Journal articles on the topic 'Youth Justice facilities'
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1
Barnes, Louise, Deborah Bennett, Charlotte Bryson, Sita Diehl, Trish Hayes, Craig Anne Heflinger, Liz Ledbetter, et al. "Tennessee’s Youth in Juvenile Justice Facilities." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v3i2.1772.
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In order to assess the prevalence of mental health and substance abuse among youth in one state’s juvenile justice facilities, a survey was conducted of 40 Tennessee facilities. A total of 1215 youth were being held on the “one day census” that was taken as part of the survey. The survey documented many mental health and substance abuse issues: 1) 53 percent of the youth in juvenile justice facilities were experiencing mental health problems; 2) 15 percent were taking some type of psychiatric medicine while in the juvenile justice facility; 3) 42 percent were known to have substance abuse problems; and 4) 30 percent had co-occurring mental health and substance use problems. Policy and program recommendations based on these findings are discussed.
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Kincaid, Aleksis P., and Amanda L. Sullivan. "Parity or Disparity? Outcomes of Court-Involved Youth With and Without Disabilities." Remedial and Special Education 41, no. 6 (November 15, 2019): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932519887502.
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Youth with disabilities are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system, but few studies have investigated the mechanisms by which this occurs. In this study, we considered how juvenile court adjudication and length of commitment in secure facilities contributed to disproportionality in court involvement and detention, addressing an important gap in the intersection of disability and juvenile justice literature. Using linked educational and juvenile justice records of 41,812 youth, we sought to ascertain whether, among juvenile offenders, youth with disabilities had higher likelihood of adjudication as delinquent or placement in secure facilities for longer periods of time compared to youth without disabilities. Results indicated that youth with and without disabilities were adjudicated and placed similarly, suggesting that disparities contributing to overrepresentation of youth with disabilities in detained populations may manifest earlier in youths’ involvement in the justice system. We conclude with implications for research, policy, and practice.
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León, Maria. "Immigrant Youth in Juvenile Facilities: A State-by-State Review of Recreation Programming." Journal of Youth Development 14, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.712.
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Recent national events have increased attention towards immigrant youth. Youth placed in juvenile justice facilities go through processes overseen by the U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services, the Office of Refugee Resettlement, and the Unaccompanied Children’s Program. While in placement youth are exposed to risk factors and face cultural barriers being in a new country. As publicity of the incarceration of immigrant youth increases, there is an emphatic need for researchers to examine the quality of care youth experience in placement facilities. One of the areas that has not been critically investigated is recreation programming in juvenile justice facilities. Recreation programs grounded in Positive Youth Development have proven to promote healthy development and offer immigrant youth opportunities to adapt to their new environment. Providing youth in juvenile justice facilities access to high quality recreation programming strengthens protective factors in youth to prepare them for adulthood, and reduces the likelihood of their committing an offense, thereby increasing public safety and saving taxpayer dollars. This paper is a first step to establish a clear understanding of the treatment of immigrant youth in detention. In this paper I discuss the results of a comprehensive examination of the minimum requirements for recreation programming in juvenile justice facilities. The results provide clear implications for immigrant youth as well as suggestions for further critical inquiry.
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Mulvey, Edward P., Carol A. Schubert, and Candice A. Odgers. "A Method for Measuring Organizational Functioning in Juvenile Justice Facilities Using Resident Ratings." Criminal Justice and Behavior 37, no. 11 (September 30, 2010): 1255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854810380186.
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Institutional care is an enduring component of the continuum of care in the juvenile justice system, yet youth perceptions of the placement experience are often overlooked as a source of information about this practice. Little attention is paid to how institutional placements are received by youth as opposed to how they are conceived by the justice system. This article offers an empirically based framework for assessing organizational climate in facilities housing serious young offenders based on youth self-reports. The authors provide evidence that juvenile offenders can provide reliable and internally consistent ratings regarding several dimensions of an institution’s environment, using straightforward and relatively easily administered instruments. This work lays the foundation for the development of methods for ongoing monitoring of juvenile justice facilities and the testing of whether aspects of the environments of these facilities affect the subsequent community adjustment of their residents.
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McGee, Ryann, Mea Foster, Julianna Adornetti, Lauren Leask, Shania Bayley, Josephina Munoz Nogales, Kelsey Woodard, Marianna Carlucci, Stephanie Crowley, and Amy Wolfson. "0487 Exploration of Sleep Problems and Medication Use for Youth Residing in Juvenile Justice Facilities." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A215—A216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.484.
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Abstract Introduction Insufficient and disordered sleep are common among developing adolescents and can result in poor health and behavioral consequences. Previous studies have examined sleep and adolescent criminal behavior; however, little is known about adolescent sleep difficulties or disorders while residing in juvenile detention and treatment facilities. The current study explores psychiatric and sleep disorder diagnoses and medication use of youth under the care of the Department of Juvenile Services (DJS). Methods Participants were recruited from 11 detention and treatment facilities across Maryland. Youth (N = 67) were 13-19 years old (M = 16.8, SD = 1.2) and 84% male and 16% female. Racial Backgrounds: 55% Black, 18% White, 14% Multiracial, and 12% Other. A Healthcare staff member from each facility completed an online medical questionnaire regarding each youth’s sleep history, medical diagnoses, and current medications. Results The most common youth diagnoses were Insomnia (N = 26), ADHD (N = 26), and Anxiety (N = 12) with 72% of youth having more than one psychiatric/sleep disorder diagnosis. The most frequently used medications were melatonin (N = 23), trazodone (N = 12), and quetiapine (N=7) and 58% were on more than one sleep/psychotropic medication. Healthcare staff ordered 25 behavioral sleep studies (e.g., DJS behavioral sleep studies consists of night resident staff tracking if youth is asleep/awake while making rounds), resulting in diagnoses of insomnia (N=9) and parasomnia (N=1). Youth with sleep studies were prescribed the following medications: trazodone (N = 5), melatonin (N = 3), other (e.g., methylphenidate, clonidine, N = 11). Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that youth are experiencing poor sleep quality while residing in juvenile justice facilities; over a third of the youth are struggling with insomnia and are prescribed Melatonin. Further data analyses will provide a better understanding of the youths’ sleep problems and the effects on their overall health and well-being. Support (If Any) This research is made possible by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Foundation Award #22-CS-19 and Department of Juvenile Services’ supportive collaboration.
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León, Maria, Corliss Outley, Miner Marchbanks, and Brandy Kelly Pryor. "A Review of Recreation Requirements in U.S. Juvenile Justice Facilities." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 5 (August 6, 2019): 763–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419864415.
