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1
Wang, Jinhua. "SME financing in Zhejiang Province." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11675/.
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This thesis laid the emphasis on Zhejiang Province which SMEs play a dominant role and is characterized with informal finance. The current financial system provided little opportunity for the SMEs to raise fund; companies in temporary illiquidity or facing solvency crisis obviously could not possibly rely upon internal capital for financing. Then, informal finance should be deeply studied. Guiding the informal finance to alleviate the SMEs financing difficulties could make contribution the financial and social stability at large. Therefore, it is a meaningful topic to be studied, both in theoretical and practical perspective. In chapter 2, the focus is mainly laid on studying the status quo of the SME financing in Zhejiang Province and exploring the role formal and informal financing play. Through literatures consulting, a tailor made questionnaire has been designed to learn the basic information, business establishment, business growth and funding sources of the firms. The copies of the questionnaire have been disseminated to the sampled entrepreneurs of SMEs across Zhejiang Province. Through the data collected from the valid copies, we could gain a brief understanding of these firms and its financing situation through basic descriptive statistics. With the data collected from the 150 valid copies, we have gained a brief understanding of these firms and their financing situation through basic descriptive statistics. In chapter 3, we tend to adopt various empirical methods to analyze the relationship of usage of formal (informal) lending and other factors. Correlation analysis, binary regression model and ordered logistic regression model is applied on the collected questionnaire data. With this empirical investigation, we try to further explore what impact these reputation and relationship variables may have on the financing practices they try to employ. From the empirical results, we find that firms with strong political ties, higher education, larger turnover and having received credit rating are more likely to employ formal financing practices. No consistent results have been found for informal financing practices. Moreover, we find that more factors work in the case of global financial crisis while only political ties and credit rating status work in the tightened monetary background like the period after year 2010. Combining these results, we conclude that reputation and relationship are vital in obtaining funds from formal financing channels in China. By contrast, all kinds of SMEs’ entrepreneurs are likely to tap the informal financing market. The finding is critical: on the one hand, the criteria necessary to obtain formal loans are quite stringent; on the other hand, the informal market seems to set no threshold for financing. In the light of these considerations, informal financing will inevitably play a dominant role within the financial system. In chapter 4, we firstly consult the extant literatures to learn the SMEs practice around the world. We then hold interviews with five managers from a commercial bank to learn their mindset towards SMEs business. Then, through the combination of what we find from the literature and the interviews, as well as the empirical results from the previous chapters, we propose specific policy suggestions. Policy suggestions are proposed from three different dimensions: the supply side of funds for SMEs financing (including both the formal and informal financial institutions); and the demand side. Such grand view will offer more insightful understanding in SMEs financing. The policy suggestions proposed are explicit, specific and practical.
2
Thomas, Brian J. "Searching for sustainability : Chinese ecological agriculture in Zhejiang Province /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1405201.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2001.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to UO users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1405201.
3
Wong, Ping-mei Jean, and 王冰媚. "Geochemical and geochronological constraints on the Jiangshan-ShaoxingFault Zone in Zhejiang Province, Eastern South China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45983860.
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Ku, Yachun. "Chinese rural elderly in the post-Mao era: Two villages in Zhejiang Province." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055448805.
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Shen, Tianfeng. "Evaluation of urban heat island situation in developed cities of Zhejiang province." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30441/.
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The rapid and unsustainable urbanization process causes a serious existing thermal environmental problem that aggravates climatic change and generates a higher temperature in urban area than in rural area. Based on literature review, this is the first research that uses field measurement methodology to investigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect in Hangzhou and Ningbo cities of Zhejiang Province. This study aims to investigate reciprocal interaction of UHI effect with urban building energy based on the air temperature and relative humidity measurement in research area. There are three main factors including vegetation cover, urban building configuration and surface material properties, and human activities, contributing to the UHI development. Through using ENVI-met simulation, the study has investigated how the West Lake and the Xixi Wetland ecological areas in the city act as passive thermal comfort systems in improving the outdoor built environment and mitigating UHI effect. However, according to the observation, the UHI effect in Hangzhou is still more intense than that in Ningbo. The monthly average UHII values in Hangzhou ranged between 1℃ and 4℃, whilst the highest monthly average UHII in Ningbo is only as high as 1.5℃. Additionally, the study has evaluated that the UHI effect is most pronounce in winter days, because there is serious air pollution, high concentration of Particulate Matter (PM) and low wind speed in winter days in China. The result has also proved that the night time UHI effect is significantly more intense than the day time UHI effect. It has been validated in the study that UHI effect can be mitigated by three effective strategies, such as the application of cool materials on urban surfaces, modifying urban geometry to improve wind flow and expanding green space in urban areas. Owing to the hourly air temperature and relative humidity collected from strategically selected sites around the city, modified TMY weather dataset has been established. The research employed a case study of China Telecom Business Office Building in Hangzhou to evaluate the impact of UHI on urban building energy consumption. It implies that there is about 20% cooling demand underestimated in the hot months and about 25% heating demand overestimated in the cold months for the office building located in the urban city of Hangzhou, if the building is designed based on currently available weather dataset without considering UHI effect. Based on the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming (GP) techniques, the research has provided algorithms to link factors such as “Distance from City Centre”, “Surrounding Albedo”, “Land Use of the Area (residential, commercial, industrial, recreational etc.)”, “Sky View Factor” to predict the UHI intensity for any site compared to a reference site.
6
Lin, Simin. "Internationalisation rapide des Born Globals chinoises : cas de la province du Zhejiang." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30007.
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Avec la participation accrue des économies émergentes dans l’économie mondiale, les Born Globals de ces pays deviennent des acteurs significatifs. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’étudier le processus d’internationalisation des Born Globals chinoises, ainsi que d’explorer les facteurs clés expliquant ce processus d’internationalisation précoce et rapide. Pour répondre à notre questionnement, une double méthodologie a été employée : une approche quantitative par une étude exploratoire suivie d’une approche qualitative par une étude de cas multiples. Nous avons choisi la province du Zhejiang comme terrain de recherche, car la plupart des PME de cette région s’orientent dès leur création vers l’international. A partir d’une analyse des littératures relatives à l’internationalisation des PME et des Born Globals, nous avons identifié sept facteurs principaux dans le processus d’internationalisation des Born Globals et nous les avons examinés dans le contexte chinois par une étude exploratoire. Suite à cette étude qui nous a permis d’identifier les dirigeants et les réseaux comme facteurs clés expliquant l’internationalisation rapide des Born Globals chinoises, nous avons réalisé une analyse inter-cas auprès de sept Born Globals chinoises. Cette étude nous a permis de comprendre l’action de ces deux facteurs clés dans l’internationalisation rapide des Born Globals ainsi que leur impact sur ce processusWith the increased participation of emerging countries in the global economy, the Born Globals in these countries become significant players. The aim of our research is to study the internationalization process of Chinese Born Globals and to explore the key factors explaining their early and rapid process of internationalization.To answer our questions, a double methodology was used: a quantitative approach of an exploratory study followed by a qualitative approach of a multiple case study. We choose the Zhejiang province as our research field because most SMEs in this region start to internationalize soon after their creation.From a literature review of the internationalization of SMEs and Born Globals, we have identified seven key factors in the internationalization process of Born Globals and we have examined them in the Chinese context through an exploratory study. Following this exploratory study, which allowed us to identify the leaders and the networks as two key factors explaining the rapid internationalization of Chinese Born Globals, we conducted a cross-case analysis within seven Chinese Born Globals. This study allowed us to understand the functions of these two key factors in the rapid internationalization of Born Globals as well as their impact on this process
7
Skinner, Mark William. "The social and environmental impact of rapid rural industrialisation, local regulation in Zhejiang Province." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ55717.pdf.
