Journal articles on the topic 'ZERO-SEI'

Japan is one of 196 parties who adopted the Paris Agreement and is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to achieve net zero by 2050. Greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to increase global temperatures by +3.8° in 2100 under RCP8.5. In response to the Paris Agreement, Sumitomo Electrical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan, 107-8468) (a Japanese manufacturing company) has committed itself to being net zero by 2050. The aim of this research was to determine the overall GHG reductions of SEI to evaluate whether they have met their sustainability development goals and emissions reductions target. Evaluation of the GHG targets pledged by SEI was performed using secondary data analysis from their most recent company sustainability report. They estimated 1,372,000 tons of CO2-eq emissions in 2019 for the company globally. This accounted for scope 1 and 2 emissions estimates. They implemented a conservative target of a 0% change in emissions between 2017–2019, but recorded a reduction of 13%. Summitomo Electrical Industries Ltd. implemented transport changes, energy savings, and developed ‘ECO’ products to meet their sustainability and carbon management goals. SEI have demonstrated that modest targets can lead to meaningful carbon emissions reductions through potentially low-cost, easily implemented, and accessible options. Addressing the target of net zero, however, will only be addressed in large-scale emissions reductions practices which will be the determining factor for SEI’s ambitions of net zero by 2050. Their conservative approach shows that there is room for more ambitious carbon management within Summitomo Electrical Industries. Moving forward, several carbon emissions management actions can be implemented to further reduce emissions including carbon capture and storage, purchasing offsets, and investment in renewable energies. There are limitations to this desktop study including data reliability. However, this is a useful first step for investigating carbon management performance.

Questo articolo è una lettura dei sette romanzi di Umberto Eco da Il nome della rosa (1980) al Numero zero (2015) alla luce delle sei conferenze che ha tenuto alla Harvard University (1992–1993), pubblicate col titolo Sei passeggiate nei boschi narrativi. È un tentativo di trovare la chiave di lettura dei suoi romanzi e le regole del gioco narrativo che nella veste dell’“autore modello” ci pone. Eco, non solo con i suoi romanzi, ma anche con le sue opere di saggistica ci mette in gioco, ci trascina in un labirinto e ci procura dei segnali per guidarci. Eco ha tenuto sei conferenze e ha scritto sette romanzi; ogni conferenza parla di un punto cardine della narrazione e ogni romanzo è una dimostrazione di quel punto. Questo articolo è una rilettura delle sue opere narrative considerando i sei punti cardinali della narrazione da lui definiti: l’autore e il lettore modello, l’intreccio, l’indugio, la fiducia tra l’autore e il lettore, l’enciclopedia richiesta dal testo e la finzione narrativa. Come sostiene Eco, soltanto scoprendo le regole del gioco del labirinto e il sistema creato dal suo autore, ovvero la sua strategia, possiamo scoprire il senso vero di un’opera letteraria.

O artigo apresenta e analisa a nova perspectiva posta pelo "Sistema Integrado de Educação e Instrução do nascimento até os seis anos", definida pela Lei 107/2015 e pelo Decreto 65 de 2017. A educação infantil para a primeira infância e a pré-escola compõem um sistema integrado que a partir de uma nova visão da criança de zero a seis anos trará relevância ao tema da continuidade educativa e de uma cultura pedagógica condizente com a creche e a pré-escola. A nova lei abre uma importante perspectiva educativa sob a ótica de zero a seis, mas também aumenta os novos desafios, particularmente no que se refere à coordenação e aos processos de formação profissional dos educadores e professores.

