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1
Whitehouse, Steven Thomas. "Youth unemployment in the European Community." Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374601.
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4069.
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Magister Commercii - MComSouth Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force, employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys (LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail, before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.
3
Celik, Kezban. "Unemployment Experience Of Youth In Ankara And Sanliurfa." Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607787/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE OF YOUTH IN ANKARA AND SANLIURFA
Çelik, Kezban Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Sibel Kalaycioglu September 2006, 367 pages This thesis aims to analyse how joblessness is experienced by unemployed youth, which factors are involved in this experience, what are their coping strategies and results. Final objective is to understand the relationship between wage work, adulthood and citizenship for young people who are in the process of learning how to be adult. The study is based on the interviews conducted in Ankara and Sanliurfa with 329 young people, who had registered to iSKUR in the last quarter of 2003 and who were approached after six months of registration, 30 families of the unemployed youth and 21 decision-makers of both provinces. The results of the study represent only the survey group. The study found that &
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family&
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is the most important institution in the experience of unemployed youth due to the scarce welfare state implementation and limited number and low quality of jobs created in the labour market. Therefore, family resources are crucial in the management of unemployment experience. It is not a reason itself for unemployment, but poor resources increase the need for wage work of youth labour. Youth who are heavily dependent on family support cope with unemployment in two ways: early adulthood or postponed adulthood. They try to overcome their unclear stage between childhood and adulthood through finding a job accompanied by other criteria of being adult. The former leads to the reproduction of earlier family patterns and intergenerational transfer of poverty, while the latter means to postpone the exercise of adult rights. With heavy dependence on family, unemployed youth learn to be &
#8216
good family members&
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. This has an eroding effect on their trust and respect towards the state and its institutions as expressed by one interviewee, my State is my father. As a result, their chance to become active, participatory, responsible, entrepreneur individuals as required by new system decrease dramatically. Keywords: Wage work, youth unemployment, experience of unemployment.
4
Sechele, Latang T. "Youth unemployment and self-employment in contemporary Botswana." Thesis, University of Essex, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537946.
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee AH. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4062.
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South Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular
among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging
from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The
South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with
the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a
literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there
is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the
demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force,
employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using
the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys
(LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to
unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have
never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail,
before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies
that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of
the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in
greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of
the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the
youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers
could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy
programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is
concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to
stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It
needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting
discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works
Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if
the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.Magister Economicae - MEcon
6
Chow, Suet-mei Gloria. "An analysis of the Hong Kong government policy in tackling youth unemployment." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38282410.
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Gomez, Marcos. "Essays on labour economics : the case of youth unemployment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/383980/.
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Shawa, Elizabeth H. L. "Youth Unemployment in Post-Democratic Malawi : A Policy Review." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74453.
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Although in the immediate post-independence period in Malawi there was an exciting and
relatively impactful policy programme devoted to youth development (skill training,
entrepreneurship and job creation), guided by the Malawi Young Pioneers Act of 1963, this
momentum and focus on youth has largely disappeared. This is a function of both structure and
agency. With this in mind, the thesis aims to explicate why, specifically, in the post-democracy
period (1994 - to date), various administrations have consistently neglected youth employment as
a priority policy area. In attempt to answer this question the thesis gives a critical analysis/review
of the current National Youth Policy of Malawi.
A multi-faceted and multi prolonged qualitative exploratory research exercise which used
Triangulation was deployed. The technique facilitated validation of data through cross
verification from multiple perspectives including literature review, Focus Group Discussions and
individual face to face interviews with key stakeholders in youth development. Based on the
research findings, the thesis concludes that three aspects in Malawi’s youth development journey
can be underlined. First, there is recognition that unlike many countries elsewhere in the world,
the well-being of young people has always featured prominently in Malawi’s legislative history.
To this day and despite the obvious institutional flaws, Malawi boasts a department and Ministry
devoted to youth affairs. In addition, there is a “Youth Parliament” and a “Youth Council”.
Second and the above notwithstanding, there are major chasms between policy intent and actual
policy implementation. The thesis explored these gaps, omissions and silences in Malawi’s
current youth development policy trajectory. Finally, chapter seven sets out recommendations
and an alternative policy pipe-line that could correct the inconsistencies and lack of impact. The
conclusion shows that a policy with a solid implementation strategy, action points, evaluation
framework etc. would go a long way in stimulating growth, job-creation, improved skills and
training plans that are appropriate for Malawi’s youth in the twenty first century.Thesis (PhD) --University of Pretoria, 2020.
Anthropology and Archaeology
PhD
Unrestricted
9
Mphela, Nkwe. "Determinants of youth unemployment in Aganang Municipality, Limpopo Province." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29050.
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Employment is one of the most significant determinants of the welfare of any nation. Any significant changes in employment (i.e. increase/decrease) will subsequently affect the wellbeing of the household. The unemployment rates in South Africa are among the highest in the world, currently standing at 25.2 per cent (i.e. by the narrow definition of unemployment) based on figures released by Statistics South Africa. Limpopo tends to have the highest proportion of rural dwellers in the South Africa, hence it is expected that socioeconomic conditions in the province are inferior to the national average; with the consequence of a high youth unemployment rate. This study seeks to find the determinants of youth unemployment in the Aganang municipality of the Limpopo province using census 2011, complemented by QLFs 2007-2010. This study used the same approach that Kyei and Gyekye followed by employing Regression, Principal, Component and Cluster analyses. Three variables, gender, training and education were categorised into twelve as independent variables. The study concluded that in the Aganang municipality, no education (that is no schooling or primary schooling) particularly for females, caused the level of Youth unemployment to rise, while a bachelor's degree and / or training, brought about a reduction in Youth unemployment.
10
Sheppard, Tina. "Means of survival : youth unemployment and entrepreneurial training in Newfoundland /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,165886.
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Agbai, Edward. "Pathways to Entrepreneurship Training towards Addressing Youth Unemployment in Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10811606.
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The inadequacy of entrepreneurial knowledge among 21-25 year olds in Nigeria with recent undergraduate degrees has led to youth unemployment after graduating from universities. The development of entrepreneurship skills through entrepreneurship education programs for the students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria may bridge the unemployment gap. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this exploratory multiple case study was to gain a robust common understanding of how undergraduates from 21-25 years old can obtain the entrepreneurial knowledge required for self-employment in Nigeria. Data collection involved semistructured interviews, field notes, and archived training documents, with a purposeful sample of 15 undergraduate degree holders over 21 years old, who had been self-employed, in different industries and possessed entrepreneurial knowledge and experiences. Using Yin’s 5 step data analysis process, member checking, and triangulation resulted in the emergence of codes, themes, and categories. The key themes were knowledge of business management, identification of business opportunities, information from workshop and seminars, information from social media and customer service, information on innovation, and mentor and mentee relationship. The findings from this study provide the empirical evidence needed to support entrepreneurship education as well as insight on tertiary institutions’ commitment to entrepreneurship education that may lead to the creation of employment and empowers entrepreneurs towards national growth and development. The implications for positive social change include reshaping the way undergraduates prepare for self-employment, leading to a reduction of unemployment among youths in Nigeria.
