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1
Beaud, Sylvie. "Masques en parade : étude d’une identité Han à la jonction du politique et du rituel : l’exemple du théâtre de Guan Suo (Yunnan, Chine)." Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100106.
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Les habitants de Yangzong dans la province du Yunnan sont membres de majorité han tout en étant régulièrement assimilés à une minorité ethnique par les personnes extérieures à la vallée. En effet, leurs tenues féminines s’apparentent aux costumes colorés qui font la notoriété des diverses minorités ethniques de la province. Pourtant, les habitants de Yangzong rappellent régulièrement leur identité han à travers un théâtre de masques joué lors du nouvel an chinois. Cette pratique, nommée d’après le personnage divinisé de Guan Suo, constitue l’un des emblèmes culturels locaux brandi à la fois par les villageois, les médias et les autorités qui l’ont promulgué patrimoine culturel immatériel national en 2010. Si les parties en présence se rejoignent sur la désignation de cet emblème, la façon dont chacun l’interprète diffère. Tandis que la promotion du Théâtre de Guan Suo comme « fossile vivant » de la culture chinoise par les instances officielles participe de l’élaboration d’un discours nationaliste, pour les habitants de Yangzong, la pratique renvoie à d’autres notions telles que le statut militaire, la mémoire et le terroir sur lesquelles repose leur identité han. Guan Suo permet ainsi aux villageois d’origines diverses de se réunir sous une même bannière et de s’établir en une communauté de culte rituellement inscrite dans le territoire. La manière dont ces représentations sont élaborées et s’articulent entre elles est examinée à l’aune des discours des différents protagonistes. Cette approche privilégie donc l’étude des différents modes de perception du passé, d’action au présent et de construction de l’avenirThe inhabitants of Yangzong, in Yunnan province, officially belong to the Han ethnic majority, and yet their ethnicity is often questioned by outsiders. The local women’s clothes, for example, tend to make them look very much like one of the numerous ethnic minorities. However, the villagers regularly reiterate their claim to Han identity through the performance of a masked opera at the New Year festival. This masked practice, named after the deified character of Guan Suo, became a major cultural expression of community identity recognized by the locals as well as the authorities. The practice was designed "national intangible cultural heritage" in 2010. Although there is consensus among locals and officials at different levels on the overall cultural value of the opera, the various actors differ in their interpretation of its significance: while the promotion of the Guan Suo Opera as a "living fossil" of Chinese culture is part of the official nationalist discourse, the Yangzong people consider the ritual opera a way to transmit their History and lay clam to their identity as Han. The banner of Guan Suo provides unity to villagers of various origins who can thus establish themselves as a cult community ritually anchored to a specific territory. This thesis interrogates these differing discourses to examine the way in which representations of identity are built and coexist as a means to reconstruct the past, act in the present and prepare the future
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Gros, Stéphane. "La part manquante : échanges et pouvoirs aux confins du Yunnan (Chine) : ethnologie des Drung dans leurs relations à leurs voisins." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100139.
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Cette étude ethnologique des Drung (Dulong) vise à situer cette petite société patrilinéaire tibéto-birmane du nord-ouest de la province du Yunnan en Chine dans la société globale et dans le cadre des relations inter-sociétales présentes et passées. Elle aborde les aspects relatifs aux transformations politiques, sociales, économiques et religieuses, en particulier depuis la fondation de la République populaire de Chine (1949). Alliant perspective diachronique et approche synchronique, cette étude identifie les forces de changement sur le long terme et révèle des logiques symboliques qui déterminent les rapports socio-politiques et religieux, en particulier une logique du manque qui articule les phénomènes de pouvoir. La société drung est ainsi abordée à travers des recompositions locales et un processus d'adaptation continuel qui permet à des valeurs essentielles de continuer à se transmettre comme de trouver de nouvelles formulations à ce que peut vouloir dire être DrungThis ethnological study of the Drung (Dulong) people aims at situating this small patrilineal tibeto-burman society of northwest Yunnan Province, China, within the context of global society and in a framework of present and past relations with neighboring societies. It thus tackles the issue of political, social, economic and religious transformations, in particular since the founding of the People's Republic of China (1949). Through the integration of a diachronic perspective with a synchronic approach, this study identifies the forces of change in the long term and reveals the symbolic logic that determinates socio-political and religious relationships in the region. A logic of want emerges in the local expressions and configurations of power. The Drung society is thus approached in terms of local recombinations and a continual process of adjustment and adaptation that allows the transmission of essential values as well as new formulations of what it means to be Drung
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Xiong, Hao, and 熊浩. "The feasibility of court mediation in today's southwest China : an empirical study of the grassroots courts in Yunnan province." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197096.
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Today’s legal system of China has faced many significant changes. One of the often mentioned challenges concerns the appropriate management and handling of an abundance of new and complex disputes. Due to the popularity of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Western countries, it began to draw people’s attention when designing a Chinese dispute resolution policy. With this fact being known and considering China’s domestic political climates and the Chinese practice of using non-confrontational means to solve disputes, one circle of scholars suggested that court mediation (fayuantiaojie, 法院调解) should be enhanced. In June 2009, this suggestion was adopted by the Supreme People’s Court. Concerning the challenges of courts handling disputes in recent years, the SPC has placed a priority on practice of court mediation. However, China’s situation differs from the West, and the existing scholarship lacks empirical research on court-connected ADR. This is especially true in southwest China. Thus, it is quite necessary for legal scholars to assess and examine the operation of court mediation in today’s southwest China in order to answer whether it is a feasible institutional arrangement in the southwest context. This will not only enhance our understanding of the nature and rationale of court-connected ADR at the intellectual level but will also perfect its performance in the future.
The purpose of this research is to contribute an empirical study on court mediation and attempts to paint a more complicated and nuanced picture of ADR in southwest China’s context rather than simply copying Western legal narratives to explain China’s legal reality. More specifically, through empirically examining the process of court mediation and the implementation of the relevant policies in practice, this dissertation intends to 1) investigate how court mediation is carried out in southwest China’s grassroots courts in order to answer whether it is a feasible institutional arrangement in the southwest context as well as what the problems are in practice, if any,2) provide suggestions for clarifying and redesigning China’s mediation law in the future and introduce a regionalism-based paradigm to China’s legal studies and dispute resolution policy design as an alternative.
Based on empirical studies in the grassroots courts of Yunnan, this dissertation argues that although court mediation now is driven by “politically correct pragmatism”, it is feasible in southwest grassroots China due to the social context and the social embedment of the locals. However, the current “Mediation First” policy is still problematic because it may over-simplify Chinese complexity in the dispute resolution domain and has gone far away from the spirit of ADR by pursuing political goals as its priority and overemphasizing mediation’s role. The way to solve the problem is not to simply or ideologically restrict or limit court mediation; alternatively, it is necessary to establish more straightforward and uncompromising rules to exclude ill-suited cases from being mediated in order to improve its performance. Now is also the time to re-examine China’s nationalized, generalized paradigm concerning both China’s legal constructions and scholarship, and attempt to open up a new regionalism-based paradigm when analyzing China’s legal issues.published_or_final_version
Law
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Kott, Diana. "Die erste Stadt an der äussersten Grenze die historische Entwicklung der Stadt Tengchong im Prozess der Entstehung und Konsolidierung des Grenzgebietes im Westen der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2003/kott/kott.pdf.
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Li, Bing. "Patrimoine et mutation urbaine dans le cadre du développement touristique : le cas de Lijiang, province du Yunnan, Chine." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010660.
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Cette thèse porte sur le développement urbain, sous l'impact du développement touristique, des villes nouvelle et historique de Lijiang, dans la province du Yunnan en Chine. Cette ville des Naxi a été classée au patrimoine mondial depuis 1997 et a connu une forte croissance urbaine et touristique depuis une quinzaine d'années. L'enjeu est d'étudier cette petite ville des Naxi qui a subi des opérations urbaines importantes, conduites par plusieurs acteurs (les autorités locales et les promoteurs), à savoir: les diverses conséquences et notamment l'analyse des motifs des acteurs, les circonstances politiques et économiques, les particularités des modes de développement. La première partie de cette recherche se concentre sur l'introduction de Lijiang et sa région. Elle comprend les situations géographique, historique, économique et culturelle. Elle précise pourquoi cette ville naxi s'oriente vers le tourisme. La seconde partie porte l'analyse sur la modernisation urbaine dans les villes historique et nouvelle, dans le cadre du développement touristique. La troisième partie traite la nouvelle forte croissance urbaine à partir des premières années du XXe siècle, principalement poussé par l'expropriation et de la spéculation foncière. Enfin, cette recherche conclure que le patrimoine urbain est dénaturé et parfois endommagé au cours de processus du développement urbain. La nouvelle ville et des nouveaux quartiers sont créés aux dépens des intérêts populaires, mais en faveur des acteurs qui possèdent du pouvoir et du capital. Les responsables incontestables sont liés aux autorités locales et à leur régime actuel.
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Cam, Anh Tuan. "Le chemin de fer Haiphong - Yunnan (1898-1945)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3018.
