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Journal articles on the topic 'Zc3h10'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Wang, Luyu, Yaping Gao, Jinpeng Wang, Ning Huang, Qiang Jiang, Zhihua Ju, Chunhong Yang, et al. "Selection Signature and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout Analyses Reveal ZC3H10 Involved in Cold Adaptation in Chinese Native Cattle." Genes 13, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101910.

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Cold stress is an important factor affecting cattle health, production performance, and reproductive efficiency. Understanding of the potential mechanism underlying genetic adaptation to local environments, particularly extreme cold environment, is limited. Here, by using FLK and hapFLK methods, we found that the Zinc finger CCCH-type containing 10 (ZC3H10) gene underwent positive selection in the Menggu, Fuzhou, Anxi, and Shigatse humped cattle breeds that are distributed in the cold areas of China. Furthermore, ZC3H10 expression significantly increased in bovine fetal fibroblast (BFF) cells at 28 °C for 4 h. ZC3H10 knockout BFFs were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Wild and ZC3H10-deleted BFFs were treated at two temperatures and were divided into four groups (WT, wild and cultured at 38 °C; KO, ZC3H10−/− and 38 °C; WT_LT, wild, and 28 °C for 4 h; and KO_LT, ZC3H10−/− and 28 °C for 4 h. A total of 466, 598, 519, and 650 differently expressed genes (two-fold or more than two-fold changes) were identified by determining transcriptomic difference (KO_LT vs. KO, WT_LT vs. WT, KO vs. WT, and KO_LT vs. WT_LT, respectively). Loss of ZC3H10 dysregulated pathways involved in thermogenesis and immunity, and ZC3H10 participated in immunity-related pathways induced by cold stress and regulated genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and lipid transport (PLTP and APOA1), thereby facilitating adaptability to cold stress. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies on the function of ZC3H10 in cold stress and development of bovine breeding strategies for combatting the influences of cold climate.

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2

Garg, Ankur, Yvette Roske, Shinnosuke Yamada, Takuya Uehata, Osamu Takeuchi, and Udo Heinemann. "PIN and CCCH Zn-finger domains coordinate RNA targeting in ZC3H12 family endoribonucleases." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 5369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab316.

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Abstract The CCCH-type zinc finger (ZnF) containing ZC3H12 ribonucleases are crucial in post-transcriptional immune homoeostasis with ZC3H12A being the only structurally studied member of the family. In this study, we present a structural-biochemical characterization of ZC3H12C, which is linked with chronic immune disorders like psoriasis. We established that the RNA substrate is cooperatively recognized by the PIN and ZnF domains of ZC3H12C and analyzed the crystal structure of ZC3H12C bound to a single-stranded RNA substrate. The RNA engages in hydrogen-bonded contacts and stacking interactions with the PIN and ZnF domains simultaneously. The ZC3H12 ZnF shows unprecedented structural features not previously observed in any member of the CCCH-ZnF family and utilizes stacking interactions via a unique combination of spatially conserved aromatic residues to align the target transcript in a bent conformation onto the ZnF scaffold. Further comparative structural analysis of ZC3H12 CCCH-ZnF suggests that a trinucleotide sequence is recognized by ZC3H12 ZnF in target RNA. Our work not only describes the initial structure-biochemical study on ZC3H12C, but also provides the first molecular insight into RNA recognition by a ZC3H12 family member. Finally, our work points to an evolutionary code for RNA recognition adopted by CCCH-type ZnF proteins.

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3

Yi, Danielle, Jon M. Dempersmier, Hai P. Nguyen, Jose A. Viscarra, Jennie Dinh, Chihiro Tabuchi, Yuhui Wang, and Hei Sook Sul. "Zc3h10 Acts as a Transcription Factor and Is Phosphorylated to Activate the Thermogenic Program." Cell Reports 29, no. 9 (November 2019): 2621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.099.

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4

Erben, Esteban, Kevin Leiss, Bin Liu, Diana Inchaustegui Gil, Claudia Helbig, and Christine Clayton. "Insights into the functions and RNA binding of Trypanosoma brucei ZC3H22, RBP9 and DRBD7." Parasitology 148, no. 10 (February 4, 2021): 1186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182021000123.

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AbstractTrypanosoma brucei is unusually reliant on mRNA-binding proteins to control mRNA fate, because its protein-coding genes lack individual promoters. We here focus on three trypanosome RNA-binding proteins. ZC3H22 is specific to Tsetse fly forms, RBP9 is preferentially expressed in bloodstream forms; and DRBD7 is constitutively expressed. Depletion of RBP9 or DRBD7 did not affect bloodstream-form trypanosome growth. ZC3H22 depletion from procyclic forms caused cell clumping, decreased expression of genes required for cell growth and proliferation, and increased expression of some epimastigote markers. Apart from decreases in mRNAs encoding enzymes of glucose metabolism, levels of most ZC3H22-bound transcripts were unaffected by ZC3H22 depletion. We compared ZC3H22, RBP9 and DRBD7 RNA binding with that of 16 other RNA-binding proteins. ZC3H22, PUF3 and ERBP1 show a preference for ribosomal protein mRNAs. RBP9 preferentially binds mRNAs that are more abundant in bloodstream forms than in procyclic forms. RBP9, ZC3H5, ZC3H30 and DRBD7 prefer mRNAs with long coding regions; UBP1-associated mRNAs have long 3′-untranslated regions; and RRM1 prefers mRNAs with long 3′or 5′-untranslated regions. We suggest that proteins that prefer long mRNAs may have relatively short or degenerate binding sites, and that preferences for A or U increase binding in untranslated regions.

