Journal articles: 'Youth swimmers'

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Khalid, Ghezwan, and Ghasan Adeeb. "A Comparative Study According to Angiotensin Genetic Diversity As Indicator for 30m Freestyle Swimming in Youth aged (15 – 16) Year Old." Journal of Physical Education 33, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v33(2)2021.1139.

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The orientation process done by coaches and academicians in swimmers’ selection was based on apparent indicators and somebody and physical indicators. Yet the development in genetic studies and applying it to each swimmer will be more accurate. The researchers aimed at studying the athlete’s genes, performance genes based on genetic studies so as to compare among the three versions of the gene and matching it to the corresponding physical abilities. This study sheds the light on swimmers’ orientation and selection through comparing genes a matter that can help specify what is suitable for 30m freestyle swimmers.

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Rozi, G., M. Dopsaj, and T. Platanou. "PREDICTION OF 100 m FRONT CRAWL PERFORMANCE THROUGH ANTHROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN YOUTH GREEK SWIMMERS ACCORDING TO GENDER." Human Sport Medicine 19, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm190108.

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Aim. Investigate the predictive relationship between 100 m front crawl swimming performance of youth swimmers and anthropometric characteristics. Materials and methods. Fifty-one active athletes (n = 30 male and n = 21 female) participated in the research and for the purposes of the analysis were divided into two categories (13–15 years n = 32, and 16–18 years old, n = 19). The following anthropometric data were used as set of predictive variables (7 longitudinal, 7 skinfolds, 3 circumference and 1 voluminosity variables). Results. One prediction model for each gender and age group emerged. The percentage of the explained variance of the dependent variable (100 m front crawl performance time) is 84.6 %, 54.4 %, 71.1 % and 72.7 % respectively for male, female, youth and cadet swimmers. The significant variables for each model were: arm span, biceps skinfold, biceps bracchi circumference in contraction for male swimmers, sitting height for female swimmers, biceps bracchi circumference in contraction and body weight for youth swimmers, triceps skinfold and biceps bracchi circumference in contraction for cadet swimmers. Conclusion. Youth swimmers’ performance can be predicted by important anthropometric parameters.

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Bocksnick, Jochen, Joi Belyk, and Linea Napier. "Youth Swimmers' Understanding of Competence." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 73, no. 7 (September 2002): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2002.10607846.

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Khalaf, Othman Mehjoob, and Mustaf Selah-Al Deen Aziz. "Starting Fever and Its Relationship with 50m Freestyle Swimming in Youth." Journal of Physical Education 32, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v32(4)2020.1035.

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The research aimed at identifying the relationship between starting fever and 50m freestyle achievement in youth swimmers by measuring this type of anxiety as a psychological variable and its relationship with achievement as a physical variable. The researchers used the descriptive method on (10) swimmers from Baghdad clubs while the pilot study was conducted on (4) swimmers. They used a starting fever scale in the form of a questionnaire presented to the subjects before an hour from the race. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude a relationship between start fever and 50m freestyle achievement in youth swimmers. Finally, the researchers recommended paying more attention to start fever due to its great importance in 50m freestyle achievement as well as making similar studies on other activities that require speed performance and achievement of swimmers.

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Sewell, D. F. "Attention-Focusing Instructions and Training Times in Competitive Youth Swimmers." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.915.

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This study investigated the effects of three different types of attention-focusing instructions on the training times of 10 competitive youth swimmers. Mean times indicated that conditions emphasising positive imaging and stroke counting led to faster times than a control condition. Instructions to concentrate on technique did not appear to result in faster times. Subjective assessments of effort indicated the swimmers seemed to feel they had not increased their effort significantly in any condition. These results confirm the potentially positive effects of psychological interventions with swimmers and are discussed in relation to previous work in the field and their implications for coaching.

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Alptekin, Ahmet. "Body Composition and Kinematic Analysis of the Grab Start in Youth Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0057.

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Abstract The purposes of this study were to compare the kinematic variables in youth swimmers during the grab start between sexes and to investigate the relationship between body composition and kinematic variables of the participants. Six female (Mage = 13.71 ± 0.49 yrs) and seven male (Mage = 14.00 ± 1.07 yrs) swimmers participated in this study. All participants were required to perform grab start tests in random order (three trials by each participant), while the best attempt was analyzed. Nineteen kinematic parameters consisting of block time, flight time, flight distance, total time, total distance, horizontal and vertical displacement of the center of mass (CM) at take-off, horizontal and vertical displacement of the CM at entry, height of take-off and entry, relative height of take-off, horizontal and vertical velocity of the CM at take-off, horizontal and vertical velocity of the CM at entry, angle of take-off, angle of entry and angle of knee at block were analyzed. Out of the 19 evaluated kinematic parameters, a statistical difference between the female and male group was found only in the total distance. Therefore, both female and male groups are considered as only one group and merged after analyzing the results. Statistical analysis showed positive and negative correlations between horizontal / vertical velocity of CM at take-off and several kinematic variables (e.g. angle of entry (rhorizontal = -.868, p=.000 / rvertical = .591, p=.02), total distance (rhorizontal = .594, p=.02 / rvertical = .54, p=.04), and height of take-off (rvertical = .888, p=.000), respectively). On the other hand, positive and negative correlations were found between somatotype components and several kinematic variables (e.g. horizontal displacement of CM at entry (rendomorphy = -.626, p=.013), angle of entry (rmesomorphy = -.686, p=.005 / rectomorphy = .52, p=.047), total distance (rendomorphy = -.626, p=.012), and height of take-off (rendomorphy = -.633, p=.011 / rectomorphy = .515, p=.05)). In conclusion, results show that in order to be successful at grab start performance, a swimmer should target to get higher horizontal velocity of CM at take-off and optimize the angle of take-off so this movement form supplies more total distance to the swimmer. Coaches should consider improving start performance and adding start training to regular training sessions. Moreover, youth male and female swimmers can participate together in the grab start training

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Nugent, Frank J., Thomas M. Comyns, and Giles D. Warrington. "Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Youth Swimmers." Strength and Conditioning Journal 40, no. 2 (April 2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000368.