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La construction et l'exploitation de la ligne Haiphong-Yunnan avaient lieu dans le cadre de la présentation française au Viet Nam, débutée en1858 par l'attaque du port de Tourane (Đà Nẵng) et interrompue en 1945, après le coup de force japonais et la déclaration de l'indépendance du Vietnam. En réalité, les processus de construction et d'exploitation de cette ligne avaient une influence sur la société et sur l'économie du Tonkin dans la période coloniale. L'objectif de cette thèse donc consiste à examiner ces influences socio-économiques et sociopolitiques de ce chemin de fer. De plus, la thèse vise également 1) à la vie des travailleurs sur les chantiers de construction dans la haute région du Tonkin, 2) à la rentabilité de la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Indochine et du Yunnan et 3) au rôle de cette ligne dans la Deuxième Guerre MondialeThe construction and the operation of the Haiphong-Yunnan railway took place in the framework of the French presentation in Viet Nam, started by the attack in 1858 at the port Tourane (Da Nang) and suspended in 1945, after the Japanese coup and the declaration of the independence of Vietnam. In fact, the process of construction and operation of this line had an influence on the society and the economy of Tonkin. The objective of this thesis is to examine the socio-economic and socio-political influences of this railway. In addition, the thesis also aims 1) to the lives of workers on construction sites in the Upper-Tonkin, 2) the profitability of the Company railways Indochina and Yunnan and 3) the role of this line throughout the Second World War
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Dong, Han. "Traditions et création : une approche de la culture Baizu sous l'angle de l'ethnomusicologie, Yunnan, Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0684.
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Etant musicienne et ensignante de la musicologie à l'Université des Arts de Yunnan, les expressions artistiques fondamentales du patrimoine immatériel de la culture bai, une minorité nationale du Sud-Ouest de la chine, à laquelle j'appartiens, sont l'objet de ma recherche. Celle-ci se situe donc au croisement de l'ethnographie et de l'ethnomusicologie. Après une introduction au Baizu, de la région de l'ancienne capitale, Dali, et des montagnes environnantes, à sa langue orale et au système d'écriture chinois, qui la caractérise, les recherches sur le terrain portent sur de nombreux aspects de cette culture, à savoir: les chansons et les jours dans la vie quotidienne sont présentées, ce qui conduit nécessairement à une ethnographie de la vie villageoise; les rites de mariage, les cérémonies funéraires et les fêtes, qui permettent d'aborder divers aspects de la vie rituelle dans cette culture. ; l'analyse porte sur la musique vocale selonj les contextes; l'analyse formelle des compositions poétiques et musicales: la dimension ethnomusicologique sera alors mise en oeuvre; le théâtre bai; la musique intrumentale et l'organologie; les fonctions de la musique dans le monde contemporain dans les chefs lieux et dans la capitale conduiront à une étude plus sociologiques des phénomènes de globalisation. Par cette approche pluridisciplinaire, je souhaite rendre compte de la complexité des ces expressions artistiquesComing from musicology and as a musician (piano), I have attempted to describe, analyze, comprehend and defend, the specificity of the Bai music - a cultural minority of Yunnan - its main features and the the influences it has received as of today. This work is an attempt at the crossroads of ethnography and ethnomusicology. After a brief introduction to the Baizu of Dali and the surrounding mountains, its oral language and madrine script, the inquiries in the field focused on : songs in daily life, marriage, funerals and feasts, allowing a presentation of various aspects of daily life and ritual life. Vocal music, as well as instrumental music, are then analyzed in context, (ethnography) but also the poetic and musical composition are analyzed at the formal level (ethno-musicology). Bai theater as performed by the villagers, instrumental music as well as dance are presented and analyzed. Organology and the manner to play the local instruments open the whole research. A sociological survey on the trends of today in a global world, bring the work to a close. By a pluridisciplinary approach we hope the complexity of the artistic expressions of the Bai intangible heritage is brought to light
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Lin, Chaomin. "Xin song ji." Kunming : Yunnan da xue chu ban she, 1996.
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Sun, Qianyan. "Les pratiques touristiques en voyage auto-organisé en Chine." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845903.
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L'évolution de la société entraîne une rapide progression du tourisme dans la société. La Chine, pendant les dernières années de croissance économique rapide, a vu son tourisme se développer avec vigueur. Avec l'augmentation de la qualité de la population et l'accumulation des expériences de voyage, une partie des voyageurs veulent se distinguer du touriste de masse ; le voyage auto-organisé, entant qu'un différent mode de tourisme, devient un favori parmi les pratiques touristiques des voyageurs. De plus, les lieux comme le Yunnan de la Chine ayant des paysages naturels et abritant des cultures originaires deviennent les destinations privilégiées du voyage auto-organisé. Cette étude a pour objet de rendre compte du voyage auto-organisé en Chine. Les analyses des enquêtes de questionnaires et d'entretiens avec les voyageurs auto-organisés rencontrés dans le Yunnan, ont permis de bien comprendre les agents du voyage auto-organisé, les procédures de la réalisation du voyage auto-organisé et la condition du développement du voyage auto-organisé en Chine. En outre, les analyses des entretiens avec les autochtones dans le Yunnan, ont permis de mieux connaître les influences du voyage autoorganisé sur les destinations de la Chine. En définitive, cette étude pourra contribuer à l'enrichissement des connaissances de ce qu'est le tourisme en Chine, avec une réflexion sur le tourisme anthropologique et le tourisme durable.
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王革 and Ge Wang. "Understanding ethnic multilingual learners at tertiary level : an ethnographic case study in Yunnan, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193062.
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Existing research on multilingual acquisition indicates that multilingual learners confront challenges not only in mastering new linguistic forms, but also in forming new identities, and especially when the languages concerned are socially and linguistically distant. This study shows that ethnic minority students in China (referred in particular as ‘ethnic multilingual learners’ or EMLs in this study) at universities can face more challenges than the ethnic majority, Han, when they choose to study English as their major subject. The Han’s content and method in English learning are straitjacketed upon them. The environment is unfamiliar to EMLs, and the EMLs are often regarded as “strangers” to the place. Their problems include the national examination system, medium of instruction, learning difficulties, psychological issues and cultural exclusion. The current educational policies in China intend to protect the educational rights of ethnic minorities, but ignore the role of education in inheriting and capitalizing their ethnic cultures. The current university curricula mainly focus on subject knowledge building and patriotic education. As a result, the “cultural self-consciousness” and “cultural capital” of EMLs are less emphasized and encouraged. Data are collected on two female ethnic minority students at Yunnan University of Nationalities (YUN) through ethnographic interview, autobiography, oral narrative, online chatting and field observation. It provides information at a micro level, on how the two students, who have successfully navigated through Chinese education system to the tertiary level, try their best to excel in the education system of YUN with English language as their major subject and construct their multiple identities, and what important factors are affecting such identity construction. The findings suggest that they negotiate their multiple identities successfully through their active engagements on and off the university campus to become legitimate participants in various “communities of practice”. These identities are shaped partly by their own heritage and partly by the present sociopolitical realities in China. Drawing mainly on poststructuralist and multicultural education theories, the study also examines the power relationship exercised in YUN and discusses the impact of this power relationship on the identities formation of the target informants. The national and local policies as well as the curriculum structures of YUN are analyzed to identify the implicit power relationship that mainly causes tensions to the education and language learning of EMLs. It is argued that multiculturalism, as a discourse of education, may help to ease the tension between being an ethnic minority and a Chinese national, and reduce the danger of assimilation and marginalization of these EMLs. To achieve the goal of multilingual education based on the notion of multiculturalism, a “collaborative” power relationship which facilitates the empowerment rather than disempowerment of EMLs should be the goal in China according to the framework of “ethnic diversity within national unity”. It is envisaged that with such multicultural mentality, EMLs will be more able to act not only as manpower for raising productivity of the country, but also as agents for social transformation and in the end become citizens of the cosmopolitan world.published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Jiang, Andong. "Geology, petrology and geochemistry of two types of stratabound copper deposits in the Dongchuan area, Yunnan, Southern China /." Heidelberg : Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37429055w.
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Kuo, Yu-i. "Entre le monde céleste et le monde souterrain : Les nipas, femmes chamanes chez les Akha de Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0355.
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Cette thèse est une première approche des femmes chamanes Akha en Chine. Les Akha forment le sous-ensemble le plus importat en nombre de la nationalité Hani, qui est elle même l'une des cinquante-six minorités nationales officiellemnent reconnues en Chine. La fonction "nipa" est en majorité assumée par des femmes, seul possibilité pour elles de figurer parmi les officiants. Dans un milieu où les femmes sont victimes de l'inégalité, les nipas ont longtimps zouffert d'être traitées avec néagligence. Le passage de femme à femme chamane exige trois étapes à franchir à la suite desquelles elles peuvent acquérir un rôle, celui de guérisseuses. Les niaps possèdent leurs propores esprits mîtres. Ce qu'il est possible d'apprendre sur le nombre d'esprits ma^tres et sur chacun : nationalité, caractère, cituation et occasions de leurs rencontres peut éclairer la connaissance même de la nipa. Entre ces deux-là, une relation étroite s'établit, tout comme la réciprocité d'un reflet dans un miroir. Saisies par l'état de transe, ces guérisseuses ont le droit de faire mouvoir leur corps devant le public en toute indépendance dans un style grotesque. Leurs mélodies psalmodiées révèlent la délicatesse dont sont nimbés ces esprits féminins. Mediums entre Ciel et Terre, elles font se rencontrer ces deux mondes disjoints par leur danse accompagnée de chantsThis thesis is a priliminary approach to the Akha female shaman in China. The Akha constitutes the most important part of the national minority, Hani which is officially recognized as one of the fifty-six minorities in China. The function of Nipa is mostly performed by women and which gives them the only opportunity to participate religious activity. In the society where women are victims of inequalitiy, the Nipa has always been treated negligently. For a woman who wants to become a female shaman, she must go through three steps, and only after those steps can she become a healer. Every Nipa has her own "Spirit Master". Understanding the information about "Spirit Master", such as identity, nationality, character and the encounter situation of Nipa and Spirit master is the way for us to get into the world of Nipa deeper. Between Nipa and her Spirit Master, there is always a solid relationship, like an object and its reflection of mirror. In the state of trance, the Nipa healiers are granted privilege to move their body freely in a grotesque way. The melodies of Nipa reveal a delicacy haloed by feminine spirits. Performing as a medium between Heaven and Twilight, their chants with dance make these two separate zones encounter
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Hennig, Daniel. "Magmatic evolution and platinum potential of SW Yunnan, China." Clausthal-Zellerfeld Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003546900/34.