12
Foley, Kathleen. "Adaptation of anglophone Montreal youth to prolonged periods of unemployment." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59401.
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This study was an attempt to combine both the psychological and lifestyles approaches and use qualitative research techniques in order to explore how young anglophones living in Montreal adapted to prolonged periods of unemployment. I examined how these young people felt their well-being was influenced by the experience of unemployment, what factors distinguished those who coped well with unemployment from those whose well-being declined, and how the mental health of respondents influenced their ability to adapt their lifestyle to accommodate prolonged periods of unemployment. This study provides detailed data about young people's subjective experience of unemployment and indicates the means by which three variables, social support, attributed cause of unemployment, and commitment to securing employment, interact to influence a person's mental health status. Also, this research highlights how adopting either an active lifestyle or becoming involved in the informal economy can influence a person's ability to cope with prolonged periods of unemployment.
13
Furlong, A. J. "The effects of youth unemployment on the transition from school." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7938.
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Much of the literature on the transition of young people from school was undertaken at a time when employment opportunities for young people were quantitively and qualititavely different from the 1980's. This thesis uses data collected in a longitudinal study in order to examine the youth transition in the 1980's. The young people whose experiences are studied, follow various post-sixteen routes. Not all the young people in this study have direct personal experience of unemployment, yet high levels of youth unemployment in a local labour market are shown to have far reaching consequences. On an empirical level, this thesis makes a number of contributions to sociological and social-psychological knowledge of the transitional period. It examines the relationship between schooling and the local labour market, paying particular attention to the development of occupational aspirations. It looks at the development of work attitudes and shows how young people may develop "image maintenance" strategies in order to maintain their aspirations in the face of adversity. On a theoretical level, the thesis enhances sociological understanding by using an experiencial dimension to bridge the gap between the structural approaches which are often neglectful of the effects of human action and interpretive approaches which are sometimes guilty of neglecting the very real constraints on action. In doing so, it goes some way towards bringing together theoretical traditions which have long been seen as irreconcilable.
14
Agbai, Edward Perekebina. "Pathways to Entrepreneurship Training Towards Addressing Youth Unemployment in Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5153.
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The inadequacy of entrepreneurial knowledge among 21-25 year olds in Nigeria with recent undergraduate degrees has led to youth unemployment after graduating from universities. The development of entrepreneurship skills through entrepreneurship education programs for the students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria may bridge the unemployment gap. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this exploratory multiple case study was to gain a robust common understanding of how undergraduates from 21-25 years old can obtain the entrepreneurial knowledge required for self-employment in Nigeria. Data collection involved semistructured interviews, field notes, and archived training documents, with a purposeful sample of 15 undergraduate degree holders over 21 years old, who had been self-employed, in different industries and possessed entrepreneurial knowledge and experiences. Using Yin's 5 step data analysis process, member checking, and triangulation resulted in the emergence of codes, themes, and categories. The key themes were knowledge of business management, identification of business opportunities, information from workshop and seminars, information from social media and customer service, information on innovation, and mentor and mentee relationship. The findings from this study provide the empirical evidence needed to support entrepreneurship education as well as insight on tertiary institutions' commitment to entrepreneurship education that may lead to the creation of employment and empowers entrepreneurs towards national growth and development. The implications for positive social change include reshaping the way undergraduates prepare for self-employment, leading to a reduction of unemployment among youths in Nigeria.
15
Глущенко, Л., and І. І. Зіньківська. "Причини та шляхи вирішення проблеми молодіжного безробіття." Thesis, ВНТУ, 2018. http://ir.lib.vntu.edu.ua//handle/123456789/21219.
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Розглянуто причини молодіжного безробіття в Україні та запропоновано шляхи вирішення даної проблеми.The reasons of youth unemployment in Ukraine are considered and ways of solving this problem are proposed.
16
Mohy-Ud-Din, Sahar Iqbal. "A process evaluation of the National Youth Development Agency’s grant programme with respect to the beneficiaries of the Western Cape for the period 2013-2014." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4204.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAYouth today are constantly faced with enormous challenges and are continually faced with job uncertainty and scarce opportunities with almost no means to personal growth. Faced with bleak future livelihood prospects, youth make up a large number of the world’s working poor. Inadequate youth education and lack of labour market preparation still pose challenges for South African youth. They face sizeable constraints to entrepreneurship such as a lack of entrepreneurship culture; lack of entrepreneurship knowledge through formal and informal education; relevant business development services, unsatisfactory business support and insufficient access to financing. Despite this, the extent of research on youth entrepreneurship in Africa is deficient, even non-existent in some contexts. In response to the alarming rate of youth unemployment, the South African government had embarked on realising some of the aspects of the National Youth Policy through youth empowerment via a number of interventions. The implementing agency of all youth development policies and interventions is the National Youth Development Agency (NYDA). The agency has rolled out a number of interventions to address various issues pertinent to the state of the youth in South Africa. However, the specific interventions this study addresses are those related to entrepreneurship, specifically the NYDA Grant programme. Under the Grant programme, a number of issues are addressed such as provision of physical capital, access to resources in the form of advice, guidance and mentorship made available by the National Youth Development Agency to the unemployed youth in the Western Cape. While many youth development programmes have been rolled out both around the world and in South Africa, very little monitoring and evaluation has been conducted in identifying which programmes are effective and sustainable in the long run. At the time of this research, limited information had been accessible with respect to the benefits of entrepreneurship development programmes in South Africa. This research is significant in the sense that it bridges the gaps in the literature on youth entrepreneurship interventions and practical interventions in the field. Furthermore, it provides a lens with which to determine whether they are indeed a sustainable way forward for unemployed youth. Therefore this study conducted a process evaluation using qualitative research methods in order to ascertain if the NYDA is efficiently and effectively executing its mandate with respect to the Grant programme. The research objectives of this study were 1) to conduct a process evaluation of the National Youth Development Agency’s Grant programme, 2) to develop a theoretical and legislative framework underpinning youth in South Africa, 3) to describe and analyse the NYDA’s Grant programme, 4) to highlight the opportunities and challenges that affect the current implementation of the Grant programme and 5) to present recommendations. The findings suggest that the Grant programme has been relevant, timely and useful to young aspiring entrepreneurs providing them with the necessary support through the provision of stock, physical capital and other business support services such as mandatory entrepreneurial training. Despite this, young entrepreneurs still face challenges in sustaining their businesses financially and struggle with establishing a physical space in which they can trade. A number of recommendations were made from the perspectives of the beneficiaries and the NYDA Cape Town Branch implementing staff, namely: increasing staff to improve the administration of the Grant Programme, increasing the grant turnaround time, providing recourse to further funding and physical space and uploading the grant application process onto the internet to save time and money for both beneficiaries and implementing staff.
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Edwards, David Stuart. "The history and politics of the Youth Opportunities Programme 1978-1983." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019227/.
