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Journal articles on the topic 'Youth suicide rates'
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1
Berkelmans, Guus, Rob van der Mei, Sandjai Bhulai, Saskia Merelle, and Renske Gilissen. "Demographic Risk Factors for Suicide among Youths in The Netherlands." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041182.
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In 2000 to 2016 the highest number of suicides among Dutch youths under 20 in any given year was 58 in 2013. In 2017 this number increased to 81 youth suicides. To get more insight in what types of youths died by suicide, particularly in recent years (2013–2017) we looked at micro-data of Statistics Netherlands and counted suicides among youths till 23, split out along gender, age, regions, immigration background and place in household and compared this to the general population of youths in the Netherlands. We also compared the demographics of young suicide victims to those of suicide victims among the population as a whole. We found higher suicide rates among male youths, older youths, those of Dutch descent and youths living alone. These differences were generally smaller than in the population as a whole. There were also substantial geographical differences between provinces and healthcare regions. The method of suicide is different in youth compared to the population as a whole: relatively more youth suicides by jumping or lying in front of a moving object and relatively less youth suicides by autointoxication or drowning, whereas the most frequent method of suicide among both groups is hanging or suffocation.
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Park, B. C. Ben, Jeong Soo Im, and Kathryn Strother Ratcliff. "Rising Youth Suicide and the Changing Cultural Context in South Korea." Crisis 35, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000237.
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Background: South Korean society faces a serious challenge in the increasing rates of youth suicidal behavior. There is a need both to gain a better understanding of the causes of this behavior and to develop strategies for responding to this critical public health issue. Aims: This article analyzes how psychological, sociopsychological, and subcultural factors influence suicidal proneness among Korean youth as well as makes suggestions for developing social policies that could reduce Korean youth suicidal behaviors. Method: Correlation and multivariate regression analyses on suicide proneness and depression were employed using a sample of 172 South Korean youths (aged 18–24) selected from the 2009 General Social Survey collected through face-to-face interviews. Results: Young people’s suicidal proneness is associated with depression, a tolerant attitude toward suicide, strained family relations, living in rural areas, being female, and being closely related to survivors of suicide or potential suicides. Conclusion: The findings from this study reveal the significance of social and cultural factors as influences on recent youth suicidal behavior in Korea. The analysis suggests that the underlying risk factors of suicidal behavior are embedded in the changing social and cultural context of Korean society. Thus, suicide prevention efforts should involve more than merely treating any underlying psychiatric disorders.
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Fajkic, Almir, Orhan Lepara, Martin Voracek, Nestor D. Kapusta, Thomas Niederkrotenthaler, Leena Amiri, Gernot Sonneck, and Kanita Dervic. "Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)." Crisis 31, no. 3 (May 2010): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000021.
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Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.
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Campbell, Anita, Murray Chapman, Cate McHugh, Adelln Sng, and Sivasankaran Balaratnasingam. "Rising Indigenous suicide rates in Kimberley and implications for suicide prevention." Australasian Psychiatry 24, no. 6 (September 26, 2016): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216665281.
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Objectives: This audit examined the demographics of Indigenous Australians dying by suicide in the Kimberley region of Western Australia during the period 2005–2014. Methods: This is a de-identified retrospective audit of reported suicide deaths provided to Kimberley Mental Health and Drug Service during the period 2005–2014. Variables such as age, sex, method of suicide, previous engagement with mental health services, locality and ethnicity were assessed. Results: Indigenous suicide rates in the Kimberley region have dramatically increased in the last decade. There is also an overall trend upwards in Indigenous youth suicide and Indigenous female suicides. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for culturally informed, and youth focussed, suicide prevention interventions within the Kimberley region.
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Lester, David, and Michael L. Frank. "Youth Suicide and Illegitimacy Rates." Psychological Reports 61, no. 3 (December 1987): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.3.954.
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Pritchard, Colin. "Youth Suicide and Gender in Australia and New Zealand Compared with Countries of the Western World 1973–1987." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072096.
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Based upon standardised mortality figures, between 1973–1987, Australian male suicide rose by 39%, and New Zealand male suicide by 53%. In both countries there were even greater increases in male youth suicides (15–24 years), 66% and 127% respectively. The female suicide statistics were more varied with a fall of −24% in Australia, but an increase of 26% in New Zealand. In both countries however, female youth suicide, relative to their general rates, increased. A comparison of youth suicide in the western world demonstrated that Australia and New Zealand were unique as they were the only countries in which male and female youth suicide levels were higher than their average rates.
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Beautrais, Annette L. "Methods of Youth Suicide in New Zealand: Trends and Implications for Prevention." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00690.x.
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Objective: One commonly suggested approach to reducing suicide is to restrict access to potentially lethal means of suicide. This paper summarises recent trends in methods of suicide among young people in New Zealand and examines the feasibility of suicide prevention through restricting access to methods of suicide. Method: Data derived from official mortality statistics were used to examine trends, from 1977 to 1996, in methods of suicide among young people aged 15–24 years. Results: During the last two decades, male youth suicide rates in New Zealand doubled, from 20.3 per 100 000 in 1977 to 39.5 per 100 000 in 1996. This increase was accounted for, almost entirely, by increased use of hanging (71% of total increase) and vehicle exhaust gas (26% of total increase). Suicide rates among young females also increased, from 4 per 100 000 in 1977 to 14.3 per 100 000 in 1996. As for males, the increased female suicide rate was largely accounted for by increased rates of hanging and vehicle exhaust gas. Conclusions: The marked increases in rates of youth suicide in New Zealand during the past two decades are accounted for, almost wholly, by increases in rates of suicide by hanging and, to a lesser extent, vehicle exhaust gas. In 1996 the majority (79.7%) of youth suicides were accounted for by these two methods: hanging (61.5%) and vehicle exhaust gas (18.2%). Both methods are widely available and difficult to restrict, implying that limiting access to means of suicide is a strategy which is unlikely to play a major role in reducing suicidal behaviour among young people in New Zealand.
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Disley, Barbara, and Carolyn Coggan. "Youth Suicide in New Zealand." Crisis 17, no. 3 (May 1996): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.17.3.116.
