rac, Eumenia C. C. Castro, Angela M. Major, Brianna Sanchez, et al. "Clinical Importance of Placental Testing among Suspected Cases of Congenital Zika Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030712.
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Contemporaneous Zika virus (ZIKV) strains can cause congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Current ZIKV clinical laboratory testing strategies are limited and include IgM serology (which may wane 12 weeks after initial exposure) and nucleic acid testing (NAT) of maternal serum, urine, and placenta for (+) strand ZIKV RNA (which is often transient). The objectives of this study were to determine if use of additional molecular tools, such as quantitative PCR and microscopy, would add to the diagnostic value of current standard placental ZIKV testing in cases with maternal endemic exposure and indeterminate testing. ZIKV RNA was quantified from dissected sections of placental villi, chorioamnion sections, and full cross-sections of umbilical cord in all cases examined. Quantitation with high-resolution automated electrophoresis determined relative amounts of precisely verified ZIKV (74-nt amplicons). In order to localize and visualize stable and actively replicating placental ZIKV in situ, labeling of flaviviridae glycoprotein, RNA ISH against both (+) and (–) ZIKV-specific ssRNA strands, and independent histologic examination for significant pathologic changes were employed. We demonstrate that the use of these molecular tools added to the diagnostic value of placental ZIKV testing among suspected cases of congenital Zika syndrome with poorly ascribed maternal endemic exposure.
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Muthuraj, Philma Glora, Chandan Krishnamoorthy, Ann Anderson-Berry, Corrine Hanson, and Sathish Kumar Natarajan. "Novel Therapeutic Nutrients Molecules That Protect against Zika Virus Infection with a Special Note on Palmitoleate." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010124.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus from the Flaviviridae family and a positive-sense single strand RNA virus. ZIKV infection can cause a mild infection to the mother but can be vertically transmitted to the developing fetus, causing congenital anomalies. The prevalence of ZIKV infections was relatively insignificant with sporadic outbreaks in the Asian and African continents until 2006. However, recent epidemic in the Caribbean showed significant increased incidence of Congenital Zika Syndrome. ZIKV infection results in placental pathology which plays a crucial role in disease transmission from mother to fetus. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccine or therapeutic drug against ZIKV. This review article summarizes the recent advances on ZIKV transmission and diagnosis and reviews nutraceuticals which can protect against the ZIKV infection. Further, we have reviewed recent advances related to the novel therapeutic nutrient molecules that have been shown to possess activity against Zika virus infected cells. We also review the mechanism of ZIKV-induced endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis and the protective role of palmitoleate (nutrient molecule) against ZIKV-induced ER stress and apoptosis in the placental trophoblasts.
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Dudley, Dawn M., Michelle R. Koenig, Laurel M. Stewart, Matthew R. Semler, Christina M. Newman, Phoenix M. Shepherd, Keisuke Yamamoto, et al. "Human immune globulin treatment controls Zika viremia in pregnant rhesus macaques." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 14, 2022): e0266664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266664.
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There are currently no approved drugs to treat Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy. Hyperimmune globulin products such as VARIZIG and WinRho are FDA-approved to treat conditions during pregnancy such as Varicella Zoster virus infection and Rh-incompatibility. We administered ZIKV-specific human immune globulin as a treatment in pregnant rhesus macaques one day after subcutaneous ZIKV infection. All animals controlled ZIKV viremia following the treatment and generated robust levels of anti-Zika virus antibodies in their blood. No adverse fetal or infant outcomes were identified in the treated animals, yet the placebo control treated animals also did not have signs related to congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Human immune globulin may be a viable prophylaxis and treatment option for ZIKV infection during pregnancy, however, more studies are required to fully assess the impact of this treatment to prevent CZS.
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Kelvin, Alyson Ann, David Banner, Luciano Pamplona, Carlos Alencar, Salvatore Rubino, and Jorg Heukelbach. "ZIKATracker: A mobile App for reporting cases of ZIKV worldwide." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2016): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8248.
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We have developed a mobile App called ZIKATracker (zikatracker.net) to voluntarily be used to report ZIKV cases on a public or private level. As the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection zones are rapidly expanding across South, Central, and North America, and reports have emerged linking ZIKV infection with developmental defects and neurological sequelae, reporting the movement and sequelae of ZIKV is essential. ZIKATracker is a multi-lingual App (English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese) freely available to anyone worldwide wishing to report a suspected or confirmed case of Zika virus and related symptoms. Knowledge gained from the use of this App will help direct the implementation of mosquito control measures in needed areas, bring aid to those affected by the Zika virus, and understand the movement and sequelae of ZIKV as it spreads through communities and across continents.
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Castanha, Priscila M. S., and Ernesto T. A. Marques. "A Glimmer of Hope: Recent Updates and Future Challenges in Zika Vaccine Development." Viruses 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121371.