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5

Ouna, Benard Aswani, Mhairi Stewart, Claudia Helbig, and Christine Clayton. "The Trypanosoma brucei CCCH zinc finger proteins ZC3H12 and ZC3H13." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 183, no. 2 (June 2012): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.02.006.

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6

Yi, Danielle, Hai P. Nguyen, and Hei Sook Sul. "Epigenetic dynamics of the thermogenic gene program of adipocytes." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 6 (March 27, 2020): 1137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20190599.

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a metabolically beneficial organ capable of burning fat by dissipating chemical energy into heat, thereby increasing energy expenditure. Moreover, subcutaneous white adipose tissue can undergo so-called browning/beiging. The recent recognition of the presence of brown or beige adipocytes in human adults has attracted much attention to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the thermogenic adipose program. Many key transcriptional regulators critical for the thermogenic gene program centering on activating the UCP1 promoter, have been discovered. Thermogenic gene expression in brown adipocytes rely on co-ordinated actions of a multitude of transcription factors, including EBF2, PPARγ, Zfp516 and Zc3h10. These transcription factors probably integrate into a cohesive network for BAT gene program. Moreover, these transcription factors recruit epigenetic factors, such as LSD1 and MLL3/4, for specific histone signatures to establish the favorable chromatin landscape. In this review, we discuss advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the thermogenic gene program, particularly epigenetic regulation.

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7

Wawro, Mateusz, Karolina Wawro, Jakub Kochan, Aleksandra Solecka, Weronika Sowinska, Agata Lichawska-Cieslar, Jolanta Jura, and Aneta Kasza. "ZC3H12B/MCPIP2, a new active member of the ZC3H12 family." RNA 25, no. 7 (April 15, 2019): 840–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.071381.119.

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8

Wawro, Mateusz, Karolina Wawro, Jakub Kochan, Aleksandra Solecka, Weronika Sowinska, Agata Lichawska-Cieslar, Jolanta Jura, and Aneta Kasza. "Corrigendum: ZC3H12B/MCPIP2, a new active member of the ZC3H12 family." RNA 25, no. 9 (August 16, 2019): 1226_2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.072421.119.

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9

Chakraborty, Chaitali, Abeer Fadda, Esteban Erben, Smiths Lueong, Jörg Hoheisel, Elisha Mugo, and Christine Clayton. "Interactions of CAF1-NOT complex components from Trypanosoma brucei." F1000Research 6 (June 9, 2017): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11750.1.

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The CAF1-NOT complex of Trypanosoma brucei, like that of other eukaryotes, contains several NOT proteins (NOT1, NOT3, NOT3/5, NOT10, and NOT11), NOT9/CAF40, and the CAF1 deadenylase, which targets 3' poly(A) tails. Again like other eukaryotes, deadenylation is the first step in the degradation of most trypanosome mRNAs. In animal cells, destruction of unstable mRNAs is accelerated by proteins that bind the RNA in a sequence-specific fashion, and also recruit the CAF1-NOT complex. However, this has not yet been demonstrated for T. brucei. To find interaction partners for the trypanosome NOT complex, we did a genome-wide yeast two-hybrid screen, using a random shotgun protein fragment library, with the subunits CAF40, NOT2, NOT10 and NOT11 as baits. To assess interaction specificity, we compared the results with those from other trypanosome proteins, including the cyclin-F-box protein CFB1. The yeast 2-hybrid screen yielded four putatively interacting proteins for NOT2, eleven for NOT11, but only one for NOT9/CAF40. Both CFB1 and NOT10 had over a hundred potential interactions, indicating a lack of specificity. Nevertheless, a detected interaction between NOT10 and NOT11 is likely to be genuine. We also identified proteins that co-purify with affinity tagged NOT9/CAF40 by mass spectrometry. The co-purifying proteins did not include the 2-hybrid partner, but the results confirmed NOT9/CAF40 association with the CAF1-NOT complex, and suggested interactions with expression-repressing RNA-binding proteins (ZC3H8, ZC3H30, and ZC3H46) and the deadenylase PARN3.

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10

Trenaman, Anna, Lucy Glover, Sebastian Hutchinson, and David Horn. "A post-transcriptional respiratome regulon in trypanosomes." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 13 (May 25, 2019): 7063–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz455.

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Abstract Post-transcriptional regulons coordinate the expression of groups of genes in eukaryotic cells, yet relatively few have been characterized. Parasitic trypanosomatids are particularly good models for studies on such mechanisms because they exhibit almost exclusive polycistronic, and unregulated, transcription. Here, we identify the Trypanosoma brucei ZC3H39/40 RNA-binding proteins as regulators of the respiratome; the mitochondrial electron transport chain (complexes I–IV) and the FoF1-ATP synthase (complex V). A high-throughput RNAi screen initially implicated both ZC3H proteins in variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene silencing. This link was confirmed and both proteins were shown to form a cytoplasmic ZC3H39/40 complex. Transcriptome and mRNA-interactome analyses indicated that the impact on VSG silencing was indirect, while the ZC3H39/40 complex specifically bound and stabilized transcripts encoding respiratome-complexes. Quantitative proteomic analyses revealed specific positive control of >20 components from complexes I, II and V. Our findings establish a link between the mitochondrial respiratome and VSG gene silencing in bloodstream form T. brucei. They also reveal a major respiratome regulon controlled by the conserved trypanosomatid ZC3H39/40 RNA-binding proteins.

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11

Wang, Qibo, Haichuan Xie, Hao Peng, Jianjian Yan, Limin Han, and Gang Ye. "ZC3H13 Inhibits the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through m6A-PKM2-Mediated Glycolysis and Enhances Chemosensitivity." Journal of Oncology 2021 (December 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1328444.