Marque a alternativa correta (vale 1,0): a) Certamente é a melhor opção. b) Nunca é a melhor opção. c) Talvez seja esta. d) Esta não é com certeza. Alternativas adicionais: e) Não sei (vale 0,2) f) Se sua primeira opção estiver errada, qual seria a segunda alternativa que marcaria? (0,2 na segunda e última chance) Lições: Mais vale assumir que não sabe do que chutar a alternativa errada. De que adianta uma segunda opção para quem está em dúvida. Zero é a punição para quem está enganado com certeza. Um ponto é o benefício para quem pode estar certo na dúvida. Gabarito: ( ) Nenhuma das anteriores. Porque quem é arbitrário a ponto de reduzir a vida à s alternativas também o é para definir as respostas. Aviso: Este jogo é contraindicado para quem sofre de certezas. 30 de julho de 2016

Lithium (Li) metal anodes (LMAs) have been attracted world-wide attention as an ideal anode because of its extra-high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g-1) and low electrode potential (-3.04 V vs S.H.E.). However, the dendritic growth of Li and low Coulombic efficiency (CE) are still hindering their practical uses [1]. To date, numerous methods such as construction of artificial solid electrolyte layer (ASEI) [2], adoption of 3D current collector [3], and tuning of the electrolyte composition [4] have been proposed to prevent Li dendrite growth and increase the CE. Among them, introducing functional additives is one of the most efficient approaches for practical application considering its cost-effectiveness. Until now, various functional additives were introduced to form stable and robust SEI layer in LMBs [4]. Among them, lithium nitrate (LiNO3) is considered as the most efficient electrolyte additive, ensuring high coulombic efficiency (CE) as well as long lifespan of LMBs. When LiNO3 is dissolved in the electrolyte, NO3 - anions are mainly reduced to form inorganic species such as Li3N, which has a high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. As such species contribute to the construction of the robust and ionic-conductive SEI layer, and hence the reduction of NO3 - is important for stable Li cycling. In this regard, many researchers have focused on increasing reduction of NO3 - by using high-concentration LiNO3 [4], or adding solubilizer to increase more NO3 - in the electrolyte [5]. However, those remedies are still insufficient because most of them increase the viscosity of electrolyte leading to low kinetics, hence a novel and more efficient way to increase NO3 - reduction is needed for practical application. On the other hand, recent researches have reported that the preferential reduction of specific anions is possible by regulation of inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) structure [6]. For instance, Huang et al. reported that intermolecular force between PF6 - anions and surface adsorbent tris(trimethylsilyl) borate could derive in PF6 --abundant IHP, successfully resulted in LiF-rich SEI layer to increase the stability of LMA [6]. Inspired by those works, we expected that NO3 --derived SEI layer would be achieved by using surface adsorbent showing strong intermolecular interaction with NO3 -. In this context, we introduce the adoption of thiourea (TU) as a catalytic additive for the LiNO3 reduction during the SEI formation. Due to its unique molecular structure, addition of TU could induce NO3 - derived SEI layer. Firstly, TU could adsorb onto metallic surface by its S atom. Meanwhile, thiourea could form hydrogen bonding with NO3 - anion by its N-H bonds [7]. Hence in the presence of TU, we suggest that NO3 --abundant electrode surface would be achieved by interaction between TU-NO3 -, resulting in Li3N-rich SEI layer. The adsorption behavior of TU on the Cu electrode was investigated by potential of zero charge (PZC) measurement (Figure 1(a)). As the TU concentration increases, PZC decreases, indicating more surface coverage by TU. Figure 1(b) shows 1H NMR spectra of electrolytes with different components. Upshift displacement of N-H bond of TU were detected after addition of DME and LiTFSI, indicating that intramolecular H-bond of TU were weakened. By contrast, downshift displacement appeared when LiNO3 was added, which means NO3 - would form strong hydrogen bonding with TU. Furthermore, linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) curves at different concentration of TU were measured to investigate the effect of TU on electrolyte reduction (Figure 1(c)). The distinct peaks at 1.6 V and 1.3 V in the cell with 5 wt% LiNO3 indicate reduction of LiNO3 and LiTFSI, respectively. Interestingly, in the presence of TU, negative