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The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the function fulfilled by the Youth Opportunities Programme (1978-1983) in its wider political, economic and historical context. There are three main sections to the work. The first establishes the context from which the Youth Opportunities Programme (YOP) emerged. This includes: an analysis of the origins and early development of the Manpower Services Commission (MSC); an historical account of government policy and special measures for the relief of unemployment; and a description of the circumstances and manner in which these elements came together in the development of the MSC's special measures policy, leading to the launch of YOP in April 1978. It is concluded that the initial role of the programme was essentially that of a palliative in the context of the Labour Government's social contract relationship with the trade union movement rather than being a positive element in the MSC's development of a comprehensive manpower policy. The second section is concerned with the actual development and performance of the programme in relation to its original objectives. This includes national level analyses in terms of both quantitative and qualitative objectives, and the conclusions of a case study conducted in the Portsmouth Travel-to-Work Area. The third section examines the significance of the divergences revealed between objectives and results, both in the context of contemporary political and economic developments, and also in a wider historical context which includes the initial progress made by YOP's successor, the Youth Training Scheme (YTS). It is concluded that, although YOP continued to act as a palliative, it developed beyond this towards a new form of active manpower policy consistent with a monetarist macro-economic context. On the basis of this analysis, alternative scenarios for the future are briefly considered.
18
Ekane, Duone. "The Context of an Urban Social Problem : Case study of Youth Unemployment." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54809.
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The advent of urbanization has paved the way for the emergence of varied social problems amongst which is youth unemployment. The occurrence of youth unemployment varies across countries with its nature and extent been determined by the local context in which it prevails. Youth unemployment in Cameroon is a major problem prevailing in urban areas in the country, based on the high rate of unemployed young people in the country. This study was set to analyze the prevalence of youth unemployment as an urban social problem with the goal of providing a better understanding of its prevalence. The problem was analyzed around the individual and structural perspectives with the aid of the individualization concept and human capital concept. Three themes constituted the central issues that guided the study of the problem; they are; views on causes, its impact, and measures adopted to address it. The premise behind these themes was geared towards outlining governmental as well as public opinion on the causes of the problem, as well as analyzing the measures the government has adopted or set in place in a bid to mitigate the occurrence of unemployment amongst youth.
19
Marak, Barbara Lea. "Social supports : their role in facilitating and hindering youth adjustment to unemployment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26886.
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There is little research data available on the experience of unemployed youth and the effects of social supports in buffering or insulating their adjustment to this stressful life event. Fourteen unemployed youth, between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four, were interviewed utilizing a critical incident methodology. The aim was to identify the factors facilitating and hindering adjustment for these youth as well as isolate sources of support (ie. friends, parents, relatives, or other key others). The research findings yielded information on the specific needs of this particular group of unemployed young people, and identified sources that provided specific forms of emotional, material and informational support. Recommendations are offered for supportive services and programs needed by these youths.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
20
Mandela, Mabel. "The informal sector and youth unemployment : prospects for labour absorption in Zambia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278429.
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The thesis discusses characteristics of youth unemployment in Zambia and the prospects of absorption of youth labour in the urban informal sector. This is done on the basis of both primary survey and secondary sources. The informal sector given the right support has the potential to generate economic growth. Unemployment is severe among the youth who are newcomers to the labour market. The problem of labour absorption in Zambia is investigated especially since the fall in copper prices and structural adjustment which has not created jobs. A combination of inadequacies of domestic policies and international recession have certainly contributed to the economic decline. The government mismanaged the initial copper boom. The country has relied on a single export commodity, copper. The employment problem has to be crucial in the context of a dual economy. Many variants e.g. population growth, rural urban migration and the paper qualification syndrome explain the supply of labour. The population is skewed in favour of the youth and most migrants are educated in search of an urban job. This helps to explain the high unemployment rate among the youth. The thesis concentrates on formal and informal sectors as evidence of dualism. Formal sector prospects are limited for well known reasons e.g. shortages of resources, fall in copper prices, price distortions, import substitution policies, development patterns and capital intensive technology which restrict employment potential. On the other hand, the informal sector which is labour intensive appear to have employment potential. Lack of minimal skill and capital among the youth, which are prerequisite in the informal sector act entry as barriers. This is in particular substantiated in the thesis on labour demand. The youth's views towards the informal appear to be negative. The mismatch between the youth's education and expectations explain this attitude. The possession of a school certificate raises expectations which make youngsters withhold their labour during their first job search. The youth desire white collar employment. The approach adopted is qualitative rather than quantitative because of nature and limitation of data. For instance, unemployment is not without statistical and definitional problems.
21
Mlatsheni, Cecil. "Youth unemployment and the transition from school to work in Cape Town." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9302.
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Includes bibliographical references.This thesis utilises, in the main, a unique panel survey of youth in Cape Town to gain insights into the functioning of the labour market in relation to transitions from schooling to work for youth. The Cape Area Panel Survey (CAPS) was conducted between 2002 and 2006, a period which coincides with upswing in the South African economy culminating in relatively high economic growth in recent history. The introductory chapters utilise cross-sectional data (Labour Force Survey, 2005) in order to contextualise the panel data analysis that follows in subsequent chapters. A large portion of the South African population is youth. Either this facet of the demography of the country can be converted to a positive social benefit through reaping a demographic dividend or a high price could be paid through carrying a large contingent of unemployed. Indeed, much of the country's social safety net, social returns on investments in education and health and even infrastructure depend on the absorption of youth into a productive place in society. The labour market sits centre stage of all of this. The softest version of the South African dream is that post-apartheid youth cohorts have better opportunities and possibilities than their parents. These intergenerational concerns require the delivery of better education and health care but also the opportunities to use these human capital investments in gainful employment. In the introductory chapter, the perspective taken is to look at the labour market entry situation through the eyes of the youth. What does the employment situation look like to the youth as they consider leaving education to enter the labour market? How does this labour demand picture mesh with their individual, household and community contexts that they bring into the labour market? Through this interrogation, the chapter teases out a few key barriers to youth labour market participation and employment. The operation of these barriers is then illustrated by looking at the reality of securing employment for South Africa's youth. In particular, the disparities in youth unemployment observed by age, race and gender are investigated in Chapter 2. This is done by using the Labour Force 2005 data (LFS 2005) and applying the residual difference method of decomposing group wage differences (Oaxaca, 1973) to discrete choice models. I find that most of the employment gap by age is explained by individual characteristics. Slightly more than half of the racial employment gap however is unexplained by individual characteristics while an even higher percentage of the gender employment gap is unexplained by individual characteristics. In Chapter 3 the nature and degree of duration dependence in the Cape Town labour market is examined using survival analysis. The CAPS has month-by-month data on job search and employment and is ideal for the duration analysis. I find positive duration dependence and a monotonically increasing hazard of exiting unemployment. Chapter 4 then investigates the extent to which the disadvantage experienced in securing employment translates into disadvantage in wages in the first job. A decomposition analysis of the race and gender wage gaps is also carried out. I find racial and gender wage gaps that are largely unexplained by observable individual characteristics.
22
Barrar, Erin M. "Township youth perceptions of poverty and unemployment in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3842.