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It is increasingly acknowledged that suicidal behavior has a considerable impact on both individuals and society in terms of acute physical and mental health problems, long-term disability, and death, as well as quality of life and resource provision. In recent years there has been increasing concern about youth suicide rates. The escalation in suicide rates among individuals in the 15-24-year age group began around 1980 and has continued to rise. While this trend is evident in most OECD countries, the increase in New Zealand has been more substantial and sustained than in other countries. This article examines the occurrence of youth suicide in New Zealand. Next, an outline of New Zealand government and nongovernmental responses to youth suicide are presented. Finally, a variety of intervention options which take into account New Zealand societal conditions are outlined.
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Lester, David. "Youth Cohort Size and Suicide Rates." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 1 (August 1996): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.1.306.
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Youth suicide rates by state in 1970 were positively associated with their proportion in the population but not in 1989 Changes in the youth suicide rate over the 20-yr. period were not associated positively with changes in their cohort size.
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Lester, David. "Demographic Determinants of Youth Suicide Rates." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180, no. 4 (April 1992): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199204000-00011.
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Beautrais, Annette L. "Risk Factors for Suicide and Attempted Suicide among Young People." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00691.x.
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Objective: Suicide rates in young people have increased during the past three decades, particularly among young males, and there is increasing public and policy concern about the issue of youth suicide in Australia and New Zealand. This paper summarises current knowledge about risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in young people. Method: Evidence about risk factors for suicidal behaviour in young people was gathered by review of relevant English language articles and other papers, published since the mid-1980s. Results: The international literature yields a generally consistent account of the risk factors and life processes that lead to youth suicide and suicide attempts. Risk factor domains which may contribute to suicidal behaviour include: social and educational disadvantage; childhood and family adversity; psychopathology; individual and personal vulnerabilities; exposure to stressful life events and circumstances; and social, cultural and contextual factors. Frequently, suicidal behaviours in young people appear to be a consequence of adverse life sequences in which multiple risk factors from these domains combine to increase risk of suicidal behaviour. Conclusions: Current research evidence suggests that the strongest risk factors for youth suicide are mental disorders (in particular, affective disorders, substance use disorders and antisocial behaviours) and a history of psychopathology, indicating that priorities for intervening to reduce youth suicidal behaviours lie with interventions focused upon the improved recognition, treatment and management of young people with mental disorders.
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Beautrais, A. L., D. M. Fergusson, and L. J. Horwood. "Firearms Legislation and Reductions in Firearm-Related Suicide Deaths in New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 3 (March 2006): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01782.x.
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Objective: To examine the impact of introducing more restrictive firearms legislation (Amendment to the Arms Act, 1992) in New Zealand on suicides involving firearms. Method: National suicide data were examined for 8 years before, and 10 years following the introduction of the legislation. Results: After legislation, the mean annual rate of firearm-related suicides decreased by 46% for the total population (p < 0.0001), 66% for youth (15–24 years; p < 0.0001) and 39% for adults (≥25 years; p < 0.01). The fraction of all suicides accounted for by firearm-related suicides also reduced for all three populations (p < 0.0001). However, the introduction of firearms legislation was not associated with reductions in overall rates of suicide for all three populations. Conclusions: Following the introduction of legislation restricting ownership and access to firearms, firearm-related suicides significantly decreased, particularly among youth. Overall rates of youth suicide also decreased over this time but it is not possible to determine the extent to which this was accounted for by changes in firearms legislation or other causes.
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Page, Andrew, Richard Taylor, David Gunnell, Greg Carter, Stephen Morrell, and Graham Martin. "Effectiveness of Australian youth suicide prevention initiatives." British Journal of Psychiatry 199, no. 5 (November 2011): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093856.
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BackgroundAfter an epidemic rise in Australian young male suicide rates over the 1970s to 1990s, the period following the implementation of the original National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NYSPS) in 1995 saw substantial declines in suicide in young men.AimsTo investigate whether areas with locally targeted suicide prevention activity implemented after 1995 experienced lower rates of young adult suicide, compared with areas without such activity.MethodLocalities with or without identified suicide prevention activity were compared during the period of the NYSPS implementation (1995–1998) and a period subsequent to implementation (1999–2002) to establish whether annual average suicide rates were lower and declined more quickly in areas with suicide prevention activity over the period 1995–2002.ResultsMale suicide rates were lower in areas with targeted suicide prevention activity (and higher levels of funding) compared with areas receiving no activity both during (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.80–0.99,P= 0.030) and after (RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.77–0.96,P= 0.009) implementation, with rates declining faster in areas with targeted activity than in those without (13%v.10% decline). However, these differences were reduced and were no longer statistically significant following adjustment for sociodemographic variables. There was no difference in female suicide rates between areas with or without targeted suicide prevention activity.ConclusionsThere was little discernible impact on suicide rates in areas receiving locally targeted suicide prevention activities in the period following the NYSPS.
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MAHONEY, DIANA. "Suicide Rates Among Youth Reverse Long Decline." Pediatric News 41, no. 10 (October 2007): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(07)70637-9.
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Bossarte, R. M., and E. D. Caine. "Increase in US youth suicide rates 2004." Injury Prevention 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2007.017772.
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Snowdon, John. "Suicide and ‘hidden suicide’: a comparison of rates in selected countries." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (May 11, 2020): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220917069.
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Objective: To review rates of suicide and ‘hidden suicide’ in New Zealand (NZ), Australia, Ireland and Spain. Method: Using estimated population figures and online cause-of-death data from four countries, rates of suicide and ‘hidden suicide’ in 2014–2016 were calculated and compared. Results: Age patterns and rates of suicide and ‘hidden suicide’ differ between these countries. The male suicide rate progressively rises across the age range in Spain but becomes lower in late life in Ireland. The male patterns in NZ and Australia are bimodal; male and female rates decrease in late life, with NZ lower than Australia. Māori age patterns are downward-sloping. Suicide rates of young Māori considerably exceed those of young non-Māori in NZ. Conclusions: The NZ youth suicide peaks are attributable to high rates of Māori youth suicide. Rates of ‘hidden suicide’ are relatively low in the four countries.
