Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zhejiang (Chine ; province)'

Avec la participation accrue des économies émergentes dans l’économie mondiale, les Born Globals de ces pays deviennent des acteurs significatifs. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’étudier le processus d’internationalisation des Born Globals chinoises, ainsi que d’explorer les facteurs clés expliquant ce processus d’internationalisation précoce et rapide. Pour répondre à notre questionnement, une double méthodologie a été employée : une approche quantitative par une étude exploratoire suivie d’une approche qualitative par une étude de cas multiples. Nous avons choisi la province du Zhejiang comme terrain de recherche, car la plupart des PME de cette région s’orientent dès leur création vers l’international. A partir d’une analyse des littératures relatives à l’internationalisation des PME et des Born Globals, nous avons identifié sept facteurs principaux dans le processus d’internationalisation des Born Globals et nous les avons examinés dans le contexte chinois par une étude exploratoire. Suite à cette étude qui nous a permis d’identifier les dirigeants et les réseaux comme facteurs clés expliquant l’internationalisation rapide des Born Globals chinoises, nous avons réalisé une analyse inter-cas auprès de sept Born Globals chinoises. Cette étude nous a permis de comprendre l’action de ces deux facteurs clés dans l’internationalisation rapide des Born Globals ainsi que leur impact sur ce processus
With the increased participation of emerging countries in the global economy, the Born Globals in these countries become significant players. The aim of our research is to study the internationalization process of Chinese Born Globals and to explore the key factors explaining their early and rapid process of internationalization.To answer our questions, a double methodology was used: a quantitative approach of an exploratory study followed by a qualitative approach of a multiple case study. We choose the Zhejiang province as our research field because most SMEs in this region start to internationalize soon after their creation.From a literature review of the internationalization of SMEs and Born Globals, we have identified seven key factors in the internationalization process of Born Globals and we have examined them in the Chinese context through an exploratory study. Following this exploratory study, which allowed us to identify the leaders and the networks as two key factors explaining the rapid internationalization of Chinese Born Globals, we conducted a cross-case analysis within seven Chinese Born Globals. This study allowed us to understand the functions of these two key factors in the rapid internationalization of Born Globals as well as their impact on this process

Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie urbaine s'intéresse à l'évolution de l'armature urbaine depuis le début des années 1980 dans la province du Zhejiang en Chine. Les villes y ont connu de considérables changements: l'ampleur de l'urbanisation s'exprime tant dans leur évolution physique que dans leur distribution sur l'ensemble du territoire. Le Zhejiang, dont le taux d'urbanisation est passé de 13,7 à 61,6 % entre 1980 et 2010, est situé au sud de Shanghai. Il intègre une partie de la région du delta du Yangzi, l'un des bassins industriels et démographiques les plus dynamiques de Chine, et met en évidence les mutations urbaines aussi bien au sein de ce type de territoires riches et en plein essor que dans les terres en marge de leur développement. Le développement des petites villes, avec une population comprise entre 100 000 et 500 000 habitants, se révèle être le paramètre moteur de l'évolution de l'armature urbaine: alors que la province n'en compte que 13 en 1990, elles sont au nombre de 45 en 2000 puis 52 en 2010. En centrant la recherche sur ces entité : urbaines, l'étude analyse l'impact d'une politique de développement local standardisée, guidée par l'objectif prioritaire de croissance économique. À l'origine d'une promotion des petites villes au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine, ces pratiques uniformes provoquent de nombreuses fractures spatiales et socio-économiques et, en l'absence d'une planification régionale rigoureuse, n'anticipent pas une sélection urbaine déjà commencée. Les relations entre les villes et leurs périphéries rurales en sont modifiées, corollaire d'une redistribution des activités et des populations au sein d'un espace fonctionnel mixte
This PhD in urban geography focuses on the evolution of the urban framework since the early 1980 : in the province of Zhejiang in China. The unprecedented size and rapidity of Chinese urbanization have transformed both their structure and territorial distribution. Zhejiang province, whose urbanization rate increased from 13.7 to 61.6% between 1980 and 2010, is located south of Shanghai. It covers a part of the Yangtzi Delta region, one of the biggest metropolitan areas in China, and highlights the urban transformations both within such thriving territories and in peripheral areas. The development of small cities, with a population between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants is proving to be the most common feature of the evolution of its urban framework: while the province had only 13 small cities in 1990, they were 45 in 2000 and 52 in 2010. Focusing on these urban entities, this research work analyses the impacts of a standardized urban planning, guided by the overriding objective of economic growth. Promoting small cities in the urban hierarchy, these planning practices nevertheless cause socio-spatial divisions. In addition, the absence of a rigorous regional planning does not anticipate an urban selection already started. The relations between urban cores and their rural peripheries are renewed, and lead to a redistribution of activities and populations in a mixed functional space. The chosen angle is to reveal the complex links between urban practices largely shared in China and socio-economic as well as space realities in order to outline the shape of the new urban framework. Small cities have new roles to play and support an on-going renewal of the urban hierarchy

La poussée touristique chinoise s'est faite, et se fait encore, sur un modèle "quantitatif" aujourd'hui. Pourtant, des choses changent, en particulier dans les espaces ruraux et montagneux, avec l'accent mis par l'État chinois sur la revitalisation rurale et le nombre croissant d'une nouvelle génération de touristes de la classe moyenne. Cette thèse propose de s'interroger si un nouveau "modèle touristique chinois" émerge, à partir du district de Songyang, un territoire rural et montagneux en retard de développement situé dans la province parmi les plus riches et les plus innovantes. Il s'agit d'un modèle de mise en tourisme "qualitatif", éloignant de l'ancienne logique standardisée autour du tourisme qualifié comme "quantitative" ou "de masse". Ce travail met l'accent tout d'abord sur le rôle fondamental de l'État central et sur la construction de goûts "stéréotypés" dans l'esthétique paysagère des touristes afin de souligner le contexte politique, culturel et esthétique positif dans le développement du tourisme rural. Les rôles des investisseurs extérieurs et des architectes, en tant que porteurs de valeurs et de regards urbains, dans la mise en tourisme et dans la construction de l'image territoriale, ont été abordés. Néanmoins, nous remettons en question des hébergements ruraux de qualité et des architectures comme révélateurs du territoire et comme leviers du développement. Notre travail analyse ensuite les pratiques touristiques des touristes chinois dans la campagne. Nous nous interrogeons aussi sur la "ruralité" et l'"authenticité" recherchées par les touristes. L'intérêt de ce travail est également de montrer la valeur exemplaire et expérimentale du modèle de Songyang à d'autres zones rurales confrontées à des difficultés de développement
Tourism development in China has been, and still is, based on a "quantitative" model. However, the situation is changing, especially in rural and mountainous areas, with the Chinese government's focus on rural revitalization and the increasing number of new generations of middle-class tourists. This thesis proposes to examine whether a new "Chinese tourism model" is emerging, using Songyang County as the subject of this study, a rural and mountainous region located in one of the wealthiest and most innovative provinces. This is a "qualitative" model of tourism development, moving away from the "quantitative" or "mass" logic of standardization that has been described around Chinese tourism in the past. This thesis begins by emphasizing the fundamental role of the Chinese national government and analyzes the construction of "stereotypical" tastes in tourists' landscape aesthetics to highlight the active political, cultural and aesthetic context in rural tourism development. The role of outsider urban investors and architects, as bearers of urban values and perspectives, in tourism and territorial image building has been discussed. However, we question the role of high quality rural accommodation and architecture as levers for the revelation and development of the territory. This thesis then analyzes the tourism practices of Chinese tourists in the countryside. We also question the "rusticity" and "authenticity" sought by tourists. This work is also relevant to show the exemplary and experimental value of the Songyang model to other rural areas facing development difficulties

