Journal articles: 'Z-pin'

1

Ji, Guobiao, Liang Cheng, Shaohua Fei, Jiangxiong Li, and Yinglin Ke. "A novel model of Z-pin insertion in prepreg based on fracture mechanics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 1971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054211014442.

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Through-thickness reinforcement is a promising solution to the problem of delamination susceptibility in laminated composites. Modeling Z-pin–prepreg interaction is essential for accurate robotics-assisted Z-pin insertion. In this paper, a novel Z-pin insertion force model combining the classical cohesive finite element (FE) method with a dynamic analytical fracture mechanics model is proposed. The velocity-dependent cohesive elements, in which the fracture toughness is provided by the analytical model, are implemented in Z-pin insertion FE model to predict the crack initiation and propagation. Then Z-pin insertion experiments are performed on prepreg sample with metallic Z-pins at different velocities to identify the analytical model parameters and validate the simulation predictions offered by the model. Dynamics of Z-pin interaction with inhomogeneous prepreg is described and the effects of insertion velocity on prepreg contact force are studied. Results show that the force model agrees well with experiments and the fracture toughness rises with the increasing Z-pin insertion velocity.

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Kaya, Gaye, and Erdem Selver. "Impact resistance of Z-pin-reinforced sandwich composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 26-27 (April 23, 2019): 3681–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319845428.

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This study investigates the effect of face materials, Z-pin types and distribution densities on drop-weight impact properties of foam core sandwich composites. The novelty of this study is to eliminate damage of face part by only reinforcing the core part of sandwich structures. Impact test was performed at different energy levels (20–50 J). The addition of Z-pins into the sandwich composites decreased the elasticity and ductility while it increased the stiffness of sandwich composites. The Z-pin reinforcement increased the peak forces, but decreased the peak deformations of the sandwich composites. However, higher energy absorption was only observed at the higher Z-pin distribution density. The results showed that Z-pin distribution density, bonding between the face sheets/pins, and the face sheet material have a great influence on the impact behaviour of the Z-pin-reinforced sandwich composites besides the Z-pin types.

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Wang, Sian, Yunhe Zhang, Pibo Sun, Yanhong Cui, and Gaohui Wu. "Microstructure and Flexural Properties of Z-Pinned Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites." Materials 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010174.

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Z-pinning can significantly improve the interlaminar shear properties of carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (Cf/Al). However, the effect of the metal z-pin on the in-plane properties of Cf/Al is unclear. This study examines the effect of the z-pin on the flexural strength and failure mechanism of Cf/Al composites with different volume contents and diameters of the z-pins. The introduction of a z-pin leads to the formation of a brittle phase at the z-pin/matrix interface and microstructural damage such as aluminum-rich pockets and carbon fiber waviness, thereby resulting in a reduction of the flexural strength. The three-point flexural test results show that the adding of a metal z-pin results in reducing the Cf/Al composites’ flexural strength by 2–25%. SEM imaging of the fracture surfaces revealed that a higher degree of interfacial reaction led to more cracks on the surface of the z-pin. This crack-susceptible interface layer between the z-pin and the matrix is likely the primary cause of the reduction of the flexural strength.

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Zhang, Yunhe, Sian Wang, Xiwang Zhao, Fanming Wang, and Gaohui Wu. "In Situ Study on Fracture Behavior of Z-Pinned Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121941.

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Inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber, we performed an in situ interlaminar shear test on a z-pinned carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composite (Cf/Al) fabricated by the pressure the infiltration method to understand its failure mechanism. Experiments show that introducing a stainless-steel z-pin increases the interlaminar shear strength of Cf/Al composite by 148%. The increase in interlaminar shear strength is attributed to the high strength of the stainless-steel z-pin and the strong bonding between the z-pin and the matrix. When the z-pin/matrix interface failed, the z-pin can still experience large shear deformation, thereby enhancing delamination resistance. The failure mechanism of composite includes interfacial debonding, aluminum plough, z-pin shear deformation, frictional sliding, and fracture. These results in this study will help us understand the interlaminar strengthening mechanism of z-pins in the delamination of metal matrix composites.

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5

Wang, Xu Xu, and Li Chen. "Manufacture and Characteristics of Fibrous Composite Z-Pins." Applied Mechanics and Materials 33 (October 2010): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.33.110.

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Z-pins are thin fibrous composite or metallic rods that could increase the strength of laminated composites in the thickness direction. In this paper, three kinds of composite z-pins were made by improved pultrusion method. The length of pultrusion die is shortened to 30mm with no function of curing. The curing equipment is individual control drying ovens. And then, tensile properties of z-pins were reported as well as the appearance and fiber content. Results show that three kinds of z-pins have good flexural resilience. The fiber volume fraction is around 60%. Carbon fiber z-pin has smoother surface than aramid fiber z-pin. And, The thinner z-pin corresponds to the higher tensile strength and tensile modulus. The elongation rate of aramid fiber z-pin is greater than that of carbon fiber one.

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Vaidya, U. K., A. N. Palazotto, and L. N. B. Gummadi. "Low Velocity Impact and Compression-After-Impact Response of Z-Pin Reinforced Core Sandwich Composites." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 122, no. 4 (April 21, 2000): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1289141.