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Hacker, Karen, Jessica Collins, Leni Gross-Young, Stephanie Almeida, and Noreen Burke. "Coping with Youth Suicide and Overdose." Crisis 29, no. 2 (March 2008): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.29.2.86.
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From 2000–2005, Somerville, MA, experienced a number of youth overdoses and suicides. The community response followed CDC recommendations for contagion containment. A community coalition, Somerville Cares About Prevention, became a pivotal convener of community partners and a local research organization, the Institute for Community Health, provided needed expertise in surveillance and analysis. Mayoral leadership provided the impetus for action while community activists connected those at risk with mental health resources. Using a variety of data sources (including death certificates, youth risk surveys, 911 call data, and hospital discharges) overdose and suicide activity were monitored. Rates of suicide and overdose for 10–24-year-olds were higher than in previous years. Using case investigation methods, the majority of suicide victims were found to be linked through common peer groups and substance abuse. Subsequent community action steps included: a community-based trauma response team, improved media relationships, focus groups for suicide survivors, and prevention trainings to community stakeholders. Youth suicide and overdose activity subsided in May of 2005. The community partnerships were critical elements for developing a response to this public health crisis. This collaborative approach to suicide contagion used existing resources and provides important lessons learned for other communities facing similar circumstances.
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Besch, Vincent, Christian Greiner, Charline Magnin, Mélanie De Néris, Julia Ambrosetti, Nader Perroud, Emmanuel Poulet, Martin Debbané, and Paco Prada. "Clinical Characteristics of Suicidal Youths and Adults: A One-Year Retrospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 8733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238733.
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Suicide is a major mental health problem, particularly during youth, when it is the second leading cause of death. Since young people at risk of suicide are often cared for by the adult health system, we sought to identify the specificities and similarities between suicidal youths and adults in order to further inform the potential need for adaptations in taking care of suicidal youths. For this study, we used the following data: mental disorders, treatments, previous hospitalization, and reasons for current hospitalization, that were collected from November 2016 to October 2017 among people hospitalized for a suicidal crisis in a specialized psychiatric unit. First, we compared the data from the youth group with those from the adult group, and then we tried to determine if there were any associations between variables. Analyses showed that youths were more similar to adults than expected. In particular, we found comparable rates of personality disorders (especially borderline) and relapse, and similar profiles of reasons for hospitalization in suicidal crisis. Remarkably, among youth, neuroleptics appeared to be associated with fewer hospitalizations for behavioral than ideational reasons, but with more relapses. Results of this study suggest that young people could benefit from brief psychotherapeutic interventions implemented for adults.
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Kirby, Anne V., Alexandra L. Terrill, Ariel Schwartz, Jarrett Henderson, Brandi N. Whitaker, and Jessica Kramer. "Occupational Therapy Practitioners’ Knowledge, Comfort, and Competence Regarding Youth Suicide." OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 40, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449220908577.
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Suicide rates for young people are climbing in the United States and worldwide. Increasing rates of youth suicide are of concern to occupational therapy (OT) practitioners in pediatric settings, yet the profession’s role in this area is poorly defined. To understand OT practitioners’ awareness and needs related to youth suicide, we administered a survey including objective (e.g., knowledge of suicide-related facts) and subjective items (open- and close-ended questions) related to youth suicide to 134 OT practitioners working in pediatric settings. Only 5.2% of respondents correctly answered four items about youth suicide facts and only 32% reported they had received suicide-focused education. Just under half (45%) of respondents were able to identify all best practice responses to clinical scenarios related to youth suicide; older practitioner age was the only significant predictor of best practices. OT practitioners in pediatric settings would benefit from youth-focused suicide education and training.
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Bagley, Christopher, and Pierre Tremblay. "Elevated Rates of Suicidal Behavior in Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth." Crisis 21, no. 3 (May 2000): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.21.3.111.
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Both clinical and epidemiological literature point to elevated rates of suicidal behaviors in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth (GLBY). Recent North American and New Zealand studies of large populations (especially the US Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from several states) indicate that gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents (males in particular) can have rates of serious suicide attempts at least four times those of apparently heterosexual youth. There are various reasons why this figure is likely to be an underestimate. Reasons for these elevated rates of suicidal behavior include a climate of homophobic persecution in schools, and sometimes in family and community—values and actions that stigmatize homosexuality and that the youth who has not yet “come out” has to endure in silence.
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Mittendorfer-Rutz, Ellenor, Ana Hagström, and Anna-Clara Hollander. "High Suicide Rates Among Unaccompanied Minors/Youth Seeking Asylum in Sweden." Crisis 41, no. 4 (July 2020): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000636.
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Abstract. Background and aim: We aimed to assess rates and background factors of suicide among unaccompanied minors/youth (10–21 years of age) seeking asylum in Sweden in 2017, and to compare these rates with rates in the Swedish general population of the same age. Method: Data were collected and validated using information from four governmental agencies and two nongovernmental organizations. Suicide rates were calculated for 100,000 individuals. Results: The suicide rate was 51.2 per 100,000 among unaccompanied minors/youth, which compares to 6.1 per 100,000 in the host population. Characteristics of asylum seekers who died by suicide were: male gender (100%) and from Afghanistan (83%). Hanging was the predominant method (60%). Limitations: As estimation of an exact population of asylum seekers is difficult; we overestimated the number of individuals in the population of asylum seekers, resulting in an underestimation of their suicide rates. Conclusion: The suicide rate in unaccompanied minors/youth seeking asylum in 2017 in Sweden can be regarded as very high. Rapid implementation of suicide preventive measures is warranted.
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Penev, Goran, and Biljana Stankovic. "Suicides in Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century and trends in the past fifty years." Stanovnistvo 45, no. 2 (2007): 25–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0702025p.
