Relevant bibliographies by topics / "zero-length"

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic '"zero-length"'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic ""zero-length""

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Coddington, Jonathan, and Nikolaj Scharff. "PROBLEMS WITH ZERO-LENGTH BRANCHES." Cladistics 10, no. 4 (December 1994): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00187.x.

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Wooldridge, Mark D., R. Lewis Nowlin, and Angelia H. Parham. "Evaluation of Zero-Length Vertical Curves." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1658, no. 1 (January 1999): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1658-07.

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LaCoste, Lucien. "The zero‐length spring gravity meter." Leading Edge 7, no. 7 (July 1988): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1439525.

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Chakraborty, Sumanta, Dawood Kothawala, and Alessandro Pesci. "Raychaudhuri equation with zero point length." Physics Letters B 797 (October 2019): 134877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134877.

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Fontanini, Michele, Euro Spallucci, and T. Padmanabhan. "Zero-point length from string fluctuations." Physics Letters B 633, no. 4-5 (February 2006): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.12.039.

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Taranenko, M., M. Mtchedlidze, N. Sumbatyan, and G. Korshunova. "A Zero-Length Diazirine Photoactive Nucleoside." Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 22, no. 5-8 (October 2003): 715–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ncn-120022617.

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Kubertin, Silke. "Zero-sums of length kq in Zqd." Acta Arithmetica 116, no. 2 (2005): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/aa116-2-3.

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Kampeas, Joseph, Asaf Cohen, and Omer Gurewitz. "Traffic Classification Based on Zero-Length Packets." IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 15, no. 3 (September 2018): 1049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2018.2825881.

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Padmanabhan, T. "Duality and Zero-Point Length of Spacetime." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 10 (March 10, 1997): 1854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.1854.

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Stoica, O. C. "Kaluza theory with zero-length extra dimensions." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 11 (October 2016): 1640004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816400046.

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A new approach to the Kaluza theory and its relation to the gauge theory is presented. Two degenerate metrics on the [Formula: see text]-dimensional total manifold are used, one corresponding to the spacetime metric and giving the fiber of the gauge bundle, and the other one to the metric of the fiber and giving the horizontal bundle of the connection. When combined, the two metrics give the Kaluza metric and its generalization to the non-Abelian case, justifying thus his choice. Considering the two metrics as fundamental rather than the Kaluza metric explains why Kaluza’s theory should not be regarded as five-dimensional (5D) vacuum gravity. This approach suggests that the only evidence of extra dimensions is given by the existence of the gauge forces, explaining thus why other kinds of evidence are not available. In addition, because the degenerate metric corresponding to the spacetime metric vanishes along the extra dimensions, the lengths in the extra dimensions is zero, preventing us to directly probe them. Therefore, this approach suggests that it is not justified to search for experimental evidence of the extra dimensions as if they are merely extra spacetime dimensions. On the other hand, the new approach uses a very general formalism, which can be applied to known and new generalizations of the Kaluza theory aiming to achieve more and make different experimental predictions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic ""zero-length""

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Brandani, Federico. "Development and Application of the Zero Length Column (ZLC) Technique for Measuring Adsorption Equilibria." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BrandaniF2002.pdf.

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Mangano, Enzo. "Rapid screening of novel nanoporous materials for carbon capture separations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9497.

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In this work the experimental results from the rapid screening and ranking of a wide range of novel adsorbents for carbon capture are presented. The samples were tested using the Zero Length Column (ZLC) method which has proved to be an essential tool for the rapid investigation of the equilibrium and kinetic properties of prototype adsorbents. The study was performed on different classes of nanoporous materials developed as part of the EPSRC-funded “Innovative Gas Separations for Carbon Capture” (IGSCC) project. More than 120 novel adsorbents with different key features for post-combustion carbon capture were tested. The classes of materials investigated were: • PIMs (Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity) • MOFs (Metal - Organic Frameworks) • Mesoporous Silica • Zeolites • Carbons All the samples were tested at experimental conditions close to the ones of a typical flue gas of a fossil fuel power plant: 35 ºC and 0.1 bar of partial pressure of CO2. The results from the ranking of the CO2 capacity of the materials, at the conditions of interest, indicate the Mg and Ni-based MOF samples as the adsorbents with the highest uptake among all the candidates. The best sample shows a CO2 capacity almost double than the benchmark adsorbent, zeolite 13X (provided by UOP). The ranking also shows some of the zeolite adsorbents synthesised as promising materials for carbon capture: uptakes comparable or slightly higher than 13X were obtained for several samples of Rho and Chabazite zeolite. Water stability tests were also performed on the best MOFs and showed a deactivation rate considerably faster for the Mg-based MOFs, proving an expected higher resistance to degradation for the Ni based materials. A focused investigation was also carried out on the diffusion of CO2 in different ionexchanged zeolites Rho samples. The study of these samples, characterised by extremely slow kinetics, extended the use of the ZLC method to very slow diffusional time constants which are very difficult to extract from the traditional long time asymptotic analysis. The results show how the combination of the full saturation and partial loading experiment can provide un-ambiguous diffusional time constants. The diffusivity of CO2 in zeolite Rho samples shows to be strongly influenced by the framework structure as well as the nature and the position of the different cations in the framework. The kinetics of the Na-Cs Rho sample was also measured by the use of the Quantachrome Autosorb-iQ™ volumetric system. To correctly interpret the dynamic response of the instrument modifications were applied to the theoretical model developed by Brandani in 1998 for the analysis of the piezometric method. The analytical solution of the model introduces parameters which allow to account for the real experimental conditions. The results confirm the validity of the methodology in the analysis of slow diffusion processes. In conclusion the advantages offered by the small size of the column and the small amount of sample required proved the ZLC method to be a very useful tool for the rapid ranking of the CO2 capacity of prototype adsorbents. Equilibrium and kinetic measurements were performed on a very wide range of novel nanoporous materials. The most promising and interesting samples were further investigated through the use of the water stability test, the partial loading experiment and the volumetric system. The ZLC technique was also extended to the measurements of systems with very slow kinetics, for which is very difficult to extract reliable diffusional time constants. An improved model for the interpretation of dynamic response curves from a non-ideal piezometric system was developed.
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Erten, Yasemin, and Fehime Çakıcıoğlu-Özkan. "Application of the Zero Length Column (ZLC) technique for measuring crystal diffusivities of NaX and CeNaX zeolites." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-189518.