Depuis la fondation de la République populaire de Chine en 1949 jusqu'à la période postérieure à 1990 suivant la Réforme et l'Ouverture, la Chine a connu des transformations politiques, économiques et culturelles significatives. En tant que groupe spécial, les Chinois d'outre-mer ont été profondément affectés par ce processus. Cette thèse, basée sur des perspectives politiques et des documents gouvernementaux déclassifiés, étudie l'histoire des immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France (principalement de Wenzhou et Qingtian), tentant de révéler les politiques chinoises à l'égard des Chinois d'outre-mer et les conditions sociales auxquelles ces immigrants ont été confrontés au cours de différentes périodes historiques.La communauté des immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France a commencé à se former à la fin du XIXe siècle, restant relativement petite et maintenant des liens étroits avec leurs villes natales. Après la fondation de la République populaire de Chine, le refroidissement des relations sino-françaises a rendu difficile le retour de ces immigrants chez eux, beaucoup étant dissuadés par la propagande et les obstructions du Kuomintang. Les mouvements politiques internes tels que la Réforme agraire et le Grand Bond en avant ont davantage porté atteinte aux droits des Chinois d'outre-mer, entravant leur retour.Cependant, l'atteinte aux droits des Chinois d'outre-mer n'était pas constante tout au long de ces mouvements politiques. Dans les premières années de la République populaire, les politiques chinoises oscillaient entre « gauche » et « droite ». Les Chinois d'outre-mer, en raison de leur statut économique spécial, étaient souvent vus comme un remède aux récessions économiques causées par des mouvements politiques extrémistes de gauche. Des institutions telles que le Conseil des Affaires d'État et la Commission des Affaires des Chinois d'Outre-mer ont saisi ces occasions pour mettre en œuvre des politiques protégeant les droits des Chinois d'outre-mer, attirant certains immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France à rentrer chez eux pour rendre visite à leurs proches. Ils ont également mené une série de travaux de front uni à travers les médias et les associations chinoises en France, engageant des luttes fréquentes et intenses avec le Kuomintang, soulignant le lien indissociable entre les immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France et les tendances politiques plus larges de la Chine. Avec le réchauffement des relations diplomatiques sino-françaises et l'établissement de relations diplomatiques en 1964, la tendance des immigrants chinois en France à rentrer chez eux pour rendre visite a augmenté, et l'influence du Kuomintang dans la communauté chinoise française a diminué. Pendant la Révolution culturelle, les droits des Chinois d'outre-mer ont de nouveau été gravement violés. Cependant, il convient de noter qu'après 1970, sous la direction de Zhou Enlai et l'incident de Lin Biao, l'impact sur les immigrants chinois du sud du Zhejiang en France a progressivement diminué à mesure que la situation politique en Chine s'apaisait, et leurs droits ont été restaurés plus tôt que ce que suggèrent les conclusions universitaires existantes.Après la Réforme et l'Ouverture, le gouvernement chinois a mis l'accent sur le rôle des Chinois d'outre-mer dans le développement économique, assouplissant progressivement les politiques d'entrée et de sortie et encourageant les investissements des Chinois d'outre-mer. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de ces politiques n'a pas été sans heurts, connaissant des revers avec les directives du gouvernement central souvent confrontées à la résistance au niveau local. Des changements significatifs à Wenzhou n'ont eu lieu qu'après 1984. Le grand flux de personnes a également conduit naturellement à des problèmes d'immigration illégale. [...]
From the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 to the post-1990 period following the Reform and Opening-up, China underwent significant political, economic, and cultural transformations. As a special group, overseas Chinese were deeply affected during this process. This thesis, based on policy perspectives and declassified government documents, studies the history of Southern Zhejiang Chinese immigrants in France (primarily from Wenzhou and Qingtian), attempting to reveal the Chinese overseas Chinese policies and social conditions faced by these immigrants during different historical periods. The Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrant community in France began to form at the end of the 19th century, remaining relatively small and maintaining close ties with their hometowns. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the cooling of Sino-French relations made it difficult for these immigrants to return home, with many deterred by the propaganda and obstructions from the Kuomintang. Domestic political movements such as Land Reform and the Great Leap Forward further infringed on the rights of overseas Chinese, impeding their return. However, the infringement on overseas Chinese rights was not constant throughout these political movements. In the early years of the People’s Republic, China’s policies oscillated between “left” and “right.” Overseas Chinese, due to their special economic status, were often seen as a remedy for economic downturns caused by extreme leftist political movements. Institutions like the State Council and the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission took these opportunities to implement policies protecting the rights of overseas Chinese, attracting some Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants in France to return home to visit relatives. They also carried out a series of united front work through media and Chinese associations in France, engaging in frequent and intense struggles with the Kuomintang, highlighting the inseparable link between the Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants in France and China’s broader political trends. With the warming of Sino-French diplomatic relations and the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1964, the trend of Chinese immigrants in France returning home to visit increased, and the influence of the Kuomintang in the French Chinese community diminished. During the Cultural Revolution, the rights of overseas Chinese were again severely violated. However, it is worth noting that after 1970, with Zhou Enlai’s leadership and the Lin Biao incident, the impact on Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants in France gradually diminished as the political situation in China eased, and their rights were restored earlier than existing scholarly conclusions suggest. After the Reform and Opening-up, the Chinese government emphasised the role of overseas Chinese in economic development, gradually relaxing entry and exit policies and encouraging investment from overseas Chinese. However, the implementation of these policies was not smooth, experiencing setbacks with central government directives often facing resistance at the local level. Significant changes in Wenzhou only occurred after 1984. The large outflow of people also naturally led to issues of illegal immigration. Today, the hundreds of thousands of Chinese living in France maintain close ties with their hometowns, a connection deeply rooted in the historical and demographic characteristics of Zhejiang Southern Chinese immigrants. This thesis highlights their experiences during different historical periods, revealing their significant and complex role in China’s modernization process. The study aims to use this group with “overseas relations” as a mirror to reflect on China’s historical progress from 1949 to the post-Reform and Opening-up era