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Hazen, Andrea, Carolyn Johnstone, Garry L. Martin, and Suja Srikameswaran. "A Videotaping Feedback Package for Improving Skills of Youth Competitive Swimmers." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.3.213.

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A videotaping feedback package was developed for improving skills of youth competitive swimmers. Experiment 1 examined the videotaping package for improving freestyle and backstroke racing turns of young competitive swimmers. Positive results were obtained in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Experiment 2 compared the videotaping feedback package to a group videotaping procedure (that the coach had been using at the time of this research) for improving freestyle swimming strokes of young competitive swimmers. The videotaping feedback package was effective whereas the group videotaping procedure had little or no effect. For most subjects in the two studies, improvements were maintained with minimal prompting and feedback under normal practice conditions. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Tuuri, Georgianna, and Mark Loftin. "Comparison of Hydrodensitometry, Skinfold Thickness, and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Body Fat Estimation in Youth Swimmers." Pediatric Exercise Science 13, no. 3 (August 2001): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.13.3.238.

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Hydrodensitometry (HD), skinfold thickness measurements (SK), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were compared for estimating percent body fat (%BF) in youth competitive swimmers. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and linear regression of the differences between methods compared to method means. Limits of agreement between the three techniques were large. Hydrodensitometry and SK demonstrated no difference in precision. Variance was observed between DXA and the other two techniques, with DXA demonstrating a wider distribution of measurement scores than HD or SK. These methods do not appear to be interchangeable when measuring percent body fat in youth swimmers.

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de Mello Vitor, Fabrício, and Maria Tereza Silveira Böhme. "Performance of Young Male Swimmers in the 100-Meters Front Crawl." Pediatric Exercise Science 22, no. 2 (May 2010): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.22.2.278.

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Youth swimming performance may be influenced by anthropometric, physiology and technical factors. The present paper examined the role of these factors in performance of 100m freestyle in swimmers 12–14 years of age (n = 24). Multiple regression analysis (forward method) was used to examine the variance of the 100 meters front crawl. Anaerobic power, swimming index and critical speed explained 88% (p < .05) of the variance in the average speed of 100 meters front crawl among young male pubertal swimmers. To conclude, performance of young swimmers in the 100 meters front crawl is determined predominantly by physiological factors and swimming technique.

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Sammoud, Senda, Alan Michael Nevill, Yassine Negra, Raja Bouguezzi, Helmi Chaabene, and Younés Hachana. "100-m Breaststroke Swimming Performance in Youth Swimmers: The Predictive Value of Anthropometrics." Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0220.

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This study aimed to estimate the optimal body size, limb segment length, and girth or breadth ratios of 100-m breaststroke performance in youth swimmers. In total, 59 swimmers [male: n = 39, age = 11.5 (1.3) y; female: n = 20, age = 12.0 (1.0) y] participated in this study. To identify size/shape characteristics associated with 100-m breaststroke swimming performance, we computed a multiplicative allometric log-linear regression model, which was refined using backward elimination. Results showed that the 100-m breaststroke performance revealed a significant negative association with fat mass and a significant positive association with the segment length ratio (arm ratio = hand length/forearm length) and limb girth ratio (girth ratio = forearm girth/wrist girth). In addition, leg length, biacromial breadth, and biiliocristal breadth revealed significant positive associations with the 100-m breaststroke performance. However, height and body mass did not contribute to the model, suggesting that the advantage of longer levers was limb-specific rather than a general whole-body advantage. In fact, it is only by adopting multiplicative allometric models that the previously mentioned ratios could have been derived. These results highlighted the importance of considering anthropometric characteristics of youth breaststroke swimmers for talent identification and/or athlete monitoring purposes. In addition, these findings may assist orienting swimmers to the appropriate stroke based on their anthropometric characteristics.

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Morais, Jorge E., Nuno D. Garrido, Mário C. Marques, António J. Silva, Daniel A. Marinho, and Tiago M. Barbosa. "The Influence of Anthropometric, Kinematic and Energetic Variables and Gender on Swimming Performance in Youth Athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0083.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the: (i) gender; (ii) performance and; (iii) gender versus performance interactions in young swimmers’ anthropometric, kinematic and energetic variables. One hundred and thirty six young swimmers (62 boys: 12.76 ± 0.72 years old at Tanner stages 1-2 by self-evaluation; and 64 girls: 11.89 ± 0.93 years old at Tanner stages 1-2 by self-evaluation) were evaluated. Performance, anthropometrics, kinematics and energetic variables were selected. There was a non-significant gender effect on performance, body mass, height, arm span, trunk transverse surface area, stroke length, speed fluctuation, swimming velocity, propulsive efficiency, stroke index and critical velocity. A significant gender effect was found for foot surface area, hand surface area and stroke frequency. A significant sports level effect was verified for all variables, except for stroke frequency, speed fluctuation and propulsive efficiency. Overall, swimmers in quartile 1 (the ones with highest sports level) had higher anthropometric dimensions, better stroke mechanics and energetics. These traits decrease consistently throughout following quartiles up to the fourth one (i.e. swimmers with the lowest sports level). There was a non-significant interaction between gender and sports level for all variables. Our main conclusions were as follows: (i) there are non-significant differences in performance, anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics between boys and girls; (ii) swimmers with best performance are taller, have higher surface areas and better stroke mechanics; (iii) there are non-significant interactions between sports level and gender for anthropometrics, kinematics and energetics.

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Meggs, Jennifer, and Mark A. Chen. "Competitive Performance Effects of Psychological Skill Training for Youth Swimmers." Perceptual and Motor Skills 126, no. 5 (June 11, 2019): 886–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519852533.