potential shift and increased current of those redox peaks were shown, indicating that the TU significantly increases the LiNO3 reduction. Importantly, from the XPS analysis, it was found that more abundant Li3N components are in the ASEI layer with TU than that without TU, implying that TU accelerates the reduction of LiNO3 (Figure 2(a-b)). As a result, Li|Cu@ASEI with TU shows better cyclability and higher average CE of 96.44% during 80 cycles compared to Li|Cu@NSEI and Li|Cu@ASEI w/o TU (Figure 3). In addition, morphological and chemical investigation on the favorable ASEI layers assisted by TU, and its electrochemical performance in LMBs will be discussed in this presentation. [1] Cheng et al, Chem. Rev, 117, 10403, 2017. [2] Lopez Jeffrey, et al. JACS 140.37 (2018): 11735-11744. [3] Yang Chun-Peng et al. Nature communications 6.1 (2015): 1-9. [4] Kang et al. Journal of Power Sources 490 (2021): 229504. [5] Zhang et al. Advanced Materials 32.24 (2020): 2001740. [6] Huang et al. Angewandte Chemie. 60.35 (2021): 19232-19240. [7] Nishizawa et al. Tetrahedron letters 36.36 (1995): 6483-6486. Figure 1

In a global context of children’s material and cultural deprivation, the Covid-19 pandemic contributed to redefine the human condition’s vulnerability, favoring the emergence of new forms of poverty and invisibility. Starting from the analysis of the consequences caused by the spread of the pandemic on children’s environment and fundamental development factors, the contribution focuses on the emerging educational challenges, to offer a pedagogical reflection on the possibilities of quality education at the time of emergency. The interviews – carried out as part of the Research Project Povertà educativa e Covid-19: linee di riflessione pedagogica e di advocacy per i minori – make possible to restore visibility and voice to the discomfort of mothers and children between zero and six years old, acting as a starting point for the development of some work’s lines for a reappropriation of relationality, awareness and corporeality, with a look at the children’s rights and at the society’s ethical and civil responsibility in their global protection. Linee pedagogiche e sentieri di coscientizzazione per un’educazione di qualità al tempo della pandemia Covid-19. In un contesto globale di forte deprivazione materiale e culturale dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza, la pandemia da Covid-19 ha contribuito a ridefinire i volti della vulnerabilità della condizione umana, favorendo l’emergere di nuove forme di povertà e di invisibilità. A partire dall’analisi delle conseguenze provocate dalla pandemia sugli ambienti e sui fattori di sviluppo fondamentali della minore età, il contributo si concentra sulle sfide educative emergenti, per offrire una riflessione pedagogica sulle possibilità di una relazione e di una educazione di qualità dentro il tempo dell’emergenza. Le interviste svolte nell’ambito del Progetto di Ricerca Povertà educativa e Covid-19: linee di riflessione pedagogica e di advocacy per i minori hanno consentito di restituire visibilità e parola al disagio delle mamme dei bambini tra gli zero e i sei anni, ponendosi come punto di partenza per lo sviluppo di alcune linee di lavoro per una riappropriazione della relazionalità, della consapevolezza e della corporeità, con uno sguardo ai diritti dei minori e alla responsabilità etica e civile della società tutta nella loro tutela globale. In un contesto globale di forte deprivazione materiale e culturale dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza, la pandemia da Covid-19 ha contribuito a ridefinire i volti della vulnerabilità della condizione umana, favorendo l’emergere di nuove forme di povertà e di invisibilità. A partire dall’analisi delle conseguenze provocate dalla diffusione della pandemia sugli ambienti e sui fattori di sviluppo fondamentali della minore età, il contributo si concentra sulle sfide educative emergenti, per offrire una riflessione pedagogica sulle possibilità di una relazione e di una educazione di qualità dentro il tempo dell’emergenza. Le interviste svolte nell’ambito del Progetto di Ricerca “Povertà educativa e Covid-19: linee di riflessione pedagogica e di advocacy per i minori” hanno consentito di restituire visibilità e parola al disagio delle mamme dei bambini tra gli zero e i sei anni, ponendosi come punto di partenza per lo sviluppo di alcune linee di lavoro per una riappropriazione della relazionalità, della consapevolezza e della corporeità, con uno sguardo ai diritti dei minori e alla responsabilità etica e civile della società tutta nella loro tutela globale.