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In the current work, sandwich composite structures with innovative constructions referred to as Z-pins, or truss core pins, are investigated. The Z-pin core sandwich construction offers enhanced transverse stiffness, high damage resistance, and multi-functional benefits. The present study deals with analysis of low-velocity impact (LVI) of Z-pin sandwich plate, and experimental studies of compression-after-impact characterization. Experimental studies on LVI of Z-pin sandwich plate considered in the analysis have been reported in Vaidya, et al., 1999, “Low Velocity Impact Response of Laminated Sandwich Composites with Hollow and Foam-Filled Z-Pin Reinforced Core,” Journal of Composites Technology and Research, JCTRER, 21, No. 2, Apr., pp. 84–97, where the samples were subjected to 11, 20, 28, 33, and 40 J of impact energy. The LVI analysis is developed with regards to Z-pin buckling as a primary failure mode (and based on experimental observations). A finite element model accounting for buckling of the pins has been developed and analyzed using ABAQUS. This paper also presents experimental results on compression-after-impact (CAI) studies which were performed on the sandwich composites with Z-pin reinforced core “with” and “without” foam. The experimental LVI tests were performed in Vaidya, et al., 1999, “Low Velocity Impact Response of Laminated Sandwich Composites with Hollow and Foam-Filled Z-Pin Reinforced Core,” Journal of Composites Technology and Research, JCTRER, 21, No. 2, Apr., pp. 84–97. The results indicate that selective use of Z-pin core is a viable idea in utilizing space within the core for sandwich composites in structural applications. [S0094-4289(00)02904-2]

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7

Zheng, Xi Tao, Lin Hu Gou, Shu Yun Han, and Fan Yang. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Mode I Delamination Toughness of Z-Pinned Composite Laminates." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.185.

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An experimental investigation was performed on mode I delamination of z-pinned double-cantilever-beams (DCB) and associate z-pin bridging mechanisms. Tests were performed with ten types of samples: (1) big-pin reinforced DCB (double-cantilever-beams) with three areal densities D=2.01%, 5.15%, 8.04%, respectively; (2) median-pin reinforced DCB with three areal densities D=0.85%, 2.17%, 3.40%; (3) small-pin reinforced DCB with three areal densities D=0.25%, 0.63%, 0.90% and (4) without pin reinforced DCB specimens. Delamination tests samples were prepared from unidirectional continuous carbon ﬁbre/epoxy prepreg (T300/TDE86), made into 3 mm thick unidirectional laminates with and without a block of Z-pins in the crack path. Fracture testing was carried out under Mode I (standard DCB test). Experiments have shown that increases in debond resistance and ultimate strength depend on the material, size, density, location of the pins and the mechanisms of pin deformation. A finite element (FE) model is developed to investigate mode I delamination toughness of z-pin reinforced composite laminates. The z-pin pullout process is simulated by the deformation of a set of non-linear springs. A critical crack opening displacement (COD) criterion is used to simulate crack growth in a DCB made of z-pinned laminates. The toughness of the structure is quantified by the energy release rate, which is calculated using the contour integral method. The FE model is verified for both unpinned and z-pinned laminates. Predicted loading forces from FE analysis are compared to available test data. Good agreement is achieved. The numerical results indicate that z-pins can greatly increase the mode I delamination toughness of the composite laminates.

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8

Mouritz, A. P., P. Chang, and M. D. Isa. "Z -Pin Composites: Aerospace Structural Design Considerations." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 24, no. 4 (October 2011): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000078.

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9

Li, Chenghu, Zhe Wu, Zhijun Meng, and Muchen Li. "Influential Factors of Z-pin Bridging Force." Applied Composite Materials 21, no. 4 (November 27, 2013): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-013-9358-z.

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10

Hoffmann, Julian, Alexander Brast, and Gerhard Scharr. "Z-pin insertion process for through-thickness reinforced thermoplastic composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318781233.

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This paper presents a novel method for the ultrasonically assisted insertion of metallic z-pins into thermoplastic composites. Mechanical and microstructural investigations were carried out on glass fiber-reinforced polyamide and polypropylene specimens. The insertion of steel pins into thermoplastic composites led to microstructural changes that differ significantly from the known microstructure of z-pinned thermoset fiber-reinforced plastics. Optical microscopy showed an absence of notable fiber waviness and resin-rich zones around each pin. Instead, the fibers were predominantly deflected in the through-thickness direction by the high insertion forces arising during pin penetration. To gain an initial insight on the resulting properties of the z-pin/thermoplastic interface, the mechanical properties of z-pinned thermoplastic composites under mode I loading were investigated using pullout tests. For reference, the pullout behavior of thermoset carbon fiber-reinforced plastic specimens, reinforced with steel pins was determined too. Due to the poor bonding and lack of friction between the pin and laminate, the determined traction loads of the thermoplastic specimens are well below typical values achieved from pin pullout in thermoset laminates.

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11

Liu, Zhi Lin, Pu Rong Jia, Tao Peng, and Zheng Lan Yao. "Study on Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Composite T-Joints." Advanced Materials Research 1142 (January 2017): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1142.146.

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Based on three kinds of composite T-joints with different connection way for tension test outside the plane, it was obtained contrastively that how the ordinary adhesive, Z-pin reinforcement and stitching reinforcement three different fitting influence tensile strength, damage failure process and failure mode of composite T-joints. The test results showed that compared with ordinary adhesive connection mode, tensile strength of the Z-pin reinforcement and stitching reinforcement T-joints increased by 13.6% and 11.4%, respectively; and the largest deformation increased by 19.2% and 15.1%, respectively. After reaching maximum load condition, the ordinary adhesive T-joints had brittle failures, but Z-pin reinforcement and stitching reinforcement T-joints all showed that the ductile damage behavior, corresponding to the load-displacement curve appeared saw-tooth wave platform. Obviously, the Z-pin reinforcement T-joints had the most significant reinforcement effect on tensile properties of composite laminates T-joints.

