Relevant bibliographies by topics / Zeisel Technique

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  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Zeisel Technique'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Zeisel Technique"

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Man, Xiao-Lei, Wei-Kang Peng, Jun Chen, and Xue-Li Liu. "Analysis of Molar Substitution of Hydroxybutyl Group by Zeisel Reaction in Starch Ethers." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 5509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185509.

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A new etherified starch, δ-hydroxybutyl starch (δ-HBS), was prepared by utilising 4-chlorobutan-1-ol as the etherifying reagent. The method of Zeisel gas chromatography for the determination of the molar substitution was described. This technique offers a simple and rapid method for quantitative analysis with reproducible results. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the Zeisel reaction was also investigated.
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Souhoka, Fensia Analda, Harno Dwi Pranowo, and Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih. "Synthesis of Methylcellulose Using Dimethyl Carbonate with Conventional and Green Methods." Key Engineering Materials 884 (May 2021): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.884.379.

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Synthesis of methylcellulose (MC) using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with conventional and green methods has been conducted. The cellulose used in this synthesis was obtained from sago waste, which contains 86.67% cellulose. All the methylation products were analyzed using IR and 1H-NMR spectrometers. The determination of cellulose content was done using TAPPI T-203 method, while the degree of substitution (DS) was based on the Zeisel Method. Conventional synthesis of MC was performed using Na2HPO4 (12:1), DMC and NaCl 5% (w/v) (volume ratio = 10:10) at 90 °C. The reaction time was varied (2 to 5 hours); the optimum condition was reached in 3 hours and gave the DS of 1.028. Green synthesis of MC was conducted by employing microwave and sonochemistry techniques. Synthesis MC with the microwave was carried out at the power of 400 W for 200 seconds and gave the DS of 1.036. Synthesis MC with sonochemistry (the variation time 1 to 3 hours) was conducted at the optimum time of 2 hours and gave the DS of 0.646. The DMC volume was also varied (17.5; 20; 22.5; 25; and 30 mL), where the volume ratio of 1:24 gave the highest DS of 1.177. The microwave technique is the best method for synthesis MC compared to conventional and sonochemistry techniques.
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Bock, Markus, Alexander Ulrich Brandt, Jan Dörr, Caspar F. Pfueller, Stephanie Ohlraun, Frauke Zipp, and Friedemann Paul. "Time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a comparative cross-sectional study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2010): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510365156.

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Conventional time domain optical coherence tomography has been established for the in vivo assessment of retinal axonal loss in multiple sclerosis. The innovative spectral domain imaging is superior to the conventional technique with respect to data acquisition speed, resolution and reproducibility. However, until now comparability of the two techniques has not been investigated in multiple sclerosis. In this study involving 55 multiple sclerosis patients, data obtained using both techniques (Stratus time domain optical coherence tomography and Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence tomography, Carl Zeiss Meditec) showed an excellent correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.926, p < 0.001). However, owing to considerable differences in absolute retinal nerve fibre layer measurements (mean ± standard deviation 8.1 µm ± 6.2, range -12 to 23 µm), results from the two devices are not interchangeable.
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Heard, Rhiannon, Clive R. Siviour, and Kalin Dragnevski. "Investigating Iron Alloy Phase Changes Using High Temperature In Situ SEM Techniques." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113921.

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This research utilises a novel heat stage combined with a Zeiss scanning electron microscope to investigate phase changes in iron alloys at temperatures up to 800 ℃ using SE and EBSD imaging. Carbon steel samples with starting structures of ferrite/pearlite were transformed into austenite using the commercial heat treatment process whilst imaging within the SEM. This process facilitates capturing both grain and phase transformation in real time allowing better insight into the microstructural evolution and overall phase change kinetics of this heat treatment. The technique for imaging uses a combination of localised EBSD high temperature imaging combined with the development of high temperature thermal-etching SE imaging technique. The SE thermal etching technique, as verified by EBSD images, enables tracking of a statistically significant number of grains (>100) and identification of individual phases. As well as being applied to carbon steel as shown here, the technique is part of a larger study on high temperature in situ SEM techniques and could be applied to a variety of alloys to study complex phase transformations.
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Lee, Jae Hun, and Seoung Hyun An. "The Refractive Outcomes of Sutured and Sutureless Scleral Fixation (the Yamane Technique)." Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 63, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2022.63.10.841.