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In 2006 in Serbia, 1444 persons committed suicide (19.5 per 100.000 population. Compared to the early 50s of the 20th century, the number of suicides has nearly doubled, but there has been a moderate decrease in the last 15 years. Similar, but somewhat more moderate tendencies are noted in the change of the value of the suicide rates. The lowest suicide rates were recorded during the 1950s, around 12 per 100.000, and the highest in the last decade of the 20th century when the rate reached 20 suicides per 100.000 inhabitants. The highest suicide rate is among the elderly, and there is also a noticeable tendency of increase in the share of the elderly in the total number of suicides, which is primarily the consequence of intense demographic aging. With youth, the last thirty years note a decline of both the number of suicides and the value of the suicide rates. The number of young people aged 15-24 who have committed suicide in 2006 is less than half of the number from 1971 (decreased from 150 to 66), and the values of suicide rates are also significantly low (decreased from 11.5 to 6.9 per 100.000). Despite certain changes in the values of age-specific suicide rates achieved in the last 50 years, their age patterns of suicide mortality can be characterized as stable. Men are dominant among persons who have committed suicide, with double the number of women, and the highest recorded value of the suicide rate of women never surpassed the value of the lowest suicide rate in men. In terms of marital status, the total rate of suicides is highest with widowers then divorced persons, married persons, and lowest rates are with celibates. In all four groups, suicide rates are at least 3 times higher for men. There is also a clear connection between the level of education and suicide rates for both sexes, with the suicide rate decreasing with higher educational level. In terms of total suicide rate, Serbia is currently in the top half of the European list of countries, closer to countries with highest suicide rates than fifteen years ago. Results achieved in other countries, especially in some former communist countries, imply that defining and conducting a strategy for suicide prevention could have significant effect on the decrease of suicides in Serbia as well.
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MAHONEY, DIANA. "Suicide Rates Spike in Youth and Young Adults." Clinical Psychiatry News 35, no. 10 (October 2007): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(07)70646-x.
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Romney, Justin S., Lindsey G. Hawkins, and Kristy L. Soloski. "Gender Conformity and Suicide: A Case Study Integrating Structural Family Therapy and Satir Experiential Therapy." Clinical Case Studies 19, no. 4 (May 23, 2020): 282–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650120919797.
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Recent studies have shown that suicidality among transgender youth are 3.6 times more likely to report suicidal ideation and 3.2 times more likely to attempt suicide compared with cisgender youth. To alleviate the suicide rates among transgender youth, research suggests the need for family-based interventions. This case study explores the integration of structural family therapy and the Satir growth model to increase connection and support within the family, while also creating clear boundaries that are protective and growth-enhancing. This study provides a session by session overview of how the therapist integrated the models while working with the entire family unit.
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Barber, James G. "Relative Misery and Youth Suicide." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 1 (February 2001): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00854.x.
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Objective: To test the ‘absolute misery hypothesis’ that suicide rates are a proxy measure of psychological maladjustment within the general population of young people. Method: Study I regressed World Health Organization statistics on youth suicide rates on measures of adolescent adjustment across seven countries. Study II analysed the results of a Canadian survey involving 2111 children from 31 schools in grades seven to 12 (ages 11–20 years, mean = 15.5, SD = 1.7). The survey contained measures of suicidality, depressed affect and social comparison. Results: Study I found that male suicide was much more likely in psychologically welladjusted countries than in less well-adjusted countries. Although not statistically significant in a sample of this size (n = 7), correlation analysis suggested that the relationship between suicide and adjustment was in the opposite direction for females. Study II found that suicidality in boys was not associated with depressed affect on its own, or with social comparison on its own, but was associated with the combination of depressed affect and negative social comparison. By contrast, suicidality in girls was significantly associated both with absolute and comparative levels of unhappiness. Conclusions: A new, ‘relative misery hypothesis’ is proposed to account for these results. Under this hypothesis, the disposition of vulnerable young men towards suicide is influenced by their affective state relative to others. When those around them are perceived to be better off than they are, the predisposition of young men to suicide is increased. By contrast, female suicide is predicted to be less influenced by young women's relative state, and more by their absolute level of unhappiness. The primary implication of the relative misery hypothesis is that the prevention of young male suicide in particular is likely to require methods that discourage vulnerable individuals from making negative social comparisons.
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Wilkinson, David, and David Gunnell. "Youth Suicide Trends in Australian Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1997." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 5 (October 2000): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00812.x.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to examine trends in suicide among 15–34-year-olds living in Australian metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas between 1988 and 1997. Method: Suicide and population data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. We calculated overall and method-specific suicide rates for 15–24 and 25–34-year-old males and females separately, according to area of residence defined as non-metropolitan (≤ 20 000 people) or metropolitan. Results: Between 1988 and 1997 suicide rates in 15–24-year-old non-metropolitan males were consistently 50% higher than metropolitan 15–24-year-olds. In 1995–1997, for example, the rates were: 38.2 versus 25.1 per 100 000 respectively (p < 0.0001). The reverse pattern was seen in 25–34-year-old females with higher rates in metropolitan areas (7.5 per 100 000) compared with non-metropolitan areas (6.1 per 100000, p = 0.21) in 1995–1997. There were no significant differences according to area of residence in 25–34-year-old males or 15–24-year-old females. Over the years studied we found no clear evidence that suicide rates increased to a greater extent in rural than urban areas. Rates of hanging suicide have approximately doubled in both sexes and age groups in both settings over this time. Despite an approximate halving in firearm suicide, rates remain 3-fold higher among non-metropolitan residents. Conclusion: Non-metropolitan males aged 15–24 years have disproportionately higher rates of suicide than their metropolitan counterparts. Reasons for this require further investigation. Hanging is now the most favoured method of non-metropolitan suicide replacing firearms from 10 years ago. Although legislation may reduce method-specific suicide the potential for method-substitution means that overall rates may not fall. More comprehensive interventions are therefore required.
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Lester, David. "Quality of Life for Children and Suicide Rates." Psychological Reports 89, no. 3 (December 2001): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.89.3.616.
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Dickson, Joanne M., Kate Cruise, Clare A. McCall, and Peter J. Taylor. "A Systematic Review of the Antecedents and Prevalence of Suicide, Self-Harm and Suicide Ideation in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173154.