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This study contributes to the understanding of how young adults living in Cape Town's townships experience poverty and unemployment in neighborhoods where both are prevalent. Unemployment is acknowledged to be a fundamental problem for township dwellers and yet the psychological repercussions on individuals in these communities remain largely understudied. While young people are the majority of South Africa's population, their voices frequently go unheard even with regards to issues that unduly affect them. In the last decade, a growing body of literature emerged using qualitative methods to address this concern. Quantitative analysis has shown that young adults - specifically African youth - bear the brunt of unemployment but research has yet to look closely at how unemployment shapes their expectations, attitudes and decision making. This research examines the effects of unemployment felt on an individual, psychological level as well as the contextual consequences of living in a neighborhood severely demoralized by widespread unemployment. Interviews with twenty youth between the ages of sixteen and thirty-two suggest that regardless of gender, age and class, (at least within the working class township community) young people are concerned with unemployment, which is often equated with poverty. In sharp contrast to the well-researched youth of the antiapartheid struggle whose lives were altered dramatically by the turbulence of those decades, these findings show that today's young adults in Cape Town's townships are ordinary young people growing up under particularly difficult circumstances, and with varying ability to mitigate the trials of their social worlds. Young adults in this sample are 'ordinary', in that when individually consulted, they cannot be categorized as a homogenous group. They have bold ideas about their future but their attention is often focused on the immediate. There are those who are ambitious and put their goals for personal success above all else. There are others who have high hopes but struggle both with their own decision making, and obstacles that set them back. Some are better-connected, some are more astute, and some are more at ease with their circumstances, willing to maintain the status quo rather than strive towards an abstract goal. Having little guidance from adults their influences are largely derived from their peer group, which emphasizes material culture and fitting in. Most believe in the importance of making 'good decisions' and aim to succeed but are easily frustrated by difficulties. They value the idea of education but do not always attend school or push themselves to excel. Even those who have achieved higher education sometimes question its merit in light of their disappointment in the job market. Despite assertions that there are 'no jobs' one finds that there are jobs but those available are less attractive when compared to the aspirations of these township youth. Their expected jobs vary with the level of education they have achieved however all desire employment outside of manual labor. This research shows that youth feel they can shape their futures but simultaneously expect their environment to hamper success. Success is largely viewed as a job or home that is 'better' than their parents, further distancing them from apartheid to which they feel no connection despite the lasting effects these policies have on the neighborhoods and institutions which continue to impair young people's growth. More specifically, despite aspirations for 'real' jobs in the formal market, the majority have ambivalent ideas for achieving these outcomes. Without examples of neighbors who have attained upward mobility, or access to information regarding opportunities outside of the township some youth's perseverance is stunted. The psychosocial implications of this issue have largely been ignored in South Africa. These interviews shed light on how the township environment interacts with and influences the decisions and attitudes of young adults. On one level, its isolation hinders communication regarding jobs, training or opportunities. In a social sense, the ubiquitous nature of unemployment stifles any sense of urgency, and the optimism of youth is often overshadowed by a sense of melancholy. There is a sense of defeat inhibiting the environment that affects young lives and limits their potential.
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Walsgrove, Derek. "Increasing free time, diminishing free space: a reflexive study on youth unemployment." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12212/.
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Ibrahim, Idil. "Youth Unemployment in South Korea - with a Focus on Parental Financial Support." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44320.
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The purpose of this paper is to understand how the belonging of young adults to different households may influence their job search. Youth unemployment has been consistently rising in South Korea due to the young people’s behaviour and decisions. The job search model was applied in this paper to look into the motivations and reasons of why job-seekers from high-income and low-income households accept job offers and why other prefer to delay their entry. The results showed that young adults from poor family backgrounds were more likely to be employed but with low wages. Young adults from affluent family backgrounds were more likely to stay out of the labour market due to parental financial support and prefer to wait longer until the right job comes along.
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Whittaker, Lisa S. "Young and unemployed : giving and getting recognition in peer groups and online." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3604.
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Economists have stated that unemployment has a lasting negative effect, particularly on young people. The present research examined the experiences of young people Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) in Scotland and the impact being NEET has on their identities. Specifically focussing on how these young people gain recognition and construct a positive sense of self. Three research questions are addressed: (1) how do young people give and receive recognition in their peer group? (2) How do young people engage with the alternative context of an online social networking site in order to give and receive recognition? (3) Are there any disagreements and/or misunderstandings between young people and employers? These questions are examined using three data sets: 16 peer group discussions with a total of 79 young people, 37 Bebo (a social networking site) profiles and questionnaires completed by 33 young people and 29 employers. Analysis of peer group discussions revealed the ways in which young people give and receive recognition and the recognition they feel they are given and denied from others. This highlights the complex transition into work for these young people and their struggle for recognition. For example, trying to balance avoiding ridicule from peers associated with certain jobs with their desire to find a job which will allow them to buy certain things and participate in adult life. Analysis of Bebo profiles revealed that young people make use of the existing structures of recognition within Bebo but also manipulate the site in order to gain further recognition in ways that could not have been predicted. Bebo offers young people the chance to gain recognition for popularity, sexual attractiveness and physical strength in ways which may not be deemed acceptable in everyday offline life. A comparison of the perspectives of young people and employers revealed a number of misunderstandings which hinder their relationship, for example the importance of qualifications. Analysis across these three data sets, and the social contexts they represent, reveals the tensions young people experience as they move between different structures of recognition. The main theoretical contribution of this research is a model of recognition in which the self is caught between different structures of recognition. This model provides an insight into what motivates young people to behave differently in different contexts, based on the perceived and actual recognition available. For example, online social networking provides a space for young people to receive recognition for how much alcohol they can drink, however this is not something they would draw attention to in a work environment. There are two applied contributions: (1) at a practical level, young people would benefit from more work experience placements and positive engagements with employers. (2) Most importantly, alternative structures of recognition are needed which recognise the knowledge and skills that young people do have. Instead of focusing on their weaknesses, we must help them build on their strengths. This would allow all young people to feel valued and more able to create a positive sense of self.
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GIANNONI, PAOLA. "Labour market policies and youth unemployment: a comparative evaluation between Italy and Austria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1099275.
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Europe’s attention to youth policies has become more and more marked over time and this has been precisely in order to respond to the needs created by the unemployment and NEET phenomenon, which have become major issues at European level. This represents a challenge for the EU labour market, made even more urgent by socio-economic changes, the current political crisis, and the health emergency linked to the Covid-19 pandemic. However, cross-regional differences are remarkably high. Available evidence highlights the gap in youth labour market integration between the welfare regimes of Central-Northern Europe and those of the Mediterranean area. In this perspective, this PhD thesis examines the main theoretical constructs of youth policies by performing an extensive literature review to better understand the differences in regional contexts and the factors that hinder or promote their effectiveness. The traditional Italian family-based and sub-protective welfare system, when it comes to these phenomena, represents a more extreme case of general transformations that are traversing Europe, as Italy is one of the European countries with the highest rates of NEET s and unemployed young people. On the other hand, the corporatist Austrian welfare state is based on a strong role of social partners and is characterized by a long tradition of incremental reforms and continuity in social policies, which tend to favour the entry of young people into the labour market through an integrated school-to-work transition.