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Purpose: To evaluate the pre- and post-operative refractive powers of patients undergoing sutured and sutureless scleral fixation (the latter: the Yamane technique).Methods: Patients who had undergone sutured or sutureless scleral fixation to treat intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation or phacodonesis at Dong-A University Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively investigated. The preoperatively predicted spherical equivalents (derived using the radii of corneal curvature) were measured via optical coherence topography and the axial lengths were determined using an IOL master ® (Zeiss, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) device and A-scan biometry (AL-100; Tomey, Nagoya, Japan) ultrasound. The spherical equivalent was measured 1 month after surgery employing an automatic refractive keratometer. The extent of agreement between the predicted and actual spherical equivalents were compared between the sutured and sutureless scleral fixation groups.Results: The sutured scleral fixation group included 20 eyes and the sutureless group 12 eyes. The preoperatively predicted spherical equivalent of the sutured group was -0.158 ± 0.577 diopters (D) on A-scan (Tomey) ultrasound and -0.143 ± 0.617 D employing the IOL master ® (Carl Zeiss Meditec); both correlated poorly with the postoperatively measured spherical equivalent of -0.400 ± 0.923 D (p = 0.903, 0.563). However, the predicted spherical equivalent of the group undergoing sutureless fixation was -0.340 ± 0.368 D on A-scan ultrasound and -0.183 ± 0.251 D using the IOL master ® (Carl Zeiss Meditec); both correlated significantly with the postoperatively measured spherical equivalent of -0.313 ± 1.129 D (p = 0.038, 0.005).Conclusions: The preoperatively predicted refractive power correlated significantly with the postoperative refractive power after sutureless but not sutured scleral fixation. Sutureless fixation was safe and the postoperative refractive power was comparable to that of sutured fixation.
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Dudek, Marta. "Self-healing cement materials – microscopic techniques." Budownictwo i Architektura 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1494.

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The article presents a general classification of intelligent materials with self-healing (self-repairing) properties, focusing on self-healing cementitious materials. The purpose of the paper is to describe the prospects of two of the most popular micro-observation techniques, i.e. with the use of an optical and scanning electron microscope. In addition, it describes the advantages of using a tensile stage mounted in the microscope chamber for testing self-healing materials. The advantages and disadvantages of these devices have been characterized, and the results of preliminary research have been provided. The tests include the optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations of the microstructure of cracks before and after the process of healing. They were carried out using ZEISS Discovery V20 optical microscope and ZEISS EVO-MA 10 scanning electron microscope on mortar samples modified with macro capsules filled with polymer. In addition to observations, chemical analysis was performed with the use of an EDS detector. The microscopic observations and chemical analyses provide the basis for assessing the effectiveness of the self-healing process, showing that the crack has been healed. Moreover, the preliminary results of the tests of micro-mechanical properties, carried out with the use of a tensile stage, have been described. The problems of using this research technique are also listed. This study shows the usefulness of this kind of tests for microcapsules for self-healing materials.
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Richmond, R. E., M. A. Pereira, J. H. Carter, H. W. Carter, and R. E. Long. "Quantitative and qualitative immunohistochemical detection of myc and src oncogene proteins in normal, nodule, and neoplastic rat liver." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 2 (February 1988): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.2.3121722.

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This study examined the possibility of using an immunohistochemical technique to detect the expression of myc and src oncogene proteins (ops) in livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats after treatment with the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (with or without phenobarbital promotion) or untreated. We found that the majority of nodules and tumors from these livers stained for myc and src ops, indicating that myc and src expression did occur in these structures. These results were expected, since myc and src expression has been previously observed by others using different techniques. However, in our study, myc and src op staining was also noted in normal liver areas from rats in any of the four treatment groups (DENA, DENA + PB, PB alone, or untreated). The staining pattern of normal liver was different for each oncogene probe but was consistent within the four groups. In most cases, oncogene expression of normal liver occurred at sites of abnormal (but non-neoplastic) hepatocytes. The method reported here used both a qualitative technique of op expression analysis and a quantitative method using a Zeiss computer-driven image analysis system.
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Larner, Sean P., Rick A. Fornelli, and Shane D. Griffith. "Consistent Technique Limits Suspension Laryngoscopy Complications." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 23, no. 03 (May 28, 2019): e305-e310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1684036.