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Suicide and self-harm represent serious global health problems and appear to be especially elevated amongst indigenous minority groups, and particularly amongst young people (aged 24 years or younger). This systematic review investigates for the first time the antecedents and prevalence of suicide, self-harm and suicide ideation among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. Web of Science, PubMed, PsychINFO, CINAHL databases and grey literature were searched from earliest records to April 2019 for eligible articles. Twenty-two empirical articles met the inclusion criteria. The data confirmed that indigenous youth in Australia have elevated rates of suicide, self-harm and suicidal ideation relative to the nonindigenous population. Risk factors included being incarcerated, substance use and greater social and emotional distress. Notably, though, information on predictors of suicide and self-harm remains scarce. The findings support and justify the increasing implementation of public health programs specifically aimed at tackling this crisis. Based on the review findings, we argued that Aboriginal communities are best positioned to identify and understand the antecedents of youth self-harm, suicide ideation and suicide, and to take the lead in the development of more effective mental health preventive strategies and public policies within their communities.
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Shek, Daniel T. L., and Lu Yu. "Self-Harm and Suicidal Behaviors in Hong Kong Adolescents: Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/932540.
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The present paper examined the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of adolescent deliberate self-harm (DSH) and suicidal behavior in a representative sample of 3,328 secondary school students in Hong Kong. With reference to the previous year, 32.7% of the students reported at least one form of DSH, 13.7% of the respondents had suicide thoughts, 4.9% devised specific suicidal plans, and 4.7% had actually attempted suicide. Adolescent girls had significantly higher rates of DSH and suicidal behavior than did adolescent boys. Having remarried parents was related to an increased likelihood of DSH and suicide. While high levels of family functioning, overall positive youth development, and academic and school performance predicted low rates of DSH and suicidal behavior, cognitive and behavioral competencies were unexpectedly found to be positively associated with DSH and suicidal behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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San Sebastián, Miguel, Anette Edin-Liljegren, and Frida Jonsson. "Rural–urban differences in suicide attempts and mortality among young people in northern Sweden, 1998–2017: A register-based study." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 8 (July 17, 2020): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494820939018.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to assess trends in suicide attempts and mortality between 1998 and 2017 by residential area and gender among northern Swedish youths. Methods: Events of suicide attempts and deaths for each municipality in the four counties of the northern Swedish region, stratified by gender, were retrieved for each year from 1998 to 2017. All cases identified within the registers with the diagnostic codes X60–X84 or Y10–Y34 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) for individuals aged 15–24 years were included. Place of residence at municipal level was categorized into three groups: rural – municipalities with a population of <10,000 inhabitants; semi-rural – those between 10,000 and 50,000; and urban – those with >50,000 inhabitants. Results: The rates of attempted suicides in the northern region were higher in both men and women than in Sweden, while the rates of suicide deaths were slightly higher in young men but similar in young women compared to the national averages. Overall, the risk of suicide attempts was higher in semi-rural municipalities compared to urban ones, particularly among women. A significantly higher risk of mortality was also observed for men and women in semi-rural municipalities, but only in the period 2010–2013. Conclusions: The high rates of attempted and completed suicides among youth in northern Sweden and the higher risks in rural and semi-rural municipalities need close attention. The implementation of suicide prevention programs, especially in rural and semi-rural municipalities, should be intensified.
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Ferguson, Isobel, Stephanie Moor, Chris Frampton, and Steve Withington. "Rural youth in distress? Youth self-harm presentations to a rural hospital over 10 years." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 2 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19033.
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ABSTRACT IntroductionDespite growing awareness of increasing rates of youth suicide and self-harm in New Zealand, there is still little known about self-harm among rural youth. AimThis study compared: (1) rates of youth self-harm presentations between a rural emergency department (ED) and nationally available rates; and (2) local and national youth suicide rates over the decade from January 2008 to December 2017. MethodsData were requested on all presentations to Ashburton Hospital ED coded for ‘self-harm’ for patients aged 15–24 years. Comparative data were obtained from the coroner, Ministry of Health and the 2013 census. Analyses were conducted of the effects of age, time, repetition, method, ethnicity and contact with mental health services on corresponding suicide rates. ResultsSelf-harm rates in Ashburton rose in the post-earthquake period (2013–17). During the peri-earthquake period (2008–12), non-Māori rates of self-harm were higher than for Māori (527 vs 116 per 100000 youth respectively), reflecting the national trend. In the post-earthquake period, although non-Māori rates of self-harm stayed stable (595 per 100000), there was a significant increase in Māori rates of self-harm to 1106 per 100000 (Chi-squared = 14.0, P < 0.001). Youth living within the Ashburton township showed higher rates than youth living more rurally. DiscussionYouth self-harm behaviours, especially self-poisoning, have increased since the Canterbury earthquakes in the Ashburton rural community. Of most concern was the almost ninefold increase in Māori self-harm presentations in recent years, along with the increasing prevalence among teenagers and females. Possible explanations and further exploratory investigation strategies are discussed.
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Park, Seongjun. "The Effect of Regional Factors on Youth Suicide Rates." Mental Health & Social Work 47, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24301/mhsw.2019.03.47.1.174.
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Messner, Steven F., Thoroddur Bjarnason, Lawrence E. Raffalovich, and Bryan K. Robinson. "Nonmarital Fertility and the Effects of Divorce Rates on Youth Suicide Rates." Journal of Marriage and Family 68, no. 4 (November 2006): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00316.x.
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Aggarwal, Shilpa, George Patton, Nicola Reavley, Shreenivas A. Sreenivasan, and Michael Berk. "Youth self-harm in low- and middle-income countries: Systematic review of the risk and protective factors." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 63, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764017700175.