In this regard, Austria and Italy were selected as case studies, through a multi-level and multi-method comparative analysis that aims to evaluate different aspects of youth policies in their complexity. An exploratory study, analyzing the data collected through a survey to investigate the implementation of labour market policies in the territorial contexts considered, permitted the definition of the evaluative dimensions on which the subsequent qualitative research focused. In particular, in-depth interviews with key informants, such as policymakers and experts at national, regional, and local level in the Austrian and Italian contexts, have allowed to compare the different perceptions and meanings assigned by the stakeholders to the policies considered and to evaluate, through the investigation of governance mechanisms, how actors interact at various levels and whether they intervene in the negotiation of policy choices. The outcome of empirical research also provide insight into the specific ALMP s implemented by the EU, highlighting the limits inherent in the activation of standardized measures to combat complex and highly diversified phenomena such as youth unemployment and in particular NEET s. The different views that emerged underline the complexity both the implementation of youth policies and of the system’s multilevel governance.
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SEVİNÇ, RIDVAN. "Promoting Youth Employment:An Assessment of Youth Unemployment and Transition from School to Work in Italy, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Turkey." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12793.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia das Organizações e do TrabalhoEsta dissertação apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o programa da União Europeia intitulado “Promoting Youth Employment” criado para promover o emprego juvenil. O objectivo de investigação consistiu em determinar os efeitos do programa nas perspectivas de empregabilidade dos jovens no decurso do processo de transição da escola para o trabalho. No âmbito deste estudo de caso foram inquiridos os 25 jovens que participaram na acção do programa realizada em Ancara, Turquia, de 1 a 8 de Abril de 2013. Os jovens eram oriundos de Portugal, Turquia, Eslovénia, Itália e Roménia. Realizaram-se entrevistas aos jovens, antes, durante e após a participação naquela acção do programa, incidindo sobre as preocupações e expectativas de emprego, desemprego e processo de transição da escola para o trabalho. Foram analisadas e comparadas as respostas dos participantes com recurso ao método de análise qualitativa. As expectativas dos participantes revelaram-se pessimistas devido à situação económica que os seus países de origem atravessavam, evidenciando as vulnerabilidades dos jovens nesse contexto económico e social. Contudo, alguns participantes antecipavam melhorias na situação económica nos próximos anos e que as políticas activas da União Europeia poderiam ajudar a resolver os seus problemas de emprego.
The aim of this dissertation is to examine a European Union programme entitled “Promoting Youth Employment”, designed to promote youth employment, in order to determine its impact on the employability prospects of young people in the school-to-work transition process. A case study was conducted involving the participation in the above-mentioned programme of twenty five youngsters from Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Slovenia, and Romania, under the ages of 25. Interviews were conducted with the participants before, during and after the programme, focusing on the concerns and expectations of the participants regarding employment, unemployment and school-to-work transition. Qualitative research methods were applied to analyse and compare the responses of the participants. The expectations of the participants, mostly pessimistic, are caused by the current economic situation in their countries of origin and the vulnerability of young people to adverse economic conditions. On the other hand, some of the participants anticipated that the economic situation will be better in the years to come and that European Union policies will help in the resolution of employment problems faced by young people.
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Camphor, Freda Mary. "Unemployed youth in Bishop Lavis, Cape Town: Aspirations and capabilities." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6811.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)This study took place in Bishop Lavis, a small community in Cape Town on the Cape Flats, Republic of South Africa. Stratified random sampling was used to select ten unemployed youths that resided in the area. The problem that prompted this investigation and that needed to be addressed was the high unemployment rate amongst the youth and how their aspirations and capabilities contribute to their state of well-being. This community is subjected to extreme poverty, inequality and gangsterism. This places a heavy burden on their ability to escape deprivation and the harsh realities of not ever being able to find a job. These inferior conditions in the community impact heavily on their quality of life. As the youths develop into maturity, their inability to enter the labour market deprives them of aligning their dreams, capabilities and aspirations to the new demands of the labour market. The study is based on the Capability Approach and it is used as an evaluative tool to assess the aspirations and capabilities of the participants. The objective of the study was to bring us closer to understanding how aspirations are developed and whether such aspirations can assist the youths in transforming their capabilities into a functioning. What we learned from this study was that the aspirations of youths failed to develop from an early age and their responsiveness to opportunities has to do with their value system and adaptation to their environment. This qualitative study required consent from the participants and ethical approval from UWC research structures. Through semi-structured interviews, information about the participants’ capabilities and aspirations were recorded and analysed. Based on this analysis and evaluation, new assessment model and assessment tools are proposed as an intervention strategy for policymakers.
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Jusic, Sejla, and Sofi Sjöqvist. "Ungdomars uppfattning om arbetsförmedlares påverkan på deras motivation att söka arbete." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-7417.
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Arbetslösheten i Sverige är i dag högre än på flera år. Ungdomar är en av de grupper med störst andel arbetslösa. Tidigare studier har visat att när en person känner att den har svårt att få ett arbete kan person motivation att söka arbete minska. Även längden på arbetslöshetsperioden påverkar motivationen. Arbetsförmedlingen har som uppgift, bland annat att kontrollera att arbetslösa ungdomar följer sina uppgjorda handlingsplaner, men också att motivera de arbetssökande. Syftet med denna studie (n=132) är att undersöka hur de arbetssökande ungdomarna anser sig bli motiverade, trots arbetsförmedlarnas dubbla roller. Studien visade att bemötande, engagerande och tilltro till den arbetssökandes förmåga att få ett arbete var mest betydelsefullt för ungdomarnas motivation att söka arbete.
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Buciu, Felicia Catalina. "Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy : a dystopian novel based on insights from critical ethnographic research on the overeducated and underemployed in Italy and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15818.
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This creative writing thesis consists of a full-length novel, Stay Hungry, Stay Choosy. The premise of the novel is that, by 2050, Italy will be a de jure gerontocracy that cannibalises its young. This thesis contributes to research on moral panics as it brings to the fore the voices of the voiceless and further explores the locus of youth unemployment in the discussion on social deviance. Thus, the thesis explores how Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda's (1994) moral panics theory explains the mono-narrative of young people's transition from education to employment in Italy and the United Kingdom. In my academic research, I use a critical paradigm based on the fundamental premise that creative writing should play a key role in the liminal place that bridges social research and social activism. The research is framed by a number of social theories, underpinning the public discourse on youth overeducation, unemployment and underemployment. Subsequently, an in-depth analsyis is carried out, using the lens of Goode and Ben-Yehuda's moral panics framework, in order to show how the pervasive dichotomy of the angry youth and the aboulic youth in public discourse is used to stereotype the young and to maintain the power dynamics between both generations and socio-economic classes. Thirdly, Urbanski's 'rhetorical circle' (1975) is shown to be the explanatory metaphor that allows speculative fiction writers, such as Anthony Burgess and Marco Bosonetto, to draw upon pervasive social fears about the young, creatively elaborate upon them and hold up a mirror to readers by incorporating these fears into storytelling. These theoretical concepts are then explored from the perspective of young people, through ethnographic inquiry. Finally, the research outcomes are filtered through the process of self-reflexivity in order to illustrate the choices I had to make in order to complete the present novel in a way that respects both the conventions of the speculative writing genre and draws upon research findings. This thesis thus contributes to the case that creative writing has a key role to play in linking social science findings to practice by drawing concepts and findings together in a coherent narrative. This thesis turns this literary call to action into a real-life manifesto.
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Mokvist, Linus, and Borg Jonas Arlehall. "Där kan du stanna : En studie om ungdomarsarbetslöshet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-57769.