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ZHAO, Huanyang. "Spatio-temporal Analyses of Religious Establishments in China: A Case Study of Zhejiang Province." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1443910908.
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Zhu, Qing, and 朱青. "Study on investment and financing of non-governmental capital on expressway construction in Zhejiang Province." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45165245.
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Ni, Yanyan. "Child discipline and maltreatment in Zhejiang Province of China : perceptions, risk factors, experiences and impacts." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10053318/.
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Objectives: To explore multiple aspects of child maltreatment in China, including perceptions, risk factors, experiences and negative effects, with a focus on the role of parental aggression and parental childhood maltreatment, as well as the independent effects of different types of maltreatment on child emotional and behavioural problems. Methods: The study sites were urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province, China. A mixed-method design was used: semi-structured interviews with 11 young adults, 21 parents and nine children, three focus group discussions with 22 children, and questionnaire surveys with 1,201 young adults, 576 parents and 791 children. Results: Physical and emotional maltreatment, before age 18, were reported by 81% and 82% of young adults respectively. Personal experience of emotional maltreatment was generally perceived as more harmful than physical. Lifetime prevalence of maltreatment reported by parents and children was - physical: 56% vs 50%; emotional: 75% vs 59%; non-contact punishment: 21% vs 18%. 21% of the children reported experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (including witnessing domestic violence). Parents with higher aggressive tendencies were more likely to maltreat children. Parental aggression was an explanatory factor for the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment. Emotional maltreatment was consistently associated with a higher risk of child emotional and conduct problems. Severe physical maltreatment showed the strongest association with abnormal conduct. Moderate physical maltreatment was independently associated with emotional problems. There was an increased risk with multiple types of maltreatment. The qualitative research adds useful insights into the perceptions of child maltreatment in China from different perspectives. Children’s and young adults’ perceptions of maltreatment experiences were focused on parents’ intentions. Most parents perceived physical punishment and verbal aggression as necessary in disciplining children. Some parents were more reflective of their aggressive behaviours towards children and were more willing to change their disciplinary methods. Conclusions: The pervasiveness of child maltreatment and the considerable harm caused to children and young adults suggest an urgent need for raising public awareness, educating parents and introducing a formal child protection system in China.
11
Milhaud, Stéphane. "Les petites villes, de nouveaux centres pour le développement territorial chinois : l'exemple de la province du Zhejiang." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010672/document.
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Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie urbaine s'intéresse à l'évolution de l'armature urbaine depuis le début des années 1980 dans la province du Zhejiang en Chine. Les villes y ont connu de considérables changements: l'ampleur de l'urbanisation s'exprime tant dans leur évolution physique que dans leur distribution sur l'ensemble du territoire. Le Zhejiang, dont le taux d'urbanisation est passé de 13,7 à 61,6 % entre 1980 et 2010, est situé au sud de Shanghai. Il intègre une partie de la région du delta du Yangzi, l'un des bassins industriels et démographiques les plus dynamiques de Chine, et met en évidence les mutations urbaines aussi bien au sein de ce type de territoires riches et en plein essor que dans les terres en marge de leur développement. Le développement des petites villes, avec une population comprise entre 100 000 et 500 000 habitants, se révèle être le paramètre moteur de l'évolution de l'armature urbaine: alors que la province n'en compte que 13 en 1990, elles sont au nombre de 45 en 2000 puis 52 en 2010. En centrant la recherche sur ces entité : urbaines, l'étude analyse l'impact d'une politique de développement local standardisée, guidée par l'objectif prioritaire de croissance économique. À l'origine d'une promotion des petites villes au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine, ces pratiques uniformes provoquent de nombreuses fractures spatiales et socio-économiques et, en l'absence d'une planification régionale rigoureuse, n'anticipent pas une sélection urbaine déjà commencée. Les relations entre les villes et leurs périphéries rurales en sont modifiées, corollaire d'une redistribution des activités et des populations au sein d'un espace fonctionnel mixteThis PhD in urban geography focuses on the evolution of the urban framework since the early 1980 : in the province of Zhejiang in China. The unprecedented size and rapidity of Chinese urbanization have transformed both their structure and territorial distribution. Zhejiang province, whose urbanization rate increased from 13.7 to 61.6% between 1980 and 2010, is located south of Shanghai. It covers a part of the Yangtzi Delta region, one of the biggest metropolitan areas in China, and highlights the urban transformations both within such thriving territories and in peripheral areas. The development of small cities, with a population between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants is proving to be the most common feature of the evolution of its urban framework: while the province had only 13 small cities in 1990, they were 45 in 2000 and 52 in 2010. Focusing on these urban entities, this research work analyses the impacts of a standardized urban planning, guided by the overriding objective of economic growth. Promoting small cities in the urban hierarchy, these planning practices nevertheless cause socio-spatial divisions. In addition, the absence of a rigorous regional planning does not anticipate an urban selection already started. The relations between urban cores and their rural peripheries are renewed, and lead to a redistribution of activities and populations in a mixed functional space. The chosen angle is to reveal the complex links between urban practices largely shared in China and socio-economic as well as space realities in order to outline the shape of the new urban framework. Small cities have new roles to play and support an on-going renewal of the urban hierarchy
12
Zhai, Shengwei, and Yang Long. "Risk Control in Business Strategic Alliances of SMEs : A Case Study of SMEs in Zhejiang Province, China." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36163.
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The primary objective of this research is to determine how SMEs control the risk involved in business strategic alliances. The research question is: How should performance risk and relationship risk within the strategic alliances of SMEs be controlled? Subsequently, we applied qualitative research methods to collect data for this research; further, our research design included a case study of the SMEs in Zhejiang, China.
13
Zhang, Shuwan. "Industrialising China, escaping labour : economic development and the agency of migrant labour in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu province." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23810/.
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王冰媚 and Ping-mei Jean Wong. "Geochemistry, U-Pb and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the Baijuhuajian A-type granites in Zhejiang Province: evidence for acontinuous extensional regime in the mid and late mesozoic." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557297.
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Wang, Jinmin. "An institutional approach to the development of the textile and clothing clusters in China : the case of Zhejiang Province." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2008. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2788/.
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China has now become the largest producer and exporter of textile and clothing products in the world. The objective of this research is to explore the relationship between the complicated interactive process of institutional change and the development of industrial clusters in China. It focuses on the distinctive institutional factors that have allowed the textile and clothing clusters in China to benefit from globalisation while those in other transitional economies have not done so. The research also aims to make a thorough investigation into how the dynamic change of the public-private interface has influenced the development and upgrading of the textile and clothing clusters in contemporary China-in-transition, with all the political and social implications that the process entails. The research mainly uses the New Institutional Economics Approach (NIE) and gives weight to institutional change through multiple case studies of textile and clothing clusters in Zhejiang province, East China. The micro case studies are effective in illustrating the interaction between institutional change and industrial development. The research argues that the unique institutional factors leading to the rapid development of textile and clothing clusters in China include hybrid ownership, public entrepreneurship and the specialised wholesale market. The research has also shown that the theory of local state corporatism alone fails to explain the great success of textile and clothing clusters in China. The development and upgrading of textile and clothing clusters in China has witnessed extraordinary institutional change through co-evolution between the public sector and the private sector, which can be reflected through the interaction among social networks, entrepreneurship and performance of local government. The flexibility in the public-private interface is one unique endogenous institutional arrangement embedded in the economic system in China. It is a dynamic process of institutional embeddedness, deembeddedness and reembeddedness with a diversity of economic regimes coexisting at different hierarchies of government
16
Qiu, Liqian. "Factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and duration in urban, suburban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province, Peoples Republic of China." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1242.