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Lan, Daoying. "Ecology and behaviour of black gibbons in Yunnan, China." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343659.
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Sang, Kun. "Yunnan-Vietnam Railway Heritage Corridor: construction, evaluation and application." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424907.
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In the current period of rapid development in China and Vietnam, the pressure from urbanization has posed considerable threats to historical railways and other kinds of industrial heritage, especially those heritages with large scales and extents. As a representative historical narrow-gauge railway in Southeast Asia, Yunnan-Vietnam Railway related to China, France and Vietnam, is selected as the research object in this study from an international perspective. From the literature review of Chinese railway heritage and site survey on Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, it is known that this old railway is of historical, technological, social-cultural, ecological, landscape and tourism values. But some of its sections have already been closed or destroyed, waiting for further protective solutions, along with crises, challenges and opportunities. With an increasing perception of railway heritage and railway tourism, a comprehensive and cooperative protection strategy is in need to document all the related relics along the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, to assess its heritage value quantitatively and to support the tourism activities for its future redevelopment.
Meanwhile, spatial technologies have been evolved rapidly since their birth, connected more closely with history and archaeology, and applied to more practical cases and fields. GIS combined with RS and GPS is proved to have adequate supports in the protection for both cultural and natural heritage, for its advantages in spatial processing, analyzing, managing and information interpreting and sharing. This research, from a geo-historical perspective, mainly utilizes Historical-GIS as methodology based on the historical and geographical backgrounds of CFY, which integrates spatial technologies with multiple disciplines, especially the concept of heritage corridor. It discusses a solution for the protection and management of large-scale heritage through multi-level geo-analysis and applications. The original historical documents conserved in archives (historical photos, maps, etc.), along with other open spatial data, big data and fieldwork data were collected, systemized and used to build a heritage database. These movable documents are considered as a part of the CFY heritage, and the application of historical images into CFY study makes it groundbreaking.
After building a geodatabase in form of GeoPackage, GIS is combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process, Delphi Expert Method and Minimum Cumulative Resistance Model as a spatial integrated method for the construction and evaluation of CFY heritage corridor. Some objectives are fulfilled, including effective heritage management, regional coordination under various authorities, data shareability with other users and researchers and the supports for heritage tourism. Besides, an assessment tool for railway heritage corridor is introduced and updated based on previous research, discussing the indicators influencing heritage value of historical railway from five aspects: technology, social-culture, ecology, landscape and tourism. In this built heritage corridor, all the dedicated heritage resources are classified, and a spatial pattern of the corridor is also analyzed. As a result, more spatial applications are fulfilled on basis of the built heritage corridor and the calculated heritage value of the whole railway area, which refers to basic mapping of the heritage area, heritage visualization with WebGIS, geo-historical changes along the railway and data sharing through the ArcGIS server. At last, some suggestions based upon the study of CFY heritage are discussed and proposed for the future research on the protection and management of railway heritage in China.
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Ng, Tsui-shan, and 吳翠珊. "Tourism development in China under the "Go West" strategy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29810218.
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Zhang, Shinan, and 张石楠. "Oral health status, knowledge and behaviors of Dai and Bulang ethnic minority groups in Yunnan province, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206442.
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The Dai and Bulang people are ethnic minorities in China. Most of them live in Yunnan province, which is located in the southwestern part of China. This study aimed to describe the oral health status, oral health-related behaviors of the 5-and12-year-old children of the Dai and Bulang ethnic groups, the oral health-related knowledge of the 12-year-old Dai and Bulang children living in Yunnan Province, and the factors that influence their oral health status. An oral health survey was conducted on a sample of 5-and 12-year-old Dai and Bulang children in Yunnan, China. The children were selected using a multi-stage and purposeful sampling method for examination by a trained dentist. Dental caries experience was measured using the “dmft/DMFT” index,o ral hygiene status with VPI index and periodontal status with CPI index. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the children’s background, oral health-related knowledge and behaviors. A total of 833 Dai and 723 Bulang 5-year-old children were examined. The prevalence of dental caries among the Dai and Bulang children was 89% and 85%, respectively. There were 49%of the Dai and 38%of the Bulang children had carious tooth with pulp involvement. Their mean (±SD) dmft score was 7.0±5.3 and 5.8±4.9,
respectively. Their mean (±SD) dt score was 6.8±5.2 and 5.6±4.8, respectively. Higher dmft scores were found among Dai children who were girls, were currently bottle-fed, took sweet snacks daily, had higher VPI scores, had visited a dentist within last year, and whose father had up to secondary school education. The Bulang children, who took sweet snacks daily, had visited a dentist within the last year and had higher VPI scores had higher dmft scores. A total of 823 Dai and 873 12-year-old Bulang children were surveyed and their prevalence of dental caries was 40% and 35%, respectively. Around 90% of the carious teeth were left untreated. Their mean DMFT (±SD) score was 0.9±1.5 and 0.6±1.1, respectively. Most of them (Dai, 93%; Bulang 71%) had gingivitis and around half of them (Dai, 46%; Bulang, 58%) had dental calculus. The Dai and Bulang children who were girls and those who had visited a dentist during the previous year had higher caries risk. The mean dental knowledge score of the 12-year-old Dai and Bulang children was 7.2 ± 3.7 and 7.8 ± 3.6, respectively. In conclusion, the prevalence of dental caries of the 5-year-old Dai and Bulang children in Yunnan, China was high and most of them were left untreated. The caries experience of the 5-year-old Dai children was associated with gender, father’s education, bottle feeding habits, snacking habits, dental visit behavior, and oral hygiene status. The caries experience of the 5-year-old Bulang children was associated with their snacking habits, dental visit habitsand oral hygiene status. Dental caries was common among the 12-year-old Dai and Bulang children and associated with gender and dental attendance. Most of the decay were left untreated. Their oral health-related knowledge was moderate. Their periodontal condition was poor.published_or_final_version
Dentistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Zhao, Xinfu, and 赵新福. "Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution and Fe-Cu metallogeny of the western Yangtze Block, SW China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43572261.
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Li, Yongxiang. "State power and sustainable development in Southwest China : a case state from Ailao Han, Yunnan /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6509.
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Guyader, Frédérique. "Stratégies politiques et identitaires d'une mise en tourisme : l'exemple de Lijiang (Yunnan- Chine)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0142.