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Objective. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA epigenetic modulation in eukaryotic cells, which serves a critical role in diverse physiological processes. Emerging evidences indicate the prognostic significance of m6A regulator ZC3H13 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, this study was conducted for revealing biological functions and mechanisms of ZC3H13 in HCC. Methods. Expression of ZC3H13 was examined in collected HCC and normal tissues, and its prognostic significance was investigated in a public database. Gain/loss of functional assays were presented for defining the roles of ZC3H13 in HCC progression. The specific interactions of ZC3H13 with PKM2 were validated in HCC cells via mRNA stability, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter and MeRIP‐qPCR assays. Moreover, rescue experiments were carried out for uncovering the mechanisms. Results. ZC3H13 expression was downregulated in HCC, and its loss was in relation to dismal survival outcomes. Functionally, overexpressed ZC3H13 suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion and elevated apoptotic levels of HCC cells. Moreover, ZC3H13 overexpression sensitized to cisplatin and weakened metabolism reprogramming of HCC cells. Mechanically, ZC3H13-induced m6A modified patterns substantially abolished PKM2 mRNA stability. ZC3H13 facilitated malignant behaviors of HCC cells through PKM2-dependent glycolytic signaling. Conclusion. Collectively, ZC3H13 suppressed the progression of HCC through m6A-PKM2-mediated glycolysis and sensitized HCC cells to cisplatin, which offered a fresh insight into HCC therapy.

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12

Li, Qian, Jianbing Hou, Chengda Guo, Yanli Zhang, Lichao Liu, Huanrong Hu, Shaomin Shi, et al. "ZC3H15 Correlates with a Poor Prognosis and Tumor Progression in Melanoma." BioMed Research International 2021 (December 27, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8305299.

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Zinc figure CCCH-type containing 15 (ZC3H15), also called developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 1 (DRG1) family regulatory protein 1 (DFRP1), is a zinc finger containing protein. Despite playing a role in cellular signaling, it is found overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia and also an independent prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. However, the biological effect of ZC3H15 in malignant melanoma (MM) remains unexplored. The expression of ZC3H15 in patients was analyzed using the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform database. Immunohistochemical analysis, western blot, and qRT-PCR were used to detect ZC3H15 expression in melanoma tissues and cell lines. MTT, BrdU, flow cytometry assay, transwell, and western blot were performed to explore the proliferation, cell cycle, invasion, and migration of melanoma cells. We undertaken colony formation assay in vitro and tumor xenograft in vivo to detect the tumorigenicity of melanoma cells. In the present study, ZC3H15 was demonstrated highly expressed in melanoma tissues and cells. Elevated ZC3H15 impairs the survival of melanoma patients. Meanwhile, attenuation of ZC3H15 in melanoma cells inhibited cell proliferation and induced cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Consistently, the expression of cell cycle-related proteins cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), CDK6, and cyclin D1 (CCND1) was decreased while p21 was upregulated. Furthermore, we found the migration and invasion abilities were inhibited in ZC3H15-knockdown melanoma cells. In addition, downregulation of ZC3H15 resulted in inhibition of colony formation abilities in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. ZC3H15 promotes proliferation, migration/invasion, and tumorigenicity of melanoma cells. As a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in MM, ZC3H15 is worthy of further exploration.

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13

Liu, Bin, Kevin Kamanyi Marucha, and Christine Clayton. "The zinc finger proteins ZC3H20 and ZC3H21 stabilise mRNAs encoding membrane proteins and mitochondrial proteins in insect‐form Trypanosoma brucei." Molecular Microbiology 113, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 430–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14429.

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14

Soucek, Sharon, Yi Zeng, Deepti L. Bellur, Megan Bergkessel, Kevin J. Morris, Qiudong Deng, Duc Duong, et al. "Evolutionarily Conserved Polyadenosine RNA Binding Protein Nab2 Cooperates with Splicing Machinery To Regulate the Fate of Pre-mRNA." Molecular and Cellular Biology 36, no. 21 (August 15, 2016): 2697–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00402-16.

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Numerous RNA binding proteins are deposited onto an mRNA transcript to modulate posttranscriptional processing events ensuring proper mRNA maturation. Defining the interplay between RNA binding proteins that couple mRNA biogenesis events is crucial for understanding how gene expression is regulated. To explore how RNA binding proteins control mRNA processing, we investigated a role for the evolutionarily conserved polyadenosine RNA binding protein, Nab2, in mRNA maturation within the nucleus. This study reveals thatnab2mutant cells accumulate intron-containing pre-mRNAin vivo. We extend this analysis to identify genetic interactions between mutant alleles ofnab2and genes encoding a splicing factor,MUD2, and RNA exosome,RRP6, within vivoconsequences of altered pre-mRNA splicing and poly(A) tail length control. As further evidence linking Nab2 proteins to splicing, an unbiased proteomic analysis of vertebrate Nab2, ZC3H14, identifies physical interactions with numerous components of the spliceosome. We validated the interaction between ZC3H14 and U2AF2/U2AF65. Taking all the findings into consideration, we present a model where Nab2/ZC3H14 interacts with spliceosome components to allow proper coupling of splicing with subsequent mRNA processing steps contributing to a kinetic proofreading step that allows properly processed mRNA to exit the nucleus and escape Rrp6-dependent degradation.

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Younis, Shady, Wael Kamel, Tina Falkeborn, Hao Wang, Di Yu, Robert Daniels, Magnus Essand, Jorma Hinkula, Göran Akusjärvi, and Leif Andersson. "Multiple nuclear-replicating viruses require the stress-induced protein ZC3H11A for efficient growth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 16 (April 2, 2018): E3808—E3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722333115.