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12

Virakthi, Ananth, Soonwook Kwon, Sung W. Lee, and Mark E. Robeson. "Delamination resistance of composite laminated structures reinforced with angled, threaded, and anchored Z-pins." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 11 (October 18, 2018): 1507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318805201.

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The delamination resistance of Z-pinned laminates is directly dependent on the strength of the pin–laminate bonding at the interface. In this paper, we investigate novel approaches to the Z-pinning technology in order to increase delamination strength via enhancing mechanical interlocking of the pins. Toward this end, we study the effect of pin insertion at an angle to the vertical in contrast to the conventional vertical pin insertion. Subsequently, a novel variety of pin, namely the threaded pin, is studied as a candidate for reinforcement which increases mechanical interlocking between the pin and the laminate as well as the epoxy-pin contact area, thus delaying delamination. In addition, the effect of anchoring reveals the length of smooth metal pins on to the surface of the laminate before curing on delamination strength is investigated. Experiments performed show increase in tensile pullout strengths when angled, threaded, or anchored pins are used. These experimental results for tensile pullout strengths validate nonlinear finite element models incorporating cohesive zones at the pin–laminate interface. In addition, fracture toughness and delamination resistance under mode-I loading are investigated by performing experiments on double cantilever beam specimens. Results demonstrate the superior delamination resistance properties for angled, threaded, and anchored pin inserts.

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13

Knopp, André, and Gerhard Scharr. "Tensile Properties of Z-Pin Reinforced Laminates with Circumferentially Notched Z-Pins." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020078.

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This paper describes experimental investigations on the in-plane tensile properties of unidirectional carbon-fibre/epoxy laminates reinforced with circumferentially notched z-pins with different notch designs. From the results it can be concluded that the application of circumferential notches at the z-pin surface with constant notch depth of 20 μm and distance of 100 μm has no significant effect on the in-plane tensile strength values, regardless of the notch designs investigated. For circular and rectangular notch designs, no dependence of the tensile strength from the notch depth could be observed. Only changing the notch distances at a constant notch depth and width leads to small increases in the tensile strength values with increasing notch distance. The determined tensile modulus values indicate that there are no substantial deviations between laminates reinforced with unnotched and circumferentially notched z-pins, no matter which notch design is considered. It can be observed that there are no dependencies of the tensile modulus from notch depth and distance. Therefore, it can be assumed that the microstructural changes influencing the in-plane tensile properties will not be changed, or only to a very small extent, by the presence of notches on the pin surface.

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14

Song, Qinghua, Yong Li, Junwei Qi, Liwei Wen, Jun Xiao, and Jinhui Ni. "Study on an automatic multi-pin insertion system for preparing Z-pin composite laminates." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 27, no. 2 (April 2014): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2014.02.012.

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15

Selver, Erdem, Gaye Kaya, and Hussein Dalfi. "Experimental and theoretical study of sandwich composites with Z-pins under quasi-static compression loading." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 12 (May 4, 2021): 2720–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211007399.

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This study aims to enhance the compressive properties of sandwich composites containing extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam core and glass or carbon face materials by using carbon/vinyl ester and glass/vinyl ester composite Z-pins. The composite pins were inserted into foam cores at two different densities (15 and 30 mm). Compression test results showed that compressive strength, modulus and loads of the sandwich composites significantly increased after using composite Z-pins. Sandwich composites with 15 mm pin densities exhibited higher compressive properties than that of 30 mm pin densities. The pin type played a critical role whilst carbon pin reinforced sandwich composites had higher compressive properties compared to glass pin reinforced sandwich composites. Finite element analysis (FE) using Abaqus software has been established in this study to verify the experimental results. Experimental and numerical results based on the capabilities of the sandwich composites to capture the mechanical behaviour and the damage failure modes were conducted and showed a good agreement between them.

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Dang, Xu Dan, Shao Jie Shi, and Jun Xiao. "Finite Element Analysis of Tensile Modulus of X-Cor Sandwich." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3647.

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Through the analysis of micro-structures of Z-pin ends the basic hypothesis of elliptic configuration of the resin regions around Z-pin ends were proposed. The finite element model of the tensile modulus of X-cor sandwich was established and the finite element software ANSYS was used in the computation. The effects of Z-pin angle, diameter and density on the tensile modulus of X-cor sandwich were analyzed. Via the analysis of finite element model, the influencing trends of parameters of X-cor sandwich on the tensile modulus are achieved and the error range is ±10%. So the rationality of the proposed finite element model is verified and the finite element model can be used to forecast the tensile modulus of X-cor sandwich.

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17

Shan, Hangying, Jun Xiao, and Qiyi Chu. "Investigation on Bond-Slip Behavior of Z-Pin Interfaces in X-Cor® Sandwich Structures Using Z-Pin Pull-Out Test." Applied Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-018-9693-1.

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18

Wang, Sian, Yunhe Zhang, and Gaohui Wu. "Interlaminar Shear Properties of Z-Pinned Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites by Short-Beam Shear Test." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101874.