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The aim of our study was to investigate how young people’s situation in society is affected by unemployment and to explore whether young people are affected psychologically by being unemployed, and if so, how. To investigate this, we used quantitative methodology and conducted a survey of 50 young people in two different employment agencies. The results showed that adolescents are partially a part of the precariat social class and that a large portion of the surveyed young people are psychologically affected by being unemployed in a negative way.
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Kereme, Philip Tene, and n/a. "Youth unemployment and schooling in relation to human resources development in Papua New Guinea." University of Canberra. Teacher Education, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050712.120913.
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af, Burén Pontus. "Does internal migration influence earnings following youth unemployment? : Evidence from the Swedish Labor Market." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123522.
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The rise of youth unemployment in Sweden has highlighted the need for more research investigating the effects of unemployment on future earnings. Earlier research suggests that youth unemployment will leave labor market scares on a person’s future income. Therefore, in this thesis I investigate the question if migration can increase an individual’s future earnings and hence work as a cure for scared individuals. My theoretical argument is that migration is an investment in human capital which will lead to higher future income and may heal scars. To test my argument, I use Swedish panel data from the ASTRID database, examining unemployed individuals born 1979-1983 after finishing their education in Sweden. A nearest-neighbor propensity score matching method is applied to estimate the casual effects. However, the results show only few significant results over time and age cohorts in the data. Therefore, my conclusion is that migration barley increases income of young unemployed individuals.
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Setlhodi, Mapaseka. "What factors contribute to the unemployment duration of youth: a case study of the action volunteers Africa’s youth labour market programme." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30189.
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The incidence of unemployment falls most harshly on youth, who are generally low skilled and often have no experience of formal sector employment; with just 24.4 percent of young people being active in the labour market. In an attempt to assist this disenfranchised so called 'lost generation’ there has been a major shift from passive to active labour market programmes in many countries across the world in support of the unemployed, where these programmes often concentrate on the youth. But the results on these active labour market interventions are very mixed, in terms of their effectiveness, with some countries having experienced significant improvements in unemployment levels; and others are yet to bring to fruition the economic benefits the programmes had hoped to achieve. Through the use of a qualitative research method approach, by means of surveys, this paper aims to lend to the lessons around youth labour market interventions by conducting a case study on a particular NGO’s youth intervention program to see if it has had any impact on reducing youth unemployment. What sets the programme apart is that it offered meaningful volunteering as a form of work experience as well as a self-development component which allows the youth to be more self-aware. The study found that overall the time youth spend in unemployment after completing the programme decreased by 6 months and that other unemployment duration determining factors play a key role in determining how long a youth spends in unemployment. The study found that the attitudes of the participants changed to a more positive outlook on their future prospects once they have completed the program; which lends itself to have a positive impact on job search activity.
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Setlhodi, Mapaseka. "What factors contribute to the unemployment duration of youth: A case study of the Action Volunteers Africas youth labour market programme." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31814.
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The incidence of unemployment falls most harshly on youth, who are generally low skilled and often have no experience of formal sector employment; with just 24.4 percent of young people being active in the labour market. In an attempt to assist this disenfranchised so called ‘lost generation’ there has been a major shift from passive to active labour market programmes in many countries across the world in support of the unemployed, where these programmes often concentrate on the youth. But the results on these active labour market interventions are very mixed, in terms of their effectiveness, with some countries having experienced significant improvements in unemployment levels; and others are yet to bring to fruition the economic benefits the programmes had hoped to achieve. Through the use of a qualitative research method approach, by means of surveys, this paper aims to lend to the lessons around youth labour market interventions by conducting a case study on a particular NGO’s youth intervention program to see if it has had any impact on reducing youth unemployment. What sets the programme apart is that it offered meaningful volunteering as a form of work experience as well as a self-development component which allows the youth to be more self-aware. The study found that overall the time youth spend in unemployment after completing the programme decreased by 6 months and that other unemployment duration determining factors play a key role in determining how long a youth spends in unemployment. The study found that the attitudes of the participants changed to a more positive outlook on their future prospects once they have completed the program; which lends itself to have a positive impact on job search activity.
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Hourigan, Yin. "Youth unemployment, psychological distress and job search motivation : an examination of the role of resilience /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18462.pdf.
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Papadopoulos, Orestis. "Youth unemployment debates in Greece and Ireland : the impact of institutions and the economic crisis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59662/.
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This thesis explores the impact that differing institutional settings in Greece and the Republic of Ireland have on the discourses shaping policies of youth unemployment before and after the onset of the economic crisis. The institutional and political differences between the two countries are assumed to constrain the incorporation of ideas and policies and to produce non-convergence between the two cases. In particular, based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of path dependency theories, it was assumed that the Greek youth unemployment debate will be dominated by social Europe ideas, while the Irish youth unemployment debate will be predominantly oriented towards neo-liberal ideas. However, due to pressures exercised by the European Employment Strategy and the economic crisis, the thesis also set to investigate whether and if so to what extent these forces exercise convergence pressures. The results of the research showed that certain institutional features of Greece and Ireland, derived from their different institutional settings and political legacies, prompted a non-convergence trend between the two cases, as the research had expected. However, the results of the research also indicated that certain convergences emerged between the two cases, while at the same time, some actors did not respond in accordance to the research hypothesis especially after the outbreak of the crisis. Due to the specific results, the thesis concluded that, although institutions defined certain attitudes and policy ideas, however, exogenous political and economic factors such as the economic crisis played an important role in prompting shifts in established ideas and social actors' alliances.
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Alshami, Eman Y. "Economic Problems in Saudi Arabia: A Study on Determinants of Economic Growth and Youth Unemployment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1524494590738421.
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Chan, Wai-wah Steven, and 陳偉華. "Study or work?: labour participation and unemployment of the youth of Hong Kong in 1985-2000." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31228173.
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Sajwani, Fuaad Jaffer Mohammed. "The national corporate human resource development strategy in the Sultanate of Oman : the integration process of young Omanis into the labour market." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1997. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3180/.
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This study is concerned with the integration of young Omanis into the labour market. The aim is identify the factors that hamper their efforts to gain access into the labour market. The year 1970 marked the beginning of a new era in the history of Oman. This hitherto backward and undeveloped country embarked on an ambitious development programme and within a span of twenty five years achieved rapid economic growth and social change. The pace of economic development has been determined by the revenues generated from oil which are the main source of income for the government. In its transformation the country relied on an expatriate labour force to meet the demand for a competent work force needed to carry out and run various plans and projects. Their size increased from few hundreds in 1970 to constitute two thirds of the country's workforce which was estimated at around 625,000 in 1995. Until 1970, most young Omanis were seeking employment in the public sector. The fall of oil prices from 1986 onwards and the advent of the Gulf crises in 1990, weakened the economy of Oman and the Government's role as the leading employer of school-leavers was reduced. Accordingly, a growing number of young Omanis began to approach the private sector for employment. The private sector employers were, however, more enthusiastic to recruit expatriate workers than to employ young Omanis. The result was growing unemployment amongst young school-leavers. This situation coincided with the majority of jobs being occupied by non-Omanis. This situation raised question marks about the efficiency of the human resource policies of the country. The changes brought about by this new pattern of employment and the difficulties faced by the young schoolleavers is the central focus of this study. To provide an adequate explanation for the impact of this issue, the study drew on the experiences of several countries and covered different issues under different disciplines, in order to formulate a set of assumptions. These assumptions were developed to reflect the perspectives of the principle groups of stakeholders concerned with labour market issues - young Omanis, private sector employers, and Omani society as a whole. In gathering data and generating knowledge, the study employed a triangulation of methods comprising quantitative and qualitative research methods. The employment of multiple methods was essential, on the grounds that not much research has been carried out in Oman. Respondents, many of them expatriates with little motivation to support the objective of the study, often questioned the intention and motivation of the researcher. Therefore, to obtain an accurate picture from them, it was important to intensify the efforts in the field to ensure the veracity of their responses. Based on these investigations the study has sought to conceptualise a theoretical approach to youth transition from school to the labour market, based on two types of factors: endogenous and exogenous. The study also offered a set of suggestions to policy makers to alleviate the problem of youth unemployment in the country.