Objectives: To explore multiple aspects of child maltreatment in China, including perceptions, risk factors, experiences and negative effects, with a focus on the role of parental aggression and parental childhood maltreatment, as well as the independent effects of different types of maltreatment on child emotional and behavioural problems. Methods: The study sites were urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province, China. A mixed-method design was used: semi-structured interviews with 11 young adults, 21 parents and nine children, three focus group discussions with 22 children, and questionnaire surveys with 1,201 young adults, 576 parents and 791 children. Results: Physical and emotional maltreatment, before age 18, were reported by 81% and 82% of young adults respectively. Personal experience of emotional maltreatment was generally perceived as more harmful than physical. Lifetime prevalence of maltreatment reported by parents and children was - physical: 56% vs 50%; emotional: 75% vs 59%; non-contact punishment: 21% vs 18%. 21% of the children reported experiencing three or four types of maltreatment (including witnessing domestic violence). Parents with higher aggressive tendencies were more likely to maltreat children. Parental aggression was an explanatory factor for the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment. Emotional maltreatment was consistently associated with a higher risk of child emotional and conduct problems. Severe physical maltreatment showed the strongest association with abnormal conduct. Moderate physical maltreatment was independently associated with emotional problems. There was an increased risk with multiple types of maltreatment. The qualitative research adds useful insights into the perceptions of child maltreatment in China from different perspectives. Children’s and young adults’ perceptions of maltreatment experiences were focused on parents’ intentions. Most parents perceived physical punishment and verbal aggression as necessary in disciplining children. Some parents were more reflective of their aggressive behaviours towards children and were more willing to change their disciplinary methods. Conclusions: The pervasiveness of child maltreatment and the considerable harm caused to children and young adults suggest an urgent need for raising public awareness, educating parents and introducing a formal child protection system in China.

The primary objective of this research is to determine how SMEs control the risk involved in business strategic alliances. The research question is: How should performance risk and relationship risk within the strategic alliances of SMEs be controlled? Subsequently, we applied qualitative research methods to collect data for this research; further, our research design included a case study of the SMEs in Zhejiang, China.

Introduction: Breast milk is the best way to feed all infants. It results in better nutrition for the infant and to reduced rates of chronic disease later in childhood and adulthood. Breastfed babies have lower rates of infectious diseases and will not be exposed to contaminated infant formula, such as the recent experience with melamine in China. The WHO Expert Consultation on Infant Feeding recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months, with the introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding thereafter. It was also recommended by the WHO that breastfeeding continue beyond six months for up to two years and beyond. Breastmilk can provide the majority of nutrients for the first 12 months of life. Complementary foods were given in the second half year gradually.However with the rapid economic development, the traditional home based obstetric system in China has changed. Following the change in women’s living styles, traditional infant feeding perceptions and practices have changed. Women now have high rates of returning to work after delivering a baby, especially in the urban areas, and more infants are being given infant formula and other substitutes for breastfeeding. Zhejiang Province is the one of fastest developing economic regions located in the mid Eastern coast of China. The breastfeeding rate has dropped rapidly since the 1970’s. This has significant implications for the child health in this region. A longitudinal study of breastfeeding was needed to provide the data necessary to implement a comprehensive health promotion program. Efforts are needed to promote breastfeeding, which should be one of the highest health promotion priorities.The aim of this study was to document the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in city, suburban and rural areas in Zhejiang Province; analyze the factors determining the initiation and the duration of breastfeeding; document mothers’ knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding; identify the prevalence of problems associated with breastfeeding and constraints to exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of life; document the prevalence of prelacteal feeds and finally to describe differences in breastfeeding between city, suburb and rural area.Method: In order to achieve these objectives a longitudinal cohort study was undertaken of infant feeding practices in three locations in Zhejiang Province which represent city and suburban and rural areas. Mothers who delivered babies during 2004 and 2005 were randomly selected from the obstetric wards while in hospital and invited to voluntarily participate in the study. The mothers were interviewed in hospital and after discharge, were contacted by telephone three more times at 1, 3 and 6 months. The few mothers who could not be reached by telephone were interviewed during the scheduled routine immunisation clinics at their local MCH clinic. On each of these follow up occasions they were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain details of infant feeding practices. A total of 1520 mothers were recruited in 4 hospitals located in city, suburb and rural areas. Almost all mothers (98%) agreed to participate. All data analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), release 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive techniques and survival analysis were used to document breastfeeding rates and duration. Cox regression analysis was undertaken to explore factors affecting breastfeeding.Results: Of the total 1520 mothers were recruited into the study, 628 were from the city, 347 from the suburb and 535 from the rural area. Breastfeeding initiation rates were high in all three locations. Initially more than 95% of the mothers began breastfeeding, but only 50.3% babies averagely in three locations were being exclusively breastfed at discharge. The number of infants being exclusively breastfed prior to discharge was relatively low. Exclusive breastfeeding before discharge was positively related to delivery method, the first feed given to the baby, mother’s place of residence, mother’s age, mothers’ education level and family income.‘Any breastfeeding’ rates at discharge and at 1, 3 and 6 months were 96.9%, 96.0%, 89.7% and 76.7% respectively. ‘Exclusive breastfeeding’ rates at discharge, and at 1, 3, 6 months were 50.3%, 55.1%, 45.8% and 3.9% respectively. The average duration of ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ was 44.7 days (95% CI, 41.6-47.9).Overall about half of mothers gave the babies prelacteal feeds before commencing breastfeeding. This situation was more common in city, compared with the suburban and rural mothers. The prelacteal feeding rates were 62.0%, 36.6% and 39.0% in city, suburb and rural area respectively.The breastfeeding rates differed by location between the city, suburb and rural areas. ‘Any breastfeeding’ rates in the city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 96.5 %, 96.8 % and 97.4 % respectively, the ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ rates in city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 38.0%, 63.4 % and 61.0 % respectively. The rates of exclusive breastfeeding at six months were only 0.2%, 0.5 % and 7.2 % respectively, well below the Chinese and WHO targets.The risk factors related to cessation of ‘any breastfeeding’ were ‘mother’s age’, ‘the time the decision to breastfeed was made’, ‘whether the infant was admitted to special care nursery’, ‘mother’s return to work within 6 months’, ‘the early feeding of water and /or other complementary foods, and location of mother’s usual residence. Factors negatively associated with ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ duration were early return to work and to place of residence, with the mothers living in the rural area exclusively breastfeeding for longer.Delivery method was an important influence on breastfeeding. In this study the highest caesarean section rate was in the city (76%), with a similar rate in the suburbs (74%) and the lowest in the rural area (53%). Mothers who had a caesarean section were less likely to be exclusively breastfeeding on discharge (35.8% in city, 59.6% in the suburbs) compared to vaginal delivery where the rates were 45% and 74.4% respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding in caesarean section deliveries in the city and suburban mothers was 0.64 (95% CI 0.46, 0.88).Conclusion: The study has descried the initiation and duration of breastfeeding (to six months) of babies in the different areas of Zhejiang Province. Separate information is provided on the prevalence of ‘any breastfeeding’ and ‘exclusive breastfeeding'. The factors that are associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Zhejiang Province are documented. Health promotion programs are needed to change some traditional inappropriate breastfeeding perceptions and to promote ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ in the first six months of life in Zhejiang. Education should be given and regulations should be introduced restricting hospital staff from recommending prelacteal and supplementary feeds unless warranted for medical reasons. The research also shows that there would be a benefit to breastfeeding if delivery and lactation leave were extended to six months and if the incidence of caesarean section could be reduced to levels more consistent with WHO expected levels.