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This study assessed the effect of two different psychological methods of skills training—self-talk and goal setting—on the swimming performance of youth swimmers. We allocated a convenience sample of club and county level youth swimmers ( N = 49; Mage = 10.8, SD = 1.25) to one of the three groups: self-talk, goal setting, or a control group engaged in no systematic psychological method of skills training. The groups were balanced in terms of competitive performance ability, age, and gender. Participants in the experimental conditions (self-talk and goal setting) completed a 5-week psychological skills intervention program and were measured on pre- and post-200-m swimming time in competition. After controlling for level of engagement in the program, analysis of covariance revealed a significant omnibus effect ( p = .006, [Formula: see text] = .20) with post hoc pairwise comparisons using magnitude-based statistics demonstrating that goal setting had a small positive effect compared with self-talk ( η2 = .40; ± 0.45). Both self-talk ( η2 = .50; ±0.48) and goal setting ( η2 = .71; ±0.4) showed a small and moderate positive effect, respectively, relative to the control group. A social validation check confirmed that the swimmers found the intervention to be relevant, beneficial, and meaningful for improving performance. Psychological skills training may be effective in improving youth swimming performance; specific mechanisms underlying these benefits need further exploration.

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McNarry, M. A., L. Lester, J. Brown, and K. A. Mackintosh. "Investigating the Modulatory Role of Chronological and Biological Age on Performance Predictors in Youth Swimmers." Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00082-1.

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Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the modulatory roles of biological maturity and age on the predictors of performance in youth swimmers and their stability over a six-month training cycle. Methods In total, 28 swimmers (10 pre-pubertal [6 boys], 11.1 ± 1.8 years; 18 pubertal [8 boys], 15.2 ± 2.0 years old) and 26 untrained controls (15 pre-pubertal [10 boys], 9.7 ± 1.5 years; 11 pubertal [6 boys], 14.4 ± 0.5 years old) were recruited. At baseline, 3- and 6-months, participants completed an incremental ramp cycle test, isometric handgrip strength test and countermovement jumps, with speed assessed as a measure of performance in swimmers. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified factors that described youth swimmers’ physical profile, with linear mixed models subsequently used to determine their interaction with age and maturity on performance. Results Aerobic fitness and upper body strength were significantly higher in the trained participants, irrespective of maturity status or time-point. Four key factors were identified through PCA (anthropometrics; strength; aerobic capacity; aerobic rate), accounting for 90% of the between parameter variance. Age exerted a widespread influence on swimming performance predictors, influencing all four factors, whilst maturity only influenced the aerobic factors. The key age of divergence was 13 years. Conclusion Overall, the present study found no evidence of a maturational threshold in the aerobic or strength-related response to training in youth. The influence of age on performance predictors suggests that utilising a single or select group of parameters to inform selection and/or talent identification throughout the dynamic processes of growth and maturation should be avoided.

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Šilić, Ninoslav, Kristina Sesar, and Damir Crnjac. "Sources of Enjoyment and Goal Orientation among Youth Swimmers." Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science 28, no. 4 (February 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2018/46615.

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Costa, Aldo M., Mário C. Marques, Hugo Louro, Sandra S. Ferreira, and Daniel A. Marinho. "The relative age effect among elite youth competitive swimmers." European Journal of Sport Science 13, no. 5 (September 2013): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.742571.

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Silic, Ninoslav, Kristina Sesar, and Mate Brekalo. "Interactive Effects of Goal Orientation and Perceived Competence on Enjoyment among Youth Swimmers." International Journal of Psychological Studies 8, no. 3 (June 23, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n3p40.

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<p>This study investigated achievement goal orientation profile differences between youth swimmers on perceived competence and enjoyment, and the contribution of goal orientation and perceived competence to enjoyment in swimming. Male and female swimmers (n=302), aged 10-18 years (M=12.7; sd=2.25) completed a questionnaire assessing goal orientation, perceived competence and enjoyment in swimming. Cluster analysis revealed four goal orientation profile groups: high task/high ego, moderate task/low ego, high task/moderate ego and low task/moderate ego. MANOVA was conducted and a significant multivariate effect was found (Wilks=0.762; F=14.370; p=0.000; ES=0126). Further, Scheffe’s post-hoc comparisons tests revealed that swimmers scoring relatively high in both task and ego orientations, with a balance between the two, reported high values for perceived competence and enjoyment. Finally using two-way factorial MANOVA it was found that the interaction between the perceived competence and goal orientation profiles was not significant. Emphasizing task orientation for young athletes is a means to increase enjoyment in sport, regardless of their level of perceived competence.</p>

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Tate, Angela, Shana Harrington, Melissa Buness, Susan Murray, Caitlin Trout, and Corinne Meisel. "Investigation of In-Water and Dry-Land Training Programs for Competitive Swimmers in the United States." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 4 (November 2015): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0205.

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Context:Youth- through masters-level competitive swimmers incur significant shoulder pain. Risk factors associated with shoulder pain include high swimming yardage, a lack of cross-training, decreased shoulder strength and reduced core endurance, and limited posterior shoulder and pectoral length. Since training, swimming exposure, and physical-performance measures have all been associated with shoulder pain, the methods used to train swimmers may influence the development of shoulder pain, yet studies delineating training methods are lacking.Objectives:To identify in-water and dry-land practices among youth- through masters-level swimmers in the United States (US) and describe the potential effects of training practices on swimmers’ shoulders.Design:A Web-based survey was developed to identify common training practices in 5 areas: quantification of swimming and dry-land training and in-water techniques such as kicking drills, upper-body stretching, shoulder and core strengthening, and cross-training.Participants:156 swim-team coaches or captains of youth, high school, and college swim teams and 196 masters swimmers participated (N = 352). There was geographic representation from across the US.Results:Responses indicated diverse training practices. However, most respondents used kicking drills, which may provoke shoulder pain due to prolonged poor positioning. High yardage swum by high school and college teams increases their risk of shoulder tendinopathy. Stretching and strengthening exercises and dosages commonly used were inconsistent with current research recommendations and lacked specificity in terms of addressing typical mobility restrictions and muscle weaknesses described in the swimming literature. Core strengthening and cross-training are frequently performed.Conclusions:Several areas of in-water and dry-land practice were identified that may put swimmers’ shoulders at risk for injury. Further research regarding the safety and efficacy of training programs is recommended to determine optimal methods of injury prevention and performance enhancement.