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Background: Self-harm (defined here as an act of intentionally causing harm to own self, irrespective of the type, motive or suicidal intent) is one of the strongest antecedents of suicide in youth. While there have been a number of studies of youth self-harm in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is currently no systematic review of studies of prevalence rates and risk and protective factors. Aim: To systematically review the evidence relating to the prevalence rates and forms of self-harm in youth in LMICs and its relationship to family economic status, family functioning, relationship with the peer group, social relationships and academic performance. Methods: Electronic searches of three databases, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus, were performed. In total, 27 school-, community- and hospital-based studies evaluating self-harm in LMICs with youth focus (with participants between 12 and 25 years) were included. Results: The self-harm was divided into suicidal and non-suicidal depending on the nature of self-harm. The 12-month prevalence rates of non-suicidal self-harm varied from 15.5% to 31.3%, and the range of suicidal behaviour rates was from 3.2% to 4.7%. Banging and hitting were the most common in the community-based studies, followed by cutting, scratching and wound picking. Self-poisoning with pesticides was most commonly reported in hospital-based studies. Risk factors for self-harm were family conflict, peer groups with members indulging in self-harm, truancy and school absenteeism. Protective factors were having an understanding family, having friends and higher school competence. Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and attempts were lack of close friends and history of suicide by a friend. Conclusion: The 12-month prevalence rates of youth self-harm in LMICs are comparable to high-income countries (HICs). The profile of risk and protective factors suggests that family-based interventions could be useful in treatment and prevention. Future studies should aim for greater consistency in assessment methods and the constructs under evaluation.
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Lester, David. "The Critical Mass Hypothesis of Suicide in Adolescents." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.306.
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Kutcher, S. "Evaluation of School Based Suicide Prevention Programs Effectiveness." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70398-0.
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Youth suicide is a significant public health issue that requires effective evidence based interventions. School based suicide prevention programs are popular in many jurisdictions and there is a perception that they are effective in reducing youth suicide rates. This presentation will apply a comprehensive evaluation framework to determine the effectiveness of school suicide prevention programs as described in the literature and will identify those conceptual and research issues that need to be addressed to develop and deliver effective school based suicide interventions.
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Lester, David. "Unemployment and Suicide in American Indian Youth in New Mexico." Psychological Reports 81, no. 1 (August 1997): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.1.58.
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Kulesza, Marta, Anna Odrowaz-Coates, and Anna Perkowska-Klejman. "Suicide rates amongst adolescents A mental health practitioner’s perspective in Poland and a global, Big Data context." Resocjalizacja Polska, no. 21 (September 24, 2021): 461–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22432/pjsr.2021.21.26.
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The paper contributes to mental health studies of children and youth’s suicide and suicide attempts. Inspired by early sociological concepts such as Durkheim’s contribution to understanding suicide through social anomy, we ran statistical analysis of worldwide suicide rates and tested for correlation between suicide rates amongst children and youth and “Big Data” on social, educational, economic and environmental factors around the world. Amongst them we considered 88 variables including Human Development Index (HDI) and its indicators, rates of religious observance and denomination, and even the hours of sunlight and the average temperature in each country. The statistical section of the paper is preceded by the results of analysis from the anonymised mental health records of adolescents with suicidal and self-harming tendencies. The data came from a Polish psychotherapist and was accompanied by in-depth analysis of contributing factors from purposely selected, attempted suicide cases, in order to enrich the statistical perspective with biological, individual, environmental and situational factors. Finally, we identify trigger factors and protective indicators, derived from both the statistical and the empirical part of our study.
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Lynskey, Michael, Louisa Degenhardt, and Wayne Hall. "Cohort Trends in Youth Suicide in Australia 1964–1997." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00740.x.
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Objective: This paper examines trends in the rate of suicide among young Australians aged 15–24 years from 1964 to 1997 and presents an age-period-cohort analysis of these trends. Method: Study design consisted of an age-period-cohort analysis of suicide mortality in Australian youth aged between 15 and 24 for the years 1964–1997 inclusive. Data sources were Australian Bureau of Statistics data on: numbers of deaths due to suicide by gender and age at death; and population at risk in each of eight birth cohorts (1940–1944, 1945–1949, 1950–1954, 1955–1959, 1960–1964, 1965–1969, 1970–1974, and 1975–1979). Main outcome measures were population rates of deaths among males and females in each birth cohort attributed to suicide in each year 1964–1997. Results: The rate of suicide deaths among Australian males aged 15–24 years increased from 8.7 per 100 000 in 1964 to 30.9 per 100 000 in 1997, with the rate among females changing little over the period, from 5.2 per 100 000 in 1964 to 7.1 per 100 000 in 1997. While the rate of deaths attributed to suicide increased over the birth cohorts, analyses revealed that these increases were largely due to period effects, with suicide twice as likely among those aged 15–24 years in 1985–1997 than between 1964 and 1969. Conclusions: The rate of youth suicide in Australia has increased since 1964, particularly among males. This increase can largely be attributed to period effects rather than to a cohort effect and has been paralleled by an increased rate of youth suicides internationally and by an increase in other psychosocial problems including psychiatric illness, criminal offending and substance use disorders.
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Souza, Edinilsa Ramos de, Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo, and Juaci Vitória Malaquias. "Suicide among young people in selected Brazilian State capitals." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 18, no. 3 (June 2002): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000300011.
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This study analyzes suicide among young Brazilians (15-24 years old) in nine metropolitan areas. Mortality data for 1979-1998 were obtained from the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health. External causes are the main causes of death among youth, and suicide is the sixth most frequent of these causes. The distribution is heterogeneous, varying according to the social stratum, specific age group, sex, and means used to commit suicide. All cities analyzed showed increased suicide rates from 1979 to 1998 (from 3.5 to 5.0 per 100,000 inhabitants 15-24 years old). Salvador and Rio de Janeiro had the lowest suicide rates, while Porto Alegre and Curitiba had the highest. The principal means used by youth to commit suicide were hanging, strangling, and suffocation (Porto Alegre), followed by firearms and explosives (Belo Horizonte).
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BOOTH, HEATHER. "PACIFIC ISLAND SUICIDE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Biosocial Science 31, no. 4 (October 1999): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932099004332.
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All available data for thirteen Pacific Island nations are used in a comparative analysis of suicide levels and characteristics. Age, sex and method of suicide are examined in detail. Global comparison shows Pacific rates are amongst the highest reported. Female youth rates exceed male rates in Western Samoa and amongst Fiji Indians. Method of suicide (paraquat ingestion) is instrumental in determining high rates in Western Samoa, especially in females. The broad causal theme is societal transition. Commonality and diversity are discussed.