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Introduction Suspension laryngoscopy (SL) is a commonly performed procedure among otolaryngologists. Several studies have shown that adverse effects occur regularly with SL. Objective To evaluate the postoperative complications of SL, and to determine if protecting the dentition and the oral mucosa and limiting suspension times decrease the overall incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal complications of SL. Methods All of the cases of SL performed by 1 surgeon from November 2008 through September 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. A consistent technique for dental and mucosal protection was utilized, and suspension times were strictly limited to 30 consecutive minutes. The incidence of postoperative complications was calculated and analyzed with respect to gender, smoking status, dentition, laryngoscope type, and suspension system. Results A total of 213 consecutive SL cases were reviewed, including 174 patients (94 male, 80 female). The overall postoperative complication rate was of 3.8%. Four patients experienced tongue-related complications, two experienced oral mucosal alterations, one had a dental injury, and one experienced a minor facial burn. The complication incidence was greater with the Zeitels system (12.5%) compared with the Lewy suspension system (3.3%), although it was not significant (p = 0.4). Likewise, the association of complications with other patient factors was not statistically significant. Conclusion Only 8 out of 213 cases in the present series experienced complications, which is significantly less than the complication rates observed in other reports. Consistent and conscientious protection of the dentition and of the oral mucosa and limiting suspension times to 30 minutes are factors unique to our series that appear to reduce complications in endolaryngeal surgery.
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Migalkin, N. S., T. A. Stupina, A. V. Kaminsky, D. S. Mokhovikov, D. A. Shabalin, B. V. Kamshilov, and A. Yu Kirsanova. "FEATURES OF THE PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE ARTHROPATHIES IN THE PRACTICE OF SURGICAL MATERIAL EXAMINATION." Rheumatology Science and Practice 58, no. 3 (June 24, 2020): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2020-286-289.

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The development of microcrystalline arthritides is most frequently associated with the formation of monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals. Their identification is of crucial importance in recognizing these diseases. Objective: to determine the possibilities of histological techniques in identifying MSU and CPP crystals and to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques. Subjects and methods. Twenty-four tissue blocks (fragments of the affected areas of the elbow joint, the interphalangeal joint of the index finger, and hip joint) from 7 patients were examined. Paraffin sections were stained with a 0.5% alcohol solution of eosin, as well as with hematoxylin and eosin. Tissue specimens were examined and digitized using an AxioScope.A1 stereo microscope with Zenblue software (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Germany). Results and discussion. When staining the tissue sections with hematoxylin and eosin, microcrystals were not visualized; the major portions of MSU crystals was dissolved during fixation and staining, whereas CPP crystals were masked with hematoxylin as focal basophilic aggregates. The staining technique with an alcohol solution of eosin and short formalin fixation (within 12 hours) made it possible to avoid dissolution of MSU crystals and to visualize both MSU and CPP crystals, and to determine their shape and color. Conclusion. Light microscopy of the tissue sections stained with an alcohol solution of eosin along with short formalin fixation is a reliable method to differentiate MSU and CPP crystals. In patients undergoing endoprosthetic replacement, the significance of this technique for the pathomorphological study of surgical material consists in assessing inflammatory activity and in eliminating a disease, such as microcrystalline arthropathy.
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Crozier, P. A. "Energy-filtered chemical mapping: Current applications to materials science." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 958–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172528.