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Лаврій, С. П. "Молодіжне безробіття: причини, соціально-економічні наслідки та шляхи його подолання в Україні." Thesis, Cумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/48986.
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Turnbull, Guy Michael. "The role of place in the provision, delivery and effectiveness of the youth training scheme : the case of North Tyneside." Thesis, Northumbria University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359047.
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Ericsson, Sofia. "Ung och utan arbete - Hur mår man då? : En enkätundersökning om ungdomsarbetslöshet och hälsa." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för arbets- och folkhälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16409.
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Sammanfattning Syftet var att undersöka ungdomars upplevelse av arbetslöshet och hälsa. Det gjordes genom en enkätundersökning som innehöll kvantitativa frågor och kvalitativa frågor. Den besvarades av 41 arbetslösa ungdomar i åldern 17-24 år. Resultatet visar att ett större antal unga anser sig ha bra hälsa och att det var vanligast med ett psykisk välbefinnande. Häften av ungdomarna kände sig stressade i viss mån. En större andel kvinnor än män hade självmordstankar. Det var endast kvinnor som hade gjort självmordsförsök. Arbetslösa ungdomar upplevde arbetslösheten som negativ, trots det såg de positivt eller någorlunda dvs. varken positivt eller negativt på framtiden. Många upplevde goda möjligheter att studera vidare men chanserna att få ett arbete upplevdes av flertalet vara bra eller någorlunda. Majoriteten av de unga försöker vara aktiva under tiden de är arbetslösa. De upplever arbetslösheten som en meningslös tid, då deras hälsa knappast förbättras, snarare försämras. De får anstränga sig för att må bra och inte bli nedstämda. Slutsatsen är att forskning om ungdomsarbetslöshet och hälsa är särskilt viktig eftersom tidigare forskning visat att ungdomars hälsa påverkas mer än vuxnas hälsa av arbetslöshet.The objective was to explore young people's experience of unemployment and health. It was made by using a mixed approach. Data was collected by a survey which included quantitative and qualitative questions. It was answered by 41 unemployed young people aged 17-24 years. The results from the survey showed that a greater number of young people have good health, and that it was common with a mental well-being. Half of the participants felt stressed. A larger proportion of women had suicidal thoughts compared to men. It was only women who had attempted suicide. Unemployed young people experienced unemployment as negative, although they had a positive view on the future. Many responds perceived good opportunities to further education, but the likelihoods of getting a work was perceived by the majority as good or neither good or bad. The majority of young people are trying to be active during their unemployment. They experience unemployment as a meaningless time when theirs health status doesn’t improves, rather get worse. Several have to make an effort to feel good and not to be depressed. The conclusion is that research on youth unemployment is particularly important because previous research shows that young people and their health, affects more than unemployed adults.
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Hartman, Laura. "Evaluating social programs : active labor market policies and social insurance /." Uppsala, Sweden : Uppsala Universitet, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy041/2003488867.html.
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Alpfält, Tina. "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Climate on Youth Unemployment : A Study of This Relationship in Swedish Municipalities." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Statsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15170.
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The purpose of this thesis is to create a deeper understanding of the concepts entrepreneurial climate and youth unemployment as well as estimating the statistical relationship between them. This was realised through a use of multiple methods. A qualitative study that examined the causes and solutions to youth unemployment and one that investigated what factors constitute a good entrepreneurial climate. Some causes of youth unemployment are technological progress, globalisation, labour market regulations, the Swedish education system and the local entrepreneurial climate. Possible solutions to some of these causes are to reform the labour market regulations, incorporate more vocational training in the education system and improve the entrepreneurial climate. Factors that constitute a good entrepreneurial climate are business friendly attitudes, good service by the municipality and good communication between the firms and the municipality. The quantitative study was followed by a quantitative study with the hypothesis that the local entrepreneurial climate and the youth unemployment have a negative relationship in Swedish municipalities. The regression results for both years examined, 2006 and 2009, confirmed the hypothesis. When the local entrepreneurial climate improves, the youth unemployment decreases. An interesting finding is that the goodness of fit, indicated by the adjusted R2, almost is twice as large for 2009, when the Swedish economy was in a recession, compared to 2006 when the economy was booming.
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Manyande, Nyarai N. "Encouraging self-employment amongst the youth in South Africa : will this help tackle the unemployment problem?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14610.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-41).Encouraging young people to get involved in self-employment is a solution that is continuously echoed by policy makers as a way of addressing the perennial problem of youth unemployment. This paper investigates how entrepreneurship can be promoted amongst the youth in South Africa and whether this will alleviate the high unemployment rates. Three questions are put forward: Firstly, what are the main constraints faced by youth when they set up a business? Secondly, what are the main determinants of being self-employed and thirdly, which groups within the youth population need to be targeted by policy makers? The findings are that the major impediment for youths entering self -employment is the lack of financial capital, while having a role model is highly significant in determining whether one becomes self-employed. African and Coloured youth are particularly disadvantaged when it comes to participation in self-employment and should therefore be a primary target for policy makers. The paper also makes a comparison of youth participation in self-employment between 2000 and 2004 and reveals that there is only a slight increase in the numbers of youth getting involved in self-employment. A holistic approach to entrepreneurship development complimented by financial assistance, mentoring and the provision of basic entrepreneurship skills training will assist the youth in moving from unemployment to self-employment.
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Ntoyanto, Scholastica Sifeziwe. "An investigation of the effectiveness of the National Youth Development Agency monitoring and evaluation framework." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5585.