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In the United States, the mission of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention includes the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs. While many of these initiatives include recreation, there remains no standard for recreation programs. The purpose of this study was to review the written authorities for each state to identify the minimum requirements for recreation programming in juvenile justice facilities. Among other discoveries, we found that across all states, there is not a shared definition of recreation, only 70% of states have daily mandatory minimums requirements, only 44% of states require youth be given time outside, and only 56% of states include justifications for denying youth access to recreation. Implications for professionals and researchers are discussed, as well as suggestions for further inquiry and the integration of recreation into the treatment process.
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Shulman, Elizabeth P., Jordan Bechtold, Erin L. Kelly, and Elizabeth Cauffman. "Mental Health Screening in Juvenile Justice Settings: Evaluating the Utility of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Version 2." Criminal Justice Policy Review 29, no. 8 (June 7, 2016): 849–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403416650250.
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Allocating limited mental health resources is a challenge for juvenile justice facilities. We evaluated the clinical utility of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Version 2 (MAYSI-2)—an instrument designed to aid in this process—in three subsamples of justice-involved youth (ages 14-17): detained girls ( n = 69), detained boys ( n = 130), and incarcerated boys ( n = 373). For perspective, we compared its performance (in the incarcerated subsample) to that of the Youth Self-Report (YSR), a more widely-used screen. The MAYSI-2 subscales were moderately useful for detecting relevant diagnoses, and differences were observed across samples. However, as a general mental health screen, the MAYSI-2 performed well (and comparably to the YSR), correctly classifying 66% to 75% of youth. When used to differentiate youth with any and without any disorder, both instruments were effective. Given the MAYSI-2’s practical advantages over the YSR (lower cost, easier administration), it may be a better option for juvenile facilities.
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Woodard, Kelsey, Julianna Adornetti, Josefina Munoz Nogales, Mea Foster, Lauren Leask, Ryann McGee, Marianna Carlucci, Stephanie Crowley, and Amy Wolfson. "0064 Youth Sleep-Wake Experience in Juvenile Justice Facilities: A Descriptive Analysis." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A29—A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.062.
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Abstract Introduction Adolescents are susceptible to sleep loss due to biological and environmental factors such as delayed circadian timing and schedule demands. Few studies have examined sleep-wake patterns for adolescents residing in juvenile justice facilities. The current study assessed youth’s self-reported sleep-wake schedules, sleep environment perceptions, and sleep quality. Methods Participants were recruited from 11 juvenile services detention and treatment facilities in Maryland. For seven consecutive mornings, youth completed a sleep-wake diary reporting their bed/wake times, sleep onset, and type of (nocturnal) light exposure. Youth wore digital wristwatches to accurately depict their sleep-wake schedules. Sleep quality and wake difficulty were rated on a scale from 1-10 (1=very poor/easy to 10=very good/hard, respectively). Results Participants (N= 64) were 13-19 years old (M= 16.7, SD= 1.3 years) and 85.9% male. Racial backgrounds: 61% Black, 18% White, 8% Multiracial, and 13% Other. Youth-reported bedtimes (M= 21:04, SD= :50) were about 50 minutes earlier than their sleep onset times (M= 21:52, SD= 1:02) while wake times (M= 6:41, SD= :46) were about 20 minutes earlier than the time youth reported leaving their bed (M= 7:00, SD= :44). Youth disclosed waking up throughout the night (M= 1.7, SD= 9) for an average 16.8 minutes (SD= 14.9). Multiple diary-responses (58%) noted “partial or overhead” lights were on in youth’s sleeping areas; 23.4% wrote in “other” types of light sources, most of which were blue lights (63%). Average sleep quality (M= 5.7, SD= 2.1) and difficulty waking up ratings (M= 5.4, SD= 2.2) indicate mediocre sleep. Conclusion Findings summarize youth’s sleep-wake experience while residing in a juvenile justice facility. Reported bedtimes are earlier than sleep onset times which increases the likelihood for conditioned insomnia. Circadian dysregulation of sleep behavior can develop from frequent night awakenings and light exposure, particularly, blue light. Ultimately, these findings will help develop facility-wide interventions, improving the youth’s sleep-wake schedules and other environmental influences. Support (If Any) This research is made possible by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Foundation Award #22-CS-19 and Department of Juvenile Services’ supportive collaboration.
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Yoder, Jamie R., Kelly Whitaker, and Camille R. Quinn. "Perceptions of Recidivism Among Incarcerated Youth: The Relationship Between Exposure to Childhood Trauma, Mental Health Status, and the Protective Effect of Mental Health Services in Juvenile Justice Settings." Advances in Social Work 18, no. 1 (September 24, 2017): 250–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21305.
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Research suggests that youth involved the juvenile justice system have trauma histories that are two times higher than the general youth population. Juvenile justice-involved youth also have high rates of mental health symptoms. Fewer studies have examined how trauma links to mental health symptoms among youth offenders, and even less research focuses on how mental health status and service delivery can impact their perceived likelihood for success. This study examines the effects of mental health screening and service delivery on perceived future criminal justice interactions— arrest and incarceration—among adjudicated youth (n=7,073) housed in correctional facilities. Secondary data were used to examine trauma histories, mental health needs, and mental health screening and service delivery. Significant relationships between traumatic events and mental health problems were found, along with relationships between mental health problems and mental health screening and service delivery. Most interestingly, results pointed to the strong inverse relationship between mental health service delivery and youth’s perceived likelihood for recidivism. These findings show the promise of juvenile justice systems appropriately responding to the mental health concerns of youth.
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Olafson, Erna, Barbara W. Boat, Karen T. Putnam, Lacey Thieken, Monique T. Marrow, and Frank W. Putnam. "Implementing Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents and Think Trauma for Traumatized Youth in Secure Juvenile Justice Settings." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 16 (February 12, 2016): 2537–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516628287.
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We describe a multiyear pilot dissemination of a trauma-focused group treatment, Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents, coupled with a trauma-informed staff training, Think Trauma, to six residential juvenile justice (JJ) facilities. All staff members were trained in Think Trauma. Seventy-seven youth from four facilities completed the treatment groups and 69 completed all pre- and postgroup assessment measures. The aims of this study were to determine whether trauma-focused interventions (a) could be implemented in complex JJ systems, (b) would be associated with a decrease in posttraumatic symptoms and reactions in youth, and (c) might contribute to reduced Incident Reports in facilities. A related question was whether we would receive feedback that youth who participated in the trauma and/or grief narrative components of the intervention were adversely affected. Pre- and postgroup assessments indicated significant reductions in symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anger, but not in anxiety or sexual concerns. There were significantly greater reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among incarcerated youth who completed all modules of the group treatment intervention relative to incarcerated youth who received an abbreviated version. Two of the facilities tracked their Incident Reports and reported reductions. No Incident Reports or therapist feedback documented that the trauma/grief processing components of the intervention were destabilizing to the youth.
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Evans-Chase, Michelle. "If they like it they can take it with them: A mixed methods look at the use of Internet-based instruction of mindfulness meditation with incarcerated youth." Advances in Social Work 16, no. 1 (July 27, 2015): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/17973.