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Introduction: Breast milk is the best way to feed all infants. It results in better nutrition for the infant and to reduced rates of chronic disease later in childhood and adulthood. Breastfed babies have lower rates of infectious diseases and will not be exposed to contaminated infant formula, such as the recent experience with melamine in China. The WHO Expert Consultation on Infant Feeding recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months, with the introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding thereafter. It was also recommended by the WHO that breastfeeding continue beyond six months for up to two years and beyond. Breastmilk can provide the majority of nutrients for the first 12 months of life. Complementary foods were given in the second half year gradually.However with the rapid economic development, the traditional home based obstetric system in China has changed. Following the change in women’s living styles, traditional infant feeding perceptions and practices have changed. Women now have high rates of returning to work after delivering a baby, especially in the urban areas, and more infants are being given infant formula and other substitutes for breastfeeding. Zhejiang Province is the one of fastest developing economic regions located in the mid Eastern coast of China. The breastfeeding rate has dropped rapidly since the 1970’s. This has significant implications for the child health in this region. A longitudinal study of breastfeeding was needed to provide the data necessary to implement a comprehensive health promotion program. Efforts are needed to promote breastfeeding, which should be one of the highest health promotion priorities.The aim of this study was to document the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in city, suburban and rural areas in Zhejiang Province; analyze the factors determining the initiation and the duration of breastfeeding; document mothers’ knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding; identify the prevalence of problems associated with breastfeeding and constraints to exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of life; document the prevalence of prelacteal feeds and finally to describe differences in breastfeeding between city, suburb and rural area.Method: In order to achieve these objectives a longitudinal cohort study was undertaken of infant feeding practices in three locations in Zhejiang Province which represent city and suburban and rural areas. Mothers who delivered babies during 2004 and 2005 were randomly selected from the obstetric wards while in hospital and invited to voluntarily participate in the study. The mothers were interviewed in hospital and after discharge, were contacted by telephone three more times at 1, 3 and 6 months. The few mothers who could not be reached by telephone were interviewed during the scheduled routine immunisation clinics at their local MCH clinic. On each of these follow up occasions they were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain details of infant feeding practices. A total of 1520 mothers were recruited in 4 hospitals located in city, suburb and rural areas. Almost all mothers (98%) agreed to participate. All data analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), release 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive techniques and survival analysis were used to document breastfeeding rates and duration. Cox regression analysis was undertaken to explore factors affecting breastfeeding.Results: Of the total 1520 mothers were recruited into the study, 628 were from the city, 347 from the suburb and 535 from the rural area. Breastfeeding initiation rates were high in all three locations. Initially more than 95% of the mothers began breastfeeding, but only 50.3% babies averagely in three locations were being exclusively breastfed at discharge. The number of infants being exclusively breastfed prior to discharge was relatively low. Exclusive breastfeeding before discharge was positively related to delivery method, the first feed given to the baby, mother’s place of residence, mother’s age, mothers’ education level and family income.‘Any breastfeeding’ rates at discharge and at 1, 3 and 6 months were 96.9%, 96.0%, 89.7% and 76.7% respectively. ‘Exclusive breastfeeding’ rates at discharge, and at 1, 3, 6 months were 50.3%, 55.1%, 45.8% and 3.9% respectively. The average duration of ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ was 44.7 days (95% CI, 41.6-47.9).Overall about half of mothers gave the babies prelacteal feeds before commencing breastfeeding. This situation was more common in city, compared with the suburban and rural mothers. The prelacteal feeding rates were 62.0%, 36.6% and 39.0% in city, suburb and rural area respectively.The breastfeeding rates differed by location between the city, suburb and rural areas. ‘Any breastfeeding’ rates in the city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 96.5 %, 96.8 % and 97.4 % respectively, the ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ rates in city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 38.0%, 63.4 % and 61.0 % respectively. The rates of exclusive breastfeeding at six months were only 0.2%, 0.5 % and 7.2 % respectively, well below the Chinese and WHO targets.The risk factors related to cessation of ‘any breastfeeding’ were ‘mother’s age’, ‘the time the decision to breastfeed was made’, ‘whether the infant was admitted to special care nursery’, ‘mother’s return to work within 6 months’, ‘the early feeding of water and /or other complementary foods, and location of mother’s usual residence. Factors negatively associated with ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ duration were early return to work and to place of residence, with the mothers living in the rural area exclusively breastfeeding for longer.Delivery method was an important influence on breastfeeding. In this study the highest caesarean section rate was in the city (76%), with a similar rate in the suburbs (74%) and the lowest in the rural area (53%). Mothers who had a caesarean section were less likely to be exclusively breastfeeding on discharge (35.8% in city, 59.6% in the suburbs) compared to vaginal delivery where the rates were 45% and 74.4% respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding in caesarean section deliveries in the city and suburban mothers was 0.64 (95% CI 0.46, 0.88).Conclusion: The study has descried the initiation and duration of breastfeeding (to six months) of babies in the different areas of Zhejiang Province. Separate information is provided on the prevalence of ‘any breastfeeding’ and ‘exclusive breastfeeding'. The factors that are associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Zhejiang Province are documented. Health promotion programs are needed to change some traditional inappropriate breastfeeding perceptions and to promote ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ in the first six months of life in Zhejiang. Education should be given and regulations should be introduced restricting hospital staff from recommending prelacteal and supplementary feeds unless warranted for medical reasons. The research also shows that there would be a benefit to breastfeeding if delivery and lactation leave were extended to six months and if the incidence of caesarean section could be reduced to levels more consistent with WHO expected levels.
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ZEN, Ja Hu, and Kanenori SUWA. "Autoclastic subvolcanic rocks in the Tonglu basin, Zhejiang Province, China : a description of "pearlitic border" textures in an adamellite porphyry." Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/2855.
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Qiu, Liqian. "Factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and duration in urban, suburban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province, Peoples Republic of China." Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=128451.
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Introduction: Breast milk is the best way to feed all infants. It results in better nutrition for the infant and to reduced rates of chronic disease later in childhood and adulthood. Breastfed babies have lower rates of infectious diseases and will not be exposed to contaminated infant formula, such as the recent experience with melamine in China. The WHO Expert Consultation on Infant Feeding recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months, with the introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding thereafter. It was also recommended by the WHO that breastfeeding continue beyond six months for up to two years and beyond. Breastmilk can provide the majority of nutrients for the first 12 months of life. Complementary foods were given in the second half year gradually.However with the rapid economic development, the traditional home based obstetric system in China has changed. Following the change in women’s living styles, traditional infant feeding perceptions and practices have changed. Women now have high rates of returning to work after delivering a baby, especially in the urban areas, and more infants are being given infant formula and other substitutes for breastfeeding. Zhejiang Province is the one of fastest developing economic regions located in the mid Eastern coast of China. The breastfeeding rate has dropped rapidly since the 1970’s. This has significant implications for the child health in this region. A longitudinal study of breastfeeding was needed to provide the data necessary to implement a comprehensive health promotion program. Efforts are needed to promote breastfeeding, which should be one of the highest health promotion priorities.