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The zinc finger CCCH-type containing 11A (ZC3H11A) gene encodes a well-conserved zinc finger protein that may function in mRNA export as it has been shown to associate with the transcription export (TREX) complex in proteomic screens. Here, we report that ZC3H11A is a stress-induced nuclear protein with RNA-binding capacity that localizes to nuclear splicing speckles. During an adenovirus infection, the ZC3H11A protein and splicing factor SRSF2 relocalize to nuclear regions where viral DNA replication and transcription take place. Knockout (KO) of ZC3H11A in HeLa cells demonstrated that several nuclear-replicating viruses are dependent on ZC3H11A for efficient growth (HIV, influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, and adenovirus), whereas cytoplasmic replicating viruses are not (vaccinia virus and Semliki Forest virus). High-throughput sequencing of ZC3H11A–cross-linked RNA showed that ZC3H11A binds to short purine-rich ribonucleotide stretches in cellular and adenoviral transcripts. We show that the RNA-binding property of ZC3H11A is crucial for its function and localization. In ZC3H11A KO cells, the adenovirus fiber mRNA accumulates in the cell nucleus. Our results suggest that ZC3H11A is important for maintaining nuclear export of mRNAs during stress and that several nuclear-replicating viruses take advantage of this mechanism to facilitate their replication.

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Bishola Tshitenge, Tania, and Christine Clayton. "Interactions of the Trypanosoma brucei brucei zinc-finger-domain protein ZC3H28." Parasitology 149, no. 3 (November 2, 2021): 356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118202100189x.

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AbstractIn Trypanosoma brucei and related Kinetoplastids, regulation of gene expression occurs mostly post-transcriptionally, and RNA-binding proteins play a critical role in the regulation of mRNA and protein abundance. Trypanosoma brucei ZC3H28 is a 114 KDa cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein with a single C(x)7C(x)5C(x)sH zinc finger at the C-terminus and numerous proline-, histidine- or glutamine-rich regions. ZC3H28 is essential for normal bloodstream-form trypanosome growth, and when tethered to a reporter mRNA, ZC3H28 increased reporter mRNA and protein levels. Purification of N-terminally tagged ZC3H28 followed by mass spectrometry showed enrichment of ribosomal proteins, various RNA-binding proteins including both poly(A) binding proteins, the translation initiation complex EIF4E4/EIF4G3, and the activator MKT1. Tagged ZC3H28 was preferentially associated with long RNAs that have low complexity sequences in their 3′-untranslated regions; their coding regions also have low ribosome densities. In agreement with the tethering results, after ZC3H28 depletion, the levels of a significant proportion of its bound mRNAs decreased. We suggest that ZC3H28 is implicated in the stabilization of long mRNAs that are poorly translated.

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Lee, Wei-Hsuan, Edwin Corgiat, J. Christopher Rounds, Zenyth Shepherd, Anita H. Corbett, and Kenneth H. Moberg. "A Genetic Screen Links the Disease-Associated Nab2 RNA-Binding Protein to the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 10 (August 17, 2020): 3575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401637.

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Mutations in the gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein ZC3H14 result in a non-syndromic form of autosomal recessive intellectual disability in humans. Studies in Drosophila have defined roles for the ZC3H14 ortholog, Nab2 (aka Drosophila Nab2 or dNab2), in axon guidance and memory due in part to interaction with a second RNA-binding protein, the fly Fragile X homolog Fmr1, and coregulation of shared Nab2-Fmr1 target mRNAs. Despite these advances, neurodevelopmental mechanisms that underlie defective axonogenesis in Nab2 mutants remain undefined. Nab2 null phenotypes in the brain mushroom bodies (MBs) resemble defects caused by alleles that disrupt the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which regulates planar orientation of static and motile cells via a non-canonical arm of the Wnt/Wg pathway. A kinked bristle phenotype in surviving Nab2 mutant adults additionally suggests a defect in F-actin polymerization and bundling, a PCP-regulated processes. To test for Nab2-PCP genetic interactions, a collection of PCP mutant alleles was screened for modification of a rough-eye phenotype produced by Nab2 overexpression in the eye (GMR>Nab2) and, subsequently, for modification of a viability defect among Nab2 nulls. Multiple PCP alleles dominantly modify GMR>Nab2 eye roughening and a subset rescue low survival and thoracic bristle kinking in Nab2 zygotic nulls. Collectively, these genetic interactions identify the PCP pathway as a potential target of the Nab2 RNA-binding protein in developing eye and wing tissues and suggest that altered PCP signaling could contribute to neurological defects that result from loss of Drosophila Nab2 or its vertebrate ortholog ZC3H14.

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18

Gunkel, Philip, Haruki Iino, Sandra Krull, and Volker C. Cordes. "ZC3HC1 Is a Novel Inherent Component of the Nuclear Basket, Resident in a State of Reciprocal Dependence with TPR." Cells 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10081937.

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The nuclear basket (NB) scaffold, a fibrillar structure anchored to the nuclear pore complex (NPC), is regarded as constructed of polypeptides of the coiled-coil dominated protein TPR to which other proteins can bind without contributing to the NB’s structural integrity. Here we report vertebrate protein ZC3HC1 as a novel inherent constituent of the NB, common at the nuclear envelopes (NE) of proliferating and non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells of different morphogenetic origin. Formerly described as a protein of other functions, we instead present the NB component ZC3HC1 as a protein required for enabling distinct amounts of TPR to occur NB-appended, with such ZC3HC1-dependency applying to about half the total amount of TPR at the NEs of different somatic cell types. Furthermore, pointing to an NB structure more complex than previously anticipated, we discuss how ZC3HC1 and the ZC3HC1-dependent TPR polypeptides could enlarge the NB’s functional repertoire.