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The emergence and rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) on a global scale as well as the establishment of a causal link between Zika infection and congenital syndrome and neurological disorders triggered unprecedented efforts towards the development of a safe and effective Zika vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms, including purified inactivated virus, nucleic acid vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and viral-vectored vaccines, have advanced to human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field of Zika vaccine development and the challenges for future clinical efficacy trials. We provide a brief overview on Zika vaccine platforms in the pipeline before summarizing the vaccine candidates in clinical trials, with a focus on recent, promising results from vaccine candidates that completed phase I trials. Despite low levels of transmission during recent years, ZIKV has become endemic in the Americas and the potential of large Zika outbreaks remains real. It is important for vaccine developers to continue developing their Zika vaccines, so that a potential vaccine is ready for deployment and clinical efficacy trials when the next ZIKV outbreak occurs.
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Hazlewood, Jessamine E., Daniel J. Rawle, Bing Tang, Kexin Yan, Laura J. Vet, Eri Nakayama, Jody Hobson-Peters, Roy A. Hall, and Andreas Suhrbier. "A Zika Vaccine Generated Using the Chimeric Insect-Specific Binjari Virus Platform Protects against Fetal Brain Infection in Pregnant Mice." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030496.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is the etiological agent of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), a spectrum of birth defects that can lead to life-long disabilities. A range of vaccines are in development with the target population including pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. Using a recently described chimeric flavivirus vaccine technology based on the novel insect-specific Binjari virus (BinJV), we generated a ZIKV vaccine (BinJ/ZIKA-prME) and illustrate herein its ability to protect against fetal brain infection. Female IFNAR−/− mice were vaccinated once with unadjuvanted BinJ/ZIKA-prME, were mated, and at embryonic day 12.5 were challenged with ZIKVPRVABC59. No infectious ZIKV was detected in maternal blood, placenta, or fetal heads in BinJ/ZIKA-prME-vaccinated mice. A similar result was obtained when the more sensitive qRT PCR methodology was used to measure the viral RNA. BinJ/ZIKA-prME vaccination also did not result in antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection or disease. BinJ/ZIKA-prME thus emerges as a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention of CSZ.
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Martínez-Rojas, Pedro Pablo, Elizabeth Quiroz-García, Verónica Monroy-Martínez, Lourdes Teresa Agredano-Moreno, Luis Felipe Jiménez-García, and Blanca H. Ruiz-Ordaz. "Participation of Extracellular Vesicles from Zika-Virus-Infected Mosquito Cells in the Modification of Naïve Cells’ Behavior by Mediating Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Viral Elements." Cells 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010123.
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To date, no safe vaccine or antivirals for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection have been found. The pathogenesis of severe Zika, where host and viral factors participate, remains unclear. For the control of Zika, it is important to understand how ZIKV interacts with different host cells. Knowledge of the targeted cellular pathways which allow ZIKV to productively replicate and/or establish prolonged viral persistence contributes to novel vaccines and therapies. Monocytes and endothelial vascular cells are the main ZIKV targets. During the infection process, cells are capable of releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are mediators of intercellular communication. We found that mosquito EVs released from ZIKV-infected (C6/36) cells carry viral RNA and ZIKV-E protein and are able to infect and activate naïve mosquito and mammalian cells. ZIKV C6/36 EVs promote the differentiation of naïve monocytes and induce a pro-inflammatory state with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression. ZIKV C6/36 EVs participate in endothelial vascular cell damage by inducing coagulation (TF) and inflammation (PAR-1) receptors at the endothelial surface of the cell membranes and promote a pro-inflammatory state with increased endothelial permeability. These data suggest that ZIKV C6/36 EVs may contribute to the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection in human hosts.
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Flamand, Claude, Sarah Bailly, Camille Fritzell, Léna Berthelot, Jessica Vanhomwegen, Henrik Salje, Juliette Paireau, et al. "Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 12 (August 16, 2019): 1915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz396.
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Abstract Background Since the identification of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread throughout the Americas. However, ZIKV burden in the general population in affected countries remains unknown. Methods We conducted a general population survey in the different communities of French Guiana through individual interviews and serologic survey during June–October 2017. All serum samples were tested for anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G antibodies using a recombinant antigen-based SGERPAxMap microsphere immunoassay, and some of them were further evaluated through anti-ZIKV microneutralization tests. Results The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.9%–25.9%) among 2697 participants, varying from 0% to 45.6% according to municipalities. ZIKV circulated in a large majority of French Guiana but not in the most isolated forest areas. The proportion of reported symptomatic Zika infection was estimated at 25.5% (95% CI, 20.3%–31.4%) in individuals who tested positive for ZIKV. Conclusions This study described a large-scale representative ZIKV seroprevalence study in South America from the recent 2015–2016 Zika epidemic. Our findings reveal that the majority of the population remains susceptible to ZIKV, which could potentially allow future reintroductions of the virus.