China has now become the largest producer and exporter of textile and clothing products in the world. The objective of this research is to explore the relationship between the complicated interactive process of institutional change and the development of industrial clusters in China. It focuses on the distinctive institutional factors that have allowed the textile and clothing clusters in China to benefit from globalisation while those in other transitional economies have not done so. The research also aims to make a thorough investigation into how the dynamic change of the public-private interface has influenced the development and upgrading of the textile and clothing clusters in contemporary China-in-transition, with all the political and social implications that the process entails. The research mainly uses the New Institutional Economics Approach (NIE) and gives weight to institutional change through multiple case studies of textile and clothing clusters in Zhejiang province, East China. The micro case studies are effective in illustrating the interaction between institutional change and industrial development. The research argues that the unique institutional factors leading to the rapid development of textile and clothing clusters in China include hybrid ownership, public entrepreneurship and the specialised wholesale market. The research has also shown that the theory of local state corporatism alone fails to explain the great success of textile and clothing clusters in China. The development and upgrading of textile and clothing clusters in China has witnessed extraordinary institutional change through co-evolution between the public sector and the private sector, which can be reflected through the interaction among social networks, entrepreneurship and performance of local government. The flexibility in the public-private interface is one unique endogenous institutional arrangement embedded in the economic system in China. It is a dynamic process of institutional embeddedness, deembeddedness and reembeddedness with a diversity of economic regimes coexisting at different hierarchies of government

Introduction: Breast milk is the best way to feed all infants. It results in better nutrition for the infant and to reduced rates of chronic disease later in childhood and adulthood. Breastfed babies have lower rates of infectious diseases and will not be exposed to contaminated infant formula, such as the recent experience with melamine in China. The WHO Expert Consultation on Infant Feeding recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months, with the introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding thereafter. It was also recommended by the WHO that breastfeeding continue beyond six months for up to two years and beyond. Breastmilk can provide the majority of nutrients for the first 12 months of life. Complementary foods were given in the second half year gradually.
However with the rapid economic development, the traditional home based obstetric system in China has changed. Following the change in women’s living styles, traditional infant feeding perceptions and practices have changed. Women now have high rates of returning to work after delivering a baby, especially in the urban areas, and more infants are being given infant formula and other substitutes for breastfeeding. Zhejiang Province is the one of fastest developing economic regions located in the mid Eastern coast of China. The breastfeeding rate has dropped rapidly since the 1970’s. This has significant implications for the child health in this region. A longitudinal study of breastfeeding was needed to provide the data necessary to implement a comprehensive health promotion program. Efforts are needed to promote breastfeeding, which should be one of the highest health promotion priorities.
The aim of this study was to document the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in city, suburban and rural areas in Zhejiang Province; analyze the factors determining the initiation and the duration of breastfeeding; document mothers’ knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding; identify the prevalence of problems associated with breastfeeding and constraints to exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of life; document the prevalence of prelacteal feeds and finally to describe differences in breastfeeding between city, suburb and rural area.
Method: In order to achieve these objectives a longitudinal cohort study was undertaken of infant feeding practices in three locations in Zhejiang Province which represent city and suburban and rural areas. Mothers who delivered babies during 2004 and 2005 were randomly selected from the obstetric wards while in hospital and invited to voluntarily participate in the study. The mothers were interviewed in hospital and after discharge, were contacted by telephone three more times at 1, 3 and 6 months. The few mothers who could not be reached by telephone were interviewed during the scheduled routine immunisation clinics at their local MCH clinic. On each of these follow up occasions they were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain details of infant feeding practices. A total of 1520 mothers were recruited in 4 hospitals located in city, suburb and rural areas. Almost all mothers (98%) agreed to participate. All data analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), release 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive techniques and survival analysis were used to document breastfeeding rates and duration. Cox regression analysis was undertaken to explore factors affecting breastfeeding.
Results: Of the total 1520 mothers were recruited into the study, 628 were from the city, 347 from the suburb and 535 from the rural area. Breastfeeding initiation rates were high in all three locations. Initially more than 95% of the mothers began breastfeeding, but only 50.3% babies averagely in three locations were being exclusively breastfed at discharge. The number of infants being exclusively breastfed prior to discharge was relatively low. Exclusive breastfeeding before discharge was positively related to delivery method, the first feed given to the baby, mother’s place of residence, mother’s age, mothers’ education level and family income.
‘Any breastfeeding’ rates at discharge and at 1, 3 and 6 months were 96.9%, 96.0%, 89.7% and 76.7% respectively. ‘Exclusive breastfeeding’ rates at discharge, and at 1, 3, 6 months were 50.3%, 55.1%, 45.8% and 3.9% respectively. The average duration of ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ was 44.7 days (95% CI, 41.6-47.9).
Overall about half of mothers gave the babies prelacteal feeds before commencing breastfeeding. This situation was more common in city, compared with the suburban and rural mothers. The prelacteal feeding rates were 62.0%, 36.6% and 39.0% in city, suburb and rural area respectively.
The breastfeeding rates differed by location between the city, suburb and rural areas. ‘Any breastfeeding’ rates in the city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 96.5 %, 96.8 % and 97.4 % respectively, the ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ rates in city, suburb and rural area at discharge were 38.0%, 63.4 % and 61.0 % respectively. The rates of exclusive breastfeeding at six months were only 0.2%, 0.5 % and 7.2 % respectively, well below the Chinese and WHO targets.
The risk factors related to cessation of ‘any breastfeeding’ were ‘mother’s age’, ‘the time the decision to breastfeed was made’, ‘whether the infant was admitted to special care nursery’, ‘mother’s return to work within 6 months’, ‘the early feeding of water and /or other complementary foods, and location of mother’s usual residence. Factors negatively associated with ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ duration were early return to work and to place of residence, with the mothers living in the rural area exclusively breastfeeding for longer.
Delivery method was an important influence on breastfeeding. In this study the highest caesarean section rate was in the city (76%), with a similar rate in the suburbs (74%) and the lowest in the rural area (53%). Mothers who had a caesarean section were less likely to be exclusively breastfeeding on discharge (35.8% in city, 59.6% in the suburbs) compared to vaginal delivery where the rates were 45% and 74.4% respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding in caesarean section deliveries in the city and suburban mothers was 0.64 (95% CI 0.46, 0.88).
Conclusion: The study has descried the initiation and duration of breastfeeding (to six months) of babies in the different areas of Zhejiang Province. Separate information is provided on the prevalence of ‘any breastfeeding’ and ‘exclusive breastfeeding'. The factors that are associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Zhejiang Province are documented. Health promotion programs are needed to change some traditional inappropriate breastfeeding perceptions and to promote ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ in the first six months of life in Zhejiang. Education should be given and regulations should be introduced restricting hospital staff from recommending prelacteal and supplementary feeds unless warranted for medical reasons. The research also shows that there would be a benefit to breastfeeding if delivery and lactation leave were extended to six months and if the incidence of caesarean section could be reduced to levels more consistent with WHO expected levels.