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The most successful programming offered in juvenile justice facilities do not transfer easily back to communities to give youth the opportunity to practice intervention skills once they return home. Having this opportunity is particularly important to youth leaving state custody given that they disproportionately return to poor communities and disrupted families that both exacerbate behaviors associated with juvenile justice involvement and act as barriers to much needed services and support. With this in mind, a randomized controlled trial was used to quantitatively assess the ability of freely available Internet-based mindfulness meditation instruction to increase mindfulness in treatment youth, with weekly journals and open-ended post-test questions used to qualitatively explore the treatment experience. Findings suggest that an Internet delivery of mindfulness meditation is both engaging to incarcerated youth, helpful to them in coping with life in a juvenile justice facility, and able to increase mindfulness in youth who practice it.
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Wickham, Molly. "Youth Custody: Exercising Our Rights and Responsibilities to Indigenous Youth." First Peoples Child & Family Review 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069062ar.
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Colonization is a common experience amongst Indigenous youth; the effects of which have contributed to an over representation of Indigenous youth in correctional facilities in British Columbia (B.C). Placing youth in custody violates Indigenous values and child rearing practices and advances internalized oppression by focusing on the individual as the problem. In order to counter these effects, Indigenous youth in custody require education and engagement in the areas of colonization and decolonization. This paper discusses how the youth justice system in B.C fails Indigenous youth and how one group of young Indigenous people have acted upon their responsibility to support their incarcerated brothers and sisters.
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Jara, Ana Gioconda. "Multi-Systemic Model of Juvenile Justice Reform: Adopting the Missouri Model in California." Policy Perspectives 20 (May 14, 2013): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v20i0.11785.
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The juvenile justice system serves a marginalized and vulnerable population of high-risk youth who have been convicted of committing crimes. This system uses substantial state budgets for housing, staffing, and programming for the youth offender population. As states look to reform their juvenile justice systems, one specific model they should consider implementing is the Multi-Systemic Treatment (MST) approach, an intensive residential-based intervention for chronic, violent, or substance abusing juvenile offenders, ages 12 to 18, that uses trained therapists to work in small facilities with the youth and his or her family. This study examines the Missouri Model, an MST program that was successfully implemented statewide. This paper provides a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transformation of California’s juvenile justice system by implementing the MST model at a statewide level.
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Kumm, Skip, Sarup R. Mathur, Michelle Cassavaugh, and Erin Butts. "Using the PBIS Framework to Meet the Mental Health Needs of Youth in Juvenile Justice Facilities." Remedial and Special Education 41, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932519880336.
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Youth in juvenile justice facilities may experience symptoms of mental health disorders and trauma at a higher rate than their normative peers. As a result, juvenile justice facilities have become de facto mental health agencies, resulting in an increased need to provide interventions that can meet the various needs of their residents. Embedding mental health and trauma-informed care into tiered facility-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports (FW-PBIS) is an emerging practice to meet a multitude of youth mental health symptoms. In this article, we provide examples of how mental health and trauma-informed care can be interwoven into an FW-PBIS framework by using a data-based decision-making process to guide the implementation of tiered evidence-based interventions, and we offer implications for practice and research.
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Rowand Robinson, T., and Mary Jane K. Rapport. "Providing Special Education in the Juvenile Justice System." Remedial and Special Education 20, no. 1 (January 1999): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259902000103.
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According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, all students are entitled to a free and appropriate public education, including incarcerated youth with disabilities. Based on legal research, we discuss pertinent issues integral to providing appropriate educational services to incarcerated youth as addressed by the courts and education professionals. We address (a) prevalence rates of disabilities among juvenile delinquent populations, (b) problems facing correctional facility personnel in providing special education services to inmates with disabilities, (c) recent developments in case law regarding the implementation of special educational services for juveniles in correctional facilities, and (d) recommendations for facilitating special education programming in correctional institutions.
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Lujan, Maya J. W. M., and Amanda M. Fanniff. "Justice for All: Trauma and the Need for Safety and Fairness Within Juvenile Justice Facilities." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 1 (August 22, 2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818796060.
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Many adolescents in the juvenile justice system have been exposed to trauma, which has been linked with negative outcomes that may lead to ineffective adjustment while incarcerated. Trauma may decrease a youth’s feelings of fairness and safety, which may increase misconduct. The present study examined the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, perceptions of fairness and safety, and rates of institutional misconduct in a subsample of youth ( n = 386) who participated in the Pathways to Desistance study. A serial multiple mediation model found that PTSD symptoms were not significantly associated with perceptions of fairness, safety, or institutional misconduct. Relationships were found between perceptions of fairness and safety, and between perceptions of safety and institutional misconduct. Results also indicated differences in perceptions of fairness and safety based on gender, age, and ethnicity. Perceptions of fairness and safety may be an avenue for intervention to improve adjustment within the juvenile justice system.
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Leiber, Michael J., and Kristan C. Fox. "Race and the Impact of Detention on Juvenile Justice Decision Making." Crime & Delinquency 51, no. 4 (October 2005): 470–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128705275976.
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In recent years, the growing number of minority youth disproportionately confined in secure detention facilities has led to a search for a better understanding of this occurrence. Explanations vary but tend to center on either differential offending or selection bias. The present study examines the extent both may explain decision making by specifically assessing the effect of race on detention and the degree that race and detention influence further court processing in one juvenile court jurisdiction in the state of Iowa. Multivariate analyses using juvenile court data (1980 through 2000) show that although legal factors account for some of the decision making and minority over representation, so too does race. Evidence is presented that, through detention, race has direct, interaction, and indirect effects that often work to the disadvantage of African American youth relative to White youth. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
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Mountz, Sarah. "Remapping Pipelines and Pathways: Listening to Queer and Transgender Youth of Color’s Trajectories Through Girls’ Juvenile Justice Facilities." Affilia 35, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109919880517.
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Queer and trans youth of color are disproportionately imprisoned in U.S. juvenile detention facilities where they are especially vulnerable to experiencing violence, isolation, neglect, and discrimination. While the figures of their overrepresentation are just emerging, regulation of youth sexuality and gender norms has been embedded in the logics of the juvenile court since its inception. Pathways and pipelines to incarceration have become popular metaphors in research and advocacy to explain how failed safety nets and multiple sites of punishment produce gendered and racialized patterns of criminalization; however, the overrepresentation of queer and trans youth of color has been virtually ignored within these conceptualizations. This article builds on a queer antiprison framework in examining the experiences of formerly incarcerated queer and trans youth of color in New York. Life history interviews were conducted as part of a larger community based participatory research (CBPR) project with 10 participants, ages 18–25. Findings expose the overlapping role of families of origin, foster and adoptive families, schools, and child welfare and juvenile justice systems, in a constellation of exposures to interpersonal and state violence. An alternative metaphor of a revolving door is proposed, and implications for social work are addressed.