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Située à 2400 m d’altitude, au Nord-Ouest de la province orientale du Yunnan, la ville de Lijiang se trouve à la limite du plateau tibétain. À la suite du tremblement de terre de 1996 et à l'inscription de la partie ancienne de Lijiang au Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, le tourisme ethnique s’est construit autour de Lijiang, « la ville où vivent les Naxi ». Cette appellation désignait à l’époque une réalité démographique. Majoritaires en 1990, les Naxi représentent en 2012, 19,33% de la population lijiangaise. Le développement de l'industrie touristique et ses profits potentiels ont occasionné au fil des années une forte migration de personnes issues d'autres groupes minoritaires et de nombreux Han, désormais majoritaires à Lijiang. La politique d'ouverture initiée par la Chine à partir de 1980 a favorisé l'émergence d'un tourisme culturel et l'inscription de la vieille ville de Lijiang au patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco en 1996 a accéléré la mise en place d'une politique culturelle et la fréquentation touristique exponentielle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Parallèlement à ses mesures, la réaffirmation d’un état chinois multinational dans les années 1980, avec la création des minorités qui a induit un rapport de domination avec les Han. Cela a favorisé l'ancrage d'une vision hiérarchisée des populations annexées au cours des siècles au sein de représentations communément partagées. Ces dernières sont également présentes dans les discours officiels et les différentes mises en scène de la culture locale. Dans le cadre de sa mise en scène, la culture naxi a peu à peu été remaniée, remodelée à la fois par les acteurs nationaux et locaux. La question centrale de la gouvernance concerne entre autres les enjeux économiques et culturels (qui bénéficient des recettes du tourisme ? Est-ce les populations locales ou des investisseurs nationaux, étrangers ? qui sont les acteurs de la préservation des ressources culturelles ?). En séjournant à Lijiang et ses alentours, j'ai observé différents niveaux de mise en tourisme : Lijiang, épicentre du tourisme, Shuhe, l'un de ses villages connexes, et dans la région de Baoshan, économiquement pauvre et sans développement touristique majeur. L’étude comparative sur ces trois sites connaissant un développement touristique différent avait pour but d'appréhender le rôle structurant du tourisme sur la culture naxi. Extraites d'éléments de la culture des Naxi, leurs mises en scène cherchent à moderniser cette culture et le tourisme apparaît comme le principal vecteur pour y arriver. Ces faits constituent un élément hiérarchisant partagé par les Naxi, car la distinction ruralité/urbanité devient l’écho d’une dualité « arriéré » /moderne. Lijiang étant l’épicentre de la modernisation, plus on s’en éloigne, et plus la qualification « arriérée » apparaît. La spectacularisation de la culture des Naxi montre également une logique qui intègre les valeurs internationales (Unesco, Icomos) et résume la culture locale à des pratiques publiques éloignées de la sphère privée. La mise en scène de Lijiang qui associe préservation et marchandisation est créée par le gouvernement national et les Naxi. Ces derniers, qui vivent essentiellement de l'industrie touristique et de ses retombées économiques, sont également les acteurs de la métamorphose identitaire. Ils œuvrent pour faire connaître à travers le monde leur ville et leur culture. Cette mise en lumière leur octroie une marge de manœuvre relative dans la mise en place de mesures pour protéger leur culture. Plus concrètement, cela leur permet d’acquérir le soutien de la reconnaissance internationale dans leurs négociations avec les instances gouvernementales et, en même temps, de s’enorgueillir d’une culture officiellement préservée tout en étant au service de l’industrieLocated at an altitude of 2,400 m, in the northwest of the eastern province of Yunnan, Lijiang is on the border of the Tibetan plateau. Following the 1996 earthquake and the listing of the old part of Lijiang as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, ethnic tourism was built around Lijiang, "the city where the Naxi live". At the time, this name designated an ethnic reality. The Naxi were in the majority in 1990, but by 2012 they represented 19.33% of the Lijiang population. The development of the tourism industry and its potential profits has led over the years to a strong migration of people from other minority groups and many Han people, who are now the majority in Lijiang. The policy of openness initiated by China in 1980 has encouraged the emergence of cultural tourism and the inscription of the old city of Lijiang on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 has accelerated the implementation of a cultural policy and the exponential tourist attendance until today. Parallel to these measures, the reaffirmation of a multinational Chinese state in the 1980s, with the creation of minorities, led to a relationship of domination with the Han. This has favored the anchoring of a hierarchical vision of the populations annexed over the centuries within commonly shared representations. These representations are also present in official speeches and in various stages of local culture.As part of its staging, the Naxi culture was gradually reshaped by both national and local actors. The central question of governance concerns, among other things, economic and cultural issues (who benefits from tourism revenue? Is it the local populations or national or foreign investors? Who are the actors in the preservation of cultural resources?). While staying in Lijiang and its surroundings, I observed different levels of tourism development: Lijiang, the epicenter of tourism, Shuhe, one of its related villages, and in the region of Baoshan, economically poor and without major tourism development. The comparative study of these three sites with different tourism development was aimed at understanding the structuring role of tourism on the Naxi culture. Extracted from elements of the Naxi culture, their staging seeks to modernize this culture and tourism appears to be the main vector to achieve this. These facts constitute a hierarchical element shared by the Naxi, because the rural/urban distinction becomes the echo of a "backward" / modern duality. As Lijiang is the epicenter of modernization, the further one goes from it, the more the qualification "backward" appears. The spectacularization of the Naxi culture also shows a logic that integrates international values (Unesco, Icomos) and sums up local culture to public practices far from the private sphere.Lijiang’s staging, which combines preservation and commodification, is created by the national government and the Naxi. The Naxi, who live essentially from the tourist industry and its economic spin-offs, are also the actors of the identity metamorphosis. They work to make their city and their culture known throughout the world. This exposure gives them relative leeway in the implemention of measures to protect their culture. More concretely, it allows them to gain the support of international recognition in their negotiations with government authorities and, at the same time, to take pride in an officially preserved culture while serving the industry
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Wang, Yuejiao. "Représentations de la montagne dans la Chine contemporaine : une observation à partir de l’évolution des pratiques touristiques dans le Yunnan." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0089.
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Depuis le début de l’histoire du tourisme en Chine, la montagne est toujours un espace fréquenté assidûment par les touristes chinois. Pour les Chinois, elle possède toujours des images différentes qui sont associées à certaines valeurs spécifiques. L’évolution de ces représentations de la montagne comprend également l’évolution de la notion du paysage, qui a émergé depuis le Ve siècle en Chine. Les Chinois commencent à avoir certains goûts esthétiques sur le paysage de la montagne et à l’apprécier. Cette notion a évolué et qui est influencée par les différentes activités humaines, dont le tourisme fait partie. L’une des premières pratiques touristiques dans les montagnes chinoises est justement la contemplation du paysage. Ces représentations de la montagne ne sont pas figées. Surtout avec l’émergence des nouvelles pratiques touristiques comme la randonnée, les goûts esthétiques des Chinois sur la montagne ont changé ce qui, en retour, fait également naître les nouvelles représentations. Par conséquent, cette recherche porte sur une réflexion autour de l’interaction entre les représentations de la montagne et l’évolution des pratiques touristiques, pour appréhender comment les représentations de la montagne favorisent la naissance des pratiques touristiques en Chine, quelles sont les valeurs attribuées et comment cette nouvelle évolution du tourisme contribuera peut-être à terme, à bouleverser le système des représentations de la montagne en ChineSince the beginning of the history of tourism in China, the mountains have always been a place visited by Chinese tourists. For them, the mountains are not an unknown place ; they have always had various images of them linked to some special values. This led to various representations of the space among the Chinese society. With the evolution of these representations, one of the most representative forms, the landscape, has also come up since the fifth century in China. The Chinese people started to learn how to appreciate the beautiful scenery of mountain with aesthetic taste. The landscape as a spatial representation has evolved and it has also influenced the human being’s activities, just like tourism. One of the first tourist practices is contemplation of mountain landscape. These representations of mountains are not always fixed. Some new touristic activities like hiking have changed Chinese people’s aesthetic tastes Thus, this paper focuses on the interaction of the representations of mountains, especially the mountain landscape and the evolution of tourism practices, : how the representations of the mountains occur the beginning of touristic practices, which values they are attached to and how the evolution of tourism brings changes to the mountain representations in China
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Hou, Baohong. "Geology and genesis of Dounan manganese deposits, Yunnan Province, P.R. China /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh835.pdf.
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Hennig, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Magmatic evolution and platinum potential of SW Yunnan, China / Daniel Hennig." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003546900/34.
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Champalle, Clara. "Cash crops and climate shocks: flexible livelihoods in Southeast Yunnan, China." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114509.
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The rural landscape of the People's Republic of China has changed dramatically from land collectivization in the 1950s to the decollectivization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1979. By the mid-1980s each rural household had again become responsible for its own agricultural production, and food security began to improve, even within the most remote areas. To further this agrarian transition, in the late 1990s the central state devised the Western Development Strategy to advance its 'less developed' western regions, within which provincial governments subsidized cash crops. The aim of this thesis is first to examine the importance of cash crops and related subsidies for Han and minority nationality farmer households in Honghe Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China; second, to assess how extreme weather events affect these farmers' livelihoods and to investigate the coping mechanisms they employ. To answer this aim I draw on a conceptual framework that incorporates key elements from sustainable livelihoods, food security, and vulnerability and resilience to climate variability literatures. Focusing on four townships in Honghe Prefecture, southeast Yunnan, I completed statistical analyses of quantitative data regarding recent extreme weather events in the region and ethnographic fieldwork, including conversational interviews with farmers and semi-structured interviews with local officials completed in summer 2011. I find that state-sponsored cash crops do not always bring higher financial capital rewards and that cash crop farmers have been increasingly exposed to extreme precipitation and temperatures since the year 2000, which constrain their access to livelihood capitals, essential for (re)investing in cash cropping. In turn, farmers cope with and/or adapt to climate shocks according to their initial livelihood decision-making and the specifics of the event, while also being influenced by their location and ethnicity. In sum, I argue that farmers' vulnerability is rooted in social, temporal and spatial variables, many of which are not being considered by state officials.Le paysage rural de la République Populaire de Chine s'est considérablement transformé depuis la collectivisation dans les années 50 jusqu'aux réformes de dé-collectivisation instauré par Deng Xiaoping en 1979. Au milieu des années 80, chaque ménage rural est redevenu responsable de sa propre production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire semble s'être améliorée, même dans les régions les plus reculées. Pour intensifier la transition agraire et le développement rural, l'état a commencé à la fin des années 90 à subventionner les cultures commerciales au niveau provincial, à travers sa « Stratégie de développement de l'ouest du pays ». L'objectif de ce mémoire est premièrement d'examiner l'importance des cultures commerciales subventionnées par l'état pour les agriculteurs, particulièrement issus des minorités ethniques (Yi, Hmong, Yao, et Zhuang) et de la majorité Han dans la Préfecture de Honghe, Yunnan; et deuxièmement d'évaluer les effets des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes sur leurs moyens d'existence et d'étudier les mécanismes de survie auxquels ils ont recours. Pour remplir cet objectif, j'utilise un cadre théorique incorporant les éléments clés des littératures sur les moyens d'existence durables, la sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que la vulnérabilité et la résilience à la variabilité du climat. Mes méthodes comprennent une analyse statistique des données quantitatives des récents phénomènes climatiques extrêmes dans la région et un travail ethnographique dans quatre cantons de la Préfecture de Honghe, notamment des entrevues non structurées avec les agriculteurs et semi-structurées avec les cadres locaux au cours de l'été 2011. Je constate que les cultures commerciales subventionnées par l'état ne s'accompagnent pas toujours d'une amélioration du capital financier des agriculteurs et que ces cultures sont de plus en plus exposées à de fortes précipitations et d'extrêmes températures, qui réduisent l'accès aux capitaux de subsistance, nécessaire au réinvestissement dans les cultures commerciales. Par conséquent, les agriculteurs développent des stratégies de survie et/ou d'adaptation selon leurs moyens d'existence choisis et le type de phénomènes climatiques, mais sont également affectés par leur emplacement et leur ethnicité. En somme, je remarque que l'accès des agriculteurs aux ressources est essentiellement fonction de trois variables : sociale, temporelle et spatiale ; celles-ci souvent ignorées par les cadres gouvernementaux.