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Erten, Yasemin, and Fehime Çakıcıoğlu-Özkan. "Application of the Zero Length Column (ZLC) technique for measuring crystal diffusivities of NaX and CeNaX zeolites." Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 28, S. 1-2, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13969.

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Duncan, Warwick. "The measurement and modelling of the intracrystalline diffusion of cyclohexane in ZSM-5 using zero length column chromatography." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8743.

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Bibliography: p. 97-102.
Zeolites are important solid acid catalysts largely because of their microporous nature giving them strong shape selective properties. This shape selectivity may be improved by depositing an inert (e. g. silaceous) layer on the surface of the catalyst crystals, which inertises non-shape selective surface acid sites and increases diffusional transport resistances. This thesis presents an investigation, using the zero length column (ZLC) method, into changes in the diffusional properties of cyclohexane in ZSM-5 that has had tetraethoxysilane deposited on the surface in the liquid phase. Theoretical analyses of the ZLC technique and its use in a detailed study of cyclohexane in unmodified ZSM-5 were performed in order to prove the reliability of the technique and measure baseline behaviour of the selected system. The ZLC method is a chromatographic technique for the measurement of diffusion coefficients in porous sorbents. Originally developed for gaseous hydrocarbon / zeolite powder systems, it has been experimentally extended to the measurement of liquid sorbate systems, macroporous zeolite pellets and resins and the measurement of self-diffusion through tracer exchange. The technique is robust against the intrusion of external heat and mass transfer effects by the use of relatively high flow rates and small catalyst samples, Analysis of the desorption curves is simple: the slope of the linear (on semilogarthmic axes) long time region gives the diffusional time constant. This so-called 'long time' analysis gives an accurate result for the diilusional time constant.
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Gribble, Christopher Mark. "Surface adsorption and pore-level properties of mineral and related systems of relevance to the recycling of paper." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/315.

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There is a significant problem for the paper recycling industry known as “stickies”. “Stickies” are tacky species, present in recycled paper and coated broke, derived from coating formulations, adhesives, etc. They impact negatively on paper quality and cause web runnability problems by deposit build-up. To sustain recycling, stickies are controlled by adsorbing them onto minerals added to the recycled stock. So the aim of the project was to characterise non-porous and porous minerals suitable for paper-making, and then use the knowledge gained to improve the adsorption of stickies. The pore level properties of the minerals used to control stickies are highly relevant in regulating adsorption of the stickies. Levels of pore architecture were investigated by characterising filter media with porosimetry, porometry, electron microscopy and modelling the combined results. Seven samples were studied, with pore size distributions ranging from simple unimodal to complicated bimodal. Porometry, porosimetry and SEM, individually can only determine primary pore architecture. A combination of experimental and modelling techniques allows a full characterisation of pore architecture from primary to quaternary levels. Calcium carbonates can be modified to change the pore architecture, which affects properties such as wetting. Their pore architecture was investigated to understand why some modified calcium carbonates do not show two distinct wetting rates. The investigation implied a significant surface area could be attributed to nano rugosity. The nano rugosity was responsible for the enhanced wetting of a sample. A zero length column was used to study diffusion and desorption of benzene with calcium carbonate. Desorption and diffusion coefficients for calcium carbonate systems were calculated from the corrected concentration versus time measurements. They showed how the pore architecture affects diffusion and desorption. By comparing the experimental results with a pore network simulation, it was possible to deduce the relative effect of surface diffusion. The adsorption of stickies onto different mineral grades was investigated using a novel proxy method to determine equilibrium constants and adsorption isotherms. The results were then used to understand the influence of particle size on the adsorption behaviour, with three mechanisms proposed. The equilibrium constant and adsorption isotherm data also allowed comparisons between hydrophilic and hydrophobic adsorption onto grades of talc. Recommendations are made for the optimum use of minerals for the removal of stickies, and for in-situ methods for monitoring and optimising removal.
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Levy, Charlotte Luanne Victoria. "Nanoporous calcium carbonate-based substrates for the controlled delivery of functional materials." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9288.