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ten Brummelaar, Mijntje DC, Erik J. Knorth, Wendy J. Post, Annemiek T. Harder, and Margrite E. Kalverboer. "Space between the borders? Perceptions of professionals on the participation in decision-making of young people in coercive care." Qualitative Social Work 17, no. 5 (December 12, 2016): 692–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325016681661.
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The participation of young people in care and treatment decisions is regarded as an essential element in effective decision-making and care. Although care and treatment in juvenile justice facilities is, in the first instance, based on a coercive placement (i.e. non-participatory decision-making), it is likely that participation is also essential for young offenders during their stay in care. In our study, we interviewed 24 care professionals working in two different juvenile justice facilities in the Netherlands. Professionals understand what participation entails (e.g. informing, listening to, taking views into account), and how and why they can use participation in everyday practice. Typically, they link issues such as safety and existing boundaries when talking about participation in a coercive context. Based on our findings, we present a conceptual model of factors that seem to influence a young person’s participation process. These findings indicate that there is a need for the structural incorporation of youth participation into juvenile justice facilities in such a way as to consider the needs and perspectives of both young people and professionals.
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Calder, Avril. "The Future of Youth Justice: The Government's Legislative Proposals." Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 3, no. 3 (September 1998): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641798211658.
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This conference was held in Central London in January 1998 and organised jointly by The British Juvenile and Family Courts Society (BJFCS) and The National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders, at which the keynote speaker was The Rt. Hon. Jack Straw MP, the Home Secretary. Important contributions were also made by no fewer than nine members of the Government's Task Force set up in May last year to examine the future of the Youth Courts — a task which, in my opinion as a Youth Court magistrate since 1978 and past chairman of the BJFCS, was ripe for attention. The conference was attended by 300 delegates representing a wide range of professionals involved with young people and the courts.The Home Secretary's opening words emphasised both the timeliness, in view of the Crime and Disorder Bill going through Parliament, and the importance of the conference because of the widely held view that the system was failing. In addition a consultation process was taking place to look at longer-term reform of the Youth Court. The Home Secretary spelled out that too little is done when children start to offend to ‘intervene positively’ in their lives; repeat cautions are used ineffectively; re-offending continues on bail; and there is a lack of supervised community-based programmes aimed at making young people take responsibility for their behaviour, make amends, and change. He drew attention to the disjointed system of both custodial facilities and orders that need to be overhauled. Finally he pointed out that there is a lack of a national strategy.
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Zettler, Haley R. "Much to Do About Trauma: A Systematic Review of Existing Trauma-Informed Treatments on Youth Violence and Recidivism." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2020): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204020939645.
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Research has demonstrated a relationship between childhood trauma, violence, and justice involvement. As juvenile justice systems have become more attune to the needs of traumatized youth, a number of trauma-informed treatment programs have been developed to mitigate the effects of trauma. Evaluations of trauma-informed treatment demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing trauma-related symptoms. Further, prior research has found that trauma-informed treatment can reduce behavioral infractions and institutional violence. While there is indirect evidence that trauma-informed treatment reduces juvenile violence and recidivism, no research to date has assessed trauma-informed treatment on behavioral outcomes outside of residential facilities. This systematic review provides an overview of the use trauma-informed treatment in juvenile justice settings and provides recommendations for practice and future research.
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Riggs Romaine, Christina L., Kathleen Kemp, Christy L. Giallella, Naomi E. S. Goldstein, Jennifer Serico, and Sharon Kelley. "Can We Hasten Development? Effects of Treatment on Psychosocial Maturity." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 9 (October 11, 2017): 2857–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17735720.
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Research continues to highlight factors associated with developmental immaturity, including persistent delinquency. This article examines whether aspects of developmental immaturity, psychosocial maturity, and emotion regulation are responsive to therapeutic intervention. Fifty-seven female youth in secure residential juvenile justice facilities participated in a randomized controlled trial of the Juvenile Justice Anger Management (JJAM) Treatment for Girls, an intervention that targets skills relevant to psychosocial maturity, including problem-solving, coping, and emotion regulation. Participants in JJAM showed increases in temperance, providing evidence that intervention might stimulate psychosocial development. Implications for treatment, evaluation, and measurement of psychosocial maturity are discussed.
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Mallon, Gerald P., and Jazmine Perez. "The experiences of transgender and gender expansive youth in Juvenile justice systems." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 6, no. 3 (April 6, 2020): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-01-2020-0017.
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Purpose Recent research finds that youth who identify as transgender or gender-expansive are disproportionately incarcerated in juvenile justice systems and are treated differently from their non-trans peers (Himmelstein and Brückner, 2011; Hunt and Moodie-Mills, 2012; Irvine, 2010; Mitchum and Moodie-Mills, 2014). Juvenile justice systems have paid little attention to this group of young people in terms of their unique service needs and risk factors. Using qualitative methods, the researchers analyze in-depth interviews and focus group findings from formerly incarcerated trans youth in juvenile justice settings to better understand their experiences. This paper aims to examine the challenges for young people, and, as well as considered recommendations for juvenile justice professionals to study toward making changes in policies, practices and programs that are needed to support young people who are transgender or gender expansive. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative, case examples and descriptive analysis, this paper describes the experiences of trans youth in juvenile justice settings and studies toward developing models of promoting trans-affirming approaches to enhance juvenile justice institutions for trans and gender-expansive youth placed in them. The paper describes the evolution of an approach used by the authors, in New York state juvenile justice settings to increase a trans-affirming perspective as a central role in the organization’s strategy and design, and the methods it is using to institutionalize this critical change. Findings culled from the focus groups and in-depth interviews with 15 former residents of juvenile justice settings and several (3) key staff members from the juvenile justice system, focusing on policies, practices and training models are useful tools for assessing progress and recommending actions to increase the affirming nature of such systems. At its conclusion, this chapter will provide clear outcomes and implications for the development of policies, practices and programs with trans and gender expansive youth in juvenile justice systems. Findings Finding are conceptualized in six thematic categories, namely, privacy, access to health and mental health care, the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity, name and pronoun use, clothing, appearance and mannerism, and housing issues. Research limitations/implications This study is limited as it focuses on formerly incarcerated youth in the New York City area. Practical implications The following implications for practice stemming from this study are as follows: juvenile justice professionals (including judges, defense attorneys, prosecutors, probation officers and detention staff) must treat – and ensure others treat – all trans and gender-expansive youth with fairness, dignity and respect, including prohibiting any attempts to ridicule or change a youth’s gender identity or expression. Having written nondiscrimination and anti-harassment policy is also essential. These policies can address issues such as prohibiting harassment of youth or staff who are trans or gender expansive, requiring the use of respectful and inclusive language and determining how gender rules (e.g. usage of “male or “female” bathrooms, gender-based room assignments) will be addressed for transgender and gender-nonconforming youth. Programs should also provide clients and staff with training and helpful written materials. Juvenile justice professionals must promote the well-being of transgender youth by allowing them to express their gender identity through choice of clothing, name, hair-style and other means of expression and by ensuring that they have access to appropriate medical care if necessary. Juvenile justice professionals must receive training and resources regarding the unique societal, familial and developmental challenges confronting trans youth and the relevance of these issues to court proceedings. Training must be designed to address the specific professional responsibilities of the audience (i.e. judges, defense attorneys, prosecutors, probation officers and detention staff). Juvenile justice professionals must develop individualized, developmentally appropriate responses to the behavior of each trans youth, tailored to address the specific circumstances of his or her or their life. Social implications Providing trans-affirming services to youth in juvenile justice settings is a matter of equity and should be the goal strived for by all systems that care for these young people. Helping trans and gender-expansive youth reenter and reintegrate into society should be a primary goal. There are many organizations and systems that stand ready to assist juvenile justice systems and facilities in supporting trans and gender expansive youth in their custody and helping them to rehabilitate, heal and reenter a society that welcomes their participation and where they can thrive and not just survive. Originality/value The paper is original in that it examines the lived experiences of trans and gender-expansive youth in juvenile justice systems. An area, which has not been fully explored in the professional literature.