LTO or Li4Ti5O12 (lithium titanate) is a compound that is used as an anode component in a lithium-ion battery. LTO anode is used because it has zero-strain properties and doesn't produce SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) which cause low battery performance. However, LTO also has a problem, which is its low capacity. To overcome this problem, the LTO needs to be combined with other materials that have high capacity, which, in this case, are active carbon (AC) and Sn. Making the LTO to be nano-sized can also improve the performance of the battery, thus we tried to synthesize LTO in nanorods form. LTO nanorods are synthesized by hydrothermal in NaOH 4 M solution. The LTO nanorods are mixed with various Sn (5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%) and 5wt% activated carbon. LTO nanorods/Sn-AC composite was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and BET and the battery performance was analyzed by EIS, CV, and CD. The results showed that the highest capacity was obtained at LTO nanorods-AC/15wt% Sn with 127.24 mAh/g. This result shows that LTO nanorods-AC/15wt% Sn could be used as an alternative for anode component.

In this work, we report direct/in situ measurements of stress and potential evolution during self-discharge of a fully lithiated silicon electrode. Parasitic reactions, typically attributed to the formation of the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer on the surface of the silicon electrode, cause the self-discharge leading to the loss of cyclable lithium ions from the electrode and irreversible capacity loss. These parasitic reactions continuously occur when the electrode potential is below the equilibrium potential (typically 0.8V vs. Li/Li+) for SEI formation, and when the surface is electronically conductive. We previously reported on coupled electrochemical-mechanical measurements in the Li-Si binary system between pure Si and Li15Si4 with the following key observations: the system undergoes cyclic compressive (up to -2GPa) and tensile stresses (up to +2GPa) during electrochemical lithiation and delithiation, respectively, with extensive plastic flow and associated mechanical dissipation1; the biaxial stress and the electrode potential are strongly coupled2; the electrode softens upon lithiation and toughens upon delithiation3; and the energy losses due to mechanical dissipation are comparable to the sum of kinetic/polarization, and ohmic losses4. Using the substrate-curvature measurement technique, we measured the stress and potential evolution during self-discharge (due to parasitic reactions) of a fully lithiated thin-film silicon electrode, and compare it to same measurements made during galvanostatic delithiation. Upon self-discharge, the stress of a fully lithiated electrode evolves from -1.2 GPa (compressive) towards a state of zero stress, and continues to become tensile (+0.5 GPa). The evolution from -1.2 GPa towards zero stress and continual increase in the tensile direction is caused by the removal of lithium ions from the electrode driven by the parasitic reactions5, and tensile stresses typically cause cracking and damage in electrodes. Figure 1 shows (a) the current density, (b) potential vs. Li/Li+, and (c) the electrode stress during a galvanostatic lithiation/delithiation cycle (in red), and during galvanostatic lithiation followed by self-discharge and galvanostatic delithiation (in blue). We also quantified the rates at which the parasitic reactions occur by measuring both potential and stress evolution during self-discharge at various states of charge, SOCs (i.e., by varying the concentration of lithium in the silicon electrode via galvanostatic lithiation, followed by open-circuit measurements). We show that the resulting parameters are useful in predicting changes in electrode stress and its evolution during the self discharge at various SOCs. We will discuss why these measurements are useful in the context of storing fully charged lithium-ion batteries on the shelf for long periods of time. Because of self-discharge-induced mechanical damage, for batteries made with a large-volume-expansion electrodes, it is better to store them at or near a state of zero stress than at a higher SOC. Acknowledgements: This work was supported at the Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore, by XII Plan grant (#12-0509-0457-01), and at Faraday Laboratory LLC by financial support from Unify Inc. (04UNIFY04302018 onward). PG gratefully acknowledges financial support through the Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana Scholarship (KVPY, 2012-2017). References: V.A. Sethuraman, M.J. Chon, M. Shimshak, V. Srinivasan, P.R. Guduru, J. Power Sources, 195, 5062 (2010). V.A. Sethuraman, V. Srinivasan, A.F. Bower, P.R. Guduru, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, A1253 (2010). V.A. Sethuraman, M.J. Chon, N. Van Winkle, PR. Guduru, Electrochem. Comm., 12, 1614 (2010). V.A. Sethuraman, V. Srinivasan, J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A394 (2013). S.P.V. Nadimpalli, V.A. Sethuraman, S. Dhalavi, B. Lucht, M.J. Chon, V.B. Shenoy, P.R. Guduru, J. Power Sources, 215, 145 (2012). Figure 1