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Coffey, Courtney. ""Strong women" and "weak men": Gender paradoxes in urban Yunnan, China." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283919.
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This dissertation documents the valorization of gender differences in urban Yunnan, particularly as it affects women in their twenties and thirties. Urban women of this generation are expected to appear feminine and family-oriented in order to be considered normal/moral. Such expectations are underscored by popular commentary on the "strong woman." The strong woman, or nu qiang ren, is admired for her success in the business world or in academia, but is reviled as unfeminine, negligent of her family, and cold-hearted. Despite pressures to appear feminine and family-oriented, many urban Yunnanese women achieve financial independence. I found that women outwardly embody "gentleness" and other norms of femininity, while practically subverting such norms by focusing on their careers, or by voicing criticism of the hypocrisies surrounding contemporary gender relations. Furthermore, most men appear to prefer that their wives work outside the home, regardless of economic need. Such contradictions reveal how dominant ideologies are never reproduced completely. Nor are dominant ideologies applied evenly across social classes. I argue that the current valorization of a Confucian gender hierarchy is linked to the formation of middle-class subjectivity. Talk of "weak men" and the need for a men's movement in China reflects several different preoccupations, most prominently employment anxiety generated by the "market adjustments" associated with economic liberalization. Magazine articles about "weak men" also articulate a sense of urban anomie, the burdens of male emotional repression, and a variety of fears centered on women who are perceived as threatening in one way or another. Generally, however, the tone and content of the magazine articles analyzed suggest that talk about "weak men" is largely about male resistance to women's empowerment. Such articles, as well as popular commentary that ridicules strong, autonomous women, reveals that women have become scapegoats for men's anxieties. Popular gender commentary is linked in a dialogical relationship to notions of tradition, authenticity, modernity and progress. The tensions between change and stability provoke many paradoxes. Growing commercialization, generational differences and changes regarding marriage and sexuality are some of the other themes I explore as they enter into this network of referential meaning and practice.
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Magee, Darrin L. "New energy geographies : powershed politics and hydropower decision making in Yunnan, China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5648.
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Cortese, Ignacio. "Comparison of Utility-scale Solar Power Generation Technologies in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217922.
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ZHANG, LIAN-SHENG. "Age, duree et magmatisme du decrochement tertiaire du fleuve rouge, yunnan, chine." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077263.
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Pour dater l'age et la duree du decrochement tertiaire dans la ceinture du fleuve rouge, ainsi que pour l'etude de l'origine du magmatisme associe, des datations u-pb et rb-sr ont ete entreprises, completees par des analyses d'elements majeurs, en traces et de terres rares, et le tracage isotopique sr-pb. La totalite des 160 analyses u-pb montrent que l'activite metamorphique et magmatique a dure entre 35 et 22 ma, renforcant l'idee que la zone du fleuve rouge a absorbe une partie dominante du deplacement lateral necessaire pour expliquer l'ouverture de la mer de chine du sud, qui s'est formee entre 32 et 16 ma. Dans le massif le plus au nord de la ceinture, un evenement thermique a 60 ma a pu etre mis en evidence, suivi par un refroidissement a 500c a 50 ma, et a 350c a 30 ma. Des composantes heritees ont ete decouvertes pour la premiere fois dans des sphenes magmatiques, indiquant que le chronometre dans ce mineral resiste a des temperatures superieures a 750c. Les donnees geochimiques indiquent que les magmas mis en place dans la ceinture ont ete derives de differentes sources continentales, et les composantes heritees montrent que cette croute etait, en moyenne, d'age precambrien. Les terres rares indiquent que le magmatisme est plutot bimodal, avec les intrusions a amphiboles (syenites) d'une part, et les granites tres acides d'autre part. Les observations sur le terrain sont compatibles avec l'idee que les magmas alcalins montent dans la zone de cisaillement, de la croute profonde vers les niveaux intermediaires, ou ils induisent une fusion anatectique. Le deplacement lateral de segments lithospheriques provoque une fusion dans le manteau par decompression, suivi par une mise en place de magma dans la zone de transition entre manteau et croute, et une fusion de la croute inferieure
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Corneau, Sophie. "Agroforesterie, modernisation agricole et modes de vie Hani : Étude d'un projet-pilote au Yunnan, Chine." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41034.
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La modernisation et l’intensification agricoles sont depuis plusieurs années des priorités pour le développement économique de la Chine. Dans les provinces où les activités agricoles représentent une part importante des activités économiques des ménages, tel que le Yunnan, le développement agricole demeure un enjeu central au développement socioéconomique. Considérant le contexte actuel de crise climatique, de plus en plus d’attention et d’efforts sont consentis au développement de cultures durables ayant un impact écologique limité. Dans la présente étude, j’analyse l’impact de l’implantation du projet de modernisation agricole de Kubo dans le comté de Honghe sur les modes de vie des communautés touchées. Mon cadre conceptuel met l’accent sur l’approche des modes de vie ainsi que la perspective intersectionnelle. Les données collectées dans le cadre d’entretiens qualitatifs individuels et de groupe démontrent que les impacts diffèrent entre la population de travailleurs.ses (Population A) et les gens issus des communautés qui ont cédé les droits d’exploitation de leurs terres (Population B). Mon analyse se concentre sur l’influence du projet sur les ‘capitaux’ auxquels les populations ont accès, tels que définis dans l’approche des modes de vie ainsi que sur les impacts différentiés selon le genre, dans une perspective intersectionnelle. L’analyse est présentée de manière comparative entre les Populations A et B et aborde la résilience des modes de vie ainsi que les relations de genre. Il ressort de cette étude que l’impact le plus notable de l’arrivée de Kubo est l’augmentation globale des revenus des communautés touchées. Cependant, une analyse plus détaillée permet de noter qu’il existe des écarts à plusieurs niveaux entre les deux populations et entre les genres.
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Baziotopoulos, Con, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Utilising solar energy within conventional coal fired power stations." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060817.145445.
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Although the thermodynamic advantages of using solar energy to replace the bled off steam in the regeneration system of Rankine cycle coal fired power stations has been proven theoretically, the practical techno/economic feasibility of the concept has yet to be confirmed relative to real power station applications. To investigate this concept further, computer modelling software THERMSOLV was specifically developed for this project at Deakin University, together with the support of the Victorian power industry and Australian Research Council (ARC). This newly developed software simulates the steam cycle to assess the techno/economic merit of the solar aided concept for various power station structures, locations and local electricity market conditions. Two case studies, one in Victoria Australia and one in Yunnan Province, China, have been carried out with the software. Chapter one of this thesis defines the aims and scope of this study. Chapter two details the literature search in the related areas for this study. The thermodynamic concept of solar aid power generation technology has been described in chapter three. In addition, thermodynamic analysis i.e. exergy/availability has been described in this chapter. The Thermosolv software developed in this study is detailed in chapter four with its structure, functions and operation manual included. In chapter five the outcomes of two case studies using the Thermosolv software are presented, with discussions and conclusions about the study in chapters 6 and 7 respectfully. The relevant recommendations are then made in chapter eight.
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Qiu, Yue. "The Effect of Rainfall and Post-revolutionary Land-use Changes on Sediment Yield in Weixi Basin, Yunnan, China : New insights from multi-temporal land-use classification and radionuclide analyses." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1398876415.
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Fox, Pamela. "Causes of Han-Hui conflicts in the 1840's in Yongchang, Western Yunnan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28224.
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Muslim unrest and rebellion plagued nineteenth century China. Conflicts between Han Chinese and Hui (Muslims) in Yunnan flared up continuously throughout the first half of the nineteenth century culminating in the eighteen year Panthay Rebellion (1855-1873). The purpose of this study is to ascertain the causes of Han-Hui conflicts in one prefecture, Yongchang, in western Yunnan in the 1840's. Examination of the events in Yongchang during this period does provide as well, some Insight Into the causes of Han-Hui conflicts in Yunnan In general. Documents written by Qing officials, at the central, provincial and local levels, as well as local histories and a few documents written by Muslims, are examined in order to determine the causative factors of Han-Hui conflicts In Yongchang. The findings of this thesis suggest that deteriorating socioeconomic conditions in Yunnan and China, combined with the frontier environment and the mentality that it created exacerbated existing ethnic tensions between Han and Hui to the point of open conflict.
Yongchang during the 1840's was a hotbed of ethnic strife. Ethnic tensions between Han and Hui existed In Yongchang, and Yunnan, long before the nineteenth century. Religious and social customs set the Muslim population apart from the Han. There were distinct differences between Han and Hui and both groups wished to maintain strong ethnic boundaries. Under relatively prosperous economic conditions Han and Hui appear to have been able to co-exist with only minor hostilities. During the nineteenth century, however, the economy of Yunnan was in a state of decline and the population, due to immigration from China proper, had almost tripled. The resources of Yunnan were overtaxed. Competition for jobs and arable land became intense. Secret societies, banditry and anti-Muslim militia flourished in Yongchang. These conditions, coupled with a weak and inefficient local government, exacerbated already tense relations between Han and Hui. Open conflict was the result.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Li, Li. "The role of tourism in regional development : a case study of Yunnan China." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21746.