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Cate, Sarah. "Devolution, not decarceration: The limits of juvenile justice reform in Texas." Punishment & Society 18, no. 5 (August 1, 2016): 578–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474516642860.
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Across the USA, a number of states have been reducing the number of juveniles sent to state-run corrections institutions. Findings from a case study on juvenile justice in Texas indicate that the effort to reduce the number of juveniles sent to large state institutions and to invest in “community-based corrections” has entrenched rather than challenged the role of the justice system in the lives of thousands of juveniles. Texas has cut the number of juveniles sent to state-run facilities, but has bolstered and expanded county probation and county detention, which is where the vast majority of juveniles have always been handled. Youth who continue to be sent to state-run facilities or who are housed in county-run institutions experience a high level of violence and are routinely subjected to solitary confinement. The popularity of deinstitutionalizing juveniles from state-run corrections institutions and increasing programming and control of offenders at the local level are animating the landscape of criminal justice policy across the country. The Texas case suggests that this narrow approach further consolidates the extensive role of the justice system in U.S. society.
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Wexler, Jade, Deborah K. Reed, Erin E. Barton, Marisa Mitchell, and Erin Clancy. "The Effects of a Peer-Mediated Reading Intervention on Juvenile Offenders’ Main Idea Statements About Informational Text." Behavioral Disorders 43, no. 2 (May 16, 2017): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0198742917703359.
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Many youth in the juvenile justice system with or at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders struggle with reading. A multiple-baseline-across-participants single-case research design was used to examine the relationship between a supplemental peer-mediated reading intervention and juvenile offenders’ generation of main idea statements about informational text, which we used as an indicator of reading comprehension. Overall, students demonstrated considerable variability across conditions, which may have been related to contextual factors in the juvenile justice facility. Visual analysis of the results suggested a moderately positive, although variable, impact on students’ generation of main ideas. Implementing rigorously designed research in juvenile justice facilities remains challenging. We discuss implications for providing supplemental reading intervention for struggling readers within these settings.
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Islam, Humayera, Abu S. M. Mosa, Hirsch K. Srivastava, Vasanthi Mandhadi, Dhinakaran Rajendran, and Laine M. Young-Walker. "Discovery of Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions among Youth Detainees in Juvenile Justice System using Clinical Data." ACI Open 04, no. 02 (July 2020): e136-e148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1718542.
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Abstract Objective The main aim was to analyze the prevalence and patterns of comorbidity in 11 identified broad categories of psychiatric conditions and 48 specific psychiatric conditions among 613 youth from the Missouri Division of Youth Services (DYS) residential sites using advanced data mining techniques on clinical assessment data. Methods This study was based on youth detainee population at DYS residential placements receiving psychiatric care through the telemedicine network established between DYS and University of Missouri Department of Psychiatry. Association Rule Mining (ARM) algorithm was used to determine the associations and the co-occurrence pattern among the comorbid psychiatric conditions. Results About 88% of the DYS youth are diagnosed with two or more psychiatric disorders. From the ARM analysis, the most commonly co-occurred disorders are obtained as substance-related or -addicted disorders (SUD) and disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (CD) (n [%] = 258 [42.1%], followed by SUD, CD, and depressive disorder (DD) (145 [23.7%]), SUD, CD, and neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) (133 [21.7%]), and DD, CD and NDD (120 [19.6%]). Discussion The study found high prevalence of comorbidity among the youth patients of the Missouri DYS facilities receiving care through the University of Missouri telemedicine network. The ideal scenario for assessment of any of these disorders in a patient should include substantial consideration in delineating the symptoms and history before eliminating any of them. Conclusion The comorbid patterns obtained can help in determining treatment regimens for DYS youth that can be effective in reducing recidivism and delinquency.
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Schweitzer, Myrinda, Ryan M. Labrecque, and Paula Smith. "Reinvesting in the Lives of Youth." Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415579262.
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Justice reinvestment strategies have been proposed to allow financial resources originally allocated for imprisonment to be reinvested into community-based alternatives. According to this perspective, the government has the responsibility to fund strategies that reduce crime, and previous studies have questioned the effectiveness of prison as one solution. Furthermore, empirical support for community-based alternatives underscores the importance of delivering interventions in offenders’ natural environments. This study explores one state’s attempt to fund strategies that reduce crime and delinquency. Through the Targeted Reasoned and Equitable Community and Local Alternatives to the Incarceration of Minors (RECLAIM) initiative, the State of Ohio attempted to reduce the risk of recidivism by serving more youth locally, instead of in secure facilities in the six most populous counties throughout the state. Specifically, the findings suggest that the Targeted RECLAIM initiative was successful in reducing the risk of recidivism of participating youth.
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Edmondson, Bonnie J. "Tell Me What You See: An Arts-Based Health Education Program for Youth." Health Promotion Practice 22, no. 1_suppl (May 2021): 27S—30S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839921996634.
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A cross-sector collaboration among a community-based organization, a prison arts program, and state departments of Public Health, Education, and Correction was established to address critical health education prevention efforts for at-risk high school–aged youth. The Tell Me What You See initiative utilizes artwork and poetry created by incarcerated youth to promote sexually transmitted disease (STD), HIV, and hepatitis prevention with students in public high schools and juvenile justice facilities. This innovative intervention integrates functional health knowledge and skills-based education through an art-based interdisciplinary approach reaching various populations of youth in multiple settings across a state. Evaluation results indicated that the materials effectively engage youth and open up a critical dialogue among peers and adults by addressing the role personal behavior can have in the prevention of STDs, hepatitis, and HIV. Lessons learned and recommendations are provided.