By taking a cylindrical LiFePO4 power battery as the research object, the cycle performance test was conducted under different charging current aging paths in a preset low-temperature environment and combined with EIS results to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the battery during the aging process, using the PDF (Probability Density Function) curve to analyze the change of battery energy storage characteristics, and analyze the aging mechanism of the power battery by analyzing the change in the lithium precipitation energy difference. The experimental results showed that under a low-temperature environment, the effect of increasing the charge rate is mainly reflected in slowing down the phase transformation reaction. From the analysis of lithium precipitation of the battery, it can be seen that the main mechanism of the aging of the battery is the loss of active lithium under the conditions of low-rate cycling at sub-zero temperature. The products from the side reaction between the lithium plating and the electrolyte build up on the SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) film, which significantly increases the battery impedance late in the cycle. The work in this paper complements the mechanistic studies of lithium-ion batteries under different aging paths and is also useful for capacity estimation models and research on battery health.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their analogous working mechanism but greater abundance. The cost-effectiveness of Na batteries is expected to overtake that of LIBs in terms of electromobile applications if their energy densities can reach 200 Wh kg-1. In an anode-free configuration, all active sodium is stored in the cathode while anode only contains current collector with zero excess sodium, therefore achieving maximized energy density, significantly reduced cost, and simplified manufacture procedures. However, the anode-free batteries often suffer rapid capacity decay due to the absence of a reservoir to replenish the Na loss during cycling. In this work, we employed repeated cold rolling and folding to fabricate a metallurgical composite of sodium-antimony-telluride Na2(Sb2/6Te3/6Vac1/6) dispersed in electrochemically active sodium metal, termed “NST-Na”. This new intermetallic has a vacancy-rich thermodynamically stable fcc structure and enables state-of-the-art electrochemical performance in widely employed carbonate and ether electrolytes. NST-Na achieves 100% depth-of-discharge (DOD) in 1 M NaPF6 in G2, with 15 mAh cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2 and CE of 99.4%, for 1000 hours of plating/stripping. Sodium metal batteries (SMB, NMB) with NST-Na and Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) or sulfur cathodes give significantly improved energy, cycling and CE (> 99%). Anode-Free battery with NST collector and NVP obtains 0.23% capacity decay per cycle. Imaging and tomography using (cryo-)FIB sectioning, (cryo-)SEM, and (cryo-)TEM imaging indicate that sodium metal fills the open space inside the self-supporting sodiophilic NST skeleton, resulting in dense (pore-free and SEI-free) metal deposits with flat surfaces. The baseline Na deposit consists of filament-like dendrites and Dead Metal, intermixed with pores and SEI. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that uniqueness of NST lies in the thermodynamic stability of Na atoms (rather than clusters) on its surface that leads to planar wetting, and in its own stability that prevents decomposition during cycling. Figure 1

In order to achieve the net-zero world initiative and combat the climate crisis, a global consensus of marching towards a sustainable energy structure has been built, where developing reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy storage devices, the medium of storing intermittent surplus electricity from clean and inexhaustible renewable energy sources, such as wind power and solar energy, and transferring to the smart electric grid system, is of great significance [1]. Besides lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the two dominant technologies having been developed substantially in the energy storage industry, researchers started pioneering studies on multivalent-ion systems of Ca [2, 3], Mg [4], Al [5, 6], and Zn [7-9] with competitive advantages, especially the ones as non-flammable economic substitutes, to ease manufacturing burden and enrich practical solutions for widespread application scenarios [10]. Especially, zinc metal with benefits of aqueous compatibility, commensurate capacity (820 mAh/g), and crust abundance, a resurgence of rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is happening. This