Over recent decades, the stakeholder arena for urban flood management has become well recognised as being complex and dynamic. Various stakeholders are involved before, during and after a flooding event, all of which have different interests and demands. Therefore, an initial stakeholder identification and analysis stage is required before detailed stakeholder engagement strategies can be developed and employed. Drawing on urban flood management in Zhuji, a typical medium-sized city that has suffered urban flooding in China, this research project used a mixed-method research methodology within a single case-study approach to explore the current stakeholder arena for urban flood management in a medium-sized Chinese city. By combining stakeholder salience analysis with social network analysis, this study tries to create a more nuanced insight into the stakeholder arena, so that stakeholder participation in urban flood management can be improved. This thesis produces several findings. First, it provides empirical evidence to show that traditional one-dimensional stakeholder analysis methods such as the level of interest and influence; cooperation and competition; cooperation and threat; and stakeholder interest and power cannot provide an in-depth understanding of a complex and dynamic stakeholder arena, as exists for urban flood management. By way of contrast, the proposed stakeholder analysis approach, which combines both stakeholder salience and network analyses, can create a multi-dimensional understanding of urban flood management stakeholders and allows the initial problem space to be recast into a more detailed or nuanced understanding of the problems presented. This improved understanding of the stakeholder arena and the related problem space provides a more solid information foundation upon which new stakeholder and community engagement practices can be developed. Second, this thesis argues that the Mitchell et al. (1997) salience model experiences limitations in practice. Only five of the seven salience groups were identified in the present research project, with both the Dangerous and Demanding stakeholder groups missing. This indicates that the identification of urban flood management stakeholders in a medium-sized Chinese city is highly dependent on their legitimate claims. Third, the social network analysis used in this project not only explores the relationships between stakeholders, but also provides an opportunity to present other one-dimensional stakeholder attitudes. This enhancement of the data beyond one-dimensional visual representations to dynamic and interactive processes not only better assists policy-makers in developing new and improved engagement practices, it also allows engagement practitioners to educate stakeholders and interactively improve understanding of the situation among those stakeholders. This understanding, in turn, is assumed to facilitate collaborative problem solving.

There is on-going debate regarding if and how integrated service delivery might affect quality of care for infectious diseases traditionally delivered through vertical programmes. In China, tuberculosis (TB) care has recently been integrated into ‘designated’ public hospitals at the county level. However, the integration initiative has caused concerns among hospital providers about cost recovery for poorly funded public hospitals. These concerns are partially reflected in the prescription of non-standardized, non-free auxiliary treatment for TB patients, which increases patients’ financial burden and compromises quality of care. This study applies Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) thinking to understand providers’ prescribing behaviour in the context of integrated service delivery in TB designated hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. A case study approach was applied to research conducted in two designated hospitals, where the TB clinic was subsidized through local government or the hospital respectively. This study started with a retrospective review of 340 medical charts of uncomplicated TB patients. Informed by the results of this review, 47 semi-structured interviews were conducted with health officials, public health officers, and hospital staff members such as managers and TB clinicians, radiologists, laboratory staff and nurses. The working environment of the TB health workers was also observed. A thematic approach was used to formulate the initial coding frame, as guided by the conceptual framework. Hospital-based integrated TB care is highly medicalised due to strong medical culture and values associated with the integrated care. In both hospitals, non-standardised, non-free prescription of drugs and interventions for uncomplicated TB is common, with no consistent patterns for the two hospitals. This can also be attributed to lack of clear guidelines, weak doctor-patient relationship and hidden financial incentives of TB doctors. Staff motivation is low due to the perceived poor opportunities for professional development in TB work, the perceived gap in salaries as compared to other clinical staff, and the limited provision of risk protection measures for TB health workers. Welfare of TB health workers, who generate limited income for hospitals, is accorded low priority. Professional differences and tension between public health and medical professionals remain the biggest barrier to ensuring clinical governance for TB control in the hospitals. This study suggests that non-standardised prescribing behaviour is a dynamic response to the systemic conditions generated by the current model of integrated service delivery in the designated hospitals in China. Delivering free and standardised integrated TB care in the designated hospitals is challenging in the context of highly fragmented disease control and clinical structures and market-orientated health services. Using CAS thinking has helped to shift attention from a functional analysis of the health systems ‘building blocks’ and their mechanical interactions towards a more dynamic way of examining emergence, feedback loops, adaptation and relationship management in the study of integrating a public health function (TB care) within a hospital setting. The study will inform the on-going discussion of strengthening the quality of integrated service delivery model in China and public-private mix for TB control in other similar contexts.