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This paper presents the effect of through-thickness reinforcement by steel z-pins on the interlaminar shear properties and strengthening mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites (Cf/Al) with a short beam shear test method. Microstructural analysis reveals that z-pins cause minor microstructural damage including to fiber waviness and aluminum-rich regions, and interface reaction causes a strong interface between the stainless steel pin and the aluminum matrix. Z-pinned Cf/Al composites show reduced apparent interlaminar shear strength due to a change in the failure mode compared to unpinned specimens. The changed failure mode could result from decreased flexural strength due to microstructural damage as well as increased actual interlaminar shear strength. Fracture work is improved significantly with a z-pin diameter. The strong interface allows the deformation resistance of the steel pin to contribute to the crack bridging forces, which greatly enhances the interlaminar shear properties.

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19

Son, J. H., Heoung Jae Chun, K. T. Kang, H. Y. Lee, Joon Hyung Byun, M. K. Um, S. K. Lee, and Byung Sun Kim. "Effect of Z-Pin on the through-the-Thickness Strength of Woven Composite Laminates." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.47.

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Delamination failure occurs due to the out-of-plane loading because of the weakness in the thickness directional properties of composite materials. The z-pinned composite has been developed to overcome such a problem. In this study, the mechanical properties of z-pinned composite laminates were examined using the analytical model. The effects of z-pins on the strength in the thickness direction were investigated. Fibers in the laminate are gradually waved by the formation of resin rich zone caused by inserting the z-pins. A constitutive model was developed for the predictions of strengths of woven z-pinned composites. The changes in the strengths in the in-plane and out-of-plane directions of the woven z-pinned composites and the effects of controlling parameters such as the diameter of z-pin and densities of z-pin on the strengths were identified. It was found that the out-of-plane tensile strength increases 14% relative to that of composite without z-pins when the diameter of z-pin is 0.25 mm. However, the in-plane tensile strength and in-plane and out-of-plane shear strengths were reduced to 9%, 7% and 8%, respectively, over the strengths of composite without z-pins. Qualitatively good correlations are obtained between the results of the suggested model and the experiments.

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20

Abrahams, CT, GB Deacon, CM Forsyth, WC Patalinghug, BW Skelton, and AH White. "Organoamido- and Aryloxo-lanthanoids. XII. The Coordination Chemistry of Bis(2-phenylindol-1-yl)ytterbium(II), and the X-Ray Crystal Structures of Yb(pin)2(diglyme)(thf) and [Yb(pin)2(dme)]2 (pin = 2-Phenylindol-1-yl, diglyme = Bis(2-methoxyethyl) Ether, thf Equals Tetrahydrofuran, dme = 1,2-Dimethoxyethane)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 12 (1995): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9951933.

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With the facile displacement being utilized of thf from Yb(pin)2(thf)4 (pin = 2-phenylindol-1-yl, thf = tetrahydrofuran) in toluene solution, the complexes Yb(pin)2(dme)2 (dme = 1,2- dimethoxyethane), Yb(pin)2 (tmen)(tmen = N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine) and Yb(pin)2(diglyme)(thf) (diglyme = bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether) have been prepared from the respective ligands and Yb(pin)2(thf)4. Yb(pin)2 (diglyme) (thf) [monoclinic, space group P 21 /c, a 15.35(1), b 16.179(5), c 14.45(2) Ǻ, β 107.51(8)°, Z 4, R 0.044 for 2956 (I > 3σ(I)) 'observed' reflections] has a monomeric six-coordinate structure with transoid nitrogen donor atoms, N-Yb-N 143.6(4)° and an irregular coordination polyhedron described as either a distorted trigonal prism or a monocapped square pyramid. Attempted crystallization of Yb(pin)2 (thf) by partial desolvation of Yb(pin)2(thf)4 in hot toluene, containing a trace of dme, gave a mixture of red Yb(pin)2(thf) and orange [Yb(pin)2(dme)]2. The latter was independently synthesized by partial desolvation of Yb(pin)2(dme)2 in toluene. An X-ray crystal structure showed [Yb(pin)2(dme)]2 [monoclinic, space group P 21/c, a 11 .614(2), b 15.945(7), c 15.327(4) Ǻ, β 110.19(2)°, Z 2 dimers, R 0.070 for 2314 (I ≥ 3σ(I)) 'observed' reflections] to be a dimer with two bridging pin ligands, coordinated through nitrogen only. There is an approximately square pyramidal five-coordinate ytterbium environment with an apical dme oxygen, and with two bridging nitrogens, a terminal nitrogen, and a dme oxygen in the basal plane.

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21

Virakthi, Ananth, Soonwook Kwon, and Sung W. Lee. "A viable model for out-of-plane compressive and shear properties of Z-pin reinforced composite sandwich panels." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 28 (April 26, 2018): 3961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318772159.

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This paper attempts at developing a computational-analytical model to represent the behavior of Z-pin reinforced X-Cor composite sandwich panels under out-of-plane compression and shear loading. Parameters important in representing the behavior of the individual components of the sandwich are identified. The softening of Z-pins under compression from geometric and material imperfections, densification of the foam, and pin-facesheet interface strengths are incorporated into the model. For validation, the values of the parameters are obtained from experiments performed in house, and then for comparison, they are used to estimate the stiffness and strength of the specimens with experimentally obtained results reported in an open literature. Good correlation using these parameters across different specimens has implications on development of a predictive methodology for the behavior of Z-pin reinforced sandwich materials under compression and shear.