battery system with water-based electrolyte chemistries is born with eye-catching benefits of safety and affordability; Zn/MnO2 with an improved energy density of 409 Wh/kg at 1.9 V is considered a promising candidate for grid-scale energy storage [11]. This revolutionary cheap and safe solution empowers the global energy structural transformation and enriches the public’s awareness of sustainable development. However, like most reactive metals, zinc exposed in the air naturally evolves a dense passivation layer of Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 to discontinue the corrosion by oxygen and humidity, which, in batteries, can passivate the molecular dynamics at the interface between zinc and the electrolyte and demonstrate enormous electron transfer resistance due to the inferior conductivity [12]. Thus, wearing off this passivation layer is considered a facile approach to revitalize the frozen kinetics of zinc ions [13]. Exposing fresh zinc to the electrolyte is also conductive of forming a functional solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Studies present that ZnF2-rich SEI plays a pivotal role in elongating the cycling life of zinc symmetric cells by effectively screening zinc from electrolyte solvents and reducing their sequence of side reactions [14]. Additionally, a tactful change of zinc’s surface roughness before electrochemical operations should impact electron distribution, zinc nucleation and growth, and SEI formation. Especially, dendrites are often considered guilty of internal short-circuiting of batteries; similar to lithium, the far-end of zinc dendrites can become dead zinc, whose accumulation brings in issues of electrolyte depletion, anodic capacity loss, internal resistance growth, and cell polarization [15]. In this work, a simple method was developed to change the surface of Zn anode to create more nucleation sites with lowered energy barriers (nucleation over-potentials), thus alleviating their dendrite growth. The cycling programs for zinc symmetric cells are standardized by fixing either the depth of cycling (DOC) or the areal current density in accordance with the constant energy or constant power supply in full batteries. In order to enunciate the battery degradation mechanism and shed light on the gas emission problems, we operate a careful electrochemical analysis cooperated with the differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) technique. The preliminary data demonstrate an evident impact of initial zinc surface morphology on sequential zinc plating/stripping profiles and eventual lifespans at serial DOCs and current densities.

Li-on battery (LIB) is an important technology which is widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles (EV) and other energy storage applications. Commercial LIB has multiple choices as positive electrode materials such as layered transition metal oxides (LiCoO2, LiNi1-y-zMnyCozO2...), spinel oxides LiNixMn2-xO4 as well as olivine LiFePO4. Conversely, the selection of negative electrodes is mainly limited to graphite or Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). Graphite is inexpensive and delivers large capacity but suffers from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as well as Li dendrites formed at high rate, leading to low rate capability and security problems [1]. Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) on the other hand, is able to circumvent the problems of graphite thanks to its higher working potential (1.5 V vs Li+/Li) and minimal structural change during lithiation [2]. However, LTO has a lower energy density than graphite due to a higher working potential and a moderate specific capacity (∼150 mAh g− 1 and 120 mAh g− 1 at 1C and 5C rate, respectively). Therefore, there is a strong need of researching large-capacity insertion-based negative electrode materials working in the 1.0 < V ≤ 1.5 V voltage range to design new generation high energy density full cells. Transition-metal nitrides are considered to be among the most promising class of anode materials for LiBs [3]. Within this family, Li7MnN4 (LMN) [4] with an anti-fluorite 3D structure has received great attention due to its large specific capacity of 280 mAh g-1, excellent cycle stability and appropriate working potential of 1.2 V. We previously showed this material prepared at high temperature exhibits very large particle size [4]. Therefore, a crucial post-synthesis ball-milling step was required to benefit from the maximum capacity and high rate capability. However, this ball-milling step is hard to reproduce due to its dependence on many instrumental factors such as jar geometry, ball/material mass ratio [4]. In this work, an optimization of the synthesis conditions of LMN is proposed and new key parameters controlling the particle size distribution (PSD) are identified, allowing the suppression of the post-synthesis ball-milling process. Thanks to the specific