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Johnston, Jill E., Zully Juarez, Sandy Navarro, Ashley Hernandez, and Wendy Gutschow. "Youth Engaged Participatory Air Monitoring: A ‘Day in the Life’ in Urban Environmental Justice Communities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010093.
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Air pollution in Southern California does not impact all communities equally; communities of color are disproportionately burdened by poor air quality and more likely to live near industrial facilities and freeways. Government regulatory monitors do not have the spatial resolution to provide air quality information at the neighborhood or personal scale. We describe the A Day in the Life program, an approach to participatory air monitoring that engages youth in collecting data that they can then analyze and use to take action. Academics partnered with Los Angeles-based youth environmental justice organizations to combine personal air monitoring, participatory science, and digital storytelling to build capacity to address local air quality issues. Eighteen youth participants from four different neighborhoods wore portable personal PM2.5 (fine particles <2.5 µm in diameter) monitors for a day in each of their respective communities, documenting and mapping their exposure to PM2.5 during their daily routine. Air monitoring was coupled with photography and videos to document what they experienced over the course of their day. The PM2.5 exposure during the day for participants averaged 10.7 µg/m3, although the range stretched from <1 to 180 µg/m3. One-third of all measurements were taken <300 m from a freeway. Overall, we demonstrate a method to increase local youth-centered understanding of personal exposures, pollution sources, and vulnerability to air quality.
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Leiber, Michael J. "Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) of Youth: An Analysis of State and Federal Efforts to Address the Issue." Crime & Delinquency 48, no. 1 (January 2002): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112870204800101.
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Since the mid-1990s, states participating in the Federal Formula Grants Program have been required to determine whether disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) exists in secure facilities, identify the causes, and develop and implement corrective strategies. DMC, a core requirement of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as amended, consists of four interrelated stages: identification, assessment, intervention, andmonitoring. The objective of the present research is to examine compliance with the identification and assessment stages of the DMC mandate. More specifically, the inquiry focuses on the extent of minority overrepresentation in states' juvenile justice systems and assessments of its causes. The discussion concludes with an examination of the politics and practical limitations that affect implementation of the DMC requirement.
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Schaefer, Shelly, and Gina Erickson. "Context matters: juvenile correctional confinement and psychosocial development." Journal of Criminal Psychology 9, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2018-0041.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how adolescent arrest and correctional confinement impact psychosocial development during the transition to adulthood.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses a US-based sample of 12,100 youth in junior and high school and again in early adulthood. Factor analyses determine measurement of psychosocial maturity (PSM) and subsequently compare baseline and subsequent psychosocial development in a multivariate framework for males and females.FindingsFindings show that net of socio-demographic and delinquency-related controls, all three groups have similar baseline psychosocial measures pre-confinement but by early adulthood (ages 18–25) there are significant differences between the two justice-involved groups for multiple measure of psychosocial well-being, net of any differences at baseline. Differences are exacerbated for females.Research limitations/implicationsResults suggest the need for juvenile correctional facilities to incorporate programming that allows juveniles to build psychosocial skills through activities that mirror typical adolescent responsibilities, behaviors and tasks.Originality/valueThe authors compare PSM development for three groups of adolescents: non-justice-involved youth, youth who were arrested but not confined before age 18 (arrested non-confined), and delinquent youth who served time in out-of-home correctional placement before age 18 (confined) to compare development and changes in psychosocial development over time. Further, the authors examine the interaction of gender and confinement to explore if the context of confinement disrupts PSM development differently for females.
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Elwyn, Laura J., Nina Esaki, and Carolyn A. Smith. "Safety at a girls secure juvenile justice facility." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 36, no. 4 (December 14, 2015): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-11-2014-0038.
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Purpose – Serious juvenile delinquency is a significant and costly problem in the society. However, custodial environments often exacerbate current problems and promote recidivism. Girls’ delinquency, in particular, may call for trauma-informed approaches within organizations that serve the most serious offenders. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether implementation of a trauma-informed intervention that aims to change the therapeutic stand of the organization, the Sanctuary Model®, corresponded with improved indicators of physical and psychological safety of staff and youth at a female secure juvenile justice facility. Design/methodology/approach – This study utilizes quantitative administrative and performance-based standards (PbS) data routinely collected at the facility. Findings – Findings suggest that the facility was a safer place for both residents and staff after implementation of the model. Its safety indicators also compare favorably to those of the juvenile justice correctional field in general. Research limitations/implications – This study was constrained by a number of limitations, including lack of some desirable detail on the PbS measures and on a comparable field group of girls’ facilities. It is also hard to assess the impact of other concurrent changes in the facility. Future research that addresses these issues would be useful in further determining the utility of the model. Originality/value – This study is the first to examine the impact of a structured trauma-informed organizational change intervention based on therapeutic communities principles, namely the Sanctuary Model, on staff and youth in a secure juvenile justice facility. Findings may be of value to practitioners, administrators, policy makers, and researchers in the corrections field.
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Ryan, Joseph P. "Substitute Care in Child Welfare and the Risk of Arrest." Child Maltreatment 17, no. 2 (April 25, 2012): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559512443125.
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This study sought to investigate whether the reason for placement was associated with the subsequent risk of arrest. The author has focused on youth entering care for reasons of maltreatment and for child behavioral problems. The author stratified the sample based on a history of juvenile delinquency. The sample was diverse and included youth between 8 and 16 years of age with at least one episode in a substitute care child welfare setting ( n = 5,528). Approximately 23% of youth were placed in child welfare for reasons others than maltreatment; specifically child behavioral problems. Youth placed for behavioral problems were significantly more likely to live in congregate care facilities, experience placement instability, and more likely to experience at least one arrest. A prevailing argument is that child welfare offers a broader range of family-based services as compared with the secure settings of juvenile justice. High rates of congregate care placement reported in the current study indicate that family-based services are infrequently associated with youth placed for behavioral problems in child welfare. High rates of subsequent arrest indicate that the congregate care approach for youth with behavioral problems in child welfare is limited.
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Kumm, Skip, Daniel Maggin, Christerralyn Brown, and Elizabeth Talbott. "A Meta-Analytic Review of Mental Health Interventions Targeting Youth with Internalizing Disorders in Juvenile Justice Facilities." Residential Treatment for Children & Youth 36, no. 3 (January 3, 2019): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0886571x.2018.1560716.
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Stutzman, Danielle L. "Long-term use of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics in pediatric patients with a focus on appropriate deprescribing." Mental Health Clinician 11, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2021.11.320.