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Morais, Liliane Monteiro de, Thiago Santos Chaves, Marco Alberto Medeiros, Kaique Alves Brayner Pereira, Patrícia Barbosa Jurgilas, Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima, Sotiris Missailidis, and Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis. "Selection and Characterization of Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers of Diagnostic Potential against the Whole Zika Virus." Viruses 14, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091867.
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Zika virus became a major public health problem in early 2015, when cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome and microcephaly were associated with viral infection. Currently, ZIKV is endemic in all tropical areas of the world, and the chance for future Zika epidemics remains very real and accurate diagnosis is crucial. The aim of this work was to select specific ssDNA aptamers that bind to the entire Zika virus and can be used to compose specific diagnostics, without cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses. Zika virus was cultivated in Vero cells and used as a target for aptamer selection. Aptamers specific for the ZIKV were selected using whole-virus SELEX, with counterselection for other flavivirus. Secondary and tertiary structures were evaluated and the molecular anchoring between the aptamers and target were simulated by the HDOCK server. Aptamer interaction was evaluated by ELISA/ELASA and the dissociation constant (Kd) was calculated by thermophoresis. Four ZIKV-specific aptamers were selected. The best two were further characterized and proved to be specific for ZIKV. Aptamers are capable of binding specifically to the ZIKV and differentiate from Dengue virus. The aptamers selected in this work can be used as capture agents in the composition of diagnostic tests to specifically detect ZIKV infection.
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Lustig, Yaniv, Neta Zuckerman, Ravit Koren, Shiri Katz-Likvornik, Mayan Yizchaki, Ella Mendelson, Laurence Freedman, and Eli Schwartz. "Rapid Decline of Zika Virus IgM Antibodies against the NS1 Protein in Imported Israeli Cases." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 1121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0099.
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ABSTRACT. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy may cause severe fetal abnormalities and therefore it is important to diagnose and distinguish between recent and past Zika infection. Serological diagnosis assays detect antibodies against the envelope protein, that suffer from high cross-reactivity. In addition, reports regarding long IgM persistence prevent its use in diagnosis of recent Zika infection. Following the Zika pandemic, a novel ELISA assay based on detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against Zika nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein was developed (NS1-IgM and NS1-IgG). Here, antibodies against NS1 were assessed in Israeli travelers diagnosed with Zika. NS1-IgM and NS1-IgG antibodies from 36 travelers diagnosed with ZIKV infection were detected as early as 5 days after symptom onset. However, while IgG levels were maintained for several months, IgM levels in all samples declined rapidly and by 31 days after symptom onset, no IgM positive samples were detected. Interval-censored survival analysis demonstrated 25%, 50%, and 75% decline in NS1-IgM levels in 29 days (95% CI: 22–34), 34 days (95% CI: 29–44), and 44 days (95% CI: 34–65), respectively. Our results suggest that IgM antibodies against ZIKV NS1 are short lived and can be used as a reliable marker for diagnosis of recent ZIKV infection.
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Dudley, Dawn M., Matthew T. Aliota, Emma L. Mohr, Christina M. Newman, Thaddeus G. Golos, Thomas C. Friedrich, and David H. O'Connor. "Using Macaques to Address Critical Questions in Zika Virus Research." Annual Review of Virology 6, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015732.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) and nonhuman primates have been inextricably linked since the virus was first discovered in a sentinel rhesus macaque in Uganda in 1947. Soon after ZIKV was epidemiologically associated with birth defects in Brazil late in 2015, researchers capitalized on the fact that rhesus macaques are commonly used to model viral immunity and pathogenesis, quickly establishing macaque models for ZIKV infection. Within months, the susceptibility of pregnant macaques to experimental ZIKV challenge and ZIKV-associated abnormalities in fetuses was confirmed. This review discusses key unanswered questions in ZIKV immunity and in the pathogenesis of thecongenital Zika virus syndrome. We focus on those questions that can be best addressed in pregnant nonhuman primates and lessons learned from developing macaque models for ZIKV amid an active epidemic.
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Goodfellow, Forrest, Katherine Willard, Xian Wu, Shelley Scoville, Steven Stice, and Melinda Brindley. "Strain-Dependent Consequences of Zika Virus Infection and Differential Impact on Neural Development." Viruses 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100550.
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Maternal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy can result in neonatal abnormalities, including neurological dysfunction and microcephaly. Experimental models of congenital Zika syndrome identified neural progenitor cells as a target of viral infection. Neural progenitor cells are responsible for populating the developing central nervous system with neurons and glia. Neural progenitor dysfunction can lead to severe birth defects, namely, lissencephaly, microcephaly, and cognitive deficits. For this study, the consequences of ZIKV infection in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor (hNP) cells and neurons were evaluated. ZIKV isolates from Asian and African lineages displayed lineage-specific replication kinetics, cytopathic effects, and impacts on hNP function and neuronal differentiation. The currently circulating ZIKV isolates exhibit a unique profile of virulence, cytopathic effect, and impaired cellular functions that likely contribute to the pathological mechanism of congenital Zika syndrome. The authors found that infection with Asian-lineage ZIKV isolates impaired the proliferation and migration of hNP cells, and neuron maturation. In contrast, the African-lineage infections resulted in abrupt and extensive cell death. This work furthers the understanding of ZIKV-induced brain pathology.