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Liu, Ling, Zhou Zhou, Shengping Huang, Yanhong Guo, Yanbo Fan, Ji Zhang, Jifeng Zhang, Mingui Fu, and Y. Eugene Chen. "Zc3h12c inhibits vascular inflammation by repressing NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells." Biochemical Journal 451, no. 1 (March 14, 2013): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20130019.

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Endothelial activation characterized by the expression of multiple chemokines and adhesive molecules is a critical initial step of vascular inflammation, which results in recruitment of leucocytes into the sub-endothelial layer of the vascular wall and triggers vascular inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Although inhibiting endothelial inflammation has already been well recognized as a therapeutic strategy in vascular inflammatory diseases, the therapeutic targets are still elusive. In the present study we found that Zc3h12c (zinc finger CCCH-type-containing 12C), a recently discovered CCCH zinc finger-containing protein, significantly inhibited the endothelial cell inflammatory response in vitro. Overexpression of Zc3h12c significantly attenuated TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced expression of chemokines and adhesive molecules, and thus reduced monocyte adherence to HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). Conversely, siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown of Zc3h12c increased the TNFα-induced expression of chemokines and adhesive molecules in HUVECs. Furthermore, forced expression of Zc3h12c decreased TNFα-induced IKKα/β [IκB (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB) kinase α/β], IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, suggesting that Zc3h12c exerted its anti-inflammatory function probably by suppressing the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) pathway. Thus Zc3h12c is an endogenous inhibitor of TNFα-induced inflammatory signalling in HUVECs and might be a therapeutic target in vascular inflammatory diseases.

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20

Chakraborty, Chaitali, and Christine Clayton. "Stress susceptibility in Trypanosoma brucei lacking the RNA-binding protein ZC3H30." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): e0006835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006835.

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21

Benz, Corinna, Julius Mulindwa, Benard Ouna, and Christine Clayton. "The Trypanosoma brucei zinc finger protein ZC3H18 is involved in differentiation." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 177, no. 2 (June 2011): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.02.007.

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22

Yue, Yanping, Yumeng Wu, Dakun Zhao, Biao Wu, Xuming Wu, Jibin Liu, Lei Yang, and Aiguo Shen. "Pan-Cancer Analysis Predicts the Immunological and Prognostic Role of ZC3H12C in KIRC." BioMed Research International 2022 (June 26, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4541571.

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ZC3H12C is an important member of the CCCH-zinc finger protein family and is mainly involved in host immune and inflammatory diseases. However, its abnormal expression and prognostic value in cancer have not yet been established. Through comparative analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found that ZC3H12C is the most relevant to the prognosis, grade, and stage of renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) across 33 cancers. With the help of patient transcription and clinical data from the TCGA and GEO (GSE53757, GSE36895) databases, we determined that in the immune environment of patients with ccRCC, ZC3H12C was clearly negatively correlated with Tregs and was significantly positively correlated with monocytes. In addition, protein phosphorylation and DNA methylation analysis also showed that ZC3H12C negatively regulates the role of cancer in ccRCC. Our research may provide new insights into ccRCC immunotherapy and bring forth novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

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23

Mansor, Sorsiah, Chik Hong Kuick, Sheow Lei Lim, Richard Quek, Adele Pek Choo Wong, Soo Kim Lim-Tan, Timothy Yong Kuei Lim, and Kenneth Tou En Chang. "ZC3H7B-BCOR-Rearranged Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas." International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 38, no. 5 (September 2019): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pgp.0000000000000523.

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24

Liu, Jianguo, Qinghong Wang, Huan Ning, and Rong Hou. "Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by MCPIP1 through suppression of IL-5-producing Th2 cells." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 55.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.55.17.

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Abstract Allergic inflammation is mediated mainly through production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13). Though we have learned much about how Th2 cells are differentiated, our understanding of the Th2 checkpoint mechanisms remains elusive. We recently found that a new RNA-binding protein, monocyte chemotactic protein induced protein-1 (MCPIP1, also named Regnase-1, encoded by Zc3h12a), suppresses Th2 differentiation and Th2 inflammation. Zc3h12a−/− mice spontaneously develop severe airway inflammation similar to asthma patients, with an increase mainly in IL-5- and IL-13-producing Th2 cells in the airway. Zc3h12a−/−CD4 T cells are mostly effector T cells and produce significant amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 but not IL-4. We further found that the differentiation of IL-5/IL-13-producing CD4 T cells is independent of IL-4 in Zc3h12a−/−naïve CD4 T cells. IL-5 expression correlates with the levels of GATA3 in Zc3h12a−/− CD4 T cells. Overexpression of MCPIP1 inhibits GATA3 and IL-5 expression through promoting GATA3 mRNA decay via RNase and CCCH domains. Furthermore, deletion of MCPIP1 in mice results in a significant increase in OVA-specific Th2 cells and severe Th2 inflammation in the airway of receipt mice after T cell transfer. Our study reveals that MCPIP1 is a potent regulator for Th2 development and function, especially the IL-5/IL-13-producing Th2 cells. MCPIP1 is a potentially new target for treatment of asthma and other Th2-mediated allergic diseases.

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Jiang, Bei-ge, Zheng-hua Wan, Jian Huang, Li-mei Li, Hui Liu, Si-yuan Fu, Yuan Yang, et al. "Elevated ZC3H15 increases HCC growth and predicts poor survival after surgical resection." Oncotarget 7, no. 24 (May 14, 2016): 37238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9361.