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Sanderson, Malcolm, Brandon J. McKinlay, Alexandros Theocharidis, Rozalia Kouvelioti, Bareket Falk, and Panagiota Klentrou. "Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines and Irisin in Response to High Intensity Swimming in Adolescent versus Adult Male Swimmers." Sports 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8120157.

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Swimming is a popular youth sport that is considered beneficial for cardiovascular fitness. However, the potential inflammatory outcomes of high intensity swimming in younger swimmers are unclear, as is the response of irisin, a myokine released during exercise with anti-inflammatory properties. This study compared the plasma concentrations of interleukins 1-beta (IL-1β), 6 (IL-6), 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and irisin in response to intense swimming between adolescent and adult male swimmers. Thirty-two swimmers (16 adolescents, 14 ± 1 years; 16 adults, 21.5 ± 3.1 years) completed a high intensity interval swimming trial. At rest, only TNF-α was higher (33%, p < 0.05) in adolescents compared with adults. There was an overall significant increase in IL-1β from pre- to post-swimming (3% in adolescents, 24% in adults), but no significant interaction. IL-10 significantly increased in both groups (+34% in adolescents, +56% in adults). IL-6 and TNF-α increased significantly (+32% and +26%, respectively) in adults, but not in adolescents (+2% and −9%, respectively). Adults showed a small, but significant decrease in irisin (−5%), with no change in adolescents. The lack of an IL-6, TNF-α and irisin response to intense swimming in adolescent swimmers may suggest a blunted inflammatory and myokine response following high intensity exercise in trained youth.

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Harris, Brandonn S., and Jack C. Watson. "Developmental Considerations in Youth Athlete Burnout: A Model for Youth Sport Participants." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0009.

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Recent research has used self-determination theory to examine athlete burnout among adults. However, there is a dearth of theory-driven research investigating burnout among young athletes, particularly as it pertains to its sociological influences. With research suggesting that motives for sport (dis)continuation vary among athletes of different ages, this study assessed the utility of self-determination theory (SDT) and Coakley’s model for youth burnout while examining developmental differences. Participants included swimmers of ages 7–17. Analyses revealed a model that approached adequate ft indices and accounted for 70% of the burnout variance. Results supported utilizing these theories to understand youth burnout while accounting for developmental differences.

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Brown, Barbara A. "Factors Influencing the Process of Withdrawal by Female Adolescents from the Role of Competitive Age Group Swimmer." Sociology of Sport Journal 2, no. 2 (June 1985): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.2.111.

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The high attrition rates observed among young athletes, particularly adolescents, have been attributed to and studied primarily as outcomes of negative aspects of the organization and administration of competitive youth sport. The present study extends this research by examining withdrawal from competitive sport roles in the broader context of the role constellation and lifestyle of adolescent girls. A conceptual framework was developed to examine the process of withdrawal from the role of competitive age group swimmer. It was hypothesized that withdrawal is influenced by six categories of factors: (a) the salience of gender-role stereotypes; (b) the diversity and salience of the opportunity set; (c) the degree of social support from significant others for the sport role; (d) the extent to which the athlete role is perceived as central to personal identity; (e) the extent to which positive and negative outcomes are associated with sport involvement; and (f) the degree of commitment to the athlete role. Survey data were collected from 211 former swimmers and 193 currently involved age group swimmers in Ontario, Canada. It was concluded that a combination of factors from a variety of sources interact to influence the role transition.

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Shaw, Gregory, Kevin T. Boyd, Louise M. Burke, and Anu Koivisto. "Nutrition for Swimming." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0015.

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Swimming is a sport that requires considerable training commitment to reach individual performance goals. Nutrition requirements are specific to the macrocycle, microcycle, and individual session. Swimmers should ensure suitable energy availability to support training while maintaining long term health. Carbohydrate intake, both over the day and in relation to a workout, should be manipulated (3–10g/kg of body mass/day) according to the fuel demands of training and the varying importance of undertaking these sessions with high carbohydrate availability. Swimmers should aim to consume 0.3g of high-biological-value protein per kilogram of body mass immediately after key sessions and at regular intervals throughout the day to promote tissue adaptation. A mixed diet consisting of a variety of nutrient-dense food choices should be sufficient to meet the micronutrient requirements of most swimmers. Specific dietary supplements may prove beneficial to swimmers in unique situations, but should be tried only with the support of trained professionals. All swimmers, particularly adolescent and youth swimmers, are encouraged to focus on a well-planned diet to maximize training performance, which ensures sufficient energy availability especially during periods of growth and development. Swimmers are encouraged to avoid rapid weight fluctuations; rather, optimal body composition should be achieved over longer periods by modest dietary modifications that improve their food choices. During periods of reduced energy expenditure (taper, injury, off season) swimmers are encouraged to match energy intake to requirement. Swimmers undertaking demanding competition programs should ensure suitable recovery practices are used to maintain adequate glycogen stores over the entirety of the competition period.

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Feijen, Stef, Thomas Struyf, Kevin Kuppens, Angela Tate, and Filip Struyf. "Prediction of Shoulder Pain in Youth Competitive Swimmers: The Development and Internal Validation of a Prognostic Prediction Model." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520969913.