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Ren, Ping, Daniel A. Ortiz, Ana C. B. Terzian, Tatiana E. Colombo, Mauricio L. Nogueira, Nikos Vasilakis, and Michael J. Loeffelholz. "Evaluation of Aptima Zika Virus Assay." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 7 (May 3, 2017): 2198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00603-17.
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ABSTRACT The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas poses a public health emergency that requires a swift response. Accurate and reliable ZIKV diagnostic tests serve as an important tool for limiting the spread of ZIKV infections. The Aptima Zika virus assay (Hologic, Marlborough, MA) performed on the automated Panther system is a rapid and high-throughput method for detecting ZIKV RNA using transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) technology. We evaluated the performance characteristics of the Aptima Zika virus assay on clinical serum and urine specimens ( n = 124) from two different patient populations and samples spiked with ZIKV from three different lineages ( n = 10). Compared to the real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) reference method, the Aptima ZIKV assay detected ZIKV RNA with a diagnostic accuracy of 94.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.4 to 97.6), a sensitivity of 94.7% (95% CI, 73.5 to 99.9), and a specificity of 94.8% (95% CI, 88.9 to 97.8). Similar results were obtained regardless of whether a serum or urine source was used. The limits of detection of the assay at a 95% detection probability were 11.5 genome copy equivalents (GCE)/ml (95% fiducial limits, 7.9 to 20.2) in serum and 17.9 GCE/ml (95% fiducial limits, 13.1 to 27.5) in urine. The Aptima Zika virus assay results were highly reproducible (99%), and no cross-reactivity was seen during the testing of a panel of 95 specimens with potentially interfering substances, such as clinically relevant bacteria, fungi, and viruses, including other flaviviruses. The excellent performance characteristics and the convenience of a fully automated testing system make the Aptima ZIKV assay an attractive choice for clinical laboratories detecting ZIKV RNA from serum and urine.
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Xu, Dan, Cui Li, Cheng-Feng Qin, and Zhiheng Xu. "Update on the Animal Models and Underlying Mechanisms for ZIKV-Induced Microcephaly." Annual Review of Virology 6, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015740.
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The circulation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in nearly 80 countries and territories poses a significant global threat to public health. ZIKV is causally linked to severe developmental defects in the brain, recognized as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), which includes microcephaly and other serious congenital neurological complications. Since the World Health Organization declared the ZIKV outbreak a public health emergency of international concern, remarkable progress has been made in the generation of different ZIKV infection animal models to gain insight into cellular targets and pathogenesis and to explore the associated underlying mechanisms. Here we focus on summarizing our current understanding of the effects of ZIKV on mammalian brain development in different developmental stages and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms of ZIKV-induced CZS, as well as future perspectives.
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Liang, Yuejin, Jerome Escano, and Jiaren Sun. "IL-33 promotes antiviral immunity and protects against congenital Zika disease in mice." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 75.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.75.4.
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Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause congenital Zika syndrome and other birth defects. The alarmin IL-33 can evoke strong antiviral immune responses during viral infection. However, whether IL-33 is involved in immune responses during ZIKV infection is not clear. In this study, we infected three-week-old wildtype (WT) and IL-33 knockout (KO) mice with ZIKV and analyzed the ZIKV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses at 6 days post infection. We found that IL-33 deficiency resulted in decreased ZIKV-specific CTL responses as evidenced by lower numbers of IFN-g+TNF-a+ CD8+ T effectors. To determine if IL-33 contributes to anti-ZIKV immunity during pregnancy, we infected WT pregnant mice with ZIKV and found increased IL-33 in the placenta at a mid-gestational period (embryo E13.5) compared with that of uninfected ones. Likewise, elevated IL-33 expression was also observed in human trophoblast cell lines JEG-3 and HTR-8 upon ZIKV infection. To determine if IL-33 plays a protective role in congenital Zika disease, we infected pregnant WT and IL-33 KO mice by i.p. injection of ZIKV at E6.5 and found higher percentages of fetal demise and absorption in IL-33 KO mice compared with that in WT mice (16.7 % vs. 3.3 %) from necropsy on E13.5. In addition, the fetuses from IL-33 KO mice displayed smaller sizes than those of WT fetuses (55 mm2 vs. 48 mm2). Moreover, IL-33 deficient mice had lower numbers of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the placenta, uterine and decidua. Importantly, IL-33 deficiency resulted in higher viral loads in both the placenta and fetus. In summary, our study highlights IL-33 as a key immune regulator in inducing anti-ZIKV CTL responses and protecting against congenital Zika disease.