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Tourism in China has been experiencing rapid growth since 1978 with aggressive implementation of a more liberal economic policy and opening up to the outside world, patricularly in the underdeveloped western region of China. Although tourism growth is a significant factor in China's continuing economic prosperity, which has been advocated by numerous scholars and international organisations, the role of tourism in regional development is still up for debate. The widening gaps between urban and rural areas, and the imbalance in development between the eastern region and western region in China, are continuing concerns. This study seeks to contribute empirically to this debate by exploring the role of tourism development in the regional development strategy in China. This study intends to capture evidence of tourism development in Yunnan Province, situated in Southwest China by assessing the establishment of tourism as a major industry for regional development and identifying the influence of tourism development on the process of regional development and modernisation. The case study as a methodological approach has been implemented for this purpose. The author undertook systematic reviews of reports, archival records and journals from a wide variety of sources on Yunnan tourism development. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with local government officials, enterprises managers and academicians in Yunnan Province. Tourism in Yunnan has been recognised as a pillar industry for its rich tourism resources and regional conditions providing a comparative advantage in relation to development. This study addresses the guidance role of local government and the formulation of special policies at the regional level for supporting tourism as a pillar industry. This evidence primarily suggests that tourism can play a stimulating and enhancing role in underdeveloped areas where development is needed as part of the process of modernisation. This study concludes by supporting the contention that tourism has made a substantial contribution to development in Yunnan.
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Barton, Andrew P. "Soil erosion and conservation on arable sub-tropical ultisols in Yunnan province, China." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310709.
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Schoenbohm, Lindsay M. (Lindsay Marie) 1976. "Cenozoic tectonic and geomorphic evolution of the Red River Region, Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28618.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2004.Some pages folded.
Includes bibliographical references.
(cont.) Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system during growth of the southeast plateau margin. Cosmogenic ²⁶A1 and ¹⁰Be basin-wide erosion rate and burial ages indicate a background incision rate of [approximately] 0.05 to 0.10 mm/a, lower than the long-term incision rate minimum of [approximately] 0.26 mm/a. Cosmogenically-determined incision rate approximately doubles to [approximately] 0.20 mm/a in the region of maximum dip-slip displacement on the Red River fault. This thesis also develops a new cosmogenic tool for quantitative landscape analysis: using depth dependence data for multiple cosmogenic nuclides from a single site to constrain an erosion history. This method is applied in the Dry Valleys region of Antarctica.
This thesis outlines the Cenozoic development of the Red River region, exploring regional landscape evolution and tectonic accommodation of the India-Eurasia collision, focusing on the Oligo-Miocene, left-lateral Ailao Shan shear zone and the active, right-lateral Red River fault on the northeast margin of the shear zone, along which the Red River has incised a deep valley. Oligo-Miocene fluvial and alluvial conglomerates in the valley record shear zone unroofing: pervasive, syn-depositional shortening indicates transpressional exhumation. A low-relief landscape, developed in Late Miocene time, was probably uplifted in Pliocene time, triggering the incision of the Red River and isolating the low-relief landscape from modem base level. On the basis of stratigraphic data, river incision began in Pliocene time or later. Tributary longitudinal profiles indicate two-phase incision, the result of pulsed plateau growth or trunk channel adjustments to changing climate conditions. Paleo-Red River reconstruction indicates [approximately] 1400 m river incision, 1400-1500 m surface uplift and 750 m vertical displacement across the northern part of the Red River fault. Minimum right-lateral displacement on the fault is 40 km, 15-16 km of which predates river incision, plateau growth and development of other regional fault systems. Long term average slip-rate is a minimum of [approximately] 5 mm/yr. Rotation of a crustal fragment around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, bounded on the east by the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, causes deflection of the Red River fault, accommodated by distributed shear along strike of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. The Red River fault has decreased in regional importance since the initiation of the
by Lindsay M. Schoenbohm.
Ph.D.
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Löfblad, Maria Ulrika. "Constructing place : preservation and reconstruction of folk heritage buildings in Yunnan Province, PRC." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21135/.
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This thesis is about preservation of traditional architecture and historical village environments in Yunnan Province, PRC. It asks the question why there has been a surge of interest in preserving and reconstructing historical structures in the reform-era, particularly since the late 19905. Answering this question involves looking at national-level discourse on cultural heritage, including legislation and ideological reasons for interest in preservation. It argues that state interest in tourism is the main factor motivating preservation, but this interest is also linked to ideology, mainly state ideology on patriotism, cultural inclusion, and creating an image of the PRC as a cultural entity where ethnic, cultural, and religious differences are allowed, but only as long as these differences are played out within the parameters set up by the state, and align themselves with the aspirations of the reform-era state, mainly economic development. Hence heritage preservation in Yunnan, a poor province of ethnic multitude, needs to be placed within the context of state and provincial interest in tourism, as a way of re-asserting local identity in the reform-era. Heritage resources represent a way of taking part in the market economy for poor communities. How this is done shifts with location, and the actors involved, but the ultimate aim of preservation projects is linked to tourism, and outside recognition, and in this sense this interest is an outcome of state discourse on development, cultural, and local particularity as a way of attracting tourism. Hence the state has been the pivotal actor driving heritage concerns, and how they are formulated, and interest in heritage is played out within state approved limits, as a response to contemporary discourse on development and capital accumulation.
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Hua, Yi. "Teacher Perceptions of Teacher Performance Pay and Performance Evaluation in Yunnan Province, China." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1530192444.
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In China, teacher performance pay has been implemented for eight years, but teachers’ perceptions regarding its implementation have been examined seldomly. Exploring teachers’ perceptions is a path to hear teachers’ voices, inspect implementation practice, and evaluate impacts. This mixed-method study explored teachers’ perceptions toward performance pay in Panda School District of Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China through surveys, interviews, and artifacts. A total of 333 valid responses to the survey were collected and 14 teachers participated in follow-up semi-structured interviews. The quantitative results indicate low to moderate teacher support for performance pay. The qualitative themes generated through content analysis present teachers’ perceived merits and problems associated with the implementation of performance pay. A seven-factor model was extracted through principal component analysis drawn from the teacher perception survey, with 58.4% of the variance in perceptions explained. Significant differences in teachers’ perceptions toward performance pay and evaluation measures were found based on participating teacher and school characteristics. The findings suggest that local governments should increase funding in teacher performance pay if it is to be successful. Additionally, the specific guidance needs to be developed to regulate school-based performance pay programs that consider school contexts. Further, policymakers and school administrators should focus on the structure and associated evaluation indicators of performance pay. It is necessary for school leaders to improve leadership through professional development programs at the same time of implementing performance pay.
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常仙. "楊慎雲南詩研究 =Research on Yunnan poetry of Yangshen." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953553.
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Lin, Changkuan. "Chinese muslims of Yunnan, Southwest China, with special reference to their revolt 1855-1873." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284323.
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This work is a macro-study of Chinese Muslims in Yunnan, Southwest China, focussing on their religious and political activities in the mid-19th century under the Manchu-Qing rule. Its main aim is to provide a comprehensive treatment of their revolt of 1855-1873. Chapter 1 is a background survey of Muslims and their settlement in China before the Qing Dynasty. Chapter 2 deals with the origins and development of Yunnanese Muslims from Central Asian stock to subjects of the Middle Kingdom, and with their religion in Yunnan. Chapter 3 discusses Yunnanese Muslim social and political status under the Qing rule, and the causes of their uprisings: religious, cultural and economic conflicts with the Han Chinese on the one hand and oppression and aggression from the Manchu government, Han gentry and militia. Chapter 4 traces the early course of rebellions in the east and west of the province and the relations between the two groups. Chapter 5 gives an account of the development of Du Wenxiu's Muslim regime and the establishment of the Dali Sultanate. Chapter 6 is concerned with the Sultanate's failed foreign relations with western powers, particularly Britain, and the resulting hastening of its collapse. Chapter 7 analyzes the reasons for the collapse of the Sultanate, the success of the Manchu's suppression and its aftermath. Chapter 8 is a summary of the work. The thesis is intended to inaugurate further contributions to an area of Islamic history which, although neglected by scholars east and west, is nevertheless of considerable significance in the realm of Islamic studies as a whole.
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Chen, Jin. "Le dualisme Na : étude des chants et rituels des Daba (Sichuan et Yunnan, Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0544.
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Le présent travail a pour objet la description des systèmes rituels et des chants des Daba. Ces derniers sont considérés comme étant les spécialistes des rites et divinations du peuple na, un des nombreux groupes ethniques situés en Chine. A partir des données recueillies pendant les enquêtes réalisées durant la période 2004-2007, la thèse décrit et analyse trois cas rituels. Il s’agit du rite de vénération destiné aux ancêtres du lignage ou busina, du rite d’expulser les esprits maléfiques ou mukrabus, et du rite gibu consacré aux esprits gu représentant les ources d’eau. Pour chacun de ces cas, les Daba mettent au service leurs connaissances spécifiques des longs processus rituels et chants complexes, en vue d’atteindre des objectifs divers : soit, dans le cas busina, le partage des aliments avec les ancêtres et les autres villageois ; soit, dans mukrabu, l’expulsion des mauvais esprits représentant diverses saletés de la maison ; soit, enfin dans gubu, veiller à la satisfaction des esprits « ambivalents » gu, afin que ces derniers consentent à coopérer avec les humains dans les activités agricoles l’année suivante. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous mettons en lumière trois binômes ontologiques émergeant des descriptions et analyses précédentes : ils paraissent, en effet, constitués des rapports complexes entre les morts et les vivants, entre les mauvais et les bons, et enfin entre les humains et les entités environnementales. De plus, on remarque une tendance particulière de « répétitions » dans les méthodes employées par les chamanes na vis-à-vis des forces opposantes. Ensemble, ces relations et méthodes constituent ce que nous appelons « le dualisme na »This thesis explores the ritual systems and songs of the Daba, a class of ritual specialists and diviners among the Na of south-west China. Based on three periods of fieldwork carried out from 2004 – 2007, the thesis describes and analyses three types of ritual: the busina, a rite of veneration for lineage ancestors; the mukrabu, an exorcism rite; and the gubu, dedicated to gu spirits who represent springs. In each case, the Daba make use of their specific knowledge of long ritual processes, as well as of complex songs, to achieve various objectives. The purpose of the busina is to share food with ancestors and other villagers, mukrabu aims to exorcise evil spirits representing various forms of impurity, and finally gubu propitiates “ambivalent” gu spirits, so that they agree to cooperate with humans in the agricultural activities over the following year. By exploring the parallel unfolding and interweaving of ritual songs and practices. I draw out the principal characteristics of Daba ritual technique. In the final chapter, I highlight three ontological pairs emerging from previous descriptions and analyses. These emerge out of complex relationships between the living and the dead, between good and evil, and finally between humans and environmental entities (nature spirits). I also draw attention to the tendency towards “rehearsal” in the methods used by Na shamans vis-à-vis the opposing forces. These different methods and relationships together constitute what I call “Na dualism”
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Liao, Rui Oratai Rauyajin. "Reproductive health rights a wareness of the rural-to-urban migrants in Yunnan, China /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd400/4838031.pdf.