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Zhu, Dehua, Jianping Zhou, Jinbo Zhao, Guiyang Jiang, Xiupeng Zhang, Yong Zhang, and Ming Dong. "ZC3H13 suppresses colorectal cancer proliferation and invasion via inactivating Ras–ERK signaling." Journal of Cellular Physiology 234, no. 6 (October 12, 2018): 8899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27551.

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Bajak, Kathrin, Kevin Leiss, Christine Clayton, and Esteban Erben. "A potential role for a novel ZC3H5 complex in regulating mRNA translation in Trypanosoma brucei." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 42 (August 5, 2020): 14291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.014346.

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In Trypanosoma brucei and related kinetoplastids, gene expression regulation occurs mostly posttranscriptionally. Consequently, RNA-binding proteins play a critical role in the regulation of mRNA and protein abundance. Yet, the roles of many RNA-binding proteins are not understood. Our previous research identified the RNA-binding protein ZC3H5 as possibly involved in gene repression, but its role in controlling gene expression was unknown. We here show that ZC3H5 is an essential cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein. RNAi targeting ZC3H5 causes accumulation of precytokinetic cells followed by rapid cell death. Affinity purification and pairwise yeast two-hybrid analysis suggest that ZC3H5 forms a complex with three other proteins, encoded by genes Tb927.11.4900, Tb927.8.1500, and Tb927.7.3040. RNA immunoprecipitation revealed that ZC3H5 is preferentially associated with poorly translated, low-stability mRNAs, the 5′-untranslated regions and coding regions of which are enriched in the motif (U/A)UAG(U/A). As previously found in high-throughput analyses, artificial tethering of ZC3H5 to a reporter mRNA or other complex components repressed reporter expression. However, depletion of ZC3H5 in vivo caused only very minor decreases in a few targets, marked increases in the abundances of very stable mRNAs, an increase in monosomes at the expense of large polysomes, and appearance of “halfmer” disomes containing two 80S subunits and one 40S subunit. We speculate that the ZC3H5 complex might be implicated in quality control during the translation of suboptimal open reading frames.

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Li, Ya-Ting, Ming-Kun Xie, and Jin Wu. "Association between Ocular Axial Length-Related Genes and High Myopia in a Han Chinese Population." Ophthalmologica 235, no. 1 (October 21, 2015): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439446.

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Aims: A previous genome-wide association study of high myopia identified five genome-wide loci for ocular axial length (C3orf26, ZC3H11B, RSPO1, GJD2, and ZNRF3). The aim of our study was to investigate the association between high myopia and genetic variants in the five loci in Han Chinese subjects. Methods: Five single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 296 unrelated high-myopia subjects and 300 matched emmetropic controls by the SNaPshot method. The distribution of genotypes in the cases and controls was compared in codominant, dominant, and recessive genetic models by using SNPStats online software. Results: Significant associations between rs994767 near ZC3H11B (p = 0.001), rs4074961 in RSPO1 (p < 0.001), and rs11073058 in GJD2 (p = 0.029) and high myopia were observed. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.532 (1.200-1.955), 1.603 (1.267-2.029), and 1.290 (1.027-1.621) for the rs994767 T allele, rs4074961 T allele, and rs11073058 T allele, respectively. But rs9811920 in C3orf26 and rs12321 in ZNRF3 were not associated with high myopia. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that genetic variants in ZC3H11B, RSPO1, and GJD2 are associated with susceptibility to the development of high myopia in a Han Chinese population. Functional roles of ZC3H11B, RSPO1, and GJD2 in the pathology of high myopia need to be further investigated.

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Cifuentes, Ricardo A., Paola Cruz-Tapias, Adriana Rojas-Villarraga, and Juan-Manuel Anaya. "ZC3H12A (MCPIP1): Molecular characteristics and clinical implications." Clinica Chimica Acta 411, no. 23-24 (December 2010): 1862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.033.

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Wen, Jing, Ruitu Lv, Honghui Ma, Hongjie Shen, Chenxi He, Jiahua Wang, Fangfang Jiao, et al. "Zc3h13 Regulates Nuclear RNA m6A Methylation and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal." Molecular Cell 69, no. 6 (March 2018): 1028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.015.

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Yang, Xiyue, Jing Wang, Zewei Zhou, Rong Jiang, Jie Huang, Lulu Chen, Zhouli Cao, et al. "Silica‐induced initiation of circular ZC3H4 RNA/ZC3H4 pathway promotes the pulmonary macrophage activation." FASEB Journal 32, no. 6 (January 22, 2018): 3264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201701118r.

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Chen, Tao, Di Du, Jian Chen, Pinghong Zhou, John N. Weinstein, Liqing Yao, and Yuexin Liu. "ZC3H12A Expression in Different Stages of Colorectal Cancer." Oncoscience 6, no. 3-4 (April 2, 2019): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncoscience.480.

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Akira, Shizuo. "Zc3h12a, a negative regulator in the TLR response." Cytokine 48, no. 1-2 (October 2009): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.019.

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Tang, Shu Min, Fen Fen Li, Shi Yao Lu, Ka Wai Kam, Pancy O. S. Tam, Clement C. Tham, Chi Pui Pang, Jason C. S. Yam, and Li Jia Chen. "Association of the ZC3H11B, ZFHX1B and SNTB1 genes with myopia of different severities." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 10 (July 12, 2019): 1472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314203.

