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Journal articles on the topic 'Zener pinning'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Hazzledine, P. M., and R. D. J. Oldershaw. "Computer simulation of Zener pinning." Philosophical Magazine A 61, no. 4 (April 1990): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619008231936.

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2

Liu, Yixiong, and B. R. Patterson. "Stereological analysis of Zener pinning." Acta Materialia 44, no. 11 (November 1996): 4327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(96)00107-3.

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3

Couturier, G., Claire Maurice, R. Fortunier, R. Doherty, and Julian H. Driver. "Finite Element Simulations of 3D Zener Pinning." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 1009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.1009.

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An original model, based on a variational formulation for boundary motion by viscous drag, is developed to simulate single grain boundary motion and its interaction with particles. The equations are solved by a 3D finite element method to obtain the instantaneous velocity at each triangular element on the boundary surface, before, during and after contact with one or more particles. After validation by comparison with some simple, analytical and numerical cases, it is adapted to model curvature driven grain growth. For single phase material, the single grain boundary model closely matches the grain coarsening kinetics of a 3D multi boundary vertex model. In the presence of spherical incoherent particles the growth rate slows down to give a growth exponent of 2.5. When the boundary is anchored there is a significantly higher density, by a factor of 4, of particles on the boundary than the density predicted by the classic Zener analysis, and many particles exert less than this Zener drag force. As a result the Zener drag is increased by a factor of about 2.2. The limiting grain radius is compared with some experimental results.
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4

Kim, B. N., and T. Kishi. "Finite element simulation of Zener pinning behavior." Acta Materialia 47, no. 7 (May 1999): 2293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(99)00069-5.

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5

Novikov, V. Yu. "On zener pinning in 3-D polycrystals." Scripta Materialia 42, no. 5 (February 2000): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00379-6.

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6

Zhou, Jian, Chao Li, Miao Guan, Fuzeng Ren, Xiaonan Wang, Shunhu Zhang, and Bingbing Zhao. "Zener pinning by coherent particles: pinning efficiency and particle reorientation mechanisms." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 25, no. 6 (June 13, 2017): 065008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-651x/aa6cfb.

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7

Grasserbauer, Jakob, Irmgard Weißensteiner, Georg Falkinger, Peter J. Uggowitzer, and Stefan Pogatscher. "Influence of Fe and Mn on the Microstructure Formation in 5xxx Alloys—Part II: Evolution of Grain Size and Texture." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123312.

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In recent decades, microstructure and texture engineering has become an indispensable factor in meeting the rising demands in mechanical properties and forming behavior of aluminum alloys. Alloying elements, such as Fe and Mn in AlMg(Mn) alloys, affect the number density, size and morphology of both the primary and secondary phases, thus altering the grain size and orientation of the final annealed sheet by Zener pinning and particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). The present study investigates the grain size and texture of four laboratory processed AlMg(Mn) alloys with various Fe and Mn levels (see Part I). Common models for deriving the Zener-limit grain size are discussed in the light of the experimental data. The results underline the significant grain refinement by dispersoids in high Mn alloys and show a good correlation with the Smith–Zener equation, when weighting the volume fraction of the dispersoids with an exponent of 0.33. Moreover, for high Fe alloys a certain reduction in the average grain size is obtained due to pinning effects and PSN of coarse primary phases. The texture analysis focuses on characteristic texture transformations occurring with pinning effects and PSN. However, the discussion of the texture and typical PSN components is only possible in terms of trends, as all alloys exhibit an almost random distribution of orientations.
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8

Kolesnikov, Dmitro, Andrey Belyakov, Alla Kipelova, Valeriy Dudko, Rustam Kaibyshev, and Dmitri A. Molodov. "Zener Pinning Pressure in Tempered Martensite Lath Structure." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.745.