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Cui, H., Yulong Li, S. Koussios, L. Zu, and A. Beukers. "Bridging micromechanisms of Z-pin in mixed mode delamination." Composite Structures 93, no. 11 (October 2011): 2685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.06.004.

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Shan, Hangying, Jun Xiao, and Qiyi Chu. "Correction to: Investigation on Bond-Slip Behavior of Z-Pin Interfaces in X-Cor® Sandwich Structures Using Z-Pin Pull-Out Test." Applied Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (September 29, 2018): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-018-9735-8.

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Sahin, Ahmet Z., and Bekir S. Yilbas. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATOR UNDER VOLUMETRIC CONSTRAINT." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 40, no. 1 (March 2016): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2016-0003.

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The efficiency of a thermoelectric power generator can be optimized through proper sizing of the device geometric configurations. In the present study, pin length optimization of the thermoelectric generator for a fixed total pin volume is carried out and the pin length maximizing the device efficiency is formulated. The influences of temperature ratio, defined as the upper junction temperature divided by the lower junction temperature, and the figure of merit, defined as Z = α2/KR, on the device efficiency and output power operating at the optimum pin length are examined. It is found that a unique temperature ratio exists which maximizes the efficiency of the thermoelectric device with the optimum pin length.

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Lin, Dabin, Haohua Chen, Zhenrong Li, and Zhuo Xu. "Phase diagram and dielectric properties of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 ceramics." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x15500149.

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x Pb ( In 1/2 Nb 1/2) O 3- Pb ( Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3) O 3- PbTiO 3(x PIN –y PMN –z PT ) ternary ceramics with morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition were synthesized by columbite precursor method. x PIN –y PMN –z PT phase diagram was investigated by x-ray diffraction and dielectric measurements. According to the results of dielectric measurements, the Curie temperatures (Tc) and rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (Tr−t) were found to be in the range of 173–212°C and 114–155°C, respectively, indicating that the Tr-t was increased with adding PIN component. In the MPB region, the highest Tr-t = 155° C was found in 0.32PIN–0.38PMN–0.30PT ceramic, that greatly expanded temperature usage range.

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Knopp, André, and Gerhard Scharr. "X-ray photo-electron spectroscopic studies of cryogenic and plasma surface-treated z-pins." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 8 (February 5, 2017): 1155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317691811.

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The mechanical properties of composite materials are primarily dependent on the load transmission between their components. Especially, the fracture performance of a fibre-reinforced polymer made of a preimpregnated fibres (prepreg) with a three-dimensional z-pin reinforcement can be influenced by the interface characteristics between pins and laminate. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of untreated, cryogenic and plasma surface-treated z-pins were carried out to determine the effect of surface treatments on chemical composition, formation of functional groups and topography of pin surface. Pullout tests were conducted to investigate the impact of a surface treatment on the bridging forces, which have significant influence on delamination toughness of a z-pinned laminate. It was pointed out that a cryogenic treatment cannot lead to an increase of oxygen or nitrogen functional groups at the z-pin surface. Nevertheless, the pullout forces can be increased which are caused by an increased surface roughness. However, with a plasma treatment, an oxygen and nitrogen functionalization can be reached. An increase of the O/C ratio with all plasma treatments can be determined. Summarizing the results, it can be shown that oxygen functional groups can be generated by a plasma treatment. These groups are able to establish covalent bonds between z-pin surface and bulk material, which can lead to a better load transmission between the pins and laminate and thus to higher fracture properties. The increased pullout forces result from a combination of improved adhesion between pins and laminate and increased interlocking effects, due to the higher surface roughness after plasma treatment.

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27

Knopp, André, and Gerhard Scharr. "Experimental Investigations on the Influence of Different Notch Designs on the Pullout Performance of Circumferentially Notched Z-pins." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020067.

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The results of experimental research on the pullout properties of circumferentially notched z-pins with various notch designs are presented in this paper. Investigations on notched z-pins with four different notch designs—rectangular, circular, triangular, and sinusoidal—inserted into unidirectional (UD) and quasi-isotropic (QI) laminates were carried out in order to assess the influence of notch design and laminate structure on the resulting z-pin pullout properties. It can be shown that the application of circumferential notches at the z-pin surface causes significant increases in pullout forces and consequently, on the resulting pullout energies, regardless of which notch design is considered. The effect of notched z-pins is higher in a quasi-isotropic than in a unidirectional laminate structure. The highest enhancements of the pullout energy were found on quasi-isotropic laminates with circular and sinusoidal notch designs with increases of up to 69%, in comparison to measurements on samples with unnotched z-pins.

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Liu, Hong-Yuan, Wenyi Yan, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Z-pin bridging in composite laminates and some related problems." Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2006.11464490.

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Dai, Shao-Cong, Wenyi Yan, Hong-Yuan Liu, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Experimental study on z-pin bridging law by pullout test." Composites Science and Technology 64, no. 16 (December 2004): 2451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.04.005.

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30

Dantuluri, Venkata, Spandan Maiti, Philippe H. Geubelle, Rakesh Patel, and Hakan Kilic. "Cohesive modeling of delamination in Z-pin reinforced composite laminates." Composites Science and Technology 67, no. 3-4 (March 2007): 616–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.024.