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ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ZC3H11B, ZFHX1B, VIPR2, SNTB1 and MIPEP genes with severities of myopia in Chinese populations.MethodsBased on previous myopia genome-wide association studies, five SNPs (ZC3H11B rs4373767, ZFHX1B rs13382811, VIPR2 rs2730260, SNTB1 rs7839488 and MIPEP rs9318086) were selected for genotyping in a Chinese cohort of 2079 subjects: 252 extreme myopia, 277 high myopia, 393 moderate myopia, 366 mild myopia and 791 non-myopic controls. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan assays. Allelic frequencies of the SNPs were compared with myopia severities and ophthalmic biometric measurements.ResultsThe risk allele T of ZC3H11B SNP rs4373767 was significantly associated with high myopia (OR=1.39, p=0.007) and extreme myopia (OR=1.34, p=0.013) when compared with controls, whereas ZFHX1B rs13382811 (allele T, OR=1.33, p=0.018) and SNTB1 rs7839488 (allele G, OR=1.71, p=8.44E-05) were significantly associated with extreme myopia only. In contrast, there was no significant association of these SNPs with moderate or mild myopia. When compared with mild myopia, subjects carrying T allele of rs4373767 had a risk of progressing to high myopia (spherical equivalent ≤−6 dioptres) (OR=1.29, p=0.017). Similarly, the T allele of rs13382811 also imposed a significant risk to high myopia (OR=1.36, p=0.007). In quantitative traits analysis, SNPs rs4373767, rs13382811 and rs7839488 were correlated with axial length and refractive errors.ConclusionsWe confirmed ZC3H11B as a susceptibility gene for high and extreme myopia, and ZFHX1B and SNTB for extreme myopia in Chinese populations. Instead of myopia onset, these three genes were more likely to impose risks of progressing to high and extreme myopia.

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Wu, Xiaomin, Xiaojing Zhang, Leilei Tao, Xichao Dai, and Ping Chen. "Prognostic Value of an m6A RNA Methylation Regulator-Based Signature in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2053902.

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Purposes. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Recent researches have demonstrated that m6A methylation regulators play a key role in various cancers, such as gastric cancer and colon adenocarcinoma. Several m6A methylation regulators are reported to predict the prognosis of HCC. Therefore, there is a need to further identify the predictive value of m6A methylation regulators in HCC. Methods. We utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to obtain the gene expression profile of m6A RNA methylation regulators and clinical information for patients with HCC. Besides, we identified two clusters of HCC with various clinical factors by consensus clustering analysis. Then the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and the Cox regression analysis were applied to construct a prognostic signature. Results. Except for ZC3H13 and METTL14, a majority of the thirteen m6A RNA methylation regulators were significantly overexpressed in HCC specimens. HCC patients were classified into two groups (cluster 1 and cluster 2). The cluster 1 was with a significantly worse prognosis than cluster 2, and most of the 13 known m6A RNA methylation regulators were upregulated in cluster 1. Besides, we developed a prognostic signature consisting of YTHDF2, YTHDF1, METTL3, KIAA1429, and ZC3H13, which could successfully differentiate high-risk patients. More importantly, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the signature-based risk score was an independent prognostic factor for patients with HCC. Conclusions. Our study showed these five m6A RNA methylation regulators can be used as practical and reliable prognostic tools of HCC, which might have potential value for therapeutic strategies.

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Winczura, Kinga, Manfred Schmid, Claudia Iasillo, Kelly R. Molloy, Lea Mørch Harder, Jens S. Andersen, John LaCava, and Torben Heick Jensen. "Characterizing ZC3H18, a Multi-domain Protein at the Interface of RNA Production and Destruction Decisions." Cell Reports 22, no. 1 (January 2018): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.037.

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Garg, Ankur, Osamu Takeuchi, and Udo Heinemann. "Immune response regulation by paralogous endoribonucleases: ZC3H12C and N4BP1." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (December 1, 2017): C452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317091215.

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Ding, Dexin, Guobin Liu, Jianing Gao, and Muyang Cao. "Unveiling the m6A Methylation Regulator Links between Prostate Cancer and Periodontitis by Transcriptomic Analysis." Disease Markers 2022 (September 12, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4030046.

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Objective. To identify the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation regulator genes linking prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and periodontitis (PD). Materials and Methods. PD and TCGA-PRAD GEO datasets were downloaded and analyzed through differential expression analysis to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) deregulated in both conditions. Twenty-three m6A RNA methylation-related genes were downloaded in total. The m6A-related genes that overlapped between PRAD and PD were identified as crosstalk genes. Survival analysis was performed on these genes to determine their prognostic values in the overall survival outcomes of prostate cancer. The KEGG pathways were the most significantly enriched by m6A-related crosstalk genes. We also performed lasso regression analysis and univariate survival analysis to identify the most important m6A-related crosstalk genes, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built from these genes. Results. Twenty-three m6A methylation-related regulator genes were differentially expressed and deregulated in PRAD and PD. Among these, seven (i.e., ALKBH5, FMR1, IGFBP3, RBM15B, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, and ZC3H13) were identified as m6A-related cross-talk genes. Survival analysis showed that only the FMR1 gene was a prognostic indicator for PRAD. All other genes had no significant influence on the overall survival of patients with PRAD. Lasso regression analysis and univariate survival analysis identified four m6A-related cross-talk genes (i.e., ALKBH5, IGFBP3, RBM15B, and FMR1) that influenced risk levels. A PPI network was constructed from these genes, and 183 genes from this network were significantly enriched in pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, p53 signaling pathway, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Conclusion. Seven m6A methylation-related genes (ALKBH5, FMR1, IGFBP3, RBM15B, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, and ZC3H13) were identified as cross-talk genes between prostate cancer and PD.