The English curriculum standards in China have shifted towards cultivating core competencies in students’ English language to incorporate a more constructivist approach than was used previously. This has posed challenges for Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers because it is necessary for them to hold the requisite knowledge and skills themselves before they can cultivate students’ core competencies. English reading plays an important role in facilitating students’ acquisition of these core competencies. Thus, there is a need to ensure that Chinese EFL teachers have the knowledge and skills to align with the curriculum changes and evidence based teaching practices that support reading development. A wealth of literature has documented that teachers’ knowledge and beliefs influence their instructional practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore Chinese primary school EFL teachers’ knowledge and beliefs concerning effective teaching of English reading in the Chinese context, and how these relate to their instructional practices. The methodology of this research focused on a constructivist epistemology with interpretivism as the theoretical perspective. A case study design was selected, using a mixed methods approach, with case study teachers drawn from 262 survey participants who were teaching English in public primary schools in Zhejiang Province, China. Three teachers from two schools located in the suburban areas of Zhejiang volunteered to participate in the qualitative phase of the research. The survey results provided broad contextual information for the case studies; the interviews, classroom observations and document analysis revealed the case study teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and instructional practices. The findings from this research indicated a preference for a skills perspective in English reading instruction by the majority of the survey participants, including the case study teachers. The case study teachers identified pedagogy, teaching materials, a supportive environment, motivation and the status of English as a school subject as key components in effective English reading instruction, but did not perceive their own knowledge and beliefs as influential on their practices. This research identified a number of effective instructional practices highlighting teacher led-activities, including the use of explicit instruction with frequent modelling and scaffolding, first language with multiple purposes, strategies to motivate students to learn, and integration of contemporary technology in reading instruction. In particular, teacher-led explicit instruction was among the repertoire of pedagogical content knowledge held by the case study teachers. However, the findings from this research also indicated that knowledge of the basic language constructs related to literacy acquisition was generally insufficient among all participating teachers, thereby hindering the case study teachers’ use of metalanguage as a tool for instruction. Overall, the case study teachers’ reading instruction tended to converge with their beliefs, but there were also a considerable number of inconsistencies in their knowledge, beliefs, instruction and evidence-based teaching practices. It was found that the dynamic interplay and mutual influence between teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and teaching practices was mediated by the EFL context, including curriculum mandates, school context and teacher education. This research calls for teachers to examine and reflect on their knowledge and beliefs in daily teaching practices, continue to value what succeeds from the traditional Confucian teaching approach, and simultaneously incorporate current evidence-based teaching practices—for example, highlighting teachers’ essential role in using explicit instruction of key components of English reading and improving teacher knowledge. It is recommended that policy development, practices of EFL reading instruction, and preservice and in-service EFL teacher development programs in China consider incorporating teachers’ knowledge and beliefs to improve the effectiveness of English language pedagogy.

This thesis presents an interpretative study of an Australian offshore education program in educational leadership conducted at Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in China from 2002 to 2003. It is a study of the influence of international education on the conceptions of the participants in a particular context, where Chinese culture and Western cultures came into contact. The study is significant because it investigated a relatively new aspect of international education, offshore education, this time from the perspective of the participants. It explored the conceptions of learning and leadership brought by a group of Chinese educational leaders to the course and investigated the perceived influence of the course upon their conceptions and self-reported leadership practice. It employed a culturally sensitive approach which recognizes that a complex interaction between Chinese and Western cultures is occurring in the participants of this study. This interpretative study was inspired by the phenomenographic approach. Phenomenography is an approach to research that has been used to help understand the key aspects of the variations in the experiences of groups of people (Marton & Booth, 1997). The study examined the experiences and understandings about learning and leadership of Chinese leaders in an offshore program, a Master of Educational Leadership. The program was delivered in a flexible mode in three intensive teaching brackets of six subjects. The study employed a semi-structured and in-depth interview technique. Twenty participants were interviewed twice over a 12-month period. The study sought a better understanding of their conceptions by making a comparison between their perceptions prior to and after undertaking the course. Participants were from schools, universities and educational departments. Potential differences across the three sectors were also considered in the analysis. The findings showed that most participants developed more complex understandings of learning and leadership throughout the course. Comparison of conceptions prior to and after the course indicated an expanded range of conceptions. There was reportedly a movement towards more complex and diversified perspectives. Prior to the course, participants reported comparatively traditional conceptions of learning and leadership in quite a limited range. Learning experience and exposure to Western educational ideas and practices seems to have led participants to reflect on their inherited assumptions and to expand their conceptions. They generally increased their awareness of key aspects of variations in learning and leadership. This study identified a general shift from content/utilitarian-oriented learning conceptions to meaning/developmental-oriented conceptions after undertaking the course. There was also a shift from task/directiveorientated conceptions about leadership to motivation/collaborative-oriented leadership conceptions. Many participants reported that they expanded their leadership practice after the course. The findings also revealed some differences regarding conceptual and practice changes across the three sectors. The study contributes to understanding of learning and leadership in an international education context. The learning and leadership conceptions and self-reported practices are context and culture dependent. The study illustrates the tensions between different cultural forces in the process of teaching and learning. The methodology which explores the subjective understandings of participants renders more complex understandings of intercultural processes than cross-cultural comparisons which have been predominant in the educational leadership field in the past. The results highlight the need for appreciation of local contexts in designing international programs. The discussion questions the universal applicability and transferability of Western ideas, and also highlights the importance of critical reflection and adaptation on the part of educational practitioners from non-Western cultures. It highlights the potential for growth of change in both providers and recipients of international education as a result of very different cultures and traditions coming into contact. Intercultural dialogue and integration of educational ideas and practices are likely to come about when East meets West in an open and reflective dialogue.

碩士
國立花蓮師範學院
社會發展研究所
94
This thesis is to understand the institution of Yiwu China Commodities City in Zhejiang Province , based on the new institutional economics view. The study methodology consisted of documentary analysis and interviews in order to realize the reason of institutional change and the process of it. By constructing in every generation of Yiwu China Commodities City , it is in a situation that lacks natural resources and industrial foundation. It is not like some special economical zones which depend on a large amount of input from foreign capitals .The central government has not offered any favorable policy ,either. To infer from the development in economy of Yiwu city, "The institutional change of the market" is the basic reason which causes development in economy of Yiwu. The institutional change in Yiwu China Commodities City has three characteristics as follows: First: reducing the transaction cost. Second: establishing the property right. Third : offering the public goods In addition , this research shows that the causality among institutional change and development in economy for over 20 years of Yiwu China Commodities city are to follow "the institutional demand-the institutional supply-the growth of economy-the institutional demand " in a good circulation of path dependence. But not every institution is "good", a good institution supplies the helpful elements to the development in economy, such as to reduce the transaction cost, to establish the property right and offer the public goods , etc. Keywords: Yiwu、new institutional economics、institutional change、China Commodities City