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Setoh, Yin, Nias Peng, Eri Nakayama, Alberto Amarilla, Natalie Prow, Andreas Suhrbier, and Alexander Khromykh. "Fetal Brain Infection Is Not a Unique Characteristic of Brazilian Zika Viruses." Viruses 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100541.
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The recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil was associated with an increased number of fetal brain infections that resulted in a spectrum of congenital neurological complications known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Herein, we generated de novo from sequence data an early Asian lineage ZIKV isolate (ZIKV-MY; Malaysia, 1966) not associated with microcephaly and compared the in vitro replication kinetics and fetal brain infection in interferon α/β receptor 1 knockout (IFNAR1−/−) dams of this isolate and of a Brazilian isolate (ZIKV-Natal; Natal, 2015) unequivocally associated with microcephaly. The replication efficiencies of ZIKV-MY and ZIKV-Natal in A549 and Vero cells were similar, while ZIKV-MY replicated more efficiently in wild-type (WT) and IFNAR−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Viremias in IFNAR1−/− dams were similar after infection with ZIKV-MY or ZIKV-Natal, and importantly, infection of fetal brains was also not significantly different. Thus, fetal brain infection does not appear to be a unique feature of Brazilian ZIKV isolates.
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Reslan, Alawiya, Juliano G. Haddad, Philippe Desprès, Jean-Loup Bascands, and Gilles Gadea. "High Glucose Induces in HK2 Kidney Cells an IFN–Dependent ZIKV Antiviral Status Fueled by Viperin." Biomedicines 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071577.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that rapidly became a major medical concern worldwide. We have recently reported that a high glucose level decreases the rate of Zika virus (ZIKV) replication with an impact on human kidney HK-2 cell survival. However, the mechanisms by which cells cultured in a high glucose medium inhibit ZIKV growth remain unclear. Viperin belongs to interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and its expression is highly up-regulated upon viral infection, leading to antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, including flaviviruses. As such, viperin has been shown to be a major actor involved in the innate immune response against Zika virus (ZIKV). Our present study aims to further characterize the involvement of viperin in ZIKV growth inhibition under high glucose concentration (HK-2HGC). We show for the first time that endogenous viperin is over-expressed in HK-2 cells cultured under high glucose concentration (HK-2HGC), which is associated with ZIKV growth inhibition. Viperin knockdown in HK-2HGC rescues ZIKV growth. In addition, our results emphasize that up-regulated viperin in HK-2HGC leads to ZIKV growth inhibition through the stimulation of IFN-β production. In summary, our work provides new insights into the ZIKV growth inhibition mechanism observed in HK-2 cells cultured in a high glucose environment.
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Zambrano, Laura D., Augustina Delaney, Charles E. Rose, Suzanne Gilboa, Van Tong, Miguel Valencia-Prado, Nicole Roth, et al. "84. Clarifying the Congenital Zika Syndrome Phenotype and Expanding to Congenital Zika Spectrum in the Absence of Laboratory Evidence." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.394.
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Abstract Background Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a term used to describe the pattern of anomalies in infants due to congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. To date, published reports of infants with these anomalies have been primarily small case series of the most severely affected infants and attempts to determine the CZS phenotype have been based on those reports. Lack of a standard definition has led to inconsistencies in the term’s use in the literature and uncertainty about the full spectrum of anomalies, limiting the application for diagnostic and surveillance purposes. Cluster analysis of brain and eye anomalies associated with congenital Zika infection. Clustering occurred independent of laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection, yielding a clinically distinct phenotype associated with congenital infection. Methods We sought to understand which defects co-occur with possible congenital ZIKV infection using data from 415 mother-infant dyads with laboratory evidence of confirmed or presumptive Zika virus infection from the U.S. Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry, and a comparison group of 4534 mother-infant dyads with no documented or plausible ZIKV infection from the Zika Birth Defects Surveillance System. We use k-means cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and regression approaches to identify combinations of defects consistent with possible congenital ZIKV infection. Results A clinically distinct phenotype emerged as a single cluster in infants for whom both brain and eye defects were recorded that corresponded to evidence of confirmed or probable ZIKV infection. A combination of six defects (sub-cortical calcifications, chorioretinal atrophy/pigmentary anomalies, arthrogryposis or clubfoot, cerebral atrophy or ventriculomegaly, abnormal cortical gyration, and optic nerve atrophy/pallor/other optic nerve abnormalities) predicted the presence of laboratory evidence (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.95, 95% confidence interval: 0.90–0.99). Conclusion Further analyses are underway to develop a scoring rubric to weigh evidence of specific congenital anomalies, separately and in combination, that are consistent with laboratory evidence of congenital ZIKV infection. A quantitatively determined spectrum of Zika-associated anomalies, based on the presence of specific combinations of congenital anomalies, will inform a clinical decision tool to improve patient counseling and public health surveillance practices. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Zambrana, José Victor, Fausto Bustos Carrillo, Raquel Burger-Calderon, Damaris Collado, Nery Sanchez, Sergio Ojeda, Jairo Carey Monterrey, et al. "Seroprevalence, risk factor, and spatial analyses of Zika virus infection after the 2016 epidemic in Managua, Nicaragua." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 27, 2018): 9294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804672115.