morphology attained when using our optimized synthesis conditions, the as-synthesized LMN material is able to deliver larger capacity at higher rate (265 mAh g− 1 and 160 mAh g− 1 at 1C and 5C rate, respectively). These capacity values are the best to our knowledge and compete with that of benchmark LTO. Furthermore, the lower working potential of LMN (1.2 V, i. e. 0.35 V lower than LTO) is expected to provide larger energy density in a full cell device compared to LTO. To carry this argument further, NMC/LMN full cell is constructed for the first time with LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 and pre-delithiated LMN (Li5.3MnN4). This NMC/LMN coin cell is applied for galvanostatic cycling at different current densities while a 3-electrode cell using metallic Li as reference electrode is used to clarify potential changes during the charge-discharge process. We show the NMC/LMN full cell replicates the electrochemical performance of NMC/Li half-cell in the 3.2 V - 2 V potential window. These results prove the feasibility and compatibility of the NMC/LMN full cell and the suitability of delithiated LMN as negative electrode material. Remarkably, the maximum energy density of the NMC/LMN full cell, of 256 Wh/kg(based on total active materials mass loading), is 30% to 50% higher than that exhibited by a NMC/LTO full cell. [1] T. Waldmann, B. I. Hogg, and M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, “Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells – A review,” J. Power Sources, vol. 384, no. November 2017, pp. 107–124, 2018. [2] T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, and N. Yamamoto, “Zero‐Strain Insertion Material of Li [ Li1 / 3Ti5 / 3 ] O 4 for Rechargeable Lithium Cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 142, no. 5, pp. 1431–1435, 1995. [3] J. M. Tarascon and M. Armand, “Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries,” Mater. Sustain. Energy A Collect. Peer-Reviewed Res. Rev. Artic. from Nat. Publ. Gr., vol. 414, no. November, pp. 171–179, 2010. [4] E. Panabière, N. Emery, S. Bach, J. P. Pereira-Ramos, and P. Willmann, “Ball-milled Li7MnN4: An attractive negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 97, pp. 393–397, 2013. Figure 1

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as one of the most promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for next generation energy storage systems.1 , 2 In terms of anodes, commercial graphite only delivers a sodium-ion storage capacity of 31 mAh g−1.3 The polyanionic-type NaTi2(PO4)3 material is an attractive anode because of the crystal structure of a Na-super-ionic conductor (NASICON), high theoretical capacity, safety characterization and ‘zero-stress’ framework upon sodiation/desodiation.4 , 5 The primary role played by the binder is to link different types of small particles together and to ensure the active material adheres to the current collector, which has an important contribution to the electrical and mechanical behaviour of the electrode.6 , 7 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a common organic binder using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvents. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been considered as an effective and green water-soluble binders. Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) typically serves as an elastomer in water-soluble CMC binders and further increases binding force, adhesion, heat resistance, and flexibility of an electrode. The role of different binders on the structural/chemical stability of NaTi2(PO4)3 anode in SIBs has rarely been studied. Here, we synthesized NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles using the hydrothermal method and explore the effects and influence of PVDF, CMC and CMC-SBR binders on the sodium-ion storage performance of NaTi2(PO4)3 anodes. Compared to traditional organic PVDF binder, water-soluble binders improved the cycling stability by increasing adhesion, flexibility, and mechanical properties between the active materials, conductive addictive and current collector. Notably, water-soluble binders show an important effect on the sodium storage mechanism of NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles. The addition of SBR in the water-soluble binders further enhances the active materials areal specific capacity because of its better adhesion ability, reducing the overall quantity of binder polymer required for the electrode. This novel exploration of the effective combination of water-soluble CMC and SBR binders for NaTi2(PO4)3 anodes in SIBs not only provides an opportunity to enhance their electrochemical sodium storage properties, but may enables their practical application in high areal energy density sodium ion batteries in the future. References (1) Nayak, P. K.; Yang, L.; Brehm, W.; Adelhelm, P.: From Lithium-Ion to Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advantages, Challenges, and Surprises. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 102-120. (2) Kim, S.-W.; Seo, D.-H.; Ma, X.; Ceder, G.; Kang, K.: Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries: Potential Alternatives to Current Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2, 710-721. (3) Doeff, M. M.; Ma, Y.; Visco, S. J.; De Jonghe, L. C.: Electrochemical insertion of sodium into carbon. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1993, 140, L169-L170. (4) Delmas, C.; Cherkaoui, F.; Nadiri, A.; Hagenmuller, P.: A nasicon-type phase as intercalation electrode: NaTi2(PO4)3. Mater. Res. Bull. 1987, 22, 631-639. (5) Chen, S.; Wu, C.; Shen, L.; Zhu, C.; Huang, Y.; Xi, K.; Maier, J.; Yu, Y.: Challenges and Perspectives for NASICON-Type Electrode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700431. (6) Chen, H.; Ling, M.; Hencz, L.; Ling, H. Y.; Li, G.; Lin, Z.; Liu, G.; Zhang, S.: Exploring Chemical, Mechanical, and Electrical Functionalities of Binders for Advanced Energy-Storage Devices. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 8936-8982. (7) Bommier, C.; Ji, X.: Electrolytes, SEI Formation, and Binders: A Review of Nonelectrode Factors for Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes. Small 2018, 14, 1703576. Figure 1 (a) SEM image and (b) HRTEM image of NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles with quasi-cubic architecture and hollow structure. (c) XRD analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles. (d) Specific capacity versus rate data using chronoamperometry (CA) method for NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles anode of different binders. (Inset) Corresponding digital photos for NTP electrodes with different binders. (e) The first cycle in the cyclic voltammetric curve at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s-1 for NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles anode. (f) Galvanostatic discharging and charging cycling stability at 0.2 C (1C = 133 mA g-1) for the NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticle anode with different binders. Figure 1

RIASSUNTO In questo articolo verrà condotta inizialmente una riflessione sulla funzione della valutazione di contesto sia in termini formativi individuali e di gruppo, sia in termini di cambiamento organizzativo, adottando una prospettiva ecologica e sistemica. Successivamente, attraverso la narrazione di un percorso di ricerca sulla costruzione di un possibile curricolo zero-sei, condotta per tre anni con un gruppo di insegnanti di scuola dell’infanzia statale ed un gruppo di educatrici di un nido comunale operanti nello stesso territorio (un quartiere del centro storico di Palermo), verranno messi in luce e problematizzati ambiti di continuità e di discontinuità tra i due servizi educativi collegandoli alla storia e alla cultura organizzativa dei servizi stessi. Attraverso la narrazione verrà anche presentato un modello di intervento in cui si esplicita il ruolo delle diverse figure coinvolte nella gestione del progetto di ricerca e le modalità di raccordo tra loro. Verrà condotto, inoltre, un approfondimento sulla metodologia adottata per promuovere azioni di cambiamento nella direzione della continuità tra nido e scuola dell’infanzia, e ci si focalizzerà sul coinvolgimento attivo delle partecipanti attraverso l’autovalutazione riflessiva e il lavoro di gruppo. Infine saranno individuate le connessioni tra le scelte di continuità operate, le nuove indicazioni proposte dal Ministero dell’Istruzione italiano all’inizio del 2021 e le Raccomandazioni dell’Unione Europea.

Indonesia has developed new seismic building code based on risk-targeted ground-motions adopting 1 % probability of building collapse in 50 years. The new seismic design criterion, which is presented in the code, have combined both seismic hazard and building fragility. For performance-based analysis of high-rise buildings, a complex non-linear time-history analysis is needed. This paper presents results of study on development of the time-history with emphasing on procedure of developing pairs of time-history at ground surface for spesific site in Jakarta with reference to 2012 International Building Codes and ASCE-SEI-7-10. The study involves generation of time-history from reference base-rock through site-response analysis to ground surface. Development of time-history at ground surface with a procedure involving Square Root of the Sum of the Square method (SRSS) in order to reasonably scaled time-histories through spectral matching technique is presented herein. The matched time-histories are developed from various strong-motion records representing different earthquake sources dominant to control the site evaluated from de-aggregation within seismic hazard analysis. This work also adopts baseline corrections in which velocity and displacement components of matched time-histories can be drifted to zero at the end of recorded seismic time.