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Pingkarawat, Khomkrit, and Adrian P. Mouritz. "Delamination Fatigue Properties of Z-Pinned Composites." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.197.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation into the mode I interlaminar fatigue resistance of carbon fibre-epoxy laminate reinforced in the through-thickness direction with z-pins. The effects of the volume content, diameter and length of z-pins on the interlaminar toughness, fatigue resistance and crack bridging toughening mechanisms are determined. The delamination growth rate also slowed when the volume content or length of the z-pins was increased or the z-pin diameter was reduced.

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Li, Chenghu, Wei Guo, and Zhe Wu. "Tensile strength of Z-pinned laminates in RTD and hot-wet environment." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0352.

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AbstractExperiments and simulation analysis for tensile strength of Z-pinned laminates were conducted in both room temperature and dry and hot-wet environments. The results of the experiments show that the fracture of [0]6 specimen with Z-pins was longitudinally torn, and there was a row of Z-pins at the fracture of [(±45)/(0,90)]2S specimen with Z-pins. It could be observed that the hot-wet effect on the tensile strength of the Z-pinned laminates increased with percentage of 0-direction fibers decreasing in the laminates from the experiments of the unidirectional tape laminates and the woven cloth laminates. When the volume content of Z-pin increased, the hot-wet effect on tensile strength of Z-pinned [45/0/-45/90]2S laminates with Z-pins would become smaller and smaller. The simulation method of the hot-wet effect on tensile strength of the laminates was combined with the experiment and the finite element analysis. It used 14 nonlinear springs to simulate the longitudinal tearing of [0]6 specimen with Z-pins. The simulation results showed that Z-pin played a role of fulcrum, and because of the lever principle, the fiber bundles were torn at both tips in resin-rich area.

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Dang, Xu Dan, Shao Jie Shi, Yi Guo, and Jun Xiao. "A New Method for Analyzing X-Cor Sandwich’s Shear Strength." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.356.

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The finite element software was used to get the X-cor sandwich’s shear strength. During the shear strength analysis, the failure criterion and materials stiffness degradation rules fitting for the analysis of X-cor sandwich’s failure mechanism were proposed and the X-cor sandwich’s failure process and modes were also clarified. According to the failure criterion we used the elements with stiffness degradation and their distributions in the finite element model to simulate the types and propagation path of the failure and the failure mechanisms of X-cor sandwich under shear were explained. The finite element analysis indicates during the shear firstly the resin regions fail and then the multiple failure modes of Z-pin pull-out from the face-sheet, Z-pin shear off and Z-pin buckling all exist. The propagation paths of the failure elements are dispersive. By contrasting the finite element results and test results the values are consistent well and the error range is -10.4%~7.4%. The comparison results show that the failure criterion and stiffness degradation rules are reasonable and this method can be used to predict the X-cor sandwich’s shear strength.

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34

Taotao, Zhang, Luo Wenbo, Xiao Wei, and Yan Ying. "Numerical simulation of single-lap adhesive joint of composite laminates." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 8 (January 30, 2018): 520–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418754358.

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A universal method is established to research the various possible damage modes of adhesive bond of laminated composites with or without z-pin reinforcements under tensile loads through numerical simulation. A Continuum Damage Mechanic model based on Hashin damage criterion as a user-defined subroutine is developed to simulate the damage of laminates and Z-pins. The Cohesive Zone Model is used to simulate the damage of adhesive damage, interlayer delamination, and Z-pin slipping-out phenomenon. The numerical simulation method is validated for simulating the various damage modes of the usual composite joints through comparing the simulated results and experiments. The research shows that different ply sequences induce different damage modes and ultimate failure loads of composite joints. The ultimate failure load of joint under tension is not affected obviously whether the joints are reinforced with or without z-pins. The reason is that the damage initiation usually locates at the two sides of adhesive zone and z-pins do not react on the reinforcement under tensile load of joint.

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35

Knopp, André, and Gerhard Scharr. "Effect of z-pin surface treatment on delamination and debonding properties of z-pinned composite laminates." Journal of Materials Science 49, no. 4 (November 12, 2013): 1674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7851-2.

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36

Römisch, David, Martin Kraus, and Marion Merklein. "Experimental Study on Joining by Forming of HCT590X + Z and EN-AW 6014 Sheets Using Cold Extruded Pin Structures." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5010025.

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Due to stricter emission targets in the mobility sector and the resulting trend towards lightweight construction in order to reduce weight and consequently emissions, multi-material systems that allow a material to be placed in the right quantity and in the right place are becoming increasingly important. One major challenge that is holding back the rapid and widespread use of multi-material systems is the lack of adequate joining processes that are suitable for joining dissimilar materials. Joining processes without auxiliary elements have the advantage of a reduced assembly effort and no additional added weight. Conventional joining processes without auxiliary elements, such as welding, clinching, or the use of adhesives, reach their limits due to different mechanical properties and chemical incompatibilities. A process with potential in the field of joining dissimilar materials is joining without an auxiliary element using pin structures. However, current pin manufacturing processes are mostly time-consuming or can only be integrated barely into existing industrial manufacturing processes due to their specific properties. For this reason, the present work investigates the production of single- and multi-pin structures from high-strength dual-phase steel HCT590X + Z (DP600, t0 = 1.5 mm) by cold extrusion directly out of the sheet metal. These structures are subsequently joined with an aluminium sheet (EN AW-6014-T4, t0 = 1.5 mm) by direct pin pressing. For a quantitative evaluation of the joint quality, tensile shear tests are carried out and the influence of different pin heights, pin number, and pin arrangements, as well as different joining strategies on the joint strength is experimentally evaluated. It is proven that a single pin structure with a diameter of 1.5 mm and an average height of 1.86 mm achieves a maximum tensile shear force of 1025 N. The results reveal that the formation of a form-fit during direct pin pressing is essential for the joint strength. By increasing the number of pins, a linear increase in force could be demonstrated, which is independent of the arrangement of the pin structures.