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The overall aim of this project was to study 'functionalised' calcium carbonates (FCCs) for use as a carrier for the controlled release of 'actives,' by permeation and diffusion, and is being proposed as an environmentally friendly and non-toxic pharmaceutical excipient, nutraceutical, and flavour carrier. The delivery of a drug to its target site in the appropriate amount and time-frame in order for it to have a controlled release effect whilst achieving the maximum therapeutic effect remains a topic of design and development for novel drug delivery systems. FCCs encompass a family of new pharmaceutical excipients in which the conditions of manufacture follow strict process regulations with respect to the grade of reagents that are employed and the microbiological environment under which they are produced, and include freedom from organic polymers. Adjustments to the FCC production process can be used to produce a wide range of different morphologies, and raise the possibility of tailoring the void structures of the particles to provide controlled release delivery vehicles for actives across many fields, including drugs and flavours. However, such tailoring can only be fully optimised by a fundamental characterisation of the way in which a drug, loaded into an FCC, then flows and diffuses out over a period of time to provide the delayed release. It was found that adsorption on the FCC surface is selective, for example, saccharin does not become adsorbed from 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer solution, and neither does anethole from ethanol. FCC also does not adsorb the cationic probe benzyltrimethylammonium bromide (BTMAB) or the anionic probe sodium 2-naphthalenesulphonate (Na2NS). However, it was found that vanillin adsorbs onto the FCC in an amount of 2.00 ± 0.59 mg g^-1. Aspirin and vanillin adsorption from ethanolic solutions with various additions of water onto FCC TP was investigated and fitted with the Tóth isotherm. It was estimated that vanillin adsorbed onto around 17 %, and aspirin onto around 39 %, of the overall FCC TP surface area without the addition of any water. An equation was formulated in order to approximate the adsorption as a function of the FCC's surface coverage by the water. This is discussed in Chapter 4 and has also been published in a peer-reviewed academic journal (Levy et al., 2017). Chapter 5 discusses the preliminary steps of the loading of vanillin and saccharin into FCC, and the results were inconclusive for a majority of samples, concluding that the loading and analysis methods need refining. The modelling of the diffusion profiles of vanillin loaded FCC S07 and S10 was successful, and resulted in diffusion coefficients of 231.9 x 10^-16 m^2 s^-1 and 248.44 x 10^-16 m^ s^-1, respectively. This is outlined in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 describes the 'zero length column' (ZLC) technique, which was used as a way to characterise the diffusivity of the intraparticle pores of each FCC grade. However, it was established that there are many experimental artefacts present with such a method. This work outlines the development of the novel 'finite length column' (FLC), which was developed as a means to overcome the limitations of the ZLC (Levy et al., 2015). Effective diffusivity coefficients in the long-term region of the diffusion curves of the FCC samples range from 1.06-106 x 10 ^-16 m ^2 s^-1. The FLC was then used in preliminary trials to dilute FCC with an inert solid in order to further refine the ZLC technique, and is discussed in Chapter 8. Two mathematical methods were also developed to aid in the refinement. The reported effective diffusivity coefficient for FCC 03 in the long-term region of the diffusion curve is 49.5 x 10^-16 m^2 s^-1. In conclusion, this work confirms that FCC has potential for use as a carrier for the controlled release of 'actives' by diffusion. The utilisation of mathematical modelling in conjunction with experimental methods in the study of drug release and delivery is steadily increasing due to its enormous future potential; it will enable the optimisation of novel dosage forms and the elucidation of release mechanisms at a major reduction in cost and time compared with the number of experimental studies required to do so.
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Salim, Ahmed. "Evaluation of Word Length Effects on Multistandard Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniksystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73222.

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There have been proposals of many parity inducing techniques like Forward ErrorCorrection (FEC) which try to cope the problem of channel induced errors to alarge extent if not completely eradicate. The convolutional codes have been widelyidentified to be very efficient among the known channel coding techniques. Theprocess of decoding the convolutionally encoded data stream at the receiving nodecan be quite complex, time consuming and memory inefficient.This thesis outlines the implementation of multistandard soft decision viterbidecoder and word length effects on it. Classic Viterbi algorithm and its variantsoft decision viterbi algorithm, Zero-tail termination and Tail-Biting terminationfor the trellis are discussed. For the final implementation in C language, the "Zero-Tail Termination" approach with soft decision Viterbi decoding is adopted. Thismemory efficient implementation approach is flexible for any code rate and anyconstraint length.The results obtained are compared with MATLAB reference decoder. Simulationresults have been provided which show the performance of the decoderand reveal the interesting trade-off of finite word length with system performance.Such investigation can be very beneficial for the hardware design of communicationsystems. This is of high interest for Viterbi algorithm as convolutional codes havebeen selected in several famous standards like WiMAX, EDGE, IEEE 802.11a,GPRS, WCDMA, GSM, CDMA 2000 and 3GPP-LTE.
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Gagnon, Justin. "Omnidirectional Phase Matching In Zero-Index Media." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42029.