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Abstract It is estimated that 8% to 12% of youth are prescribed psychotropic medications. Those in foster care, juvenile justice systems, residential treatment facilities, and with developmental or intellectual disabilities are more likely to be prescribed high-risk regimens. The use of psychotropic medications in this age group is often off-label and can be associated with significant risk, warranting critical evaluation of their role. Landmark trials, pediatric-specific guidelines, and state-driven initiatives play critical roles in supporting evidence-based use of psychotropic medications in children. Overall, there is a lack of literature describing the long-term use of psychotropic medications in youth—particularly with regard to neurobiological, physical, and social changes that occur throughout development. Deprescribing is an important practice in child and adolescent psychiatry, given concerns for over-prescribing, inappropriate polytherapy, and the importance of reevaluating the role of psychotropic medications as children develop.
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Colman, Rebecca A., Susan Mitchell-Herzfeld, Do Han Kim, and Therese A. Shady. "From delinquency to the perpetration of child maltreatment: Examining the early adult criminal justice and child welfare involvement of youth released from juvenile justice facilities." Children and Youth Services Review 32, no. 10 (October 2010): 1410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.010.
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Rosenbaum, Jill Leslie, and Lorraine Prinsky. "The Presumption of Influence: Recent Responses to Popular Music Subcultures." Crime & Delinquency 37, no. 4 (October 1991): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128791037004007.
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This article focuses on the juvenile justice system in California and outlines approaches currently taken in response to teenagers who are part of the “punk” and “heavy metal” subculture. Data were collected from hospitals that have adolescent care programs. When these hospitals were given a hypothetical situation in which the parents' main problem with their child was the music he or she listened to, the clothes he or she wore, and the posters on his or her bedroom wall, 83% of the facilities believed the youth needed hospitalization. These findings were placed within a labeling framework in order to understand the effect of these policies.
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Sirdenis, Triana Kazaleh, Gary W. Harper, Marcos D. Carrillo, Laura Jadwin-Cakmak, Jimena Loveluck, Emily S. Pingel, Akilah Benton, Amy Peterson, Rama Pollard, and José A. Bauermeister. "Toward Sexual Health Equity for Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth: An Intergenerational, Collaborative, Multisector Partnerships Approach to Structural Change." Health Education & Behavior 46, no. 1_suppl (September 24, 2019): 88S—99S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119853607.
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Background. Gay, bisexual, and transgender youth (GBTY) experience sexual health inequities and contend with intersectional oppression. The Michigan Forward in Enhancing Research and Community Equity (MFierce) Coalition formed as an intergenerational, collaborative, multisector partnership with a focus on implementing community-identified policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change strategies to address inequities and injustices. Aims. We describe MFierce coalition development and structural change activities organized within Collaborating for Equity and Justice (CEJ) principles and provide empirical data supporting the utility of such principles. Method. We prioritized leadership by GBTY and created personal and professional capacity-building activities to support GBTY in being change agents. Our work was grounded in community-engaged scholarship and used a shared-power community development process. Our PSE change intervention, the Health Access Initiative (HAI), was a structural change program for health facilities aimed at improving the quality of and access to sexual health care for GBTY. Results. We evaluated coalition functioning and activities through multimethod assessments and evaluated PSE changes through HAI participant surveys. Data demonstrated positive and steady coalition dynamics, multiple benefits of participation for GBTY, and strategies for collaborative multigenerational community work. HAI outcome data revealed significant increases in PSE changes. Discussion. Centering life experiences of GBTY in collaborative partnerships and building opportunities for professional and personal development can support sustainable community change. We offer recommendations for developing future intergenerational, collaborative, multisector partnerships that prioritize youth leadership. Conclusion. Collaborative methods and careful consideration of adult–youth dynamics can inform future transformative efforts focused on health equity and justice for GBTY.
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Ally, Nurina, Robyn Beere, and Kelley Moult. "Red flags: Disciplinary practices and ‘school-to-prison’ pathways in South Africa." South African Crime Quarterly, no. 70 (November 3, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2021/i70a11092.
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Testing positive for drug use at school turned into a horror story for four learners, who were channelled into the criminal justice system by their school and detained for months under ‘compulsory residence orders’ at child and youth care facilities. This occurred even though the referral of children to the criminal justice system following a school-administered drug test is explicitly prohibited by legislation. S v L M & Others draws startling attention to the failure of school officials, prosecutors and magistrates to comply with legislation, and the devastating impacts that a direct ‘school-to-prison’ pipeline can have on children. The case also raises red flags around broader punitive and exclusionary school disciplinary mechanisms, which – even where lawful – may also adversely affect children and potentially contribute to school-to-prison pathways in South Africa. We argue that S v L M highlights the need for restorative and preventative approaches to school discipline, which can transform not only learners and schools but society more broadly.
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Upchurch, Elizabeth. "Putting Focus Back on the Family: Using Multisystemic Therapy and Regionalized Incarceration as Alternatives to the Texas Youth Commission." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 15, no. 1 (October 2008): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v15.i1.7.
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For the reasons explored in detail in this Comment, the Texas juvenile justice system should be reformed to eliminate the TYC. In its place, Texas should implement locally-managed multisystemic therapy (MST) programs that focus on eliminating risk factors for delinquent behavior and strengthening the family in order to assure long-term maintenance of acceptable behavior. Participation in MST is community- based and allows the juvenile to remain at home during treatment. This should be the first line of defense in assisting juveniles in overcoming delinquent behavior. As a result, incarceration of juveniles should be reserved only for serious or habitual offenders, and these facilities should be regionalized in order to keep juveniles connected with their families and involved in their communities. Research suggests that MST is cost effective, reduces recidivism rates, and keeps youth integrated within their families and communities. Section II of this Comment explores the history and origins of the TYC, reforms implemented in the TYC since its formation, general offender statistics and trends, reports and investigations of abuse and neglect in recent years, and recommendations made by the recent Blue Ribbon Task Force as to the direction and suggested future reform of the TYC. Section III of this Comment evaluates MST as an alternative to incarcerating juvenile offenders. It specifically explores studies proving MST to be cost-effective and productive, and it details the underlying principles of the MST approach. Additionally, Section III analyzes the necessity of "last resort" regionalized incarceration facilities in order to rehabilitate the most serious and habitual offenders. It reviews the success of the "Missouri Model" and establishes why a similar model in the State of Texas would be cost-effective and would reduce recidivism rates among juveniles released from those facilities.
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Maria Virginia G. Aguilar and Allen Cassey S. Gumiran. "ON LOWERING THE AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY: PERSPECTIVES FROM PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS." Journal of BIMP-EAGA Regional Development 6, no. 1 (December 12, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/jbimpeagard.v6i1.3116.