The aim of this study was to document the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in city, suburban and rural areas in Zhejiang Province; analyze the factors determining the initiation and the duration of breastfeeding; document mothers’ knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding; identify the prevalence of problems associated with breastfeeding and constraints to exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of life; document the prevalence of prelacteal feeds and finally to describe differences in breastfeeding between city, suburb and rural area.
Method: In order to achieve these objectives a longitudinal cohort study was undertaken of infant feeding practices in three locations in Zhejiang Province which represent city and suburban and rural areas. Mothers who delivered babies during 2004 and 2005 were randomly selected from the obstetric wards while in hospital and invited to voluntarily participate in the study. The mothers were interviewed in hospital and after discharge, were contacted by telephone three more times at 1, 3 and 6 months. The few mothers who could not be reached by telephone were interviewed during the scheduled routine immunisation clinics at their local MCH clinic. On each of these follow up occasions they were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain details of infant feeding practices. A total of 1520 mothers were recruited in 4 hospitals located in city, suburb and rural areas. Almost all mothers (98%) agreed to participate. All data analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), release 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive techniques and survival analysis were used to document breastfeeding rates and duration. Cox regression analysis was undertaken to explore factors affecting breastfeeding.
Results: Of the total 1520 mothers were recruited into the study, 628 were from the city, 347 from the suburb and 535 from the rural area. Breastfeeding initiation rates were high in all three locations. Initially more than 95% of the mothers began breastfeeding, but only 50.3% babies averagely in three locations were being exclusively breastfed at discharge. The number of infants being exclusively breastfed prior to discharge was relatively low. Exclusive breastfeeding before discharge was positively related to delivery method, the first feed given to the baby, mother’s place of residence, mother’s age, mothers’ education level and family income.
‘Any breastfeeding’ rates at discharge and at 1, 3 and 6 months were 96.9%, 96.0%, 89.7% and 76.7% respectively. ‘Exclusive breastfeeding’ rates at discharge, and at 1, 3, 6 months were 50.3%, 55.1%, 45.8% and 3.9% respectively. The average duration of ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ was 44.7 days (95% CI, 41.6-47.9).
Overall about half of mothers gave the babies prelacteal feeds before commencing breastfeeding. This situation was more common in city, compared with the suburban and rural mothers. The prelacteal feeding rates were 62.0%, 36.6% and 39.0% in city, suburb and rural area respectively.
The breastfeeding rates differed by location between the city, suburb and rural areas. ‘Any breastfeeding’ rates in the city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 96.5 %, 96.8 % and 97.4 % respectively, the ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ rates in city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 38.0%, 63.4 % and 61.0 % respectively. The rates of exclusive breastfeeding at six months were only 0.2%, 0.5 % and 7.2 % respectively, well below the Chinese and WHO targets.
The risk factors related to cessation of ‘any breastfeeding’ were ‘mother’s age’, ‘the time the decision to breastfeed was made’, ‘whether the infant was admitted to special care nursery’, ‘mother’s return to work within 6 months’, ‘the early feeding of water and /or other complementary foods, and location of mother’s usual residence. Factors negatively associated with ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ duration were early return to work and to place of residence, with the mothers living in the rural area exclusively breastfeeding for longer.
Delivery method was an important influence on breastfeeding. In this study the highest caesarean section rate was in the city (76%), with a similar rate in the suburbs (74%) and the lowest in the rural area (53%). Mothers who had a caesarean section were less likely to be exclusively breastfeeding on discharge (35.8% in city, 59.6% in the suburbs) compared to vaginal delivery where the rates were 45% and 74.4% respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding in caesarean section deliveries in the city and suburban mothers was 0.64 (95% CI 0.46, 0.88).
Conclusion: The study has descried the initiation and duration of breastfeeding (to six months) of babies in the different areas of Zhejiang Province. Separate information is provided on the prevalence of ‘any breastfeeding’ and ‘exclusive breastfeeding'. The factors that are associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Zhejiang Province are documented. Health promotion programs are needed to change some traditional inappropriate breastfeeding perceptions and to promote ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ in the first six months of life in Zhejiang. Education should be given and regulations should be introduced restricting hospital staff from recommending prelacteal and supplementary feeds unless warranted for medical reasons. The research also shows that there would be a benefit to breastfeeding if delivery and lactation leave were extended to six months and if the incidence of caesarean section could be reduced to levels more consistent with WHO expected levels.
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Norton, Sean Glen. "Peasants on the move, patterns of and perspectives on labour migration in Zhejiang Province; a case study of Zhili Town, Huzhou Municipality." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ55698.pdf.
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Zhou, En-Cheng (Dylan). "Integrated stakeholder analysis for effective urban flood management in a medium-sized city in China : a case study of Zhuji, Zhejiang province." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32030.
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Over recent decades, the stakeholder arena for urban flood management has become well recognised as being complex and dynamic. Various stakeholders are involved before, during and after a flooding event, all of which have different interests and demands. Therefore, an initial stakeholder identification and analysis stage is required before detailed stakeholder engagement strategies can be developed and employed. Drawing on urban flood management in Zhuji, a typical medium-sized city that has suffered urban flooding in China, this research project used a mixed-method research methodology within a single case-study approach to explore the current stakeholder arena for urban flood management in a medium-sized Chinese city. By combining stakeholder salience analysis with social network analysis, this study tries to create a more nuanced insight into the stakeholder arena, so that stakeholder participation in urban flood management can be improved. This thesis produces several findings. First, it provides empirical evidence to show that traditional one-dimensional stakeholder analysis methods such as the level of interest and influence; cooperation and competition; cooperation and threat; and stakeholder interest and power cannot provide an in-depth understanding of a complex and dynamic stakeholder arena, as exists for urban flood management. By way of contrast, the proposed stakeholder analysis approach, which combines both stakeholder salience and network analyses, can create a multi-dimensional understanding of urban flood management stakeholders and allows the initial problem space to be recast into a more detailed or nuanced understanding of the problems presented. This improved understanding of the stakeholder arena and the related problem space provides a more solid information foundation upon which new stakeholder and community engagement practices can be developed. Second, this thesis argues that the Mitchell et al. (1997) salience model experiences limitations in practice. Only five of the seven salience groups were identified in the present research project, with both the Dangerous and Demanding stakeholder groups missing. This indicates that the identification of urban flood management stakeholders in a medium-sized Chinese city is highly dependent on their legitimate claims. Third, the social network analysis used in this project not only explores the relationships between stakeholders, but also provides an opportunity to present other one-dimensional stakeholder attitudes. This enhancement of the data beyond one-dimensional visual representations to dynamic and interactive processes not only better assists policy-makers in developing new and improved engagement practices, it also allows engagement practitioners to educate stakeholders and interactively improve understanding of the situation among those stakeholders. This understanding, in turn, is assumed to facilitate collaborative problem solving.
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Zou, Guanyang. "Understanding prescribing behaviour of tuberculosis doctors in the context of integrated service delivery : a case study of two designated hospitals of Zhejiang province, China." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2018. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/9036.