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Since its inception, the field of nonlinear optics has only increased in importance as a result of a growing number of applications. The efficiency of all parametric nonlinear optical processes is limited by challenges associated with phase-matching requirements. To address this constraint, a variety of approaches, such as quasi-phase-matching, birefringent phase matching, and higher-order-mode phase matching have historically been used to phase-match interactions. However, the methods demonstrated to date suffer from the inconvenience of only being phase-matched for one specific arrangement of beams, typically co-propagating along the same axis. This stringency of the phase-matching requirement results in cumbersome optical configurations and large footprints for integrated devices. In this thesis, we show that phase-matching requirements in parametric nonlinear optical processes may be satisfied for all orientations of input and output beams when using zero-index media: a condition of omnidirectional phase matching. To validate this theory, we perform experimental demonstrations of phase matching for five separate FWM beam configurations to confirm this phenomenon. Our measurements constitute the first experimental observation of the simultaneous generation of a forward- and backward-propagating signal with respect to the pump beams in a medium longer than a free-space optical wavelength, allowing us to determine the coherence length of our four-wave-mixing process. Our demonstration includes nonlinear signal generation from spectrally distinct counter-propagating pump and probe beams, as well as the excitation of a parametric process with the probe beam's wave vector orthogonal to the wave vector of the pump beam. By sampling all of these beam configurations, our results explicitly demonstrate that the unique properties of zero-index media relax traditional phase-matching constraints, and provide strong experimental evidence for the existence of omnidirectional phase matching in zero-index media. This property can be exploited to facilitate nonlinear interactions and miniaturize nonlinear devices, and adds to the established exceptional properties of low-index materials.
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Schuh, Susanne. "Enzymatische Oligomerisierung von Lebensmittelproteinen unter Hochdruck: Reaktionsorte und funktionelle Konsequenzen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-113345.