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Background: Knowledge of predictors for shoulder pain in swimmers can assist professionals working with the athlete in developing optimal prevention strategies. However, study methodology and limited available data have constrained a comprehensive understanding of which factors cause shoulder pain. Purpose: To investigate risk factors and develop and internally validate a multivariable prognostic model for the prediction of shoulder pain in swimmers. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 201 pain-free club- to international-level competitive swimmers were followed for 2 consecutive seasons. The cohort consisted of 96 male (mean ± SD age, 13.9 ± 2.2 years) and 105 female (13.9 ± 2.2 years) swimmers. Demographic, sport-specific, and musculoskeletal characteristics were assessed every 6 months. Swim-training exposure was observed prospectively. Shoulder pain interfering with training was the primary outcome. Multiple imputation was used to cope with missing data. The final model was estimated using multivariable logistic regression. We applied bootstrapping to internally validate the model and correct for overoptimism. Results: A total of 42 new cases of shoulder pain were recorded during the study. Average duration of follow-up was 1.1 years. Predictors included in the final model were acute:chronic workload ratio (odds ratio [OR], 4.31; 95% CI, 1.00-18.54), competitive level (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.63), shoulder flexion range of motion, posterior shoulder muscle endurance (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99), and hand entry position error (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.91). After internal validation, this model maintained good calibration and discriminative power (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.94). Conclusion: Our model consists of parameters that are readily measurable in a swimming setting, allowing the identification of swimmers at risk for shoulder pain. Multivariable logistic regression showed the strongest predictors for shoulder pain were regional competitive swimming level, acute:chronic workload ratio, posterior shoulder muscle endurance, and hand entry error.

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Moura, Tatiane, Manoel Costa, Saulo Oliveira, Marcos Barbosa Júnior, Raphael Ritti-Dias, and Marcos Santos. "Height and Body Composition Determine Arm Propulsive Force in Youth Swimmers Independent of a Maturation Stage." Journal of Human Kinetics 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0081.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anthropometric variables, body composition and propulsive force in swimmers aged 9-17 years. Anthropometric characteristics (body height and mass, sitting height, arm span, arm muscle area and body composition) and the propulsive force of the arm (tethered swimming test) were evaluated in 56 competitive male swimmers. Tanner’s stages of genital maturation (P1-5) were used. The data analysis included correlations and multiple linear regression. The propulsive force of the arm was correlated with body height (r = 0.34; p =0.013), arm span (r = 0.29; p =0.042), sitting height (r = 0.36; p =0.009), % body fat (r = 0.33; p =0.016), lean body mass (r = 0.34; p =0.015) and arm muscle area (r = 0.31; p =0.026). Using multiple linear regression models, the percent body fat and height were identified as significant predictors of the propulsive force of the arm after controlling for the maturation stage. This model explained 22% (R2 = 0.22) of associations. In conclusion, the propulsive force of swimmers was related to body height and percent body fat

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Fung, Lena, Eva Tsai, Lina P. Y. Chow, and Alex Carre. "Sport Harrassment in the Eyes of Hong Kong Youth Swimmers." International Journal of Sport and Health Science 2 (2004): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.2.163.

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Sadowski, Jerzy, Andrzej Mastalerz, Wilhelm Gromisz, and Tomasz Niźnikowski. "Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 32, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0025-5.

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Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the dry-land power training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in youth swimmers. Twenty six male swimmers, free from injuries and training regularly at least 6 times a week, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n=14, mean age 14.0 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.67±0.08 m and mean body mass 55.71 ±9.55 kg) and control (n=12, mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.61±0.11 m and mean body mass 49.07 ±8.25 kg). The experimental group took part in a combined swimming and dry-land power training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The training programmes in water included a dominant aerobic work in front crawl. In this research the experimental group tended to present slightly greater improvements in sprint performance. However, the stroke frequency insignificantly decreased (-4.30%, p>0.05) in the experimental group and increased (6.28%, p>0.05) in the control group. The distance per stroke insignificantly increased in the experimental group (5.98%, p>0.05) and insignificantly decreased in the control group (-5.36%, p>0.05). A significant improvement of tethered swimming force for the experimental group (9.64%, p<0.02) was found, whereas the increase was not statistically significant in the control group (2.86%, p>0.05). The main data cannot clearly state that power training allowed an enhancement in swimming performance, although a tendency to improve swimming performance in tethered swimming was noticed.

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Nugent, Frank J., Thomas M. Comyns, and Giles D. Warrington. "Quality Versus Quantity Debate in Swimming: Perceptions and Training Practices of Expert Swimming Coaches." Journal of Human Kinetics 57, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0056.

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AbstractThe debate over low-volume, high-intensity training versus high-volume, low-intensity training, commonly known as Quality versus Quantity, respectively, is a frequent topic of discussion among swimming coaches and academics. The aim of this study was to explore expert coaches’ perceptions of quality and quantity coaching philosophies in competitive swimming and to investigate their current training practices. A purposeful sample of 11 expert swimming coaches was recruited for this study. The study was a mixed methods design and involved each coach participating in 1 semi-structured interview and completing 1 closed-ended questionnaire. The main findings of this study were that coaches felt quality training programmes would lead to short term results for youth swimmers, but were in many cases more appropriate for senior swimmers. The coaches suggested that quantity training programmes built an aerobic base for youth swimmers, promoted technical development through a focus on slower swimming and helped to enhance recovery from training or competition. However, the coaches continuously suggested that quantity training programmes must be performed with good technique and they felt this was a misunderstood element. This study was a critical step towards gaining a richer and broader understanding on the debate over Quality versus Quantity training from an expert swimming coaches’ perspective which was not currently available in the research literature.

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Mezzaroba, Paulo Victor, Marcelo Papoti, and Fabiana Andrade Machado. "Gender and distance influence performance predictors in young swimmers." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 19, no. 4 (December 2013): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742013000400010.