Full textAbstract:
There is on-going debate regarding if and how integrated service delivery might affect quality of care for infectious diseases traditionally delivered through vertical programmes. In China, tuberculosis (TB) care has recently been integrated into ‘designated’ public hospitals at the county level. However, the integration initiative has caused concerns among hospital providers about cost recovery for poorly funded public hospitals. These concerns are partially reflected in the prescription of non-standardized, non-free auxiliary treatment for TB patients, which increases patients’ financial burden and compromises quality of care. This study applies Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) thinking to understand providers’ prescribing behaviour in the context of integrated service delivery in TB designated hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. A case study approach was applied to research conducted in two designated hospitals, where the TB clinic was subsidized through local government or the hospital respectively. This study started with a retrospective review of 340 medical charts of uncomplicated TB patients. Informed by the results of this review, 47 semi-structured interviews were conducted with health officials, public health officers, and hospital staff members such as managers and TB clinicians, radiologists, laboratory staff and nurses. The working environment of the TB health workers was also observed. A thematic approach was used to formulate the initial coding frame, as guided by the conceptual framework. Hospital-based integrated TB care is highly medicalised due to strong medical culture and values associated with the integrated care. In both hospitals, non-standardised, non-free prescription of drugs and interventions for uncomplicated TB is common, with no consistent patterns for the two hospitals. This can also be attributed to lack of clear guidelines, weak doctor-patient relationship and hidden financial incentives of TB doctors. Staff motivation is low due to the perceived poor opportunities for professional development in TB work, the perceived gap in salaries as compared to other clinical staff, and the limited provision of risk protection measures for TB health workers. Welfare of TB health workers, who generate limited income for hospitals, is accorded low priority. Professional differences and tension between public health and medical professionals remain the biggest barrier to ensuring clinical governance for TB control in the hospitals. This study suggests that non-standardised prescribing behaviour is a dynamic response to the systemic conditions generated by the current model of integrated service delivery in the designated hospitals in China. Delivering free and standardised integrated TB care in the designated hospitals is challenging in the context of highly fragmented disease control and clinical structures and market-orientated health services. Using CAS thinking has helped to shift attention from a functional analysis of the health systems ‘building blocks’ and their mechanical interactions towards a more dynamic way of examining emergence, feedback loops, adaptation and relationship management in the study of integrating a public health function (TB care) within a hospital setting. The study will inform the on-going discussion of strengthening the quality of integrated service delivery model in China and public-private mix for TB control in other similar contexts.
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Long, Jiang Verfasser], and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hassenpflug. "The spatial formation and transformation of Chinese rural clan settlements : A case study of Furong and Cangpo villages in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China / Jiang Long ; Betreuer: Dieter Hassenpflug." Weimar : Institut für Europäische Urbanistik, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1115807307/34.
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Wong, Ping-mei Jean. "Geochemistry, U-Pb and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the Baijuhuajian A-type granites in Zhejiang Province evidence for a continuous extensional regime in the mid and late mesozoic /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557297.
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Luo, Meina. "Exploring Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language teachers’ beliefs about effective teaching of English reading in primary schools in Zhejiang Province of China and the impact of these beliefs on the teachers’ instructional practices." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2160.
Full textAbstract:
The English curriculum standards in China have shifted towards cultivating core competencies in students’ English language to incorporate a more constructivist approach than was used previously. This has posed challenges for Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers because it is necessary for them to hold the requisite knowledge and skills themselves before they can cultivate students’ core competencies. English reading plays an important role in facilitating students’ acquisition of these core competencies. Thus, there is a need to ensure that Chinese EFL teachers have the knowledge and skills to align with the curriculum changes and evidence based teaching practices that support reading development. A wealth of literature has documented that teachers’ knowledge and beliefs influence their instructional practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore Chinese primary school EFL teachers’ knowledge and beliefs concerning effective teaching of English reading in the Chinese context, and how these relate to their instructional practices.
The methodology of this research focused on a constructivist epistemology with interpretivism as the theoretical perspective. A case study design was selected, using a mixed methods approach, with case study teachers drawn from 262 survey participants who were teaching English in public primary schools in Zhejiang Province, China. Three teachers from two schools located in the suburban areas of Zhejiang volunteered to participate in the qualitative phase of the research. The survey results provided broad contextual information for the case studies; the interviews, classroom observations and document analysis revealed the case study teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and instructional practices.
The findings from this research indicated a preference for a skills perspective in English reading instruction by the majority of the survey participants, including the case study teachers. The case study teachers identified pedagogy, teaching materials, a supportive environment, motivation and the status of English as a school subject as key components in effective English reading instruction, but did not perceive their own knowledge and beliefs as influential on their practices. This research identified a number of effective instructional practices highlighting teacher led-activities, including the use of explicit instruction with frequent modelling and scaffolding, first language with multiple purposes, strategies to motivate students to learn, and integration of contemporary technology in reading instruction. In particular, teacher-led explicit instruction was among the repertoire of pedagogical content knowledge held by the case study teachers. However, the findings from this research also indicated that knowledge of the basic language constructs related to literacy acquisition was generally insufficient among all participating teachers, thereby hindering the case study teachers’ use of metalanguage as a tool for instruction. Overall, the case study teachers’ reading instruction tended to converge with their beliefs, but there were also a considerable number of inconsistencies in their knowledge, beliefs, instruction and evidence-based teaching practices. It was found that the dynamic interplay and mutual influence between teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and teaching practices was mediated by the EFL context, including curriculum mandates, school context and teacher education.
This research calls for teachers to examine and reflect on their knowledge and beliefs in daily teaching practices, continue to value what succeeds from the traditional Confucian teaching approach, and simultaneously incorporate current evidence-based teaching practices—for example, highlighting teachers’ essential role in using explicit instruction of key components of English reading and improving teacher knowledge. It is recommended that policy development, practices of EFL reading instruction, and preservice and in-service EFL teacher development programs in China consider incorporating teachers’ knowledge and beliefs to improve the effectiveness of English language pedagogy.
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Wang, Ting, and n/a. "Understanding Chinese educational leaders' conceptions of learning and leadership in an international education context." University of Canberra. Education and Community Studies, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050630.090724.
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This thesis presents an interpretative study of an Australian offshore education program
in educational leadership conducted at Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in China from
2002 to 2003. It is a study of the influence of international education on the conceptions
of the participants in a particular context, where Chinese culture and Western cultures
came into contact. The study is significant because it investigated a relatively new
aspect of international education, offshore education, this time from the perspective of
the participants. It explored the conceptions of learning and leadership brought by a
group of Chinese educational leaders to the course and investigated the perceived
influence of the course upon their conceptions and self-reported leadership practice. It
employed a culturally sensitive approach which recognizes that a complex interaction
between Chinese and Western cultures is occurring in the participants of this study.
This interpretative study was inspired by the phenomenographic approach.
Phenomenography is an approach to research that has been used to help understand the
key aspects of the variations in the experiences of groups of people (Marton & Booth,
1997). The study examined the experiences and understandings about learning and
leadership of Chinese leaders in an offshore program, a Master of Educational
Leadership. The program was delivered in a flexible mode in three intensive teaching
brackets of six subjects. The study employed a semi-structured and in-depth interview
technique. Twenty participants were interviewed twice over a 12-month period. The
study sought a better understanding of their conceptions by making a comparison
between their perceptions prior to and after undertaking the course. Participants were
from schools, universities and educational departments. Potential differences across the
three sectors were also considered in the analysis.