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Untersuchungen zur Reaktion von Proteinen während einer Hochdruckbehandlung (HD) ermöglichen ein besseres Verständnis der Reaktivität und Struktur auf molekularer Ebene. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die enzymatische Oligomerisierung von Hühnereiweißlysozym (HEWL) mithilfe der druckstabilen mikrobiellen Transglutaminase (mTGase) unter HD untersucht. Die resultierenden Oligomere wurden anschließend hinsichtlich ihrer strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften charakterisiert. Vergleichende Untersuchungen wurden mit dem evolutionsbiologisch verwandten Protein, dem α-Lactalbumin durchgeführt. Abschließend erfolgten orientierende Studien zur nicht-enzymatischen Vernetzung von HEWL und ausgewählten Milchproteinen, bei welchen eine kovalente Verknüpfung über vergleichbare Isopeptide nachgewiesen werden konnte. Kompakte, globuläre Proteine, wie das untersuchte HEWL stellten unter Normaldruck keine Substrate für die mTGase dar. Auch war eine enzymatische Vernetzung nach erfolgter Hochdruckbehandlung aufgrund der Reversibilität der druckinduzierten Auffaltung nicht möglich. So wurde HEWL nur bei simultaner Behandlung mit mTGase und hohem hydrostatischem Druck zu Homooligomeren vernetzt. Neben einem geeigneten Puffersystem wurden der pH-Wert, die Inkubationszeit, die Temperatur, der hydrostatische Druck, die Enzymaktivität der mTGase und die Proteinkonzentration des Lysozyms verändert. Abhängig von den Reaktionsbedingungen wurden Produkte mit stark variierenden Vernetzungsgraden erhalten, wobei eine maximale Oligomerisierung von zirka 75% aus einer 3%igen HEWL-Probe in Tris-HCl-Puffer bei pH 7,5 mit 160 U mTGase/g Protein über 30 min, 600 MPa und 40°C erreicht wurde. Zudem erfolgte eine Kategorisierung aller resultierenden Proben anhand ihres mittels Gelelektrophorese bestimmten Vernetzungsgrades in drei Untergruppen: LMW (niedrig vernetzt, 0 - 30%), MMW (mittel vernetzt, 30 - 60%) und HMW (hoch vernetzt, 60 - 100%). In den so vernetzten Proben wurden das reaktionsspezifisch gebildete Isopeptid N ε (γ L Glutamyl)-L-Lysin (Glu_Lys) nachgewiesen und die beteiligten reaktiven Aminosäuren identifiziert. Die Bestimmung von Glu_Lys, welches für die kovalenten Verknüpfungen verantwortlich ist, erfolgte nach enzymatischer Hydrolyse am Aminosäureanalysator mit Ninhydrin-Nachsäulen-Derivatisierung. Eine erste Abschätzung des Isopeptid¬gehaltes zeigte zudem, dass es bei der Oligomerisierung sowohl zu inter- als auch intra¬molekularer Vernetzung kam. Der minimal notwendige Gehalt an Cross-Link-Aminosäuren, [CLAA]min lag zum Teil um den Faktor zwei unter dem Gehalt des quantifizierten Glu_Lys. Anschließend konnte nach tryptischem Verdau über die RP-HPLC/ESI-TOF-MS für die gering vernetzten Proben (LMW) genau eine definierte kovalente Verknüpfungsstelle ermittelt werden. Für die MMW- und HMW-Proben wurden fünf bzw. sechs Peptidfragmente detektiert. Bei den LMW-Proben wurde Lys1 mit Gln121 vernetzt. Den höher oligomerisierten Proben konnten die Lysinreste Lys1, Lys13, Lys116 und die Glutaminreste Gln41, Gln57, Gln121 zugeordnet werden. Somit gelang eine erste strukturelle Aufklärung der Vernetzungsprodukte. Der Aufbau der Oligomere läuft demnach zuerst gerichtet und linear ab. Insbesondere bei höheren Temperaturen und Enzymaktivitäten werden jedoch ungeordnete Strukturen gebildet. Die einzelnen Vernetzungsprodukte scheinen aufgrund der Lage der reaktiven Aminosäuren im HEWL-Molekül über mehrere intermolekulare Bindungen eine variierende Struktur auszubilden. Eine Quantifizierung der einzelnen Isopeptide erfolgte nicht, orientierende MS-Untersuchungen lassen aber vermuten, dass auch hier bevorzugte Reaktionsorte existieren. Die vernetzten Proben wurden nachfolgend über Ammoniumsulfatfällung konzentriert und mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC) fraktioniert. Die Ausbeuten der GPC waren sehr gering. Eine Fraktionierung in einzelne, selektiv verknüpfte Oligomere wurde nicht erreicht. Die enzymatisch oligomerisierten Proben sowie ausgewählte GPC-Fraktionen mit höheren Oligomeren wurden hinsichtlich funktioneller und struktureller Konsequenzen untersucht. Begonnen wurde dabei mit der lytischen Enzymaktivität des HEWL gegen Zellwände des Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Eine abnehmende bzw. verbleibende Lyseaktivität korrelierte mit einer zunehmenden Oberflächen¬hydrophobität der Oligomerengemische. Beide Größen verhielten sich indirekt proportional zueinander. Während der hydrophobe Kern des Moleküls mit steigender Oligomerisierungsrate freigelegt wurde, senkte sich die