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In 2015, a Zika epidemic in Brazil began spreading throughout the Americas. Zika virus (ZIKV) entered Managua, Nicaragua, in January 2016 and caused an epidemic that peaked in July–September 2016. ZIKV seropositivity was estimated among participants of pediatric (n = 3,740) and household (n = 2,147) cohort studies, including an adult-only subset from the household cohort (n = 1,074), in Managua. Seropositivity was based on a highly sensitive and specific assay, the Zika NS1 blockade-of-binding ELISA, which can be used in dengue-endemic populations. Overall seropositivity for the pediatric (ages 2–14), household (ages 2–80), and adult (ages 15–80) cohorts was 36, 46, and 56%, respectively. Trend, risk factor, and contour mapping analyses demonstrated that ZIKV seroprevalence increased nonlinearly with age and that body surface area was statistically associated with increasing seroprevalence in children. ZIKV seropositivity was higher in females than in males across almost all ages, with adjusted prevalence ratios in children and adults of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02–1.21) and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01–1.28), respectively. No household-level risk factors were statistically significant in multivariate analyses. A spatial analysis revealed a 10–15% difference in the risk of ZIKV infections across our 3-km-wide study site, suggesting that ZIKV infection risk varies at small spatial scales. To our knowledge, this is the largest ZIKV seroprevalence study reported in the Americas, and the only one in Central America and in children to date. It reveals a high level of immunity against ZIKV in Managua as a result of the 2016 epidemic, making a second large Zika epidemic unlikely in the near future.
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Furuya, Andrea K. M., Danielle Hunt, Kirsten St George, Alan P. Dupuis, Laura D. Kramer, Pei-Yong Shi, and Susan Wong. "Use of the immunoglobulin G avidity assay to differentiate between recent Zika and past dengue virus infections." Clinical Science 133, no. 7 (April 2019): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20180874.
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Abstract Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) virus infections elicit a robust but cross-reactive antibody response against the viral envelope protein, while antibody responses against non-structural proteins (NS) are more virus specific. Building on this premise, we have previously developed a flavivirus multiplex microsphere immunoassay (MIA) for the serologic diagnosis of ZIKV and DENV infections. This assay significantly improved diagnostic accuracy; however, MIA could not differentiate more recent from past infections, which still represents a major diagnostic challenge. Therefore, an immunoglobulin G (IgG) based avidity assay was developed and its diagnostic performance evaluated. Specimens from New York State residents were submitted to the Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) for routine clinical testing by Zika IgM ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Using our previously developed flavivirus MIA as a platform, we developed an IgG avidity assay to discriminate recent ZIKV from past DENV infections. Zika IgM positive specimens had an average Zika IgG avidity index of 14.8% (95% CI: 11.0–18.4%), while Zika IgM negative but flavivirus MIA and PRNT positive samples had an average Zika IgG avidity index of 34.9% (95% CI: 31.1–38.7%). Specimens positive for dengue antibodies by flavivirus MIA and PRNT had an average dengue IgG avidity index of 68.7% (95% CI: 62.7–75.0%). The IgG avidity assay accurately distinguished recent ZIKV from past DENV infections in patients who traveled to dengue endemic regions. This assay could be very useful in patients with high risk of Zika complications such as pregnant women and monitoring immune responses in vaccine trials.
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Prates, John Willians Oliveira, Mariana Fonseca Xisto, João Vitor da Silva Rodrigues, João Pedro Cruz Colombari, Júlia Maria Alves Meira, Roberto Sousa Dias, Cynthia Canedo da Silva, and e. Sérgio Oliveira de Paula. "Zika Virus Envelope Protein Domain III Produced in K. phaffii Has the Potential for Diagnostic Applications." Diagnostics 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051198.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) represents a global human health threat and it is related to severe diseases such as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). There is no vaccine available nor specific antiviral treatment, so developing sensitive, specific, and low-cost diagnostic tests is necessary. Thus, the objective of this work was to produce the Zika virus envelope protein domain III (ZIKV-EDIII) in Komagataella phaffii KM71H and evaluate its potential for diagnostic applications. After the K. phaffii had been transformed with the pPICZαA-ZIKV-EDIII vector, an SDS-PAGE and Western Blot were performed to characterize the recombinant protein and an ELISA to evaluate the antigenic potential. The results show that ZIKV-EDIII was produced in the expected size, with a good purity grade and yield of 2.58 mg/L. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed 90% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity for IgM, and 93.33% sensitivity and 82.76% specificity for IgG. The ZIKV-EDIII protein was efficiently produced in K. phaffi, and it has the potential for diagnostic applications.