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The Zener drag force exerted by M23C6carbides, Fe2(W,Mo) Laves phase and M(C,N) particles for migration of different grain boundaries in P92-type and P911+3%Co heat-resistant steels was calculated. In particular, the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGB), boundaries of packets and blocks, which are mainly high-angle boundaries (HAGB), were addressed. Zener pinning pressures were determined for each type of dispersoids separately taking into account that the M23C6carbides, Fe2(W,Mo) Laves phase are inhomogeneously distributed such that they are mainly located at the boundaries, and the M(C,N) dispersoids are uniformly distributed throughout the metallic matrix. In the both steels, the pinning pressure from the second phase particles located at grain boundaries is about an order of magnitude higher than that caused by homogeneously distributed MX precipitates. In spite of numerous second phase particles precipitated during tempering, grain growth (although rather moderate) occurred during the creep tests of the studied materials. The driving pressure for grain boundary motion might be mostly associated with high dislocation density retained in the tempered martensite structure. The resulting pressure for grain growth in the P92-type steel under creep conditions at 600 and 650°C is somewhat higher than that for the P911 steel.
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9

HARUN, A., E. HOLM, M. CLODE, and M. MIODOWNIK. "On computer simulation methods to model Zener pinning." Acta Materialia 54, no. 12 (July 2006): 3261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.03.012.

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10

Wörner, C. H., and A. Olguín. "Potential well and thermal detachment in Zener pinning." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 28, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(93)90527-y.

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11

Harun, Azmir, Mark A. Miodownik, Mike P. Clode, and Elizabeth A. Holm. "Modelling Zener Pinning: A Comparison of Different Computer Simulation Methods." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.1033.

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We compare the ability of three different types of microstructural model to simulate particle pinning. The microstructural models are the Phase Field model, the Front Tracking model and the Monte Carlo Potts model. The same 3D test geometry is simulated using each method. This is an hexagonal network with spherical particles located at the centre of each hexagonal grain. The hexagonal grain network provides a constant driving force for a moving boundary and includes triple line and quadruple point motion. This geometry allows detailed investigation of the boundary/particle interaction. The pinning force acting on the migrating curved grain boundary is calculated and compared with theoretical predictions for each model.
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12

Kad, Bimal K., and Peter M. Hazzledine. "Monte Carlo simulations of grain growth and Zener pinning." Materials Science and Engineering: A 238, no. 1 (October 1997): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00435-8.

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13

Soucail, M., R. Messina, A. Cosnuau, and L. P. Kubin. "Monte Carlo simulation of Zener pinning in two dimensions." Materials Science and Engineering: A 271, no. 1-2 (November 1999): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00196-3.

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14

Miyake, A. "New criterion on zener pinning in 2-D systems." Scripta Materialia 45, no. 9 (November 2001): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(01)01123-x.

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15

Miodownik, Mark, Elizabeth A. Holm, and Gregory N. Hassold. "Highly parallel computer simulations of particle pinning: zener vindicated." Scripta Materialia 42, no. 12 (June 2000): 1173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(00)00354-7.

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16

Couturier†, G., C. Maurice‡, and R. Fortunier§. "Three-dimensional finite-element simulation of Zener pinning dynamics." Philosophical Magazine 83, no. 30 (October 2003): 3387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478643031000152771.

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17

Wörner, C. H., and A. Olguín. "On the Influence of the Temperature in Zener Pinning." Materials Science Forum 94-96 (January 1992): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.94-96.605.

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18

Chakrabarti, Tamoghna, and Sukriti Manna. "Zener pinning through coherent precipitate: A phase-field study." Computational Materials Science 154 (November 2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.07.041.

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19

Abbruzzese, Giuseppe Carlo, and Massimiliano Buccioni. "Theory of Grain Growth in the Presence of Atoms Drag Effects." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 1005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1005.

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The statistical model of grain growth is able to predict the effect of Zener drag on the grain size distribution evolution and on grain growth kinetics [1, 2]. This paper, in the same framework, will treat the case of atoms drag on grain boundary movement. The mechanism by which atoms drag operates is significantly different by that of Zener. The corresponding peculiar features will result in a specific grain size distribution evolution with considerable change of grain growth kinetics and distribution shape from that of normal grain growth case as a function of the intensity of the pinning conditions.
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20

Wörner, C. H., and A. Olguín. "Temporal Evolution of Grain Size Distributions in Two-Dimensional Pinned Cells." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.1003.

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The distribution of sizes for grain growth in presence of pinning centers (Zener pinned growth) is communicated at different times. The experimental approach uses the well-known similitude between growth in polycrystalline aggregates and cellular soap froths. Two-dimensional results are communicated with grain growth limited by a set of randomly distributed rounded pins.
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21

Fan, Danan, Long-Qing Chen, and Shao-Ping P. Chen. "Numerical Simulation of Zener Pinning with Growing Second-Phase Particles." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81, no. 3 (January 21, 2005): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02370.x.

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22

Rios, Paulo Rangel, and Gláucio Soares Fonseca. "Grain Boundary Pinning by Particles." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3907.