Full textAbstract:
Masters in Public Administration - MPAMonitoring and evaluation has in recent years been embraced by the South African government as a key feature of public service delivery. This has been used to promote efficiency in service delivery, good governance, to promote transparency in expenditure and promote financial accountability, so that set objectives can be achieved objectives. However, implementing Monitoring and Evaluation has also been challenging as a result of poor policy design, poor policy implementation, the lack of accountability and the lack of exemplary systems. The issue of service delivery efficiency remains paramount in South Africa, due to the increasing inequality gap, high levels of unemployment, service delivery protests and rising poverty. Assessing policy outcomes and impact is a weak point and major gap in policy evaluation in South Africa. This is reflected in the manner in which duplicate policies are continuously being created instead of making existing ones work, or improving upon them. More efforts should be invested into policy monitoring and evaluation instead of policy development. The study will investigate the above assertion by investigating monitoring and evaluation policy and practice in the National Youth Development Agency. The structure of this framework will be examined against the Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation framework established by the South African government. The research will also examine monitoring and evaluation practice as carried out by the United Nations and the World Bank as they have a long history of practice. This investigation will look at activities, inputs, outputs, implementation constraints, outcome and impact assessment; it will also discuss monitoring report and policy/programme evaluation. The study will adopt a descriptive case study investigation by drawing on the viewpoints expressed by various scholars. It will also highlight policies which support and enable the practice of M & E in South Africa. This research is noteworthy in the sense that it bridges the gaps between Monitoring and Evaluation literature and Monitoring and Evaluation practice in an institution. Furthermore, it explores the complexities of Monitoring and Evaluation implementation in a department running various programmes.
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Málaga, Ramiro, Tilsa Oré, and José Tavera. "Youth who neither work nor study: The Peruvian case." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118112.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on information from the Encuesta de la Transición de la Escuela al Trabajo 2012 (Survey on the Transition from School to Work), this study analyzes the characteristics of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEETs). We find that, overall, 17.94% of Peruvian urban youth between 15 and 29 years of age are NEETs. Of these, around three quar- ters (74.09%) are females, which points toward the presence of factors associated with gender, such as fertility, the role within the household economy, or educational reasons, such as the explanatory variables in the previous result.Accordingly, the likelihood of being a NEET increases for females if there are children in the house- hold and if the individual has a partner, while the reverse is true in the case of males. Moreover, the likelihood of belonging to the NEET group increases when there are young men in the household; decreases when they are heads of household; if there is production in the household; or if the part- ner is engaged in domestic work. As regards individual decisions, young people’s life goals affect the likelihood of being a NEET. Moreover, the higher the level of education, the lower the likelihood of being a NEET due to the greater opportunity cost associated with better earning prospects.Utilizando la información de la Encuesta de la Transición de la Escuela al Trabajo 2012, este estudio analiza las características de los jóvenes que no estudian, no trabajan ni se encuentran en entrenamiento laboral (NEET por sus siglas en inglés). Encontramos que, en general, el 17,94% de los jóvenes urbanos peruanos entre 15 y 29 años son NEET. De estos, casi tres cuartas partes son mujeres (74,09%), lo que sugiere la existencia de factores asociados al género, tales la como fertilidad, el rol dentro de la economía del hogar, o razones educativas, como las variables explicativas del anterior resultado.En este sentido, la probabilidad de ser NEET aumenta para las mujeres si es que hay hijos en el hogar y si se tiene pareja, teniendo el efecto opuesto en el caso de los varones. Asimismo, la pro- babilidad de pertenecer al grupo NEET aumenta si hay jóvenes varones en el hogar; disminuye si es que estos son jefes de hogar, si hay producción en el hogar o si la pareja se dedica a actividades domésticas. Por el lado de las decisiones individuales, las metas en la vida de los jóvenes afectan la probabilidad de ser NEET. Igualmente, a mayor nivel educativo, menor probabilidad de NEET por el mayor costo de oportunidad asociado al mayor posible ingreso laboral.
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Soko, Mumba Martha. "Exploring the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32992.
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Unemployment among youth within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is one of the major factors that has contributed to migratory movements. Today many youths are leaving their home countries within the region, in search of employment opportunities in stronger economies like that of South Africa. However, the local unemployment rates hinder their chances of employment. This qualitative study explored the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa. The study interviewed twenty unemployed black female migrant youth between the ages of 25 and 34 to understand their experiences and perceptions of a) factors or conditions that forced them to immigrate to Cape Town, b) challenges they encountered in trying to secure employment, and vulnerabilities experienced, and c) the livelihood strategies they employed and available social service support. The findings reveal that unemployed black female migrant youth have immigrated to Cape Town for various reasons including political instability, social influences, poor economic conditions, and social factors such as marriage and poverty in their home countries. When they arrive in Cape Town, they face many obstacles in securing employment because of either their nationality or documentation status. They are also vulnerable due to lack of basic needs, living in overcrowded homes, and being in informal settlements where they build temporary shelters. To overcome the challenges they face, they engage in different livelihood strategies such as accessing free government clinics or hospitals for their healthcare. They are dependent on their spouses for support and engage in part-time employment. Besides, they have had limited information about any government or non-governmental organisations that provide support for unemployed black female migrant youth. The need for well-established social networks for unemployed black female migrants, where they can be received and assisted in integrating into society through legitimate channels, is relevant. There need to be centres that offer free English-language training for migrants who are not conversant in English. Established non-governmental organisations or government agencies need to provide facilities that could assist undocumented immigrants who have prolonged their stay in Cape Town. There is also a need to establish support centres that specifically target unemployed black female immigrants. The South African government should enforce sensitization and educate the public and stakeholders about the legitimacy of asylum-seeker permits issued to immigrants. If implemented in conjunction with policy measures, this could increase black female immigrant youth's ability to secure employment. The enforcement of the development of entrepreneurial skills programmes, which specifically vi target unemployed black female youth migrants in Cape Town, is another potentially beneficial strategy.
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Ince, Merlin Ince. "Youth employability in ghetto neighbourhoods: The role of personal agency in reproducing or transforming social structures." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28349.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores variations in employment outcomes among youth living under similar structural conditions of poverty and unemployment in ghetto neighbourhoods. It challenges structuralist accounts that ignore the role of personal agency and hold that structures alone determine action. The critical realist framework offers a helpful understanding of social structures as both material and cultural since human agency, or action, is influenced by circumstances that are both materially objective and culturally subjective. By probing the interaction of agency and structure this research shows that individual agency is a response to cultural beliefs and competing cultural norms. The ensuing worldview informs decisions and actions of youth which, under different cultures and material family structures, either reproduce or transform their educational and employment prospects in ghetto neighbourhoods. Ten case studies are analysed from youth in Manenberg, Cape Town, a neighbourhood that was historically segregated through the apartheid system of forced removals and resettlement. In-depth interviews provide evidence from life histories, experiences of education institutions and of looking for work. Further information is gathered from interviews with secondary participants, apart from participant observation in family and community activities through an ethnographic approach. Findings reveal that the culture of disengaged parenting leaves youth exposed only to the influence of low education and employment expectations such that they despondently relinquish career aspirations by dropping out of school, remaining unemployed and underemployed as a result. By contrast, consistent mentoring from parents entails a culture that competes with the negative influence of gangs and enables resilience among youth to pursue tertiary education. Youth thereby transform, rather than reproduce, their position in the labour market as unemployed or underemployed unskilled manual workers. Similarly, social networks beyond the neighbourhood provide youth with job information, supportive resources, and cultural capital, which enable them to conceptualise ideas of professional careers. This transforms the historical and contemporary material structure of ghetto neighbourhoods with socially isolated networks that limit youth to low-skilled employment opportunities. Such networks do not support personal agency towards alternative employment and youth resort to cultural practices of gangsterism, irregular and informal work.