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Zinn, C. "South Pacific leads the world in rates of youth suicide." BMJ 311, no. 7009 (September 30, 1995): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7009.830.
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Robinson, Jo, and Jane Pirkis. "Research priorities in suicide prevention: an examination of Australian-based research 2007–11." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13058.
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Objective Suicide prevention, including among youth, has been a national priority in Australia for some time. Yet despite this, rates of suicide, and related behaviour, remain high. The aim of this study was to review all suicide-prevention research that had been conducted in Australia between January 2007 and December 2011, with a specific emphasis on studies relating to young people, in order to determine whether or not we are prioritising the sort of research that can adequately inform policy development and guide ‘best practice’. Methods Data were collected from two sources. First, several electronic databases were searched in October 2012 in order to identify published journal articles relating to suicide, written by Australian authors. Second, summary data obtained from the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Rotary Health Research Fund and the Australian Research Council were examined in order to identify currently funded studies that relate to suicide. Studies were then classified according to whether or not they had a focus on youth, and according to research type, type of suicide-related behaviour under investigation and method of suicide. Results There were 224 articles published and 12 grants funded that specifically focussed on suicide-related behaviour over the period January 2007 to December 2011. Of these, 47 articles (21%) and five funded grants (42%) focussed on young people. Youth studies, in particular those reported in the published articles, tended to be epidemiological in nature and only six of the published articles (13%) and two of the funded grants related to intervention studies. Conclusions Although the focus on youth is welcome, the lack of intervention studies is disappointing. Given that rates of suicide and related behaviour remain high, there is a clear need for a stronger body of intervention research that can inform national policy, if we are to successfully develop effective approaches to reducing suicide risk. What is known about the topic? Although the prevention of youth suicide has been a national priority for some time, rates of suicide and suicide-related behaviour remain high among young Australians. Much is known about the epidemiology of suicide; however, relatively little is known about which interventions may be effective in reducing this risk. Previous research suggests that although youth receive a reasonable amount of research attention in Australia, the majority of studies focus on epidemiological as opposed to intervention research. What does this paper add? This paper reviews all suicide research that has been conducted in Australia between 2007 and 2011 in order to examine how much attention is currently given to studies relating to youth, and the relative priority given to intervention and epidemiological studies. Our findings support those reported previously, which suggest that although a significant proportion of suicide research focuses on youth, relatively little attention continues to be given to intervention studies. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper argues that further intervention research is needed if we are to build a sufficiently strong evidence base that can effectively inform policy development and guide best practice when it comes to preventing youth suicide in Australia.
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Rimes, Katharine A., Sandhya Shivakumar, Greg Ussher, Dan Baker, Qazi Rahman, and Elizabeth West. "Psychosocial Factors Associated With Suicide Attempts, Ideation, and Future Risk in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth." Crisis 40, no. 2 (March 2019): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000527.
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Abstract. Background: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth have elevated suicidality rates. Aims: To investigate LGB-related and other factors associated with suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, and future suicide risk in a large UK sample. Method: Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with suicidality in 3,275 LGB young adults from the Youth Chances project. Results: Suicide attempts (lifetime) were reported by 13.6% of participants; 45.2 % had suicidal ideation in the past year and 9.5% said future suicide attempts were likely. LGB stigma and discrimination experiences were significantly associated with all three aspects of suicidality. These included school stigma factors (e.g., teachers not speaking out against prejudice, lessons being negative about sexual minorities), negative reactions to coming out from family and friends, and LGB-related harassment or crime experiences. Bisexuality, not feeling accepted where one lives, younger sexual minority identification, and younger coming out were also associated with suicidality. Significant non-LGB factors included female gender, lower social support, anxiety/depression help-seeking, experiences of abuse/violence, and sexual abuse. Limitations: This study is cross-sectional and further research is needed to test out whether any of these factors have a causal relationship with suicidality. Conclusion: A wide range of LGB stigma and discrimination experiences are associated with increased suicidality in LGB youth. Health, social care, and education professionals supporting young people should address LGB-specific risk factors.
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Lester, David. "The Holinger/Easterlin Cohort Hypothesis about Youth Suicide and Homicide Rates." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1994): 1545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1545.
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Saunders, Natasha Ruth, Michael Lebenbaum, Therese A. Stukel, Hong Lu, Marcelo L. Urquia, Paul Kurdyak, and Astrid Guttmann. "Suicide and self-harm trends in recent immigrant youth in Ontario, 1996-2012: a population-based longitudinal cohort study." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e014863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014863.
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ObjectiveTo describe the trends in suicide and emergency department (ED) visits for self-harm in youth by immigration status and immigrant characteristics.DesignPopulation-based longitudinal cohort study from 1996 to 2012 using linked health and administrative datasets.SettingOntario, Canada.ParticipantsYouth 10 to 24 years, living in Ontario, Canada.ExposureThe main exposure was immigrant status (recent immigrant (RI) versus long-term residents (LTR)). Secondary exposures included region of birth, duration or residence, and refugee status.Main outcome measureTrends over time in suicide and ED self-harm were modelled within consecutive 3-year time periods. Rate ratios were estimated using Poisson regression models.Results2.5 to 2.9 million individuals were included per cohort period. LTR suicide rates ranged from 7.4 to 9.4/100 000 male person-years versus 2.2–3.4/100 000 females. RI’s suicide rates were 2.7–7.2/100,000 male versus 1.9–2.7/100 000 female person-years. Suicide rates were lower among RI compared with LTR (adjusted relative rate (aRR)=0.70, 95% CI=0.57 to 0.85) with different mechanisms of suicide. No significant time trend in suicide rates was observed (p=0.40). ED self-harm rates for LTR and RI were highest in females (2.6–3.4/1000 LTR females versus 1.1–1.5/1000 males, 1.2–1.8/1000 RI females versus 0.4–0.6/1000 males). RI had lower rates of self-harm compared with LTR (aRR=0.60, 95% CI=0.56 to 0.65). Stratum-specific rates showed a steeper decline per period in RI compared with LTR (RI: aRR=0.85, 95% CI=0.81 to 0.89; LTR: aRR=0.91, 95% CI=0.90 to 0.93). Observed trends were not universal across region of origin and by refugee status.InterpretationSuicide rates have been stable and ED self-harm rates are declining over time among RI youth. These trends by important subgroups should continue to be monitored to allow for early identification of subpopulations of immigrant youth in need of targeted and culturally appropriate public health interventions.