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Yunnan, Jiang. "Testing the occurrence of forward hyper-translocation during the promoter escape transition / Jiang Yunnan." Connect to online version, 2009. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2009/381.pdf.
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Jiang, Yunnan. "Testing the occurrence of forward hyper-translocation during the promoter escape transition / Yunnan Jiang." Connect to online version, 2009. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2009/381.pdf.
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Bi, Yan. "Impact of socio-ecological variability on the transmission of malaria in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64151/1/Yan_Bi_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a population-based epidemiological study to explore the spatial and temporal pattern of malaria, and to assess the relationship between socio-ecological factors and malaria in Yunnan, China. Geospatial and temporal approaches were applied; the high risk areas of the disease were identified; and socio-ecological drivers of malaria were assessed. These findings will provide important evidence for the control and prevention of malaria in China and other countries with a similar situation of endemic malaria.
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Gourbet, Loraine. "Évolution morphologique et sédimentologique des bordures ouest et sud-est du plateau du Tibet." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL0982/document.
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Le Tibet est le plateau le plus élevé et le plus étendu au monde. La formation de ce plateau, en arrière de l’Himalaya, résulte d’interactions complexes entre facteurs tectoniques et climatiques, ainsi que de la morphologie antérieure au soulèvement. Afin d’évaluer l’influence relative de ces différents facteurs, cette thèse s’appuie sur l’étude de l’évolution du relief des bordures du plateau en couplant analyse géomorphologique, étude de la sédimentation syn-formation du plateau et reconstitution de l’exhumation à partir de la thermochronologie de basse température.Cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence que le plateau du Tibet était déjà haut, aussi bien sur ses bordures est que ouest dès 35 Ma, soit seulement 20 Ma après la collision Inde-Asie. Il apparait donc que le plateau se serait soulevé soit en un bloc, soit de façon précoce par ses marges Ouest et Est, plutôt qu’en se propageant du sud vers le nord et vers l’est comme proposé par de nombreux modèles.Dans l’Ouest Tibet, l’existence d’un réseau de drainage anciennement connecté avec celui de l’Indus, a permis le développement précoce d’un relief significatif (supérieur à 1000 m) avant 35 Ma lors de la surrection du plateau. Ce relief est ensuite préservé dans un contexte d’érosion très faible (quelques dizaine de mètres par million d’années) associé à une évacuation des produits d’érosion vers le bassin de l’Indus. Cette connexion avec l’Indus est ensuite coupée probablement suite aux mouvements de la faille du Karakorum.A l’Est, la formation du relief est probablement plus ancienne que dans l’Ouest Tibet, car vers 35 Ma cette région, bien que déjà surélevée, est caractérisée par l’existence d’un vaste réseau fluviatile en tresse, impliquant une faible pente, ainsi qu’un relief local soumis à des précipitations plus au nord. La création du relief actuel, marqué par des rivières fortement encaissées, est probablement liée à l’évolution de la mousson sud-est asiatique ainsi qu’au fonctionnement de la faille du Fleuve rougeTibet is the widest and highest plateau on Earth. Tectonics, climate evolution and ante-surrection geomorphology are the main factors controlling the plateau formation. In order to assess the relative influence of these factors, we study the relief evolution on the plateau edges using geomorphic analysis, sedimentology and exhumation rates based on low-temperature thermochronometry.The results show that the western and eastern plateau edges were already at high elevation at ca 35 Ma, only 20 Ma after the India-Asia collision. This favors an “en bloc” uplift model for the plateau.In western Tibet, the hydrographic network was connected to the Indus river, allowing the early development of a >1000 m amplitude relief, probably before 35 Ma. The relief was preserved due to low erosion conditions. Western Tibet was then isolated from the Indus drainage network due to the Karakorum fault slip.The relief formation in Eastern Tibet is older than in western Tibet: at ca 35 Ma, in the Jianchuan area (northern Yunnan), which was already at high elevation, was a large braided river system. This implies a moderate regional slope. It also implies a local relief further north and significant precipitations
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Oh, Debora Lee. "Long-term follow-up of community-based drug and HIV prevention intervention in Yunnan, China." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1872920551&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Pellegrino, Alessandra Giovanna. "Understanding block rotation along strike-slip fault zones in Yunnan (China): paleomagnetic and structural approach." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4133.
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Data from this study report on the paleomagnetism of sedimentary and volcanic rocks cropping out near the Gaoligong and Ailao-Shan Red River Shear Zones. Fifty paleomagnetic sites were analyzed collecting 503 samples, during the first year of Ph.D., at variable distances (up to ca. 25 km) from mylonites exposed along the Gaoligong fault. Jurassic-Cretaceous red bed sites yield systematic CW rotations with respect to Eurasia reaching the peak values of 176 degree close to the fault, and progressively decrease moving eastward, up to be virtually annulled ca. 20 km E of mylonite contact. West of the Gaoligong fault, Pliocene-Holocene sites from the Tengchong volcanic field do not rotate. Thus, data show that the Gaoligong Shear Zone activity yielded significant CW rotations that were likely coeval to the main Eocene-Miocene episodes of dextral fault shear. The Gaoligong zone rotation pattern conforms to a quasi-continuous crust kinematic model, and shows blocks of less then or equal 1 km size close to the fault, which become bigger moving eastward. Rotation and width values of the rotated-deformed zone translate to a 230-290 km Gaoligong Shear Zone dextral offset, which shows that fault shear plays a significant role in Indochina CW block rotation.During the second year of Ph.D., forty-four Triassic-Cretaceous sites (425 samples) were collected at both sides of the Ailao-Shan Red River Shear Zone (ARRSZ), within the Chuandian, Lanping and Northern Simao blocks. Nearly all sites yielded measurable and stable magnetization components, but magnetization acquisition timing was different in the three blocks. Sites from the Chuandian block show a normal polarity and were remagnetized after folding. In the northern Simao block the magnetization was acquired before folding (about 33 Ma ago), but the ubiquitous normal polarity in Jurassic-Cretaceous sites suggests a pre-folding magnetic overprint. The data show variable and different rotation that do not display evidence of a rigid block rotation, but suggest that the northern Simao block is made of small (few km size) sub-blocks rotating CW, separated by non-rotating domains of similar size. Finally, a high-temperature (640-680 degree C) magnetization component suggests a similar rotational behaviour (CW-rotating and non-rotating sub-blocks) in the centre of the Lanping block. Conversely, a 300-640 degree C component was later acquired at 28% unfolding and subsequently underwent no rotation. The sites close (less than 25 km) to the ARRSZ yield great rotations of nearly 180 degree, which confirm past occurrence of significant strike-slip shear along the ARRSZ itself. Conversely, sites located at 10-15 km distance from the Chongshan Shear Zone show ca. 90 degree CCW rotations that imply a left-lateral shear along the fault zone, consistently with recent geological evidence. Summarizing, data from my Ph.D. study, together with previous evidence of rotations documented both near the fault zones and within the blocks themselves, show that crustal deformation of the Yunnan is extremely complex and still puzzling. The Baoshan and Lanping-Simao blocks underwent strong internal deformation and were likely fragmented in smaller independent sub-blocks whose kinematics and tectonics are still a matter of speculation.
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Wang, ShuHui. "Cultivation practices, maize and soybean productivity and soil properties on fragile slopes in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/116735.