The findings showed that most participants developed more complex understandings of
learning and leadership throughout the course. Comparison of conceptions prior to and
after the course indicated an expanded range of conceptions. There was reportedly a
movement towards more complex and diversified perspectives. Prior to the course,
participants reported comparatively traditional conceptions of learning and leadership in
quite a limited range. Learning experience and exposure to Western educational ideas
and practices seems to have led participants to reflect on their inherited assumptions and to expand their conceptions. They generally increased their awareness of key aspects of
variations in learning and leadership. This study identified a general shift from
content/utilitarian-oriented learning conceptions to meaning/developmental-oriented
conceptions after undertaking the course. There was also a shift from task/directiveorientated
conceptions about leadership to motivation/collaborative-oriented leadership
conceptions. Many participants reported that they expanded their leadership practice
after the course. The findings also revealed some differences regarding conceptual and
practice changes across the three sectors.
The study contributes to understanding of learning and leadership in an international
education context. The learning and leadership conceptions and self-reported practices
are context and culture dependent. The study illustrates the tensions between different
cultural forces in the process of teaching and learning. The methodology which explores
the subjective understandings of participants renders more complex understandings of
intercultural processes than cross-cultural comparisons which have been predominant in
the educational leadership field in the past. The results highlight the need for
appreciation of local contexts in designing international programs. The discussion
questions the universal applicability and transferability of Western ideas, and also
highlights the importance of critical reflection and adaptation on the part of educational
practitioners from non-Western cultures. It highlights the potential for growth of change
in both providers and recipients of international education as a result of very different
cultures and traditions coming into contact. Intercultural dialogue and integration of
educational ideas and practices are likely to come about when East meets West in an
open and reflective dialogue.
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Shao, Dingding. "Human risk assessment based on mercury contamination in food and environmental martrix at two regions in Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1269.
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Chang, Fang Ching, and 張芳菁. "The institutional change of Yiwu China Commodities City in Zhejiang Province." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39204129078979282293.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立花蓮師範學院
社會發展研究所
94
This thesis is to understand the institution of Yiwu China Commodities City in Zhejiang Province , based on the new institutional economics view. The study methodology consisted of documentary analysis and interviews in order to realize the reason of institutional change and the process of it. By constructing in every generation of Yiwu China Commodities City , it is in a situation that lacks natural resources and industrial foundation. It is not like some special economical zones which depend on a large amount of input from foreign capitals .The central government has not offered any favorable policy ,either. To infer from the development in economy of Yiwu city, "The institutional change of the market" is the basic reason which causes development in economy of Yiwu. The institutional change in Yiwu China Commodities City has three characteristics as follows: First: reducing the transaction cost. Second: establishing the property right. Third : offering the public goods In addition , this research shows that the causality among institutional change and development in economy for over 20 years of Yiwu China Commodities city are to follow "the institutional demand-the institutional supply-the growth of economy-the institutional demand " in a good circulation of path dependence. But not every institution is "good", a good institution supplies the helpful elements to the development in economy, such as to reduce the transaction cost, to establish the property right and offer the public goods , etc. Keywords: Yiwu、new institutional economics、institutional change、China Commodities City
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Shen, Yi-Wen, and 沈怡玟. "Reform of Mainland China's "Province governing county" Financial System - A Case Study of Zhejiang." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85620356115165776820.
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Du, Yaping. "Training GP trainers in P.R. China the IDSD model and its evaluation in Zhejiang province /." 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014731049&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ho, Yu, and 何榆. "Production Network and Commodity Chain of Piano Manufacturing Cluster in Rural China--Case Study of Luoshe, Zhejiang Province." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74911340648161147313.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
地理環境資源學研究所
99
ABSTRACT Under the context of globalization of piano production, China is now the world’s biggest piano producer in the 21st century, producing 340,000 pianos in the world (70 % of the world share) in 2009. Luoshe, a rural township under the Huzhou city of Zhejiang Province with no any piano industry background before the 1980s, has produced its first piano in 1985 and nowadays has 46 piano manufacturers (30 % China in total) together making makes 65,000 pianos in 2009. The case of Luoshe is quite different from the typical western model of piano production which has existed since the 18th century. In the west, pianos are mainly manufactured by musical craftsmen or related family business, who also generally control the piano consumption market. However, Luoshe becomes the piano cluster without any craftsmen tradition nor power of controlling the market, making the rise of Luoshe deserves our scholarly attention than it has received. This thesis pays attention to the gap and asks why and how and under what circumstance the cluster has been formatted and transformed over the past decades. The case of Luoshe is empirically examined by two dimensions. On the one hand, from the production side, there is a very complex production network that is consisted of three kinds of piano factories in terms production size- the mega one (producing 30,000 pianos a year), the larger one (3,000-5,000 production a year) and the medium and small one (300-500 output a year). The only mega one, which produces nearly half of piano output in Luoshe, was jointly established by a local woodcutting company and a state-owned piano company in Guangdong. The production network of the mega one is relatively independent by itself without interacting with local suppliers. On the contrary, the larger ones and the medium and small ones have closer connections with other local production networks as there are certain traded/ untraded dependence relationships between different piano producers and component suppliers. On the other hand, in terms of consumption side, more than 90% pianos produced in Luoshe are sold domestically to the increasing demands of so-called Chinese middle-class families. Increasing numbers of various types of newly established piano shops play a role between those buyers who like to buy pianos at homes and piano producers in Luoshe. These piano shops (especially small piano ones) become very crucial in the piano marketing channel as they predominantly manage the information and process of introducing what brands of pianos to consumers. Therefore, the piano market in Luoshe is instead dominated by piano shops rather than producers, which is very different from the west.
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Cheng, Su-Chun, and 鄭夙君. "The Core Competence and Competitive Strategy of Chinese Start-rated Hotel — a Case Study of Zhejiang Province Hotel." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79979372225788987306.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
管理學院碩士在職專班管理科學組
98
In the past 30 years after reformation and opening up, tourism and the hospitality industry in China has been developing rapidly. Ever since China entered WTO, the Chinese economy has integrated into the global economic system, whilst tourism has become an important industry in the Chinese national economy. The immense potential and future development in Chinese tourism has drawn many internationally renowned hotel corporations to enter the market, which made the hospitality business, one of the three pillars of tourism, face vast competitive pressure and challenge. Therefore, it is truly meaningful to know correctly the current situation of the competitiveness of the Chinese hotel and hospitality industry and apply effective measures to raise its competiveness. At present, hotels in China are facing numerous challenges and difficulties, such as repeated construction, oversupply, the decline in profit margins, high staff turnover and the continuous increase of indirect cost. In order to maintain its long-term advantages in competitiveness, it is essentially crucial to discover and develop the core competitiveness unique to the hotels. The training and accumulation of core business abilities is the focal point of current development in business management and competitiveness. This research will study the star-rated hotels in China and Zhejiang Province. Based on the theory of resources and analyses on competitiveness, it will investigate the accumulation process of the core resources and abilities, and applying Michael Porter’s five forces analysis and “SWOT” theory, research and analyze how individual cases build the core abilities. Furthermore, it will induce the competitive advantages and future policies of development of the hospitality industry in order to offer referential indices for investors of the hospitality industry as well as current star-rated hotels to transform themselves and accomplish long-lasting sustainability.
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Yiyang, Wang. "The influence of medical personnel's career calling on organizational citizenship behavior: an empirical study in Zhejiang province, China." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/25067.