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Du, Long, and Guiqiong Jiao. "Indentation study of Z-pin reinforced polymer foam core sandwich structures." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 40, no. 6-7 (July 2009): 822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.04.004.

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38

Purwanto, Agus, and Edi Sofyan. "ADATABLE INDUSTRIAL 4.0 : AN IMPROVEMENT DETECTED OBSOLETE BUSHING CONDITION ON RUBBER CURING MACHINE INDUSTRY." Proceedings of The Conference on Management and Engineering in Industry 1, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/cmei.v1i1.5.

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Bushing is a part of rubber curing machine that have function as cushion pin joint , generally make from a bronze material. Pin joint have a function to connected with 1 paired linkage arm with rotated crank gear of each via pin joint to get closing force at rubber curing machine when mould closed. When bushing condition at pin joint on rubber curing machine was not good caused by friction. It will make closing force linkage arm left and right ( 1 paired ) on rubber curing machine unbalanced. So it will make closing force to force closed rubber mould undistributed evenly, so it caused mould rubber closed with gap. This condition will make defect rubber product open mould after cured finished. In this case is important to find new methode detection and monitored bushing condition. This research was done by measured vibration around pin joint at linkage arm by taking data of sound and acceleration on the real object research and used 2D software simulator to measured bushing condition good or not. Acceleration measurement was done by measured at axis Y and Z by used accelerometer sensor, and accelero sensor on cell phone via sains journal android application. And collected the data stress value on linkage arm by used nidle dial gauge millimeter scale. By simulation software are measured acceleration at axis X and Y with good bushing condition or vise versa.The actual data that was collected : acceleration, sound vibration and stress value and simulated data by software to be compare the amplitude and choose the biggest amplitude as new methode measurement of vibration to detect and monitor bushing condition.From the result data, detection of vibration around pin joint by acceleration value by used accelerometer sensor measured at axis Y and Z more prefer with the other measurement methode.

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39

Dang, Xu Dan, Xin Li Wang, Hong Song Zhang, and Jun Xiao. "Finite Element Analysis of X-Cor Sandwich's Compressive Strength." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.733.

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In this article the finite element software was used to analyse the values for compressive strength of X-cor sandwich. During the analysis, the failure criteria and materials stiffness degradation rules of failure mechanisms were proposed. The failure processes and failure modes were also clarified. In the finite element model we used the distributions of failure elements to simulate the failure processes. Meanwhile the failure mechanisms of X-cor sandwich were explained. The finite element analysis indicates that the resin regions of Z-pin tips fail firstly and the Z-pins fail secondly. The dominant failure mode is the Z-pin elastic buckling and the propagation paths of failure elements are dispersive. Through contrast the finite element values and test results are consistent well and the error range is -7.6%~9.5%. Therefore the failure criteria and stiffness degradation rules are reasonable and the model can be used to predict the compressive strength of X-cor sandwich.

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40

Jiang, Zhiwei, Longlei Hou, Chunjie Ni, Jiangfei Chen, Dong Wang, and Xiaofeng Tong. "Enantioselective construction of quaternary tetrahydropyridines by palladium-catalyzed vinylborylation of alkenes." Chemical Communications 53, no. 30 (2017): 4270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc01488k.

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The Pd(0)-catalyzed asymmetric vinylborylation of (Z)-1-iodo-dienes with B₂pin₂ is reported, which provides access to 3,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyridine with excellent enantioselectivity.

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41

Tian, Fang, and Jun-Qian Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress of Z-Pin Composites During Curing Process." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3629.

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By using the coupled thermos-mechanical method, a three-dimensional finite element model of composite was established during the curing process. The accuracy of the simulation model was validated by performing a comparison with the literature results. Based on the model, a three-dimensional finite element method is applied to conduct analysis of the effect exerted by the curing related parameters on residual stresses in the curing process for the Z-pin AS4/3501-6 composite. The results indicate that the resin stress and fiber Z-direction stress increase with the curing process, especially during the cooling stage. The bottom stresses of both resin and fiber are observed to be lower than that of top layer. The stress of rich-resin zone at pin/fiber interface is higher but the deformation is smaller. The stress of resin and fiber increases as the volume shrinkage ratio of resin is on the rise.

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42

Mohamed, Galal, Giuliano Allegri, Mehdi Yasaee, and Stephen R. Hallett. "Cohesive element formulation for z-pin delamination bridging in fibre reinforced laminates." International Journal of Solids and Structures 132-133 (February 2018): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.05.037.

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43

Teng, Jin, Zhuo Zhuang, and Bintai Li. "A study on low-velocity impact damage of Z-pin reinforced laminates." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 2007): 2125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03177472.

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44

Dang, Xu Dan, Shao Jie Shi, and Jun Xiao. "Study on the Tensile Strength in X-Cor Sandwich by Using Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 601 (December 2012): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.265.