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Soriano-Arandes, Antoni, Marie Antoinette Frick, Milagros García López-Hortelano, Elena Sulleiro, Carlota Rodó, María Paz Sánchez-Seco, Marta Cabrera-Lafuente, et al. "Clinical Outcomes of a Zika Virus Mother–Child Pair Cohort in Spain." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050352.
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Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with congenital microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There is little published research on the effect of maternal ZIKV infection in a non-endemic European region. We aimed to describe the outcomes of pregnant travelers diagnosed as ZIKV-infected in Spain, and their exposed children. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study of nine referral hospitals enrolled pregnant women (PW) who travelled to endemic areas during their pregnancy or the two previous months, or those whose sexual partners visited endemic areas in the previous 6 months. Infants of ZIKV-infected mothers were followed for about two years. Results: ZIKV infection was diagnosed in 163 PW; 112 (70%) were asymptomatic and 24 (14.7%) were confirmed cases. Among 143 infants, 14 (9.8%) had adverse outcomes during follow-up; three had a congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), and 11 other potential Zika-related outcomes. The overall incidence of CZS was 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4–6.0%), but among infants born to ZIKV-confirmed mothers, this increased to 15.8% (95%CI: 3.4–39.6%). Conclusions: A nearly 10% overall risk of neurologic and hearing adverse outcomes was found in ZIKV-exposed children born to a ZIKV-infected traveler PW. Longer-term follow-up of these children is needed to assess whether there are any later-onset manifestations.
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Lin, Xuemei, Maoyong Wu, Wenbiao Wang, Yuhang Gao, Wei Zhang, De Wu, Yina Wu, Xiaoming Zhou, and Geng Li. "Visual detection of Zika virus by isothermal nucleic acid amplification combined with a lateral-flow device." Analytical Methods 11, no. 13 (2019): 1795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay02715c.
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Clemente Dias, Renieidy Flávia. "Identificação de potenciais inibidores da enzima NS2B-NS3 do Zika Vírus." Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 8, no. 3 (December 23, 2022): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21674/2448-0479.83.258-266.
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O vírus Zika (ZIKV) são flavivírus pertencentes à família flaviviridae, que são transmitidos pela picada do vetor infectado; nesse caso, mosquito do gênero Aedes aegypti. A replicação viral é função da proteína não estrutural NS3-pro que atua em associação com NS2B, aumentando a eficiência enzimática. Assim, esse domínio da protease N2B-NS3 apresenta um alvo atrativo para o planejamento de novos fármacos antivirais. Diante disto, este artigo buscou abordar a importância farmacológica dos heterocíclicos benzotiazóis e trouxe exemplos de derivados benzotiazóis como novos candidatos a fármacos capazes de inibirem a protease N2B-NS3 do ZIKV.
Palavras-chave: NS2B-NS3; ZIKV; Aedes aegypti.
Abstract
Identification of potential inhibitors of the Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 enzyme
The Zika virus (ZIKV) are flaviviruses belonging to the flaviviridae family, which are transmitted by the bite of an infected vector, in this case, a mosquito of the genus Aedes aegypti. Viral replication is a function of the non-structural protein NS3-pro that works in association with NS2B, increasing enzymatic efficiency. Thus, this domain of the N2B-NS3 protease presents an attractive target for the design of new antiviral drugs. Therefore, this article sought to address the pharmacological importance of heterocyclic benzothiazoles and brought examples of benzothiazole derivatives as new drug candidates capable of inhibiting the N2B-NS3 protease of ZIKV.
Keywords: NS2B-NS3; ZIKV; Aedes aegypti.
Resumen
Identificación de posibles inhibidores de la enzima NS2B-NS3 del virus del Zika
El virus Zika (ZIKV) son flavivirus pertenecientes a la familia flaviviridae, que se transmiten por la picadura de un vector infectado, en este caso, un mosquito del género Aedes aegypti. La replicación viral es una función de la proteína no estructural NS3-pro que trabaja en asociación con NS2B, ampliando la eficiencia enzimática. Por ello, este dominio de la proteasa N2B-NS3 presenta un objetivo atractivo para el diseño de nuevos fármacos antivirales. Frente a esto, el artículo buscó abordar la importancia farmacológica de los benzotiazoles heterocíclicos y trajo ejemplos de derivados de benzotiazol como nuevos candidatos a fármacos capaces de inhibir la proteasa N2B-NS3 del ZIKV.
Palavras clave: NS2B-NS3; ZIKV; Aedes aegypti.