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Grain boundary pinning by particles is widely used to prevent grain growth during heat treatment in a variety of commercial alloys. Its practical relevance is matched by a considerable amount of theoretical work that has been devoted this problem. A key issue of boundary pinning is the particle/interface interaction mechanism and its associated pinning force. According to Ashby et al. an interface may interact with a particle in two ways: either it goes through the particles or, more usually, bends round and envelopes the particle. Based on these mechanisms one may derive quantitative expressions relating the characteristics of the particle dispersion and a critical or limiting grain radius. Thus, Zener expression assumes that the interface goes through the particles whereas Rios expression assumes that the interface bends round and envelopes the particle. Both the mechanisms and the resulting expressions are discussed here in detail and compared with available experimental data.
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23

Wu, Yan, Si Xia, and Bernie Ya Ping Zong. "Grain Growth of Polycrystalline AZ31 Mg Alloy Containing Second Phase Particles by Phase Field Simulation." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.307.

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A phase field model has been established to simulate the grain growth of AZ31 magnesium alloy containing spherical particles with different sizes and contents under realistic spatial-temporal scales. The expression term of second phase particles are added into the local free energy density equation, and the simulated results show that the pinning effect of particles on the grain growth is increased when the contents of particles is increasing, which is consistent with the law of Zener pinning. There is a critical particle size to affect the grain growth in the microstructure. If the size of particles is higher than the critical value, the pinning effect of particles for grain growth will be increased with further decreasing the particle size; however the effect goes opposite if the particle size is lower than the critical value.
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24

San Martín, David, Francisca García Caballero, Carlos Capdevila, and Carlos García de Andrés. "Discussion on the Rate Controlling Process of Coarsening of Niobium Carbonitrides in a Niobium Microalloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.703.

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Austenite grain growth in microalloyed steels is governed by the coarsening of fine precipitates present at grain boundaries below the grain coarsening temperature. Zener model is widely used in metals to describe the pinning effect of second phase particles precipitated in the matrix. In this work it has been discussed whether grain boundary or volume diffusion is the rate controlling process for the coarsening of the niobium carbonitrides. Calculations on austenite grain growth kinetics, obtained coupling Zener theory and both rate controlling processes of precipitate coarsening, have been compared against experimental austenite grain size results under nonisothermal heating conditions. In this sense, it has been concluded that the coarsening of niobium carbonitrides is mainly controlled by volume diffusion of Nb in austenite.
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25

Ma, Xiao Fei. "Cellular Automata Simulation of Grain Growth under Consideration of Zener Pinning." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2200–2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2200.

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Based on cellular automata, a model of simulating grain growth is established to study the effects of the second phase particle’s size and volume fraction on grain growth. The simulation results show that the smaller is the volume fraction of second phase particle, the finer is the grain of pinned matrix, and the pinning force of bigger second phase particle is stronger than that of smaller one. The correlative laws obtained from the simulation is in accordance with the theoretical models.
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26

Weygand, D., Y. Bréchet, and J. Lépinoux. "Zener pinning and grain growth: a two-dimensional vertex computer simulation." Acta Materialia 47, no. 3 (February 1999): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00383-8.

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27

Humphreys, F. J., and M. G. Ardakani. "Grain boundary migration and Zener pinning in particle-containing copper crystals." Acta Materialia 44, no. 7 (July 1996): 2717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6454(95)00421-1.

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28

Koju, R. K., K. A. Darling, L. J. Kecskes, and Y. Mishin. "Zener Pinning of Grain Boundaries and Structural Stability of Immiscible Alloys." JOM 68, no. 6 (April 18, 2016): 1596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-1899-9.

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29

Zhou, Wen Quan, Ying Juna Gao, Yao Liu, Zhi Rong Luo, and Chuang Gao Huang. "Phase Field Model for Grain Growth with Second-Phase Particles of Stick Shape." Advanced Materials Research 741 (August 2013): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.741.3.

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The phase field method was applied to study the effect of second-phase particles (SPP) with different geometric orientations and shapes on grain growth. The results show that, in the grain growth process, most of the spherical second-phase particles located at triple junctions, while the stick SPPs located at the grain boundaries along the grain boundary. The second-phase particles are of the strong pinning effect on grain boundary and the limiting grain radius can be expressed by Zener relations. In the condition of the second-phase particles area fraction and size remaining the same, the stick SPPs are of more effective pinning on grain growth than that for spherical SPPs, and the orientation of disk second-phase particles is also an influence factor for pinning effect. Stick second-phase particles with multiple orientations can make a better pining effect than those with only one orientation.
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30

Fjeldberg, E., Elizabeth A. Holm, Anthony D. Rollett, and Knut Marthinsen. "Mobility Driven Abnormal Grain Growth in the Presence of Particles." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.930.