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Elemental mapping is a powerful technique for elucidating the distribution of elements on the nanometer scale in materials with complex morphologies. In electron microscopy, mapping is usually performed on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) fitted with a field emission gun (FEG) using the techniques of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) or electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). However, recent advances in spectrometer design and digital image recording have stimulated renewed interest in energy-filtered imaging and elemental mapping with a conventional transmission electron microscope. Here, some applications of energy-filtered chemical mapping in materials science are described.Experiments were conducted on a Zeiss 912 operating at 120 kV with a thermal source and equipped with an omega filter spectrometer. A variable width slit in the spectrometer image plane allows energy-filtered images to be formed on the microscope viewing screen. These images are digitally recorded using a Gatan 679 slow-scan CCD camera with 1024 pixels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Zeisel Technique"

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LAZZATI, ZELDA. "Speciation of particulate matter's organic fraction and its mechanis of action on human health." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7466.

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Three main researches have been employed for the implementation of a protocol analysis for the characterization and quantification of the lignin fraction in the particulate matter at the concentration matrix level; the implementation of different methods of analysis of the toxic interesting pollutants, Oxy-PAHs; Nitro-PAHs and the Bisphenol A, that together with the large set of performed analysis, allowed the characterization of some PM fractions in relation with Indoor and Outdoor concentrations, human exposure and Urban – Rural – Remote sites composition. At last an in silica method was developed for the research of the proteins involved in the interaction with the pollutants of interest, optimized on Bisphenol A because of its history and recent interaction study with the Nuclear Receptors. From the involved pathway the Blood Serine Proteases are used to test the accuracy and reproducibility of obtained Autodock4.0 and Dock4.0 data. The method results useful for research on the biological mechanism of action in relation with both matrix concentrations and in vivo and in vitro studies. The data predicted will be confirmed by NMR analysis. The newest docking program gives more and more reproducible data, accurate and empirically shaped on the domain problem, at last the experimental data had to confirm or not confirm the predictions.
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Books on the topic "Zeisel Technique"

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Small, Marc James. Zeiss Ikon compendium East and West - 1940-1972: Zeiss Ikon in the postwar world. Hove: Hove Collectors Books, 1995.

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Rost, Klaus. Die Welt in Zeilen pressen: Wahrnehmen, gewichten und berichten im Journalismus. Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Medienentwicklung und Kommunikation, 1994.

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Zeitels, Steven M. Universal modular glottiscope system: The evolution of a century of design and technique for direct laryngoscopy / Steven M. Zeitels. St. Louis, MO: Annals Pub. Co., 1999.

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Keefe, John Webster. Belleek: Innovation, form and technique : The Geraldine Colby Zeiler collection. New Orleans Museum of Art, 2002.

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Barringer, Charles, and Marc Small. Zeiss Compendium East & West: 1940-1972 (Hove Compendia). Hove Books, 2002.

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Die Kunst Zu Zeigen: Künstlerische Ausstellungsdisplays Bei Joseph Beuys, Martin Kippenberger, Mike Kelley und Manfred Pernice. Transcript Verlag, 2016.

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Motion In Games Second International Workshop Mig 2009 Zeist The Netherlands November 2124 2009 Proceedings. Springer, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Zeisel Technique"

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Pajic, Bojan, Jörg Müller, and Herman Anhalm. "Clinical comparisons regarding Surface Ablation between H EYE TECH B and L and MEL 80 Zeiss Excimer Laser." In Mastering Advanced Surface Ablation Techniques, 271. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10490_31.

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Goes, Frank. "Results of Customized Repair with a New Platform: Zeiss Mel80/CRS-Master II." In Mastering the Techniques of Laser Applications in Ophthalmology, 255. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10505_34.

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Reinstein, Dan Z., Daniel R. Neal, Hartmut Vogelsang, Eckhard Schroeder, Zoltán Z. Nagy, Michael Bergt, James Copland, Daniel Topa, and Timothy J. Archer. "Optimized and wavefront-guided corneal refractive surgery using the Carl Zeiss Meditec platform: CRS-Master and MEL 80 excimer laser." In Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology Series: Refractive Surgery, 99–125. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-3022-5.50014-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Zeisel Technique"

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Shonat, Ross D., Charles E. Riva, and Benno L. Petrig. "New Microscope Based LDV Camera." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1991.tub3.