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地理環境資源學研究所
99
ABSTRACT Under the context of globalization of piano production, China is now the world’s biggest piano producer in the 21st century, producing 340,000 pianos in the world (70 % of the world share) in 2009. Luoshe, a rural township under the Huzhou city of Zhejiang Province with no any piano industry background before the 1980s, has produced its first piano in 1985 and nowadays has 46 piano manufacturers (30 % China in total) together making makes 65,000 pianos in 2009. The case of Luoshe is quite different from the typical western model of piano production which has existed since the 18th century. In the west, pianos are mainly manufactured by musical craftsmen or related family business, who also generally control the piano consumption market. However, Luoshe becomes the piano cluster without any craftsmen tradition nor power of controlling the market, making the rise of Luoshe deserves our scholarly attention than it has received. This thesis pays attention to the gap and asks why and how and under what circumstance the cluster has been formatted and transformed over the past decades. The case of Luoshe is empirically examined by two dimensions. On the one hand, from the production side, there is a very complex production network that is consisted of three kinds of piano factories in terms production size- the mega one (producing 30,000 pianos a year), the larger one (3,000-5,000 production a year) and the medium and small one (300-500 output a year). The only mega one, which produces nearly half of piano output in Luoshe, was jointly established by a local woodcutting company and a state-owned piano company in Guangdong. The production network of the mega one is relatively independent by itself without interacting with local suppliers. On the contrary, the larger ones and the medium and small ones have closer connections with other local production networks as there are certain traded/ untraded dependence relationships between different piano producers and component suppliers. On the other hand, in terms of consumption side, more than 90% pianos produced in Luoshe are sold domestically to the increasing demands of so-called Chinese middle-class families. Increasing numbers of various types of newly established piano shops play a role between those buyers who like to buy pianos at homes and piano producers in Luoshe. These piano shops (especially small piano ones) become very crucial in the piano marketing channel as they predominantly manage the information and process of introducing what brands of pianos to consumers. Therefore, the piano market in Luoshe is instead dominated by piano shops rather than producers, which is very different from the west.

The medical profession is inherently driven by a sense of duty to protect others’ lives and well-being. These, so called, vocational professions, are characterized by a strong bond with the people they serve, as seen in the Doctor-Patient Relationship. This is a critical factor for the clinical and therapeutic success as well as for the organizational performance. However, the Doctor-Patient Relationship has been facing many challenges due to the changes in the social environment and the deepening of medical system reform. Acknowledging the importance of Doctor-Patient Relationship, it is relevant to identify existing resources that contribute to protect and improve it, namely two features of vocational professions: Career Calling and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. However, empirical research involving these constructs is lacking. The empirical research on the Career Calling rarely involves the medical industry, and most of the researches on the Career Calling and Organizational Citizenship Behavior are conducted in the context of Western culture. Research conducted in China on the Career Calling of medical personnel is more on the level of moral didacticism and lacks quantitative empirical research. The study of medical personnel's Career Calling provides a new approach for hospital organizational behavior and hospital human resource management, and provides a new perspective for hospital managers. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the combination of medical personnel's Career Calling, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Doctor-Patient Relationship. Based on a review of the previous studies on the Career Calling, this research further puts forward two empirical studies. The first study adopted a mixed-methods approach to identify the structural dimensions of Career Calling of medical personnel in China. It integrated in-depth interviews with open questionnaires, to produce a scale that was found to have good psychometric qualities, namely, good reliability and validity. The scale comprises three-dimensions, divided each in two subdimensions, all parsimoniously measured with 23 items. A second study, of a quantitative nature, via structural equations modelling, tests the conceptual model that took both Job Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior as the sequential mediators between Career Calling and Doctor-Patient Relationship. Likewise, the model previews a parallel path via Organizational Commitment. With a sample of 767 medical personnel in 10 3A hospitals in Hangzhou, China, results show Career Calling affects Organizational Citizenship Behavior through Job Engagement or organizational commitment, which then is positively associated to Doctor-Patient Relationship. Several paths are uncovered that show a complex network of plausible relations helpful in promoting positive Doctor-Patient Relationship. These findings are analyzed in the light of the theory and can be taken as psychological assets contributive to leveraging Doctor-Patient Relationship with the well-known positive implications for clinical and hospital success.
A profissão médica é inerentemente motivada por um sentido de dever de proteção da vida e bem-estar de outros. Estas chamadas profissões vocacionais são caracterizadas por um elo forte com as pessoas que servem, tal como expresso na relação médico-doente. Esta é um fator crítico para o sucesso clínico e terapêutico bem como para o desempenho organizacional. Porém, a relação médico-doente tem enfrentado muitos desafios decorrentes das mudanças no ambiente social e do aprofundamento da reforma do sistema médico. Reconhecendo a importância desta relação, é relevante identificar os recursos existentes que contribuem para a proteger e melhorar, nomeadamente duas características das profissões vocacionais: o sentido de missão profissional e o comportamento de cidadania organizacional. Contudo, a investigação empírica em torno destes constructos está em falta e raramente envolve o setor médico para além de que muita da investigação sobre este constructo e sobre a cidadania organizacional é realizada no contexto cultural ocidental. A investigação realizada na China sobre o sentido de missão profissional dos médicos queda-se pelo nível de pregação moral e carece de investigação empírica quantitativa. O estudo do sentido de missão profissional do pessoal médico oferece, no contexto hospitalar, uma nova abordagem ao comportamento organizacional e à Gestão de Recursos Humanos e faculta uma nova perspetiva aos gestores hospitalares. Assim, estudar a combinação do sentido de missão profissional dos médicos, com os comportamentos de cidadania organizacional e a relação médico-doente tem significado teórico e valor aplicado. Partindo de uma revisão de literatura sobre o sentido de missão profissional, esta pesquisa desenvolve-se dois estudos empíricos. O primeiro adotou uma abordagem mista para identificar as dimensões estruturais do sentido de missão profissional do pessoal médico na China. Integrou entrevistas em profundidade com questionários abertos, para produzir uma escala com boas propriedades psicométricas, nomeadamente validade e fiabilidade. A escala compreende três dimensões, divididas cada em duas sub-dimensões, parcimoniosamente medidas com 23 itens. Um segundo estudo, de natureza quantitativa por via da modelação de equações estruturais, testou o modelo conceptual que tomou a dedicação no trabalho e o comportamento de cidadania organizacional como mediadores sequenciais entre o sentido de missão profissional e a relação médico-doente. Do mesmo modo, o modelo previa um caminho paralelo por via do compromisso organizacional. Com uma amostra de 767 médicos de dez hospitais de nível 3A em Hangzhou, na China, os resultados mostraram que o sentido de missão profissional afeta os comportamentos de cidadania organizacional através da dedicação no trabalho ou do compromisso organizacional, que por sua vez estão associados positivamente à relação médico-paciente. Descobriram-se vários caminhos que evidenciam uma rede complexa de relações plausíveis contributivas para uma relação médico-doente positiva. Estes resultados são analisados à luz da teoria e podem ser tidos como ativos psicológicos que contribuem para alavancar a relação médico-doente e, consequentemente, a sua implicação positiva para o sucesso clínico e hospitalar.