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In the tensile strength analysis, the failure criterion and materials stiffness degradation rule were proposed and the X-cor sandwich’s failure modes were also clarified. According to the failure criterion we used the elements with stiffness degradation and their distributions in the finite element model to simulate the types and propagation path of the failure and the failure mechanisms of X-cor sandwich were explained. The finite element analysis indicates during the tension firstly the interfaces between resin regions and Z-pin tips fail and the failure mode is Z-pin pull-out from the face-sheets. The finite element simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, the error range is -11.6%~9.7%. The comparison results show the failure criterion and stiffness degradation rule are reasonable and this method can be used to predict the X-cor sandwich’s tensile strength.

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45

MacKenzie, James T., Matthew B. Podgorsak, and Douglas Moreland. "Validity of stereotactic frame localization during radiosurgery after one fixation pin removal." Journal of Neurosurgery 97 (December 2002): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0539.

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Object. This study was designed to examine the effect on target localization of removing one fixation pin or post. Methods. A stereotactic frame was applied to a head phantom by using four fixation pins. Contiguous axial computerized tomography (CT) slices (1 mm thick) were obtained through the head phantom. Using clinical treatment planning software, a marker was identified and its coordinates were determined. The imaging procedure and point localization were repeated independently seven times in the control configuration, after four-pin fixation, to study reproducibility. Standard deviations in marker coordinates were 0.013, 0.046, and 0.039 mm along the x, y, and z axes, respectively, indicating excellent reproducibility. Each of the four pins was then removed separately, leaving three pins providing fixation to the skull. Imaging was repeated for each three-pin configuration. To simulate the forces at each pin-skull interface, a lever arm was connected to the head phantom allowing application of variable torque to the system. The CT scans were obtained for each torque strength and pin removal combination. Marker coordinates were compared with the control. Conclusions. In most cases, it was found that accurate target positioning could be achieved after removal of a single pin and/or post. When high torque was used, however, removal of a pin resulted in up to a 1.2-mm error. The findings may be significant for clinical practice, depending on the condition being treated.

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46

Wang, Yao, Xiaodong Wang, Zhidong Guan, Jifeng Xu, and Xia Guo. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation on C/SiC Composite Z-Pinned/Bonded Hybrid Single-Lap Joints." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051130.

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Z-pinned/bonded joints are great potential connection components that have been used in the 2D C/SiC composite structures; however, the hybrid joints present complex failure mechanism considering the secondary deposited SiC matrix in the clearance. Therefore, the mechanical performance and failure mechanism of the joints are investigated through experimental and numerical methods in this paper. Experiment results show that two peaks exist in the load–displacement curves. The first load peak is 2891–4172 N with the corresponding displacement of 0.10–0.15 mm, and the second load peak is 2670–2919 N with the corresponding displacement of 0.21–0.25 mm. Besides that, the secondary deposited SiC matrix exhibits discrete distribution, and it has significant effects on the failure mechanism. Validated by experimental data, the proposed three-dimensional numerical model based on modified Hashin’s criterion and fastener element can predict the mechanical performance and failure process. The numerical results indicate that the first load peak is dominated by the deposited SiC matrix near the edge, while the second peak is dominated by the z-pin and the SiC matrix near the z-pin. Moreover, the effects of the deposited SiC matrix’s strength and distribution are discussed, which is meaningful to the optimal design of C/SiC composite z-pinned/bonded hybrid single-lap joints.

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Ghasemnejad, H., V. Thomas, and H. Hadavinia. "Mixed-Mode Delamination Failure of Z-Pinned Hybrid Laminated Composites." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.453.

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The mixed-Mode interlaminar fracture toughness, GI/IIC, of z-pinned hybrid laminated composites is studied to investigate the effect of 3D-composites on the crack propagation resistance of delaminated composite structures. In this regard, the mixed-Mode interlaminar fracture toughness, GI/IIC, was measured using asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) test method. The hybrid ADCB and z-pinned hybrid composite beams were laid-up from [G0/C0]4, [G0/C90]4, [G90/C0]4 and [G90/C90]4 to study the effect of z-pinning on the interlaminar fracture toughness. From the obtained results from test it was found that the resistance of z-pin fibres against the crack propagation in z-pinned hybrid composites can significantly increase the mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness.

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48

Du, L., Jiao Guiqiong, and Huang Tao. "Z-pin Reinforcement on the Core Shear Properties of Polymer Foam Sandwich Composites." Journal of Composite Materials 43, no. 3 (December 16, 2008): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998308099223.

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Li, Mengjia, and Puhui Chen. "A new FE model for predicting the bridging micromechanisms of a Z-pin." Composite Structures 223 (September 2019): 110957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110957.

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Long, D. U. "Mechanical Properties and Structural Design of a Novel Composite Box for High Aspect Ratio Wing." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (June 13, 2011): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705711403524.

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A novel composite wing with Z-pin reinforced foam core sandwich panels was presented. It has high torsional and bending stiffness as well as improved damage tolerance. The collapse modes of Z-pinned core were summarized and developed, and then the failure envelopes under various stress conditions were given based on the Tsai–Wu failure criterion. An analytical approach was developed to assess the bending-twist properties of wing box, and the change of ply orientation of sandwich panel facesheets on the coupling coefficient was demonstrated. The Z-pinning parameter is determined by the applied bending moment and transverse loads. Numerical examples were presented to show the design parameters of Z-pinning for a given load case.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Z-pin'

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