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Simulation of mobility-driven abnormal grain growth in the presence of particles in a 3D Potts Monte Carlo model has been investigated, and even though the driving force in this case is identical to normal grain growth, Zener pinning does not occur. Instead the particles seem merely to have a small inhibiting effect on the number of abnormal grains, and this effect only has a noticeable influence for volume fractions of particles above 5 vol%.
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31

Montheillet, Frank, Gilles Damamme, David Piot, and S. Lee Semiatin. "Modeling Grain Boundary Mobility during Dynamic Recrystallization of Metallic Alloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2303.

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A simple analytical model is proposed for estimating grain boundary mobility during dynamic recrystallization in metallic alloys. The combined effects of solutes (solute drag) and second phase particles (Zener pinning) on mobility are considered. The approach is based on (and is consistent with) a recently published mesoscale model of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. The dependence of grain boundary mobility on solute concentration and particle size is summarized in the form of two-dimensional maps.
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32

Ringer, S. P., R. P. Kuziak, and K. E. Easterling. "Liquid film simulation of Zener grain boundary pinning by second phase particles." Materials Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (March 1991): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1991.7.3.193.

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33

Li, Runjie, Jian Zhou, Yi Li, Yihan Liu, Bingbing Zhao, and Fuzeng Ren. "Grain boundary migration and Zener pinning in a nanocrystalline Cu–Ag alloy." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 28, no. 6 (August 18, 2020): 065017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-651x/aba737.

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34

Mujahid, M., and J. W. Martin. "The effect of oxide particle coherency on Zener pinning in ODS superalloys." Journal of Materials Science Letters 13, no. 3 (1994): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00278146.

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35

Chang, Kunok, Junhyun Kwon, and Chang-Kyu Rhee. "Effect of particle-matrix coherency on Zener pinning: A phase-field approach." Computational Materials Science 142 (February 2018): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.10.030.

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36

Bozzolo, Nathalie, Andrea Agnoli, Nadia Souaï, Marc Bernacki, and Roland E. Logé. "Strain Induced Abnormal Grain Growth in Nickel Base Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.321.

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Under certain circumstances abnormal grain growth occurs in Nickel base superalloys during thermomechanical forming. Second phase particles are involved in the phenomenon, since they obviously do not hinder the motion of some boundaries, but the key parameter is here the stored energy difference between adjacent grains. It induces an additional driving force for grain boundary migration that may be large enough to overcome the Zener pinning pressure. In addition, the abnormal grains have a high density of twins, which is likely due to the increased growth rate.
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37

Gu, Zong Lei, and Yu Liang Yin. "Research on Key Technology of Normal Grain Growth for Second Phase Particle Materials by Cellular Automata Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.772.

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Based on cellular automata, a model of simulating grain growth was established and the key technologies of simulation was studied which including second phase particle of single size, multi-size distribution and different shapes generation technologies. The simulation result can accurately reflect the influence law of the second phase particle grain growth and its pinning mechanism. Grain boundaries can therefore more easily break free from the particles than in purely two-dimensional systems, resulting in fewer grain boundaryparticle intersections and a larger final grain size. For a given volume fraction f and size of the particles r, the final grain size increases with film thickness. Moreover, it was found that particles located in the middle of the film are most efficient in pinning grain boundaries. The simulation results are compared with Zener type relations and previous simulation results.
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38

BECKWITH, A. W. "A NEW S-S′ PAIR CREATION RATE EXPRESSION IMPROVING UPON ZENER CURVES FOR I-E PLOTS." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 14 (June 20, 2006): 849–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906011219.