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Shaibu, Joseph Ojonugwa, Azuka Patrick Okwuraiwe, AbdulRoqeeb Jakkari, Abuh Dennis, Kabiru O. Akinyemi, Jiandong Li, Rosemary Ajuma Audu, and Akeeb O. Bola Oyefolu. "Sero-molecular Prevalence of Zika Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Some Public Hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.5.1075.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the arboviruses implicated in febrile illness, microcephaly and other neurological disorders in babies whose mothers were infected during pregnancy. Information on ZIKV in Nigeria is limited. Hence, this study was aimed at investigating the seroprevalence of Zika virus among pregnant women in Lagos State. In a cross-sectional study, blood samples collected from 352 randomly selected pregnant women in four hospitals in Lagos State were separated and plasma analyzed using Zika virus IgG and IgM capture Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Demeditec Diagnostics, Germany). The optical densities were read using Precision Microplate reader (Molecular devices) and cut-off calculated according to manufacturer’s guide. Parameters and symptoms such as history of fever, rashes on the body, exposure to mosquito were extracted from the questionnaire and analyzed. IgM seropositive samples were screened for ZIKV RNA on RT-qPCR. Out of 352 samples screened, 7(2.0%) and 5(1.4%) of the pregnant women tested positive for IgG and IgM respectively. None tested positive for both IgG and IgM markers. Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant relationship between the symptoms analyzed in this study at 95% Confidence interval except conjunctivitis. None of the ZIKV IgM seropositive samples tested positive for ZIKV RNA on RT-qPCR. The results show that there is evidence of exposure to Zika virus among the population studied in Lagos, Nigeria. Also, the low level seroprevalence of the virus in the population studied indicates that there is lack of herd immunity of Zika virus infection in Lagos, Nigeria.
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Branco, Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo, Emily Araujo De Oliveira, Nátalli Zanete Pereira, Ricardo Wesley Alberca, Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto, Luiz Fernando Ferraz Da Silva, Fernanda Guedes Luiz, et al. "Obesity Induces an Impaired Placental Antiviral Immune Response in Pregnant Women Infected with Zika Virus." Viruses 15, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020320.
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Obesity is increasing in incidence worldwide, especially in women, which can affect the outcome of pregnancy. During this period, viral infections represent a risk to the mother, the placental unit, and the fetus. The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Brazil has been the cause of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), with devastating consequences such as microcephaly in newborns. Herein, we analyzed the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on the antiviral factors’ expression in the placental tissue of Zika-infected mothers. We accessed placentas from women with and without obesity from 34 public health units (São Paulo) and from Zika-infected mothers with and without obesity from the Clinical Cohort Study of ZIKV pregnant women (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). We first verified that obesity, without infection, did not alter the constitutive transcriptional expression of antiviral factors or IFN type I/III expression. Interestingly, obesity, when associated with ZIKV infection, showed a decreased transcriptional expression of RIG-I and IFIH1 (MDA-5 protein precursor gene). At the protein level, we also verified a decreased RIG-I and IRF-3 expression in the decidual placenta from the Zika-infected obese group, regardless of microcephaly. This finding shows, for the first time, that obesity associated with ZIKV infection leads to an impaired type I IFN downstream signaling pathway in the maternal–fetal interface.
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Gonzalez-Escobar, Gabriel, Anne Marie Valadere, Rosmond Adams, Karen Polson-Edwards, Avery Q. J. Hinds, Akenath Misir, and C. James Hospedales. "Prolonged Zika virus viremia in a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Trinidad and Tobago." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 41 (September 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2017.136.
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An emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant public health concern because of the syndromes associated with the infection. In addition, ZIKV is considered a major problem due to large-scale spread of the disease and the possible clinical complications for the central nervous system, especially Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. Since the introduction of ZIKV in the Caribbean, molecular detection of the viral RNA has been utilized as a more specific and sensitive approach to demonstrating acute infection. However, it is generally accepted that the virus has a short viremic period, generally less than 5 days. Serologic testing has the inconvenience of strong cross-reactivity among flaviviruses, such as dengue and yellow fever. As part of the laboratory surveillance activities for Zika and other arboviruses at the Caribbean Public Health Agency, in 2016 a sample from a male who was clinically diagnosed with GBS tested positive for Zika virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The serum sample had been taken on day 21 after the onset of symptoms. The case had initially been characterized as a typical ZIKV infection (mild fever with a generalized maculopapular rash). Later, weakness of limbs and other peripheral neurological symptoms appeared. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) showed that the sample was negative for IgM antibodies against Zika, Chikungunya, and dengue viruses. The plaque reduction neutralization test was positive for ZIKV. This indicated parallel development of viremia and immune response against ZIKV. Recent reports have demonstrated a longer duration of the viremia in ZIKV infections. However, our report is the first one that links the infection with extended viremia and the development in parallel of a GBS case.