Lyseaktivität bis auf null ab. Eine räumliche Deformation oder Barriere entstand mutmaßlich im oder in der Nähe des reaktiven Zentrums (Glu35 und Asp52) des Lysozyms, so dass der Enzym-Substrat-Komplex nicht mehr ausgebildet werden konnte. Die Untersuchung der Veränderung sekundärer und tertiärer Strukturbestandteilte erfolgte mithilfe der Zirkular-Dichroismus-Spektroskopie. Gleichwohl für die Tertiärstruktur keine großen Veränderungen aufgezeigt wurden, ist für die Sekundärstruktur mit zunehmendem Vernetzungsgrad eine Abnahme der α-Helices und eine Zunahme von ungeordneten und β Faltblatt-Bereichen detektiert worden. Es konnte daher die unter Hochdruck bekannte Auffaltung des HEWL über die enzymatische Vernetzung derart stabilisiert werden, dass eine vollständige Rückfaltung nicht mehr gegeben war. Das Fibrillierungsverhalten der oligomerisierten Proben im Sauren im Vergleich zum unbehandelten HEWL stellte eine weitere Charakterisierungsmöglichkeit dar. Die Analyse der inkubierten Proben erfolgte mithilfe dreier photometrischer Methoden (Umsetzung mit den Reagenzien 8-Anilino-1-naphtalinsulfonsäure, Kongorot oder Thioflavin T). Die fibrillierten Proben wurden zudem transmissionselektronenmikroskopisch (TEM) untersucht. Mit zunehmender Vernetzung war dabei eine abnehmende Fibrillierungsneigung zu beobachten, welche gut strukturell zu erklären ist, da die zusätzlichen, kovalenten Isopeptidbindungen die Proteinmoleküle gegen eine saure Auffaltung stabilisieren. Eine Auffaltung ist jedoch die Grundvoraussetzung für eine Assoziation und Bildung in-vitro-induzierter, amyloider Strukturen. Ferner wurde das antimikrobielle Verhalten der Präparate gegen grampositive und -negative Mikroorganismen getestet. Unbehandeltes Lysozym zeigt grundsätzlich gegenüber grampositiven Mikroorganismen eine gute antimikrobielle Aktivität. Eingesetzt wurden der Agardiffusions- und der bakterielle Hemmtest (Trübungsassay). Hierbei zeigten alle geprüften Proben keine Wirkung gegenüber gramnegativen Bakterien. Die antimikrobielle Wirkung gegenüber den grampositiven Mikroorganismen variierte stark. Das Phänomen der erhöhten Sensibilität gegenüber ausgewählten Bakterienstämmen im niederkonzentrierten Bereich wurde für Bacillus subtilis (grampositiv) und die mittel- bzw. hochvernetzten Proben im Vergleich zu unbehandelten HEWL (je 0,00625% Probe, w/v) reproduzierbar nachgewiesen. Auf die umfassende Charakterisierung der enzymatisch vernetzten HEWL-Proben folgten orientierende Vergleichsstudien mit dem evolutionsbiologisch verwandten α Lactalbumin (α-LA). Die enzymatische Oligomerisierung konnte für das Molkenprotein dabei im Gegensatz zum HEWL bereits unter Atmosphärendruck erzielt werden. Die Vernetzungsraten betrugen, unabhängig von den untersuchten Rahmenparametern aber abhängig vom Calciumgehalt, zirka 35% (mit Ca) bis 72% (ohne Ca). Das α-LA als Calcium-bindendes Protein wurde somit durch die Abwesenheit des Metallions derart destabilisiert, dass es für die mTGase besser umsetzbar wurde. Die im Vergleich zum Lysozym vermehrt enthaltenen potentiell reaktiven Aminosäuren (doppelt so viel Lys und Gln) trugen ebenfalls zu einer stärkeren Oligomerisierung bei. Abschließend erfolgten Studien zu nicht-enzymatischen, vakuuminduzierten Kondensations-reaktionen. Dabei wurde trockenes HEWL im Vakuum thermisch induziert vernetzt. Die Methode ist in der Literatur als Zero-Length-Cross-Linking (ZLCL) beschrieben. Die Untersuchung der Parameter Vakuum, Temperatur, pH-Wert und Zyklenzahl erfolgte an dem globulären Protein. Dieses konnte unter nicht denaturierenden Bedingungen bis zum Di- und Trimer vernetzt werden. Weitere Milchproteinproben (ein Molkenproteinisolat und β-Casein) wurden nur exemplarisch unter Standardbedingungen untersucht. Hierbei wurde das Molkenproteinisolat deutlich besser als HEWL und das β-Casein bei 85°C über je 24 h und Einsatz von Vakuum am stärksten oligomerisiert. Die gute Umsetzung des β-Caseins ist dabei auf die fehlende Tertiär- und Sekundärstruktur zurückzuführen. Zum Teil entstanden auch Casein-Polymere, welche nicht mehr elektrophoresegängig waren. Die beteiligten Isopeptide wurden analog zu den enzymatisch vernetzten Proben über die Aminosäureanalytik nachgewiesen. Es konnte das Isopeptid N-ε-(β-Aspartyl-)Lysin (Asp_Lys) neben Lysinoalanin (LAL), aber kein Glu_Lys in HEWL nachgewiesen werden. Beide Isopeptide (Asp_Lys und Glu_Lys) sowie LAL sind dagegen im β Casein gebildet worden. Der Einfluss struktureller Gegebenheiten auf die Reaktionsfähigkeit der Proteine konnte folglich eindeutig belegt werden.
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Books on the topic ""zero-length""