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Predictors of performance in adult swimmers are constantly changing during youth especially because the training routine begins even before puberty in the modality. Therefore this study aimed to determine the group of parameters that best predict short and middle swimming distance performances of young swimmers of both genders. Thirty-three 10-to 16-years-old male and female competitive swimmers participated in the study. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used considering mean speed of maximum 100, 200 and 400 m efforts as dependent variables, and five parameters groups as possible predictors (anthropometry, body composition, physiological and biomechanical parameters, chronological age/pubic hair). The main results revealed explanatory powers of almost 100% for both genders and all performances, but with different predictors entered in MLR models of each parameter group or all variables. Thus, there are considerable differences in short and middle swimming distance, and males and females predictors that should be considered in training programs.

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Sajber, Maric, Rodek, Sekulic, and Liposek. "Toward Prevention of Doping in Youth Sport: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Correlates of Doping Tendency in Swimming." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 4851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234851.

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Doping is recognized as one of the most important problems in sports, but a limited number of studies have investigated doping problems in youth athletes. This study aimed to evaluate doping tendency (potential doping behavior (PDB)) and correlates of PDB in youth age swimmers. The participants were 241 competitive swimmers (131 females; 15.3 ± 1.1 years of age, all under 18 years old). Variables included predictors and PDB (criterion). Predictors consisted of sociodemographic factors (gender and age), sport-related variables (i.e., experience in swimming and sport achievement), variables explaining coaching strategy and training methodology, consumption of dietary supplements (DS), knowledge about doping, and knowledge about sports nutrition and DS (KSN). In addition to the descriptive statistics and differences between genders, a multinomial regression using PDB as the criterion (negative-, neutral-, or positive-PDB, with a negative-PDB as the reference value) was calculated to define associations between predictors and criterion. With only 71% of swimmers who declared negative-PDB results indicated an alarming figure. Boys with better KSN were more negatively oriented toward positive-PDB (OR: 0.77, 95%CI: 0.60–0.95). In girls, lower competitive achievement was evidenced as a risk factor for neutral-PDB (OR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.24–0.63). Also, higher neutral-PDB (OR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.81–0.96) and positive-PDB (OR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83–0.99) were identified in girls who began with intensive training in younger age. Because of the alarming figures of PDB, there is an evident need for the development of systematic antidoping educational programs in youth swimming. In doing so, focus should be placed on girls who began intensive training at an earlier age and those who did not achieve high competitive results.

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Son, Hee-Jeong, Hyeong-Tae Kwon, and Hyo-Sik Kim. "Monitoring Blood Lactate Concentration during High Intensity Exercise in Youth Swimmers." Korea Journal of Sport 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46669/kss.2020.18.2.115.

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Cai, Guang, Jun Qiu, Shuai Chen, Qile Pan, Xunzhang Shen, and Jie Kang. "Hematological, Hormonal and Fitness Indices in Youth Swimmers: Gender‐Related Comparisons." Journal of Human Kinetics 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0027.

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Abstract This study objective was to evaluate gender differences in hematological, hormonal and fitness variables among youth swimmers and to explore relationships between erythrocyte indices and aerobic and anaerobic capacity. 137 girls and 171 boys participated in the study and were divided into three groups based on their training experience. Blood samples were obtained to determine red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and plasma erythropoietin and testosterone levels. VO2max was assessed using a submaximal cycle protocol. 76 girls and 102 boys also undertook a Wingate test to determine their peak anaerobic power. Boys had higher (p < 0.05) means than girls for all hematological variables except for erythropoietin and these variables demonstrated an increase with training in boys. The average VO2max in l∙min-1 and peak anaerobic power in watts were also higher in boys (2.91 ± 0.08 and 547 ± 28, respectively) than girls (2.25 ± 0.07 and 450 ± 26, respectively). Modest but significant (p < 0.05) correlations were found between VO2max and red blood cell counts (r = 0.252), hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.345), or hematocrit (r = 0.345) and between peak anaerobic power and red blood cell counts (r = 0.304), hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.319) or hematocrit (r = 0.351). This study revealed relatively lower yet age- and gender-appropriate hematological, hormonal and fitness indices in youth swimmers. The gender-related differences in erythrocyte indices seem unrelated to erythropoietin and may be explained by the higher testosterone levels seen in boys. Given their correlation to both aerobic and anaerobic capacity, erythrocyte indices may be used as part of talent identification for sports.

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Maftei, Alexandru, Roxana Maria Hadmaş, and Ștefan Adrian Martin. "Menu structure for children and youth swimmers during micro-cycle training." Palestrica Of The Third Millennium - Civilization And Sport 13, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26659/pm3.2018.19.3.176.

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McCarthy, Paul J. "Putting imagery to good affect: A case study among youth swimmers." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 5, no. 1 (February 2009): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2009.5.1.27.

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Harris, Brandonn S., and Jack C. Watson. "Assessing Youth Sport Burnout: A Self-Determination and Identity Development Perspective." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 5, no. 2 (June 2011): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.117.

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The utility of Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory (1985) and Coakley’s unidimensional identity model (1992) has yet to be adequately assessed in understanding youth athlete burnout. This may be due to a lack of measures available to assess these relevant constructs in a youth athlete sample. Having such inventories would likely enhance practitioners’ ability to identify, prevent, and treat this phenomenon more effectively in young children. Therefore, the current study assessed the psychometric properties for modified burnout, motivation, and athletic identity inventories for a youth athlete sample. Participants included 88 youth swimmers ranging in age from 7 to 12 years, who completed measures assessing burnout, motivation, and athletic identity. Internal consistencies and exploratory factor analyses provided preliminary psychometric support for the use and continued evaluation of these revised measures with young athletes.