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Retinal laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is a powerful non-invasive technique for measuring retinal and optic nerve blood flow1. To date, the laser delivery and detection systems necessary for LDV in the eye have been incorporated in a slit-lamp microscope2,3 and fundus camera4. These instruments are optimized for a seated subject with eyes facing forward, but are not well suited to other configurations. To provide for LDV under more general circumstances (such as during a surgical procedure on an operating table), a LDV system has been incorporated in an operating microscope (model OPMI-1, Zeiss). This instrument and its applications are described below.
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Platt, N. A. "Optical Mass Production In A First Generation Manufacturing Base. Potentials and Limitations !" In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.fwa4.

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The fabrication of Optical Elements began as an Art rather than a Science and has tended to remain so throughout its history. With demands of high quantity and quality, the fabrication procedures are under constant standardisation to approve upon yet cost-effective material, machinery and manpower. Rollei Singapore (Pte) Ltd. (RS), a subsidiary of Rollei, Franke & Heidecke, West Germany, has grown into a mass manufacturer of high precision optical, optomechanical and photographic components/equipment in Singa­pore since 1970 with the majority of designs licensed by Carl Zeiss, West Germany. The author projects Singapore's industrial structure and economic policies. He spot-lights RS for history, general policies, scope, spread and its versatility in a first generation manufacturing base. The effect of major features, to that effect, viz., machinery and equipment used, technologies applied and control techniques observed are dilated. Particular stress is laid on applied modem cost-effective techniques of manufacturing processes ensuring reproduceability and reliability through the State of Art.
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Zhupanska, Olesya I. "On the Role of Segmentation in the Analysis of Micro-CT Data of Impact Damage in the CFRP Composites." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11037.

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Abstract In this paper we discuss the role of different image segmentation methods that are used for the analysis of the micro computed tomography (micro-CT) data of damage in the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites due to low velocity impact. Segmentation is one of the most critical steps in the image processing of the three dimensional (3D) CT data and accurate assessment of the damage from CT data depends to a great extent on the image segmentation. We have extensively studied low velocity impact damage in the CFRP composites using 3D CT. CFRP textile composite laminates were impacted using an Instron 8200 Dynatup drop-weight impact machine. ZEISS METROTOM 1500 CT scanner was used to evaluate internal impact damage. VGStudio MAX was used for reconstruction of CT images. Different segmentation procedures were used during image processing of the CT images. Differences in the estimates of the damage zone obtained using different segmentation techniques have been assessed.
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DHOUIBI, MOHAMED, BOGDAN STIRBU, ANDRÉ CHABOTIER, MARC PIRLOT, and RACHID NASSRI. "QUANTIFICATION OF THE WEAR EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL CALIBRE GUNS." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36085.

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Internal barrel wear is considered as a key factor which affects the performance of small caliber guns in their different life stages. In order to improve the accuracy and the effectiveness of weapons, a wear analysis is deemed essential. The main aim of this research is the establishment of a new wear quantification technique using the profilometry method to quantify the influence of erosion on the performance of the gun. Thus, a Zeiss Micura Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) equipped with the VAST XTR gold high-end sensor and two NATO small caliber guns (5.56x45 mm and 7.62x51 mm) are considered. In order to quantify their wear volume after every N shots cycle, firstly, a new measurement approach is developed. Secondly, an uncertainty analysis is carried out for each measurement. Finally, a piezoelectric high-pressure transducer is used to measure the pressure inside the barrels after each CMM measurement. In order to evaluate the relationship between the latter and the wear volume, an experimental database is developed. The results show a similar correlation for the two NATO small caliber guns.
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Svoboda, K., W. Denk, W. H. Knox, and S. Tsuda. "Two-photon excitation scanning microscopy with a compact, mode locked, diode- pumped Cr:LiSAF Laser." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1996.wb.2.