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Sustainable agriculture in China is highly threatened by rapid urbanization, land degradation and high population pressure. Yunnan Province, south-west China, is 94% mountainous and lacks flat land. Food shortages and inappropriate cultivation have led to intensive cultivation of steep, marginal and fragile land and have increased soil erosion. To curb this situation and assist with poverty alleviation, it is crucial to develop more productive and sustainable cropping systems. An experiment was conducted on sloping areas from 1999 to 2001 in Wang Jia Catchment, Yunnan Province. The project aim was to evaluate the effects of five selected cultivation practices on maize productivity and soil properties. The treatments were: (1) downslope cultivation without mulch, (2) contour cultivation without mulch, (3) contour cultivation with polythene mulch, (4) contour cultivation with polythene and wheat straw mulch (Integrated Contour with Plastic and Straw Mulch Treatment, INCOPLAST) and (5) contour cultivation with polythene mulch and intercropping, wide and narrow row spacing, with soybean in wide row spacing. Crop growth parameters and soil physical properties were measured throughout the cropping seasons. Considering three years data, contour cultivation with polythene mulch generally increased soil temperature by a mean of 1-2°C. The polythene retained considerably more soil moisture during dry weather. However, during wet weather, polythene prevented rainfall directly falling on the soil, which led to less soil moisture content. The soil temperature and moisture regimes under polythene mulch made plants grow faster and canopies develop well, leading to higher final yields. The benefit of polythene was 33-54% more yield than downslope cultivation without mulch treatment, over three seasons. Contour cultivation plus polythene and straw mulch retained significantly higher soil moisture levels. The yield of this treatment in 1999 was ranked second, but in 2000 it had the highest yield and in 2001 it was also more effective than contour cultivation with polythene mulch treatment. Contour cultivation with polythene mulch and intercropping improved maize yield. The soybean harvest also contributed to net income, the crop had a similar function to straw mulch and increased N availability. Contour cultivation increased yields over the range 7.2-11.2% over three seasons compared with downslope cultivation, equivalent to ~500-1000 kg per hectare more grain produced. There were few clear trends in soil properties over the 1999-2001 period. However, N concentrations increased in the contour cultivation with polythene mulch and intercropping treatment. Both contour cultivation with polythene and straw mulch and contour cultivation with polythene mulch and intercropping gave apparent increases in total K, probably resulting from both decayed straw and decomposed soybean leaves. In terms of simple cost-benefit evaluation, downslope cultivation had the lowest input and output, while contour cultivation had a similar input, but a higher output. Contour cultivation with polythene had the highest net return. Contour cultivation with polythene and straw had a high output but did not give a higher net return than contour cultivation with polythene. Contour cultivation with polythene mulch and intercropping generally had the highest input and output and could give a higher net return than contour cultivation with polythene when the soybean harvest was successful, but over three years this treatment had the greatest risk from crop failure. It is recommended that replacing downslope cultivation with contour cultivation can increase crop yields and this simple action could contribute to the development of more sustainable cropping systems in Yunnan. Polythene mulch achieved higher maize yields but its environmental impact requires further study. It is considered that contour cultivation with polythene and straw mulch or soybean intercropping could contribute towards more productive and sustainable cropping systems where soil conservation is high priority. The technique could assist with long-term soil, water and nutrient conservation and improved crop productivity.
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Bizhi, Huang. "Effects of cultivation techniques on maize productivity and soil properties on hillslopes in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/302205.
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The rapid population increase in China from 556.7 to 1226.7 million during the past 50 years means China has one-sixth of the world’s population. This population growth has imposed high pressures on Chinese agriculture. Crop production and productivities have more than doubled, for example mean maize yields have increased from 1.54 to 3.91 t ha-1 from 1960 to 1998. Despite this, food shortages remain major problems. These pressures have also led to intensive cultivation of sloping lands, making China the country with the most serious soil erosion problems in the world. Yunnan Province, south-west China, has some 70% of its total of 6.53 million hectares of cultivated fields located on sloping land, most of which suffers from soil erosion. Furthermore, traditional downslope cultivation of these upland fields produces increased soil loss and runoff and threatens agricultural sustainability. Crop yields on sloping land in these areas have decreased by 30-60% in the last century because of soil erosion and in 50-100 years most topsoil may have been removed. There is an urgent need to develop more productive and sustainable cropping systems and the dual aims of this project were to investigate ways of increasing productivity of maize on sloping land, while conserving soils. This investigation was carried out in Wang Jia Catchment (25028’N,102053’E), selected as a representative area of fragile slopes in Yunnan Province. Five treatments (1) Traditional + Downslope planting (control), (2) Traditional + Contour planting, (3) Traditional + Contour + Straw mulch, (4) Minimum tillage + Contour + Straw mulch and (5) Traditional + Contour + Polythene mulch, were selected for evaluation and established on replicated field plots in 1998 and 1999. An additional experiment in 1999 investigated the effects of irrigation on crop yield. Although there were variations during the growing season and between years, straw mulch with contour planting increased soil moisture (0-20 cm depth) and was associated with lower soil temperatures. Polythene mulch improved soil moisture retention when applied after early season rainfall or irrigation and caused increases in soil surface temperature of up to 4-50C. These increases in soil moisture and temperature were associated with increases in Green Leaf Area Index, Green Leaf Area Duration and standing biomass. Grain yield was increased up to 51.6%, compared to un-mulched plots. Straw mulch increases in yield 14.0 and 20.7% (nonirrigated treatment), compared with the control in 1998 (5.0 versus 4.3 t ha-1) and 1999 (6.2 versus 5.3 t ha-1), respectively. Furthermore, straw mulch appeared to be beneficial for maintaining soil fertility and improving soil structure. Irrigation improved early vegetative growth and final yields when early season rainfall was unreliable and maize grain yield increased by 39.5 to 59.6% in 1999, compared with the corresponding non-irrigated treatments. Polythene mulch and contour planting combined with early irrigation produced the highest maize yields. The results are compared with other published work, including research in erosion plots, where the effectiveness of mulches in reducing runoff and erosion has been evaluated. A cultivation technique combining polythene mulch, straw mulch, contour planting and early season irrigation is considered likely to be highly effective for increasing productivity and improving soil conservation on sloping land. This project is part of a larger programme, which aims to establish and evaluate a demonstration model at a catchment scale for more sustainable crop production systems in the highlands of South-East Asia.
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Milne, Eleanor. "Soil conservation in relation to maize productivity on sub-tropical red soils in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/93882.
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Agricultural land in China is being degraded, with soil erosion becoming an increasing problem. In Yunnan Province, south-west China, there is a long history of soil erosion due to soil type, climate, anthropogenic influence and because 95% of the Province is mountainous. Population pressure and lack of flat land necessitate cultivation of steep slopes. The Yunnan Government prohibits cultivation of slopes >25°, however policy enforcement would result in food shortages in the Province, due to a lack of suitable land <25°. Therefore, the most appropriate way to curb soil erosion in Yunnan is to devise affordable agronomic means of reducing soil loss, which do not decrease crop productivity on sloping land currently under cultivation. At present, very little research has addressed these issues. A research project, building on existing work from 1993-1996, was initiated in 1998. The aim was to test the hypothesis that contour cultivation and contour cultivation plus straw mulch decrease runoff and soil erosion rates on sloping land in Yunnan Province under maize cultivation and to assess the impact of these conservation measures on maize productivity and soil nutrient status. Thirty runoff plots, located on three different slope angles (I 3°, II 10° and III 27°), in three groups of 10, were used to examine three cropping treatments in a replicated plot design in 1998 and 1999. Treatments were downslope cultivation (control), contour cultivation and contour cultivation plus straw mulch. In addition, there was an unreplicated bare plot in each group. Runoff and soil loss were measured on a storm-by-storm basis. Soil nutrient status was measured at the beginning and end of each cropping season. Crop growth parameters and soil physical properties were measured throughout the cropping seasons (21/05–7/10 in 1998 and 22/05–2/10 in 1999). In 1998, seasonal rainfall was 1024 mm, ~28% greater than the 30-year mean. Soil loss was significantly reduced by contour cultivation on Slopes I and II. On Slope I, downslope cultivation produced 3.07 t ha-1 soil loss and contour cultivation reduced this by 81.4 %. On Slope II, downslope cultivation produced 19.11 t ha-1 and contour cultivation reduced this by 58.0%. The addition of straw mulch gave a further, nonsignificant, reduction on both slopes. On Slope III, downslope cultivation and contour cultivation produced 6.92 and 6.29 t ha-1 of soil loss, respectively, with contour cultivation plus straw mulch having 99.4% less erosion than downslope cultivation. In the much drier 1999 season, no treatment significantly reduced soil loss on Slope I. Contour cultivation significantly reduced soil loss on Slopes II and III. On Slope II, downslope and contour cultivation produced 11.52 t ha-1 of soil loss and contour cultivation reduced this by 85.8%. On Slope III, downslope and contour cultivation produced 8.62 and 0.23 t ha-1, respectively; a reduction of 97.3% by contour cultivation. The addition of straw mulch did not further decrease soil loss. Treatment effects on soil nutrient status varied between the two years. At the end of the 1998 season, there was significantly higher soil available N under contour cultivation plus straw mulch on all three slopes (Slopes I and II P <0.001, Slope III P <0.05), an effect that was not found in 1999. At the end of the 1999 season, soil available K was significantly (P <0.001) higher under contour cultivation plus straw mulch on Slope III. In both years, contour cultivation plus straw mulch significantly reduced soil temperature. However, this did not result in yield reductions in comparison with the control. There was an increase in soil moisture content under contour cultivation plus straw mulch during dry periods, which was particularly noticeable in 1999. In 1998, there were no significant treatment effects on grain or shoot yield. In 1999, on Slope II, contour cultivation plus straw mulch significantly increased grain yield by 50.3% compared with the downslope treatment (P <0.05). In 1999, contour cultivation plus straw mulch also significantly increased leaf plus stem yield on Slopes I and II by 12.4 and 36.8%, respectively. It is concluded that on ≤10° slopes, contour cultivation alone is a suitable soil conservation measure. However, use of straw mulch would benefit soil moisture and nutrient status and could, therefore, increase crop yield. On ≥27° slopes, it is recommended that contour cultivation plus straw mulch be used as a soil conservation measure to ensure maximum soil conservation, even in extreme rainfall conditions.