1

P, Leonard B., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A modified mixing length turbulence model for zero and adverse pressure gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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P, Leonard B., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A modified mixing length turbulence model for zero and adverse pressure gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Conley, J. M. A modified mixing length turbulence model for zero and adverse pressure gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Collins, R. F. Investigations of spinacia oleracea photosystem II architechture using the zero length bi-functional crosslinker 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminoipropyl)-carbodi-imide(EDC). Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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Srivastava, Anubhava. Java 9 Regular Expressions: A hands-on guide to implement zero-length assertions, back-references, quantifiers, and many more. Packt Publishing - ebooks Account, 2017.

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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The kinematics of light. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0021.

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This chapter embarks on the study of light in the vacuum in special relativity. Here, the chapter represents light by world lines of zero length, that is, by particles that propagate at speed c. Such a description does not include the electromagnetic or quantum wave nature of light, but it does allow the interpretation of experiments which measure light travel times (such as the Sagnac experiment) or aberration effects due to motion of the receiver. The chapter first defines the light lines, or the light-like lines, which are lines of zero length, and one of these lines can represent the world line of a signal or photon. It then turns to a discussion of the Sagnac effect, before finally considering the aberration formulas.
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Quantities Directly Measurable by Scattering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0003.

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In this chapter we note that solution scattering data can be divided into four regions. At zero scattering angle, the scattering provides information on molecular weight of the particle in solution. Beyond that, the scattering is influenced by the radius of gyration. As the scattering angle increases, the scattering is influenced by the particle shape, and finally by the interface with the particle and the solution. There are a number of important invariants that can be calculated directly from the data including molecular mass, radius of gyration, Porod invariant, particle volume, maximum particle dimension, particle surface area, correlation length, and volume of correlation. The meaning of these is described in turn along with their mathematical derivations.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The wave vector of light. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0022.

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This chapter shows how simple world lines of zero length can describe an undulatory aspect of light—namely, its frequency. It first encodes the information about the frequency of a monochromatic light wave in the zeroth component of its wave vector. An alternative method of taking into account the wave nature of light is based on the fact that the emission of successive light corpuscles by the source also defines the period of a light signal. To illustrate, the chapter provides the example of a light source and a receiver moving along the X axis of a frame S. Finally, this chapter illustrates the idea of a particle horizon as well as the limits of validity of the spectral shift formulas introduced in the chapter by the example of two objects which exchange light signals.
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Powell, Jim. Losing the Thread. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789622492.001.0001.

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Losing the Thread is the first full-length study of the effect of the American Civil War on Britain’s raw cotton trade and on the Liverpool cotton market. It details the worst crisis in the British cotton trade in the 19th century. Before the civil war, America supplied 80 per cent of Britain’s cotton. In August 1861, this fell to almost zero, where it remained for four years. Despite increased supplies from elsewhere, Britain’s largest industry received only 36 per cent of the raw material it needed from 1862 to 1864. This book establishes the facts of Britain’s raw cotton supply during the war: how much there was of it, in absolute terms and in relation to the demand, where it came from and why, how much it cost, and what effect the reduced supply had on Britain’s cotton manufacture. It includes an enquiry into the causes of the Lancashire cotton famine, which contradicts the historical consensus on the subject. Examining the impact of the civil war on Liverpool and its cotton market, the book disputes the historic portrayal of Liverpool as a solidly pro-Confederate town. It also demonstrates how reckless speculation infested and distorted the raw cotton market, and lays bare the shadowy world of the Liverpool cotton brokers, who profited hugely from the war while the rest of Lancashire starved.
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Kelly, Phil. Defending Classical Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.279.

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Three successive parts are presented within this article, all intended to raise the visibility and show the utility of classical geopolitics as a deserving and separate international-relations model: (a) a common traditional definition, (b) relevant theories that correspond to that definition, and (c) applications of certain theories that will delve at some depth into three case studies (the Ukrainian shatterbelt, contemporary Turkish geopolitics, and a North American heartland).The placement of states, regions, and resources, as affecting international relations and foreign policies, defines classical geopolitics. This definition emphasizes the application of spatially composed unbiased theories that should bring insight into foreign-affairs events and policies. Specifically, a “model” contains theories that correspond to its description. A “theory” is a simple sentence of probability, with “A” happening to likely affect “B.” Importantly, models are passive; they merely hold theories. In contrast, theories possess their own titles and perform actively when taken from such models.Various methodological challenges are presented: (a) combining concepts with theories, (b) estimating probability for testing theories, (c) claiming the “scientific,” (d) accounting for determinism, (e) revealing a dynamic environment for geopolitics, (f) separating realism from geopolitics, and (g) drawing classical geopolitics away from the critical. Certain theories that are placed within the geopolitical model are examined next: (a) heartlands and rimlands, (b) land and sea power, (c) choke points and maritime lines of communication, (d) offshore balancing, (e) the Monroe doctrine, (f) balances of power, (g) checkerboards, (h) shatterbelts, (i) pan-regions, (j) influence spheres, (k) dependency, (l) buffer states, (m) organic borders, (n) imperial thesis, (o) borders/wars, (p) contagion, (q) irredentism, (r) demography, (s) fluvial laws, (t) petro-politics, and (u) catastrophic events in nature. Additional theories apply elsewhere in the article as well.Of the three case studies, the Ukrainian shatterbelt represents the sole contemporary geopolitical configuration of this type, a regional conflict coupling with a strategic rivalry. Here, partisans of the civil war between the eastern and the western sectors of the country have joined with the Russians against the Europeans and Americans, respectively. Next, Turkey’s pivotal location has afforded it both advantages and disadvantages, a topic discussed at some length earlier in the article. Its “zero-problems” strategy of seeking positive relations with neighbors has now been forced to change tactics, reflective of new forces within and beyond the country. Finally, a North American heartland compares nicely to Halford Mackinder’s earlier Eurasia heartland thesis, with the American perhaps proving more stable, wealthy, and enduring, based in large part on its stronger geopolitical features.
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Book chapters on the topic ""zero-length""

1

Yates, John T. "Zero-Length Window Assembly." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 774–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_226.

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He, Chengchan, Zonghua Sun, and Liaoni Wu. "UAV Zero-Length Launch Control Law Design." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 869–77. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6613-2_87.