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Barak, Yoram, Gary Cheung, Sarah Fortune, and Paul Glue. "No country for older men: ageing male suicide in New Zealand." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220905304.
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Objective: Suicide rates increase in late life. There is, however, a gap in understanding suicide in the very old. We aimed to underscore the evidence for high rates of death by suicide in the oldest-old men (age 85+) in New Zealand and to provide a conjectural discussion about factors driving these rates. Method: Provisional suicide data were obtained from the New Zealand Coronial Services website for the period 2011–2019. Yearly suicide rates for those aged 85+ were plotted over time. Mean suicide rates were calculated for three youth and young adult male cohorts, identified by the Coroner as having very high rates, and compared with the 85+ age cohort. Results: Between 2011 and 2019, rates of death by suicide of older males remained consistently high never overlapping female suicide rates. Mean suicide deaths/100,000 population for all four age cohorts were comparable; 15–19 years: 23.5; 20–24 years: 29.0; 25–29 years: 27.0; 85+ years: 27.9. Conclusions: Deaths by suicide are very high for older males. In addition to established risk factors, psychosocial adversity as reflected by loneliness, poverty and shift to residential care may be major reasons for the high suicide rates. Research to inform about this vulnerable population and prevention are urgently needed.
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Williams, A. Jess, Christopher Jones, Jon Arcelus, Ellen Townsend, Aikaterini Lazaridou, and Maria Michail. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm and suicide." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0245268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245268.
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Background LGBTQ+ youth have higher rates of self-harm and suicide than cisgender, heterosexual peers. Less is known about prevalence of risks within these populations. Objectives The first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence of risks among young people throughout the LGBTQ+ umbrella with experiences across the dimension of self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide behaviour; and how they may differ between LGBTQ+ umbrella groups. Data sources MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science searches were run to identify quantitative research papers (database inception to 31st January, 2020). Study eligibility criteria Articles included were empirical quantitative studies, which examined risks associated with self-harm, suicidal ideation or suicidal behaviour in LGBTQ+ young people (12–25 years). Synthesis methods 2457 articles were identified for screening which was completed by two independent reviewers. 104 studies met inclusion criteria of which 40 had data which could be meta-analysed in a meaningful way. This analysis represents victimisation and mental health difficulties as risks among LGBTQ+ youth with self-harm and suicide experiences. Random-effects modelling was used for the main analyses with planned subgroup analyses. Results Victimisation and mental health were key risk factors across the dimension self-harm and suicide identified through all analyses. A pooled prevalence of 0.36 was indicated for victimisation and 0.39 for mental health difficulties within LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm or suicide. Odds ratios were calculated which demonstrated particularly high levels of victimisation (3.74) and mental health difficulties (2.67) when compared to cisgender, heterosexual counterparts who also had these experiences. Conclusions Victimisation and mental health difficulties are highly prevalent among LGBTQ+ youth with experiences of self-harm and suicide. Due to inconsistency of reporting, further risk synthesis is limited. Given the global inclusion of studies, these results can be considered across countries and inform policy and suicide prevention initiatives. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019130037.
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Sedlar, N., L. Sprah, S. Rosker, H. Jericek Klanscek, and M. Dernovsek. "Risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescents from European countries with different suicidal rates: The possible role of cross-cultural differences." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73317-x.
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IntroductionAdolescence is a time of developmental shifts that may leave young people especially vulnerable to suicidal behaviour. Suicidal rates in different European countries differ, which may be due to many factors, including cross-cultural differences.AimsWe aimed to explore differences in risk factors for suicidal behaviour (poor subjective health and low life satisfaction, health-related behaviours, including alcohol drinking habits, family and peer factors) between European countries with different suicidal rates.MethodsThe data were collected through questionnaires in the survey ‘Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’, 2005/2006, using nationally representative samples of 15 year old students (N = 11,093) from 7 countries (Lithuania, Finland, Ireland, Slovenia, Norway, Italy, Greece).ResultsPrincipal component analyses were used to characterize how selected risk factors for suicide cluster together into factors. Differences for these factors were compared between 3 groups of countries: countries with low, average and high magnitude of suicidal rates (SDR; suicide death rate per 100 000, 15–29 years). Between group differences on first two factors, loaded by items measuring health-related behaviours, were significant and medium-sized and indicated cultural differences in alcohol use. Youth from Northern European countries - with high SDR, reported greater number of drunkenness occasions, whereas frequency of alcohol intake was greater for youth from Southern European countries - with low SDR.ConclusionsResults indicated a possible association of suicidal behaviour and different drinking cultures, arising from different geographical locations and socio-cultural environments. Therefore research and preventive measures should consider specific socio-cultural context.
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Gunnell, David, Tom Lopatatzidis, Daniel Dorling, Helen Wehner, Humphrey Southall, and Stephen Frankel. "Suicide and unemployment in young people." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 3 (September 1999): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.3.263.
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BackgroundThe influence of the macro-economic climate on suicide is unclear. During the recent recession, rates have increased in young males but declined in females.AimsTo investigate associations between unemployment and suicide in 15 – to 44-year-old men and women over a period spanning two major economic recessions (1921–1995). To minimise confounding by changes in method availability, analyses are restricted to suicides using methods other than poisons and gases.MethodTime-series analysis using routine mortality and unemployment data.ResultsThere were significant associations between unemployment and suicide in both males and females. Associations were generally stronger at younger ages.ConclusionsSecular trends in youth suicide may be influenced by unemployment or other factors associated with changes in the macroeconomic climate. These factors appear to affect women to the same extent as men. Although it is not possible to draw firm aetiological conclusions from time-trend data, our findings are in keeping with those of person-based studies.