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Killian, Kenneth J., Susan Arena-Ronde, and Lucille Bruno. "Refinement of Two Instruments That Assess Water Orientation in Atypical Swimmers." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 4, no. 1 (January 1987): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.4.1.25.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of two instruments designed to assess water orientation, which was defined to include both traditional water adjustment concerns and novel aspects of a swimmer’s adjustment to water. The Water Orientation Checklist–Basic (WOC-B) assessed successful performance using a five-choice rating scale. The Water Orientation Checklist–Advanced (WOC-Adv) assessed successful and unsuccessful performance; unsuccessful responses involved a subject’s failed attempt to perform a task and were thought to be an indicator of motivation. Seventy-one atypical subjects (i.e., individuals who require special swimming instruction) were individually observed; these included autistic children (n = 15), autistic youth (n = 14), functionally retarded children (n = 10), functionally retarded youth (n = 9), functionally retarded preschoolers (n = 13), and nonhandicapped preschoolers (n = 10). The checklists were found to offer good interobserver agreement (WOC-B, 87%; WOC-Adv, 80%) and were found appropriate for assessing water orientation in the six groups observed. Based on the findings of the study, the instruments were thought to be useful assessment devices for instructional and research purposes.

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Machado, M. V., J. P. Borges, I. S. Galdino, L. Cunha, A. S. Sá Filho, D. C. Soares, and O. Andries Junior. "Does critical velocity represent the maximal lactate steady state in youth swimmers?" Science & Sports 34, no. 3 (June 2019): e209-e215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2018.09.010.

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Moulds, Kylie, Shaun Abbott, Johan Pion, Cecilia Brophy‐Williams, Mark Heathcote, and Stephen Cobley. "Sink or Swim? A survival analysis of sport dropout in Australian youth swimmers." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30, no. 11 (August 6, 2020): 2222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13771.

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Russell, M., R. Lali, E. Cockburn, and PLS Rumbold. "DIETARY ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL YOUTH SWIMMERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 17 (October 24, 2013): e4.46-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.50.

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Wądrzyk, Łukasz, and Robert Staszkiewicz. "Kinematic Analysis of the Kick Start Underwater Phase of Young Male Swimmers." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 28, no. 84 (December 31, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7797.

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Introduction: The introduction of a starting block with an adjustable and slanted footrest has caused the development of a new starting technique - the Kick Start. Therefore, research on swim start seems necessary, particularly concerning the Kick Start underwater phase. Aim: The study aim was to characterise the underwater phase of the Kick Start among young, male, competitive swimmers. Basic procedures. The study included 32 male, youth, competitive swimmers (mean age=16.61 years, height=1.80 m, body mass=72.47 kg, FINA Points=617). Participants executed three freestyle Kick Starts recorded using an underwater high-speed camera. Videos were kinematically analysed using the Skill Spector programme. Then, k-means clustering was applied. Results. Participants were classified into three clusters. Cluster FT (“flat trajectory”) comprised swimmers with a ”flat” course of underwater movement - low value of the angle of water attack (KA=0.92o), maximum depth of the head (hmax=0.85 m), distance (dmax=0.71 m), and time to maximum depth of the head (tmax=0.51 s). Group MT (“moderate trajectory”) had moderate values of the above-mentioned parameters (KA=10.27o, hmax=0.93 m, dmax=1.03 m, tmax=0.60 s), while Cluster DT (“deep trajectory”) achieved the highest values (KA=15.74o, hmax=1.05 m, dmax=1.38 m, tmax=0.73 s). The time to reach 15 m in Cluster FT was about 0.3 s slower than in Group MT and DT, although this dissimilarity was not significant. Conclusions. The course of underwater movement is mostly affected by the angle at which swimmers submerge. There is no “ideal” way to perform the underwater phase, however, it should not be executed too close to the water surface.

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Batalha, Nuno, Sónia Dias, Daniel A. Marinho, and José A. Parraca. "The Effectiveness of Land and Water Based Resistance Training on Shoulder Rotator Cuff Strength and Balance of Youth Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 62, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0161.

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AbstractThe continuous execution of swimming techniques, supported mainly by the upper limbs, may cause shoulder rotator muscle imbalances, which leads to injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two training programs on strength, balance and endurance of shoulder rotator cuff muscles in youth swimmers. Twenty-five male swimmers were evaluated and randomly divided into two groups – the land group (n = 13), which conducted a conventional dry-land training program with elastic bands, and the water group (n = 12), which conducted a water resistance program. In both groups, the level of strength of the shoulder rotators was evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer on two occasions (baseline and after 10 weeks) using two protocols: i) three repetitions at 60o/s; ii) twenty repetitions at 180o/s. The land group significantly increased the unilateral ratios compared to the water group. The land group also decreased the external rotator levels of muscular fatigue. The dry-land training program conducted proved to be more effective than the one conducted in the water, allowing to reduce the muscle imbalance and to decrease muscle fatigue.

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Douglas Coatsworth, J., and David E. Conroy. "Enhancing the self-esteem of youth swimmers through coach training: Gender and age effects." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 7, no. 2 (March 2006): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.005.

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Cholewa, Jaroslaw, Milosz Czuba, Adam Zajac, and Kazimierz Mikolajec. "The effectiveness of chosen training means in the development of endurance in youth swimmers." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 4, no. 3 (2009): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2009.43.08.

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Angione, Sara, Heather McClenaghan, and Ashley LaPlante. "A Review of Chlorine in Indoor Swimming Pools and its Increased Risk of Adverse Health Effects." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2011): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v2i1.1526.