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The medical profession is inherently driven by a sense of duty to protect others’ lives and well-being. These, so called, vocational professions, are characterized by a strong bond with the people they serve, as seen in the Doctor-Patient Relationship. This is a critical factor for the clinical and therapeutic success as well as for the organizational performance. However, the Doctor-Patient Relationship has been facing many challenges due to the changes in the social environment and the deepening of medical system reform. Acknowledging the importance of Doctor-Patient Relationship, it is relevant to identify existing resources that contribute to protect and improve it, namely two features of vocational professions: Career Calling and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. However, empirical research involving these constructs is lacking. The empirical research on the Career Calling rarely involves the medical industry, and most of the researches on the Career Calling and Organizational Citizenship Behavior are conducted in the context of Western culture. Research conducted in China on the Career Calling of medical personnel is more on the level of moral didacticism and lacks quantitative empirical research. The study of medical personnel's Career Calling provides a new approach for hospital organizational behavior and hospital human resource management, and provides a new perspective for hospital managers. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the combination of medical personnel's Career Calling, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Doctor-Patient Relationship.
Based on a review of the previous studies on the Career Calling, this research further puts forward two empirical studies. The first study adopted a mixed-methods approach to identify the structural dimensions of Career Calling of medical personnel in China. It integrated in-depth interviews with open questionnaires, to produce a scale that was found to have good psychometric qualities, namely, good reliability and validity. The scale comprises three-dimensions, divided each in two subdimensions, all parsimoniously measured with 23 items. A second study, of a quantitative nature, via structural equations modelling, tests the conceptual model that took both Job Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior as the sequential mediators between Career Calling and Doctor-Patient Relationship. Likewise, the model previews a parallel path via Organizational Commitment. With a sample of 767 medical personnel in 10 3A hospitals in Hangzhou, China, results show Career Calling affects Organizational Citizenship Behavior through Job Engagement or organizational commitment, which then is positively associated to Doctor-Patient Relationship. Several paths are uncovered that show a complex network of plausible relations helpful in promoting positive Doctor-Patient Relationship. These findings are analyzed in the light of the theory and can be taken as psychological assets contributive to leveraging Doctor-Patient Relationship with the well-known positive implications for clinical and hospital success.A profissão médica é inerentemente motivada por um sentido de dever de proteção da vida e bem-estar de outros. Estas chamadas profissões vocacionais são caracterizadas por um elo forte com as pessoas que servem, tal como expresso na relação médico-doente. Esta é um fator crítico para o sucesso clínico e terapêutico bem como para o desempenho organizacional. Porém, a relação médico-doente tem enfrentado muitos desafios decorrentes das mudanças no ambiente social e do aprofundamento da reforma do sistema médico. Reconhecendo a importância desta relação, é relevante identificar os recursos existentes que contribuem para a proteger e melhorar, nomeadamente duas características das profissões vocacionais: o sentido de missão profissional e o comportamento de cidadania organizacional. Contudo, a investigação empírica em torno destes constructos está em falta e raramente envolve o setor médico para além de que muita da investigação sobre este constructo e sobre a cidadania organizacional é realizada no contexto cultural ocidental. A investigação realizada na China sobre o sentido de missão profissional dos médicos queda-se pelo nível de pregação moral e carece de investigação empírica quantitativa. O estudo do sentido de missão profissional do pessoal médico oferece, no contexto hospitalar, uma nova abordagem ao comportamento organizacional e à Gestão de Recursos Humanos e faculta uma nova perspetiva aos gestores hospitalares. Assim, estudar a combinação do sentido de missão profissional dos médicos, com os comportamentos de cidadania organizacional e a relação médico-doente tem significado teórico e valor aplicado. Partindo de uma revisão de literatura sobre o sentido de missão profissional, esta pesquisa desenvolve-se dois estudos empíricos. O primeiro adotou uma abordagem mista para identificar as dimensões estruturais do sentido de missão profissional do pessoal médico na China. Integrou entrevistas em profundidade com questionários abertos, para produzir uma escala com boas propriedades psicométricas, nomeadamente validade e fiabilidade. A escala compreende três dimensões, divididas cada em duas sub-dimensões, parcimoniosamente medidas com 23 itens. Um segundo estudo, de natureza quantitativa por via da modelação de equações estruturais, testou o modelo conceptual que tomou a dedicação no trabalho e o comportamento de cidadania organizacional como mediadores sequenciais entre o sentido de missão profissional e a relação médico-doente. Do mesmo modo, o modelo previa um caminho paralelo por via do compromisso organizacional. Com uma amostra de 767 médicos de dez hospitais de nível 3A em Hangzhou, na China, os resultados mostraram que o sentido de missão profissional afeta os comportamentos de cidadania organizacional através da dedicação no trabalho ou do compromisso organizacional, que por sua vez estão associados positivamente à relação médico-paciente. Descobriram-se vários caminhos que evidenciam uma rede complexa de relações plausíveis contributivas para uma relação médico-doente positiva. Estes resultados são analisados à luz da teoria e podem ser tidos como ativos psicológicos que contribuem para alavancar a relação médico-doente e, consequentemente, a sua implicação positiva para o sucesso clínico e hospitalar.
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Qi, Chen-Chu, and 陳楚琦. "Neology of Qin in Huizhou-Activation and reuse of Huizhou Architecture in Ancient Village of Qinchuan, Zhejiang Province." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57guym.
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Chiang, Mei-Chun, and 江玫君. "The Comparative Research of Chinese Leadership Models: The Case of Primary High School between Zhejiang Province, Mailand China and Taiwan Region." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15271265215691648020.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立彰化師範大學
工業教育學系
90
ABSTRACT This research tended to implement the Chinese Leadership Models established by Dr. Kang, Charles Tze-li (1997) and applicable surveys in the field of primary high school employees among Zhejiang Province, Mainland China and Taiwan region. The purpose of this research was to explore the value of culture, leadership behavior perception and expectation, and leadership behavior difference dimensions and their influences upon leadership effectiveness among the employees of primary high school institutions between the Zhejiang and Taiwan. This research was constructed, through “Indigenous Leadership Inventory”, “Culture Inventory”, and “ Leadership Effectiveness Inventory” referenced by leadership literatures and documents. After the Inventory was created, scholars with extensive research experience in leadership and testing theory were invited to guide and conduct a pilot test in order to establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument. This research utilized the questionnaire investigation methods on the matrix from the primary high school teachers and employees in Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region. Through layers of random sampling, we drew 2,290 questionnaires for Zhejinag and 1,115 copies for Taiwan region. These questionnaires were mailed out to conduct a field test. Then, we collected back 1,082 and 741 copies of questionnaires and generated the effective 1,067 copies for Zhejiang province, Mainland China and 725 questionnaires for Taiwan regions. The research hypothesis were tested on these documented data using varieties of methods including factor analysis, t-test, F-test, Pearson correlation analysis, Wilk’s Λmultivariate variance analysis, multiple stepwise regression, and path analysis. Some concrete conclusions and suggestions were drawn to recommend to the high school leaders between the Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan. We concluded the following issues based upon documentation analysis and field test results. 1. We developed the various “Indigenous Leadership Inventory”, “Culture Inventory”, and “ Leadership Effectiveness Inventory” and obtained a good fitness in validity, reliability, and well explained variance of leadership behavior, culture and leadership effectiveness between Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan. 2. The people from both sides of Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan experienced more than 50 years separate rulings and possessed different political philosophies and historical events; therefore, people present a different sculpture effect on their cultural value perceptions. Mainland China has a large power distance and collectivenism dimensions than Taiwan region; however, Taiwan region has femininity, stronger uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation dimensions. 3. Both samples sustained relative differences between perceptions and expectations between Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan samples towards their leadership behavior. That explained the space for the management to strive for. Additionally, the employees of Zhejiang province, Mainland China percepts a higher difference than those of Taiwan region. Therefore, the management of high school from Zhejiang province, Mainland China needed more efforts than those from Taiwan region. 4. The samplers from both Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region revealed a medium evaluation on their management leadership effectiveness. However, samplers from Mainland China have a higher level of satisfaction than those from Taiwan in their employee satisfaction. 5. The various dimensions of leadership effectiveness, leadership behavior perceptions and expectations, difference and the value of cultural in both Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region display a significant positive correlation. These proved that leadership behavior and culture dimensions have a positive influential effect upon leadership effectiveness. 6. Different management academic background variables in both Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region lead to a differential phenomenon on leadership behavior and leadership effectiveness. 7. The importance sequence of the predicted variables on leadership effectiveness revealed differently in Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region. In Zhejiang province, the most important predicted factor is the perception of the role of mentor; however, the factor is the perception of the role of parent in Taiwan region. 8. The cultural difference between Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region lead to a direct influence effect toward the leadership behavior, and through leadership behavior imposed an indirect influential effect on leadership effectiveness. Simultaneously, leadership behavior will have a direct positive influential factor on leadership effectiveness. To comprehend the previous conclusions, this research provided the following suggestions toward the primary high school leaders: 1. Leaders from Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region should emphasize the cultural difference and its transition. 2. Leaders from Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region might control the expectations, shorten the difference between expectations and perceptions and upgrade the work satisfaction. 3. Leaders from Mainland China should strengthen the leadership behavior from role of a mentor to upgrade the leadership effectiveness; while leaders from Taiwan should strengthen the leadership behavior from role of parent to improve leadership effectiveness. 4. Leaders from Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region should cultivate the value of large power distance and collectivism, in order to attain the objection of organization and raise the satisfaction of followers directly. 5. Leaders should stress the mediating effect of the role of parent and mentor with the collectivism, femininity, strong uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation, in order to increase the leadership effectiveness indirectly. 6. Leaders should fill up the cognitive gap among employees to differences of the academic experience, sex, age of leaders, and tenure and educational degree of employees.