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To simplify phenomenology modeling used for charge density wave (CDW) transport, we apply a wavefunctional formulation of tunneling Hamiltonians to a physical transport problem characterized by a perturbed washboard potential. To do so, we consider tunneling between states that are wavefunctionals of a scalar quantum field ϕ. I-E curves that match Zener curves — used to fit data experimentally with wavefunctionals congruent with the false vacuum hypothesis. This has a very strong convergence with the slope of graphs of electron-positron pair production representations. The newly derived results include a threshold electric field explicitly as a starting point without an arbitrary cut off value for the start of the graphed results, thereby improving on both the Zener plots and Lin's generalization of Schwingers 1950 electron-positron nucleation values results for low dimensional systems. The similarities in plot behavior of the current values after the threshold electric field values argue in favor of the Bardeen pinning gap paradigm proposed for quasi-one-dimensional metallic transport problems.
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39

Schwarze, Christian, Reza Darvishi Kamachali, and Ingo Steinbach. "Phase-field study of zener drag and pinning of cylindrical particles in polycrystalline materials." Acta Materialia 106 (March 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.10.045.

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40

Eichler, Jan, Ina Kleitz, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Daniela Jansen, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Wataru Shigeyama, Christian Weikusat, and Ilka Weikusat. "Location and distribution of micro-inclusions in the EDML and NEEM ice cores using optical microscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy." Cryosphere 11, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 1075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1075-2017.

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Abstract. Impurities control a variety of physical properties of polar ice. Their impact can be observed at all scales – from the microstructure (e.g., grain size and orientation) to the ice sheet flow behavior (e.g., borehole tilting and closure). Most impurities in ice form micrometer-sized inclusions. It has been suggested that these µ inclusions control the grain size of polycrystalline ice by pinning of grain boundaries (Zener pinning), which should be reflected in their distribution with respect to the grain boundary network. We used an optical microscope to generate high-resolution large-scale maps (3 µm pix−1, 8 × 2 cm2) of the distribution of micro-inclusions in four polar ice samples: two from Antarctica (EDML, MIS 5.5) and two from Greenland (NEEM, Holocene). The in situ positions of more than 5000 µ inclusions have been determined. A Raman microscope was used to confirm the extrinsic nature of a sample proportion of the mapped inclusions. A superposition of the 2-D grain boundary network and µ-inclusion distributions shows no significant correlations between grain boundaries and µ inclusions. In particular, no signs of grain boundaries harvesting µ inclusions could be found and no evidence of µ inclusions inhibiting grain boundary migration by slow-mode pinning could be detected. Consequences for our understanding of the impurity effect on ice microstructure and rheology are discussed.
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41

Zurob, Hatem S., G. Zhu, S. V. Subramanian, Gary R. Purdy, Christopher R. Hutchinson, and Yves Bréchet. "Analysis of Mn Effect on Recrystallization Kinetics in High Nb Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.123.

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A physically based model is used to analyze quantitatively, the relative contributions of solute Nb and strain-induced NbC precipitation to the retardation of static recrystallization during the interpass time. The model explicitly takes into account the time evolution of strain-induced precipitation and its interaction with recovery and recrystallization. It is thus possible to quantitatively model the recrystallization kinetics taking into account: i) the effect of solute drag on the boundary mobility, ii) the effect of particle pinning (Zener drag) on the driving force for boundary motion, and iii) the effect of dislocation pinning by strain-induced precipitates, on the recovery kinetics and the nucleation of recrystallization. The analysis shows that there is an optimum partitioning of Nb between matrix solute and strain induced precipitates. This optimum partitioning maximizes particle pinning while ensuring an adequate solute drag effect to prevent the boundary from breaking away from solute atmosphere. The optimum partitioning of Nb between the matrix and the precipitates is shown to depend upon the temperature window of rolling, pass reduction and interpass time. The effect of delaying the kinetics of strain-induced precipitation of NbC through large Mn addition is shown to be an advantage for ensuring adequate solute drag in the low temperature, large pass deformation schedule used in near-net shape processing of thin slab or thick strip castings.
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42

Liu, Huasong, Yannan Dong, Hongguang Zheng, Xiangchun Liu, Peng Lan, Haiyan Tang, and Jiaquan Zhang. "Precipitation Criterion for Inhibiting Austenite Grain Coarsening during Carburization of Al-Containing 20Cr Gear Steels." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030504.