博士
國立彰化師範大學
工業教育學系
90
ABSTRACT This research tended to implement the Chinese Leadership Models established by Dr. Kang, Charles Tze-li (1997) and applicable surveys in the field of primary high school employees among Zhejiang Province, Mainland China and Taiwan region. The purpose of this research was to explore the value of culture, leadership behavior perception and expectation, and leadership behavior difference dimensions and their influences upon leadership effectiveness among the employees of primary high school institutions between the Zhejiang and Taiwan. This research was constructed, through “Indigenous Leadership Inventory”, “Culture Inventory”, and “ Leadership Effectiveness Inventory” referenced by leadership literatures and documents. After the Inventory was created, scholars with extensive research experience in leadership and testing theory were invited to guide and conduct a pilot test in order to establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument. This research utilized the questionnaire investigation methods on the matrix from the primary high school teachers and employees in Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region. Through layers of random sampling, we drew 2,290 questionnaires for Zhejinag and 1,115 copies for Taiwan region. These questionnaires were mailed out to conduct a field test. Then, we collected back 1,082 and 741 copies of questionnaires and generated the effective 1,067 copies for Zhejiang province, Mainland China and 725 questionnaires for Taiwan regions. The research hypothesis were tested on these documented data using varieties of methods including factor analysis, t-test, F-test, Pearson correlation analysis, Wilk’s Λmultivariate variance analysis, multiple stepwise regression, and path analysis. Some concrete conclusions and suggestions were drawn to recommend to the high school leaders between the Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan. We concluded the following issues based upon documentation analysis and field test results. 1. We developed the various “Indigenous Leadership Inventory”, “Culture Inventory”, and “ Leadership Effectiveness Inventory” and obtained a good fitness in validity, reliability, and well explained variance of leadership behavior, culture and leadership effectiveness between Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan. 2. The people from both sides of Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan experienced more than 50 years separate rulings and possessed different political philosophies and historical events; therefore, people present a different sculpture effect on their cultural value perceptions. Mainland China has a large power distance and collectivenism dimensions than Taiwan region; however, Taiwan region has femininity, stronger uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation dimensions. 3. Both samples sustained relative differences between perceptions and expectations between Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan samples towards their leadership behavior. That explained the space for the management to strive for. Additionally, the employees of Zhejiang province, Mainland China percepts a higher difference than those of Taiwan region. Therefore, the management of high school from Zhejiang province, Mainland China needed more efforts than those from Taiwan region. 4. The samplers from both Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region revealed a medium evaluation on their management leadership effectiveness. However, samplers from Mainland China have a higher level of satisfaction than those from Taiwan in their employee satisfaction. 5. The various dimensions of leadership effectiveness, leadership behavior perceptions and expectations, difference and the value of cultural in both Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region display a significant positive correlation. These proved that leadership behavior and culture dimensions have a positive influential effect upon leadership effectiveness. 6. Different management academic background variables in both Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region lead to a differential phenomenon on leadership behavior and leadership effectiveness. 7. The importance sequence of the predicted variables on leadership effectiveness revealed differently in Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region. In Zhejiang province, the most important predicted factor is the perception of the role of mentor; however, the factor is the perception of the role of parent in Taiwan region. 8. The cultural difference between Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region lead to a direct influence effect toward the leadership behavior, and through leadership behavior imposed an indirect influential effect on leadership effectiveness. Simultaneously, leadership behavior will have a direct positive influential factor on leadership effectiveness. To comprehend the previous conclusions, this research provided the following suggestions toward the primary high school leaders: 1. Leaders from Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region should emphasize the cultural difference and its transition. 2. Leaders from Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region might control the expectations, shorten the difference between expectations and perceptions and upgrade the work satisfaction. 3. Leaders from Mainland China should strengthen the leadership behavior from role of a mentor to upgrade the leadership effectiveness; while leaders from Taiwan should strengthen the leadership behavior from role of parent to improve leadership effectiveness. 4. Leaders from Zhejiang province, Mainland China and Taiwan region should cultivate the value of large power distance and collectivism, in order to attain the objection of organization and raise the satisfaction of followers directly. 5. Leaders should stress the mediating effect of the role of parent and mentor with the collectivism, femininity, strong uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation, in order to increase the leadership effectiveness indirectly. 6. Leaders should fill up the cognitive gap among employees to differences of the academic experience, sex, age of leaders, and tenure and educational degree of employees.

許善娟.
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998.
參考文獻: leaves 157-163.
中英文提要.
Xu Shanjuan.
Chapter 第一章： --- 問題闡釋
Chapter 第一節： --- 硏究背景 --- p.1
Chapter 第二節： --- 中國的鄉鎭社區的發展 --- p.3
Chapter 第三節： --- 社區教育 --- p.10
Chapter 第四節： --- 社區參與 --- p.19
Chapter 第五節： --- 硏究問題 --- p.23
Chapter 第二章： --- 文獻綜述
Chapter 第一節： --- 中國的ˇёإ鎮教育 --- p.24
Chapter 第二節： --- 社區發展與社區教育 --- p.24
Chapter 第三節： --- 社區參與 --- p.28
Chapter 第四節： --- 社區教育的目標 --- p.28
Chapter 第五節： --- 社區教育的參與機制 --- p.31
Chapter 第六節： --- 社區教育的內容 --- p.32
Chapter 第七節： --- 社區教育的特色 --- p.36
Chapter 第三章： --- 硏究設計
Chapter 第一節： --- 硏究意義 --- p.38
Chapter 第二節： --- 硏究目的 --- p.38
Chapter 第三節： --- 硏究範圍 --- p.39
Chapter 第四節： --- 硏究對象 --- p.39
Chapter 第五節： --- 硏究方法 --- p.40
Chapter 第六節： --- 硏究限制 --- p.45
Chapter 第四章： --- 柯橋鎭的槪況與其社區教育的發展
Chapter 第一節： --- 柯橋鎭的槪況與其社區教育的發展 --- p.46
Chapter 第二節： --- 小結 --- p.62
Chapter 第五章： --- 柯橋鎭社區教育的活動內容
Chapter 第一節： --- 社區成員參與學校教育的內容 --- p.64
Chapter 第二節： --- 學校參與社區發展的內容 --- p.83
Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.90
Chapter 第六章： --- 柯橋社區成員對於參與社區教育的認識和態度
Chapter 第一節： --- 社區成員對於參與社區教育的認識和態度 --- p.94
Chapter 第二節： --- 小結 --- p.115
Chapter 第七章： --- 柯橋社區成員參與社區教育的作用
Chapter 第一節： --- 對學校教育的作用 --- p.119
Chapter 第二節： --- 對社區發展的作用 --- p.131
Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.135
Chapter 第八章： --- 總論
Chapter 第一節： --- 對中國ˇёإ鎭社區教育的啓示 --- p.139
Chapter 第二節： --- 對西方社區教育的理論的回應 --- p.144
附錄一：訪問問題 --- p.149
附錄二 ：實地工作紀要 --- p.155
參考書目 --- p.157