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"中國鄉鎮社區敎育: 浙江省柯橋鎮的發展經驗 = Community education in rural China : a case study in Keqiao County in Zhejiang Province." 1998. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896276.
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許善娟.論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998.
參考文獻: leaves 157-163.
中英文提要.
Xu Shanjuan.
Chapter 第一章： --- 問題闡釋
Chapter 第一節： --- 硏究背景 --- p.1
Chapter 第二節： --- 中國的鄉鎭社區的發展 --- p.3
Chapter 第三節： --- 社區教育 --- p.10
Chapter 第四節： --- 社區參與 --- p.19
Chapter 第五節： --- 硏究問題 --- p.23
Chapter 第二章： --- 文獻綜述
Chapter 第一節： --- 中國的ˇёإ鎮教育 --- p.24
Chapter 第二節： --- 社區發展與社區教育 --- p.24
Chapter 第三節： --- 社區參與 --- p.28
Chapter 第四節： --- 社區教育的目標 --- p.28
Chapter 第五節： --- 社區教育的參與機制 --- p.31
Chapter 第六節： --- 社區教育的內容 --- p.32
Chapter 第七節： --- 社區教育的特色 --- p.36
Chapter 第三章： --- 硏究設計
Chapter 第一節： --- 硏究意義 --- p.38
Chapter 第二節： --- 硏究目的 --- p.38
Chapter 第三節： --- 硏究範圍 --- p.39
Chapter 第四節： --- 硏究對象 --- p.39
Chapter 第五節： --- 硏究方法 --- p.40
Chapter 第六節： --- 硏究限制 --- p.45
Chapter 第四章： --- 柯橋鎭的槪況與其社區教育的發展
Chapter 第一節： --- 柯橋鎭的槪況與其社區教育的發展 --- p.46
Chapter 第二節： --- 小結 --- p.62
Chapter 第五章： --- 柯橋鎭社區教育的活動內容
Chapter 第一節： --- 社區成員參與學校教育的內容 --- p.64
Chapter 第二節： --- 學校參與社區發展的內容 --- p.83
Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.90
Chapter 第六章： --- 柯橋社區成員對於參與社區教育的認識和態度
Chapter 第一節： --- 社區成員對於參與社區教育的認識和態度 --- p.94
Chapter 第二節： --- 小結 --- p.115
Chapter 第七章： --- 柯橋社區成員參與社區教育的作用
Chapter 第一節： --- 對學校教育的作用 --- p.119
Chapter 第二節： --- 對社區發展的作用 --- p.131
Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.135
Chapter 第八章： --- 總論
Chapter 第一節： --- 對中國ˇёإ鎭社區教育的啓示 --- p.139
Chapter 第二節： --- 對西方社區教育的理論的回應 --- p.144
附錄一：訪問問題 --- p.149
附錄二 ：實地工作紀要 --- p.155
參考書目 --- p.157
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kuu-yang, Hsu, and 徐國暘. "The study of the convert of libraries in the areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces.(1901-1930)." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60000782339436833413.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
歷史研究所
95
China changed transformed in all respects after close contact with the West in the late Qing Dynasty. The convert of libraries was one of them. The traditional libraries in China were unenlightened and just opened for few people. In 1901, through the observation to the west, the areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces began to set up new styled libraries. This kind of new libraries were particular about the public character. Since the end of Qing Dynasty, the local elite and the court started to construct new styled libraries. In R.O.C., the government became the leading role in the construction because they institutionalized in management, legalized in regulation and estimated in expenditure. The transformation in external environment also led to the convert of internal function of the libraries. It changed a lot no matter in managing regulation, classification cataloging and layout of space in new styled libraries where some new concepts were applied. Those changes were evolved which met the ages’ requirement. In addition, the social education was needed gradually in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. The new styled libraries were the main agent. The internal function of the libraries not only expanded, but brought various styled libraries. Reading this article, I hope you may understand the diversion processes, the internal and external changes of the libraries in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces in 1901 to 1930. And how the Chinese society requested the libraries to convert in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China and what did the libraries be changed to meet the requirement of Chinese society. These are the priorities I treated.
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Zhou, Guo-Xun, and 周國勛. "Research of Overseas Trade in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces in the Earlier Period of Yuan Dynasty─ In Two Case Studies of Zhu and Zhang’s Family in Taicang and Yang’s Family in Haiyan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s53k6w.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
歷史學系碩士班
97
Yuan government had emphasized overseas trade to flourish its business trading around coast. When this policy was applied, there are some great businessmen had appeared in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces , like Zhu and Zhang’s Family in Taicang , and Yang’s Family in Haiyan. Since Zhu Qing、Zhang Xuan、Yang Fa were the officers in overseas trade department , they could use power to get benefit from foreign trade. And this is the main reason how they could generate so much wealth. Besides, Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces were in great location and which offers more opportunities in overseas trade. If we review the history of Zhu and Zhang’s Family and Yang’s Family, we would certainly see how they use the money that collected from foreign trade in different ways. The Zhu and Zhang’s Family had invested most of money in real estate by their power and wealth, but Yang’s Family spent it for social care. Finally, the Zhu and Zhang’s Family had been erased and charged guilty, but the Yang’s Family had people’s support and remain their names in Yuan dynasty.