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Zhang, Chuxiao, Pengbo Cao, Aiqing Yang, Xia Xia, Yuanfeng Li, Mengting Shi, Ying Yang, Xiaojun Wei, Chun Yang, and Gangqiao Zhou. "Downregulation of ZC3H14 driven by chromosome 14q31 deletion promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating integrin signaling." Carcinogenesis 40, no. 3 (October 29, 2018): 474–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgy146.

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Wang, Yun, Tianjun Li, Haiping Liu, Yu Liang, Guanqun Wang, Guangming Fu, Mitsuhisa Takatsuki, et al. "N6-methyladenosine methylation-related genes YTHDF2, METTL3, and ZC3H13 predict the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients." Annals of Translational Medicine 10, no. 24 (December 2022): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-5964.

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Miao, Ruidong, Shengping Huang, Zhou Zhou, Tim Quinn, Benjamin Van Treeck, Tehreem Nayyar, Daniel Dim, et al. "Targeted disruption of MCPIP1/Zc3h12a results in fatal inflammatory disease." Immunology & Cell Biology 91, no. 5 (April 9, 2013): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.2013.11.

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Brady, Brenna L., and Stefan A. Muljo. "MCPIP1 ( Zc3h12a ) keeps inflammation in check by cleaving 3′ UTRs." Immunology & Cell Biology 91, no. 5 (April 30, 2013): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.2013.19.

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Uehata, Takuya, and Shizuo Akira. "mRNA degradation by the endoribonuclease Regnase-1/ZC3H12a/MCPIP-1." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 1829, no. 6-7 (June 2013): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.03.001.

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Singh, Aditi, Igor Minia, Dorothea Droll, Abeer Fadda, Christine Clayton, and Esteban Erben. "Trypanosome MKT1 and the RNA-binding protein ZC3H11: interactions and potential roles in post-transcriptional regulatory networks." Nucleic Acids Research 42, no. 7 (January 25, 2014): 4652–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1416.

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Pak, C., M. Garshasbi, K. Kahrizi, C. Gross, L. H. Apponi, J. J. Noto, S. M. Kelly, et al. "Mutation of the conserved polyadenosine RNA binding protein, ZC3H14/dNab2, impairs neural function in Drosophila and humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 30 (July 6, 2011): 12390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107103108.

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Hurt, Jessica A., Robert A. Obar, Bo Zhai, Natalie G. Farny, Steven P. Gygi, and Pamela A. Silver. "A conserved CCCH-type zinc finger protein regulates mRNA nuclear adenylation and export." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 2 (April 13, 2009): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200811072.

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Coupling of messenger RNA (mRNA) nuclear export with prior processing steps aids in the fidelity and efficiency of mRNA transport to the cytoplasm. In this study, we show that the processes of export and polyadenylation are coupled via the Drosophila melanogaster CCCH-type zinc finger protein CG6694/dZC3H3 through both physical and functional interactions. We show that depletion of dZC3H3 from S2R+ cells results in transcript hyperadenylation. Using targeted coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS)/MS techniques, we characterize interactions of known components of the mRNA nuclear export and polyadenylation machineries with dZC3H3. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional conservation of this factor, as depletion of its human homologue ZC3H3 by small interfering RNA results in an mRNA export defect in human cells as well. Nuclear polyadenylated (poly(A)) RNA in ZC3H3-depleted cells is sequestered in foci removed from SC35-containing speckles, indicating a shift from the normal subnuclear distribution of poly(A) RNA. Our data suggest a model wherein ZC3H3 interfaces between the polyadenylation machinery, newly poly(A) mRNAs, and factors for transcript export.

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Aldera, Alessandro Pietro, and Dhirendra Govender. "Gene of the month: BCOR." Journal of Clinical Pathology 73, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206513.

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BCL-6 transcriptional corepressor (BCOR) gene is located at Xp11.4 and encodes a protein which is involved in transcriptional repression in association with BCL-6 and epigenetic silencing through polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). BCOR mutations are being identified in an increasing number of tumours which are diverse in their anatomical location and clinical setting. Interestingly, these tumours share similar and overlapping histological features, namely small round blue cell morphology and a myxoid background with delicate capillary channels. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumour of infancy and central nervous system high-grade neuroepithelial tumour with BCOR alteration all share similar internal tandem duplications in the polycomb-group really interesting new gene (RING) finger homolog ubiquitin-likefold discriminator domain of BCOR. Translocations resulting in BCOR fusion with CCNB3, MAML3 and ZC3H7B have been identified in undifferentiated round cell sarcoma. Subsets of high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and ossifying fibromyxoid tumour which have a more aggressive clinical course have been shown to harbour ZC3H7B-BCOR fusions. BCOR immunohistochemistry is an established marker with diagnostic utility.

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Zhou, Zewei, Rong Jiang, Xiyue Yang, Huifang Guo, Shencun Fang, Yingming Zhang, Yusi Cheng, Jiang Wang, Honghong Yao, and Jie Chao. "circRNA Mediates Silica-Induced Macrophage Activation Via HECTD1/ZC3H12A-Dependent Ubiquitination." Theranostics 8, no. 2 (2018): 575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.21648.

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Zhang, Hong, Wen-chen Wang, Jia-kuan Chen, Lin Zhou, Ming Wang, Zhen-dong Wang, Bo Yang, et al. "ZC3H12D attenuated inflammation responses by reducing mRNA stability of proinflammatory genes." Molecular Immunology 67, no. 2 (October 2015): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.018.

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Chi, B., K. Wang, Y. Du, B. Gui, X. Chang, L. Wang, J. Fan, et al. "A Sub-Element in PRE enhances nuclear export of intronless mRNAs by recruiting the TREX complex via ZC3H18." Nucleic Acids Research 42, no. 11 (April 29, 2014): 7305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku350.

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