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AlN precipitates are frequently adopted to pin the austenite grain boundaries for the high-temperature carburization of special gear steels. For these steels, the grain coarsening criterion in the carburizing process is required when encountering the composition optimization for the crack-sensitive steels. In this work, the quantitative influence of the Al and N content on the grain size after carburization is studied through pseudocarburizing experiments based on 20Cr steel. According to the grain structure feature and the kinetic theory, the abnormal grain growth is demonstrated as the mode of austenite grain coarsening in carburization. The AlN precipitate, which provides the dominant pinning force, is ripened in this process and the particle size can be estimated by the Lifshitz−Slyosov−Wagner theory. Both the mass fraction and the pinning strength of AlN precipitate show significant influence on the grain growth behavior with the critical values indicating the grain coarsening. These criteria correspond to the conditions of abnormal grain growth when bearing the Zener pinning, which has been analyzed by the multiple phase-field simulation. Accordingly, the models to predict the austenite grain coarsening in carburization were constructed. The prediction is validated by the additional experiments, resulting in accuracies of 92% and 75% for the two models, respectively. Finally, one of the models is applied to optimize the Al and N contents of commercial steel.
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43

Cao, Miao, Jucun Wang, Qi Zhang, and Ke Huang. "In Situ Observation of Deformation-Induced Spherical Grains in Semi-Solid State of C5191 Copper Alloy." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 5496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235496.

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The formation mechanism of spherical grains during the strain-induced melt activation is investigated by in situ observation of the cold rotary swaged materials during heat treatment. The microstructure of the cold rotary swaged material changed from original dendritic structure to spherical grains after heating semi-solid state, whereas the as-received alloy without deformation exhibited non-spherical grains. These results show that static recrystallization, preferential melting of grain boundaries, and small grains cause the deformed grains to form the initial spherical grain structure during the temperature rising to semi-solid state; besides, the Zener pinning effect of second-phase particle and the heterogeneous nucleation of solidification also play negative roles in spherical grain growth up freely during the cooling process.
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44

Du, Zheng Lin, Ming Jen Tan, Jun Feng Guo, Jun Wei, and Chee Kai Chua. "Dispersion of CNTs in Selective Laser Melting Printed AlSi10Mg Composites via Friction Stir Processing." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1915.

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The superior elastic modulus, stiffness and wear resistance of particulate-reinforced metal composites (MMCs) have drawn much attention in various industries ranging from defence, aerospace and automobile industries. Here, friction stir processing (FSP) has successfully dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and significantly reduced cavities in selective laser melting (SLM) fabricated AlSi10Mg-CNTs composites. Further grain refinement, was achieved via FSP with the addition of CNTs. This is mainly attributed to the dynamic recrystallization and Zener pinning effect. The addition of CNTs to AlSi10Mg resulted in significant improvement in hardness of SLM fabricated aluminium composites. However, FSP of these samples resulted in reductions in the Vicker’s microhardness. This could be due to the dissolution of hardening precipitates and the absences of fine dendritic network present in SLM fabricated parts.
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45

Hu, G. W., L. C. Zeng, H. Du, Q. Wang, Z. T. Fan, and X. W. Liu. "Combined effects of solute drag and Zener pinning on grain growth of a NiCoCr medium-entropy alloy." Intermetallics 136 (September 2021): 107271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107271.

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46

Qiu, Zhan, Li, Yang, Qi, Jiang, and Zhang. "Influence of Inclusions on the Mechanical Properties of RAFM Steels Via Y and Ti Addition." Metals 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080851.

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The effects of the Y- and Ti-containing inclusions on the tensile and impact properties of reduced activation ferritic martensitic (RAFM) steels were evaluated. Four steels with different Y and Ti contents were produced via vacuum induction melting. The size and quantity of inclusions in the steels were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, and the oxide particle formation mechanism was clarified. These inclusions helped to enhance the pinning effect of the austenite grain boundaries based on the Zener pinning force. The average prior austenite grain sizes, measured via the linear intercept method, were 12.34 (0 wt.% Ti), 9.35 (0.010 wt.% Ti), 10.22 (0.030 wt.% Ti), and 11.83 (0.050 wt.% Ti) μm for the four steels, in order of increasing Ti content, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was conducted to observe the fine carbides. The strength and impact properties of the steel containing 0.010 wt.% Ti were improved, and the ductile-to-brittle-transition temperature was reduced to −70.5 °C. The tensile strength and impact toughness of the steel with 0.050 wt.% Ti were significantly reduced due to the coarsening of both the inclusions and grain size, as well as the precipitation of large TiN inclusions. The RAFM steel with approximately 0.015 wt.% Y and 0.010 wt.% Ti exhibited an optimized combination of microstructures, tensile properties, and impact properties among the four steels.
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47

Radetić, Tamara, Miljana Popović, Bojan Gligorijević, Ana Alil, and Endre Romhanji. "The influence of Mg and Mn content on abnormal grain growth in AA5182 type alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 25, no. 04 (January 14, 2020): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/463.