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Background: Chlorine is a commonly used agent for water disinfectant in swimming pools. Inadequate ventilation in indoor swimming pools and chlorination disinfectant by-products (DBP’s) caused by organic matter promote the increased risk of adverse health effects. Water quality and proper ventilation must be monitored to avoid health risks in youth and adolescents. Methods: Studies were researched on children and adolescents from 2-18 years old who swim indoors. Articles were limited by only including journals from the year 2000 through 2010 and contain global statistics. Peer reviewed scientific articles were reviewed and a meta-analysis of three different scientific research databases, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, was conducted. Results and Conclusions: Children under five years of age, lifeguards and elite swimmers are at an increased risk of upper and lower respiratory symptoms, such as asthma, when exposed to chlorinated swimming frequently. Recreational swimmers who swim moderately are at a lower risk for developing occupational asthma. Implications: Reducing exposure to chlorine from indoor swimming pools may limit the risk of developing upper and lower respiratory infections.

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Chambers, Kristine L., and Joan N. Vickers. "Effects of Bandwidth Feedback and Questioning on the Performance of Competitive Swimmers." Sport Psychologist 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.2.184.

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The effects of a coaching intervention involving Bandwidth Feedback and Questioning (BF-Q) on competitive swim times (cTIME), practice swim times (pTIME), and technique (TECH) were determined for competitive youth swimmers. The pre-post-transfer design spanned one short-course (25m) swim season. It was concluded that coaching in which feedback was delayed and replaced with questions directed to the athletes contributed to improved technique and subsequent faster race times. Compared to the Control group, the BF-Q group displayed greater gains in TECH during the intervention period and greater improvement in cTIME during the transfer period. Results are presented in a context of cognitive psychology, motor learning, and questioning. Applications to coaching practice and coach training are also discussed.

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Callary, Bettina, Scott Rathwell, and Bradley W. Young. "Coach Education and Learning Sources for Coaches of Masters Swimmers." International Sport Coaching Journal 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0056.

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Masters Athletes (MAs; adult athletes typically over 35 years old who prepare in order to compete at levels ranging from very recreational competition to serious competition) want coaches to cater their approaches to working with adults. Using adult learning principles, we previously found that some coaches cater their approaches in ways to accommodate the manner in which adult athletes prefer to learn. The purpose of this article is to articulate swim coaches’ perceptions of how they learned to work with MAs and whether their formal coach training meets their needs related to coaching MAs. Eleven swim coaches were interviewed regarding how they learned to coach MAs, and were questioned specifically about their coach development broadly and coach education specifically. The data were thematically analyzed and results revealed six main learning sources: coaching experiences (e.g., interacting with MAs, reflection, advice from MAs, coaching youth), experience as an athlete, reading books and Internet searches, networks and mentors, formal coach education, and non-swimming experiences. Results also revealed key themes about coaches’ perceptions regarding coach education, specifically the lack of connection between coach education programs and the Masters sport context, and coaches’ interest in coach education specific to MAs.

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Strašilová, Kateřina, and Petr Vajda. "INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION IN A GROUP ON YOUNG GIRLS’ PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE." Annales Kinesiologiae 9, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/ak.2018.155.

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It is assumed that there are many factors influencing sport performance in youth sport. This research is designed to find out whether there are any differences between individual and group physical performance. The aim of study is to report on the effect of social-comparative effect on young girls’ physical performance. The study involved young elite synchronized swimmers from a Czech club with Olympic tradition who compete at an international level (n = 28, age 10.12±1.20). The swimmers were required to hold a wall-seat position as long as possible in two separately measured rounds, i.e. as individuals and as a group. The girls were randomly split into two groups. They started with an individual or group try of the wall-seat position exercise. There was a week’s interval between the measured rounds. The mean performance was M = 108.82±57.10 in the individual try and M = 271.50±218.88 in the group one. The influence of social interaction in the group was evaluated by Cohen’s d which showed high substantive differences (d = 1.1, large effect). The Wilcoxon matched pair test was used for data analysis (results were statistically significant, P < 0.05). It showed mutual social encouragement in a group that caused improvement in performing a wall-seat position and influenced significantly their performance. However, it was also established that such social interaction / encouragement is not consistent for every child. Nevertheless, there are many other important factors influencing a youth physical performance as positive verbal motivation, constructive feedback or appraisal.

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Balamutova, N., L. Sheyko, A. Yushko, N. Boreyko, E. Bloshenko, and G. Kucherenko. "BIoenergy criteria for the physical performance of swimmers of different age." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 1(145) (January 19, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.1(145).05.

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For success in a particular sport, you must have an appropriate body type, a high level of development of physical qualities and functional capabilities of the body. In sports related to the manifestation of endurance, sports performance is largely associated with the capabilities of energy supply systems. The purpose of this study was to study the characteristics of adaptation of swimmers' organism to physical activity in the course of many years of training. The study involved young swimmers aged 13-22 years. The results of our work represent an attempt to follow the formation of functional prerequisites for high sports performance at different stages of long-term training. However, the data of this study indicate that the overall training load is quite adequate for them. On the other hand, differences in the level of functional state of the body of young people and adults may be due to different directions of the educational and training process. If the main goal of training adult athletes is to achieve high sports results, then in youth sports the tasks of basic training are mostly solved, which creates the preconditions for achieving higher sportsmanship in the future. The data of this study are an attempt to trace the formation of functional prerequisites for high athletic performance at different stages of long-term training and can be used to create dynamic model characteristics of athletes. Prospects for further research are to determine the level of functional state of the body and physical performance of girls swimmers of all ages.

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Nugent, Frank, Thomas Comyns, Alan Nevill, and Giles D. Warrington. "The Effects of Low-Volume, High-Intensity Training on Performance Parameters in Competitive Youth Swimmers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 2 (February 2019): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0110.

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Larson, Heather K., Bradley W. Young, Tara-Leigh F. McHugh, and Wendy M. Rodgers. "Participation profiles of current masters swimmers and their (lack of) retrospective associations with youth experiences." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 53 (March 2021): 101878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101878.

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Godard, Michael P., Kevin M. Dunn, Kathryn M. Godard, and Deborah Jessen. "The Effects of a Training Season on Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Function in Competitive Youth Swimmers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000401830.62837.94.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Youth swimmers'

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