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Laser scanning microscopy combined with two-photon excitation of fluorescence holds great promise in imaging biological systems. This two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) [1] yields intrinsic submicron three-dimensional resolution with much reduced background fluorescence and thus reduced photodamage. Although the advantages of TPLSM as compared to wide field fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy have been demonstrated in a number of applications [2], the large cost and utility requirements of mode locked Ti:sapphire laser systems and other femtosecond light sources have kept TPLSM out of reach for most biology labs. We demonstrate here that a recently developed compact solid state laser that is mode locked with a Saturable Bragg Reflector (SBR) [3] is well-suited for TPLSM. A SBR-modelocked Cr:LiSAF laser was pumped with a 0.5 W, 670 nm diffraction-limited MOPA (SDL), providing 90 fs pulses at 860 nm with CW power of 25-44 mW per beam (Fig. la). A single beam was directed into a laser scanning microscope consisting of a pair of galvomirrors, a relay lens, a dichroic mirror, a Zeiss water-immersion objective (63 x 0.9 NA), and a photomultiplier tube for the detection of fluorescence photons [2]. Rat cortical brain slices (300 μm thick) were prepared using standard techniques. For anatomical imaging, neocortical pyramidal cells that were deeply embedded in the tissue were dialyzed and voltage clamped using whole-cell electrodes containing 500 μM fluorescein dextran (MW = 3 kD). TPLSM imaging at low magnification (Fig. 1B) revealed primary and secondary dendrites and the initial segment of the axon. At high magnification single dendritic spines, the smallest neuronal compartments, became apparent (Fig. 1C, arrow). A series of images acquired at different focal planes (Δz = 1.6 μm) demonstrates the sectioning capabilities of the microscope (Fig. 1D-F). For functional imaging of physiological calcium responses, neurons were dialyzed with electrodes containing the calcium indicator Ca-green-1 (300 μM, Molecular Probes). Ca-green is a fluorophore that undergoes a large fluorescence intensity change in response to Ca2+ binding. Intracellular free calcium concentration changes evoked by single action potentials could easily be detected (Fig. 1G).
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Celentano, Frank, Nicholas May, Edward Simoneau, Richard DiPasquale, Zahra Shahbazi, and Sina Shahbazmohamadi. "3D Printing for Manufacturing Antique and Modern Musical Instrument Parts." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66652.

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Professional musicians today often invest in obtaining antique or vintage instruments. These pieces can be used as collector items or more practically, as performance instruments to give a unique sound of a past music era. Unfortunately, these relics are rare, fragile, and particularly expensive to obtain for a modern day musician. The opportunity to reproduce the sound of an antique instrument through the use of additive manufacturing (3D printing) can make this desired product significantly more affordable. 3D printing allows for duplication of unique parts in a low cost and environmentally friendly method, due to its minimal material waste. Additionally, it allows complex geometries to be created without the limitations of other manufacturing techniques. This study focuses on the primary differences, particularly sound quality and comfort, between saxophone mouthpieces that have been 3D printed and those produced by more traditional methods. Saxophone mouthpieces are commonly derived from a milled blank of either hard rubber, ebonite or brass. Although 3D printers can produce a design with the same or similar materials, they are typically created in a layered pattern. This can potentially affect the porosity and surface of a mouthpiece, ultimately affecting player comfort and sound quality. To evaluate this, acoustic tests will be performed. This will involve both traditionally manufactured mouthpieces and 3D prints of the same geometry created from x-ray scans obtained using a ZEISS Xradia Versa 510. The scans are two dimensional images which go through processes of reconstruction and segmentation, which is the process of assigning material to voxels. The result is a point cloud model, which can be used for 3D printing. High quality audio recordings of each mouthpiece will be obtained and a sound analysis will be performed. The focus of this analysis is to determine what qualities of the sound are changed by the manufacturing method and how true the sound of a 3D printed mouthpiece is to its milled counterpart. Additive manufacturing can lead to more inconsistent products of the original design due to the accuracy, repeatability and resolution of the printer, as well as the layer thickness. In order for additive manufacturing to be a common practice of mouthpiece manufacturing, the printer quality must be tested for its precision to an original model. The quality of a 3D print can also have effects on the comfort of the player. Lower quality 3D prints have an inherent roughness which can cause discomfort and difficulty for the musician. This research will determine the effects of manufacturing method on the sound quality and overall comfort of a mouthpiece. In addition, we will evaluate the validity of additive manufacturing as a method of producing mouthpieces.
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