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The occurrence of abnormal grain growth (AGG) in AA5182 alloy during annealing imposes severe restrictions on processing parameters and deteriorates mechanical properties. In this work, we investigated the effect of chemical composition on the appearance of abnormal grain growth by varying Mg and Mn content in the range of composition limits for standard AA5182 alloy, 4.0-5.0% Mg, and 0.2-0.5% Mn, respectively. Thermo-mechanical processing of alloys included cold rolling with reductions ranging from 40 to 85%, followed by annealing in the temperature range from 350 to 520 °C. The results showed that the rise in alloying elements content drives the onset of abnormal grain growth toward higher temperatures. The increase in the cold rolling reduction degree promotes abnormal grain growth and lowers its onset temperature. Abnormal grain growth and grain boundary mobility showed strong anisotropy related to rod-like shape and alignment of Al6Mn(Fe) dispersoids through Zener pinning.
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48

Long, Yong Qiang, Ping Liu, and Wei Min Zhang. "Phase Field Modeling of Recrystallization Grain Growth during Re-Aging Process in Cu-Ni-Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1805.

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The micro structural evolution and the mechanism of recrystallization grain growth were studied during re-aging process in Cu-Ni-Si alloy containing finely pre-aging δ-Ni2Si precipitates using computer simulations based on a diffuse-interface phase-field kinetic model. In this model, the temporal evolution of the spatially dependent field variables is determined by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations for the structural variables. The simulation results quantify the effects of the precipitation on recrystallization. It is shown that the finely dispersed pre-aging δ-Ni2Si precipitates exert a strong pinning effect on the recrystallization grain boundaries. The recrystallization grain growth for r = 3 fa = 0.015 can be described as R =1.04∗t 0.33 at the beginning, followed by a gradual transition to growth stagnation. The final grain size follows a Zener type relation lim 0.49 1.41 a R r f =     for 0.01 ≤ fa ≤ 0.21 and r = 2.5 or 3.
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49

Zhu, Haofei, Jun Liu, Yi Wu, Qing Zhang, Qiwei Shi, Zhe Chen, Lei Wang, Fengguo Zhang, and Haowei Wang. "Hot Deformation Behavior and Workability of In-Situ TiB2/7050Al Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 5319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235319.

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Isothermal compression tests of in-situ TiB2/7050Al composites fabricated by powder metallurgy were performed at 300–460 °C with the strain rate varying from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1. The Arrhenius constitutive equation and hot processing map of composites were established, presenting excellent hot workability with low activation energies and broad processing windows. Dramatic discontinuous/continuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX/CDRX) and grain boundary sliding (GBS) take place in composites during deformation, depending on the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) values. It is found that initially uniform TiB2 particles and fine grain structures are beneficial to the DDRX, which is the major softening mechanism in composites at high Z values. With the Z value decreasing, dynamic recovery and CDRX around particles are enhanced, preventing the occurrence of DDRX. In addition, fine grain structures in composites are stable at elevated temperature thanks to the pinning of dense nanoparticles, which triggers the occurrence of GBS and ensures good workability at low Z values.
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50

Lai, Chih-Ting, Hsuan-Hao Lai, Yen-Hao Su, Fei-Ya Huang, Chi-Kang Lin, Jui-Chao Kuo, and Hwa-Teng Lee. "The Influence of Mg-Based Inclusions on the Grain Boundary Mobility of Austenite in SS400 Steel." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030370.

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In this study, the effects of the addition of Mg to the grain growth of austenite and the magnesium-based inclusions to mobility were investigated in SS400 steel at high temperatures. A high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HT-CSLM) was employed to directly observe, in situ, the grain structure of austenite under 25 torr Ar at high temperatures. The grain size distribution of austenite showed the log-normal distribution. The results of the grain growth curves using 3D surface fitting showed that the n and Q values of the growth equation parameters ranged from 0.2 to 0.26 and from 405 kJ/mole to 752 kJ/mole, respectively, when adding 5.6–22 ppm of Mg. Increasing the temperature from 1150 to 1250 °C for 20 min and increasing the addition of Mg by 5.6, 11, and 22 ppm resulted in increases in the grain boundary velocity. The effects of solute drag and Zener pinning on grain boundary mobility were also calculated in this study.
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