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Gabizon, Ariel, and Ronen Shaltiel. "Increasing the Output Length of Zero-Error Dispersers." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 430–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85363-3_34.

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Ciupitu, L., and I. Simionescu. "Zero-Free-Length Elastic Systems for Static Balancing." In New Advances in Mechanisms, Mechanical Transmissions and Robotics, 59–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45450-4_6.

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Gabizon, Ariel. "Increasing the Output Length of Zero-Error Dispersers." In Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series, 91–122. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14903-0_5.

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Yin, Jun, Wei Li, Lixia Zhao, Shenglin Xia, and Huan Xie. "Simulation and Analysis of UAV Zero-Length Launch with Rocket Booster." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 3635–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8155-7_303.

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Zhang, Yang, Vigen Arakelian, and Jean-Paul Le Baron. "Linkage Design for Gravity Balancing by Means of Non-zero Length Springs." In ROMANSY 22 – Robot Design, Dynamics and Control, 163–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78963-7_22.

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Chakraborty, Sumanta. "Spacetime with Zero Point Length is Two-Dimensional at the Planck Scale." In Springer Theses, 249–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63733-4_12.

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Peters, M. F., J. M. Brozena, and G. L. Mader. "Multiple Receiver, Zero-Length Baseline Kinematic GPS Positioning Techniques for Airborne Gravity Measurement." In From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity With Space and Airborne Instruments, 251–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9255-2_23.

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Feng, Cindy Xin, and Longhai Li. "Modeling Zero Inflation and Overdispersion in the Length of Hospital Stay for Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease." In Advanced Statistical Methods in Data Science, 35–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2594-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic ""zero-length""

1

Kang, Jihoon, Jung-ho Choi, Daeyeon Kim, and Gyeon-il Kweon. "Zero path-length difference interferometry using spontaneous/spontaneous beat noise spectrum." In Optical Engineering for Sensing and Nanotechnology (ICOSN '01), edited by Koichi Iwata. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.427030.

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Charpenay, Nicolas, and Mael Le Treust. "Zero-Error Coding with a Generator Set of Variable-Length Words." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit44484.2020.9174059.

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Antoni, Thomas, Mathieu Carras, Vincent Berger, Pierrick Guiset, and Alfredo De Rossi. "A zero-Focal-Length superlens for QWIPs and other infrared detectors." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Bjørn F. Andresen, Gabor F. Fulop, and Paul R. Norton. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.853526.

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Ishihara, Shinya, and Shin-ichi Minato. "Manipulation of regular expressions under length constraints using zero-suppressed-BDDs." In the 1995 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/224818.224930.

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Agrawal, Abhishek, and Sunil K. Agrawal. "Design of Gravity Balancing Leg Orthosis Using Non-Zero Free Length Springs." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43158.

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For retraining stroke victims, there is a need for rehabilitation devices, which can support the weight of leg during walking. Machines that gravity balance the leg are potentially very useful. This paper presents gravity balancing designs using non-zero free length springs. These designs are further optimized for spring connection points and parameters of the spring such as free length and stiffness.
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Soethoudt, Bram, and Just L. Herder. "Synthesis of Perfect Spring Balancers With Higher-Order Zero-Free-Length Springs." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34954.

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Static balancing is a well-known technique in mechanism synthesis to achieve equilibrium throughout the range of motion, for instance to eliminate gravity from the equations of motion. Another application of static balancing is in spring-to-spring balancing where the influence of n springs on the mechanism behavior (e.g. input torque) are balanced by m other springs (n and m both non-zero positive integers). In this category of balanced mechanism, design methodology and examples exist based on zero-free-length springs, i.e. linear extension springs in which the force is proportional to the length of the spring, rather than to its elongation. The present paper will present for the first time the design of perfect spring-to-spring balancers with higher-order zero-free-length springs, i.e. springs in which the force is proportional to a (positive integer) power of its length. A general approach will be given together with four new mechanisms incorporating springs ranging from two third-order springs in the simplest example, to four equal thirteenth order springs plus one first order spring in the most complex example.
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Erdeljan, Andrea, Bogdan Vukobratovic, and Rastislav Struharik. "IP core for efficient zero-run length compression of CNN feature maps." In 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/telfor.2017.8249397.

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Jalil, Zunera, Anwar M. Mirza, and Hajira Jabeen. "Word length based zero-watermarking algorithm for tamper detection in text documents." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccet.2010.5486185.

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Quddious, Abdul, Symeon Nikolaou, and Marco A. Antoniades. "Arbitrary length zero-phase substrate integrated coaxial lines using NRI-TL metamaterials." In 2017 International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas, Innovative Structures, and Applications (iWAT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwat.2017.7915377.

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Demi̇ralp, Metin, Theodore E. Simos, George Psihoyios, and Ch Tsitouras. "Series Expansion of a Function's Expectation Matrix at the Zero Interval Length Limit." In Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2790096.

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