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The proposal to amend the minimum age of criminal responsibility has elicited polarized reactions in the Philippines. On one side are the politicians led by President Duterte, who are behind a bill lowering the age of criminal responsibility from 15 to 9 for two reasons: school-age thieves and drug-runners must be “taught responsibility” and that the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Law is “soft” in dealing with children in conflict with the law (CICL). On the other side are human rights advocates vehemently opposing the bill on the ground that studies in the social sciences link emotional and mental immaturity to youth offending, not to mention the Philippines’ binding commitment to protect children’s rights when it signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child. At the forefront, are the barangay officials, the first authorities encountered by the CICL upon apprehension, where the crucial decision is made: amicable settlement or State involvement. A survey among 30 barangay officials reveals that punishment is favored to deter re-offense. The lack of parental supervision is perceived as the root cause, but it is this same negligence that convinces them that handling the CICL should be a national affair, hence, their approval for lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility, and the children’s subsequent detention in government facilities. This study recommends that barangay officials be re-oriented regarding the aptness of rehabilitation for the CICL, particularly the framings of discourses from the social sciences, while also advancing a critique of the justice system itself critically through a Gramscian lens.
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Milligan, Ian, and Mark Smith. "From welfare to correction: A review of changing discourses of secure accommodation." Educational and Child Psychology 23, no. 2 (2006): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2006.23.2.75.
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Secure accommodation refers to locked facilities within the child care system. In England the term includes local authority secure children’s homes and secure training centres and in Scotland a more unitary system of secure units run by local authority or voluntary-sector providers. In a climate of heightened awareness of youth crime, such provision can be seen in the public mind and increasingly in political discourse as a response to youth offending. However, while it does work with young offenders, its purposes and regulations are rooted in a human rights imperative to limit rather than facilitate the restriction of young people’s liberty. Secure units have their origins in welfare-oriented child care philosophies rather than in the justice system. Many young people placed there have needs that have been difficult to address elsewhere but they do not fit the profile of the ‘persistent offender’, which has driven the expansion of provision. The commitment to expanding such an expensive resource, especially one with a long history of uncertainty around its purpose and effectiveness, reflects a hardening ideology towards young people who offend and misconceived ideas about what secure accommodation can realistically do. This paper traces the history of secure accommodation, identifying the expansion of provision over the past forty years. It locates this expansion within changing public and professional discourses around young people and crime. It goes on to consider what secure accommodation might realistically offer young people within a continuum of child care provision. The article is written from a Scottish perspective; while there are differences in the legal framework and structure of the sector in Scotland and England, the political and professional trends are sufficiently similar to be of interest to professionals in both jurisdiction.
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Proctor, Steven L., and Albert M. Kopak. "Mental health correlates of substance use behaviors among a nationally representative sample of juvenile offenders." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-09-2021-0053.
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Purpose This paper aims to extend previous findings by identifying the mental health correlates of both acute and chronic substance use behaviors among a large nationally representative sample of juvenile offenders. Design/methodology/approach Survey of Youth in Residential Placement interview data from 6,920 juvenile offenders (76% male) detained in 290 US facilities were analyzed to determine bivariate relationships between two indicators of substance use (acute and chronic) and seven mental health domains (depression/isolation, anxiety, anger, trauma, inattention, hallucinations and suicidality). Findings Prevalence rates of above average indications for all seven mental health domains were significantly higher among offenders under the influence of a substance at the time they committed their instant offense compared to those not under the influence. Offenders with above average indications in the seven studied mental health areas reported a higher level of chronic effects of substance use relative to those with average or below mental health indications. Practical implications The results have important implications for the assessment and treatment of co-occurring mental health issues among juvenile offenders with substance use issues. Juveniles with above average mental health indications may be more prone to experiencing a number of substance-related problems. Observed results may guide the implementation of routine assessment procedures at the juvenile detention level. Intake specialists should screen and administer comprehensive mental health assessments for juveniles who report substance intoxication at the time of their instant offense. Juvenile offenders who report clinical levels of mental health symptoms should receive a comprehensive assessment of substance use and related problems. Originality/value Although the co-occurrence of substance use and mental health issues among juvenile justice involved populations is well documented, previous research studies in this area have included a number of limitations. Relatively small offender sample populations, often from a single facility, warrant further work with a large, nationally representative sample of juvenile offenders. Inconsistency in measures of substance use and the failure to distinguish between acute and chronic measures of substance use in prior studies also require further investigation. This study contributes to the extant co-occurring substance use and mental health knowledge base by identifying the mental health correlates of both acute and chronic substance use behaviors among a large nationally representative sample of juvenile offenders.
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Macallair, Dan. "Disposition Case Advocacy in San Francisco's Juvenile Justice System: A New Approach to Deinstitutionalization." Crime & Delinquency 40, no. 1 (January 1994): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128794040001006.
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This article examines the impact of defense-based disposition case advocacy in San Francisco commitment rates to state juvenile correctional facilities. Historically, this juvenile justice system committed a large percentage of youths to state institutions. These rates were strongly influenced by the probation system's penchant for recommending custodial confinement. Defense-based case advocates began presenting alternative disposition reports to judges in 1980. As a result, between 1980 and 1990, commitments to state correctional facilities fell 73%. The evidence suggests that case advocacy is an effective strategy for reducing commitments to juvenile correctional institutions.
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Mathys, Cécile. "Effective components of interventions in juvenile justice facilities: How to take care of delinquent youths?" Children and Youth Services Review 73 (February 2017): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.01.007.
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Tedeschi, Frank, and Elizabeth Ford. "Outliers in American juvenile justice: the need for statutory reform in North Carolina and New York." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-5006.
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Abstract There is a well-established and growing body of evidence from research that adolescents who commit crimes differ in many regards from their adult counterparts and are more susceptible to the negative effects of adjudication and incarceration in adult criminal justice systems. The age of criminal court jurisdiction in the United States has varied throughout history; yet, there are only two remaining states, New York and North Carolina, that continue to automatically charge 16 year olds as adults. This review traces the statutory history of juvenile justice in these two states with an emphasis on political and social factors that have contributed to their outlier status related to the age of criminal court jurisdiction. The neurobiological, psychological, and developmental aspects of the adolescent brain and personality, and how those issues relate both to a greater likelihood of rehabilitation in appropriate settings and to greater vulnerability in adult correctional facilities, are also reviewed. The importance of raising the age in New York and North Carolina not only lies in protecting incarcerated youths but also in preventing the associated stigma following release. Mental health practitioners are vital to the process of local and national juvenile justice reform. They can serve as experts on and advocates for appropriate mental health care and as experts on the adverse effects of the adult criminal justice system on adolescents.
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PICKARD, SUSAN. "Age War as the New Class War? Contemporary Representations of Intergenerational Inequity." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000521.
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AbstractThis paper examines intergenerational justice discourses that feature prominently in both the contemporary UK media and beyond, arguing that these constitute both a continuation of previous debates about the economic and social burden of the dependent ‘fourth age’ and a newer and more prominent denigration of the ‘third age’, both of which possess deep cultural and psychological roots. Both themes are subsumed in the trope of the old as in some ways stealing the future of the nation, represented by youth. Analysing media depictions of intergenerational injustice across several themes, the paper suggests that, whilst justifying welfare retrenchment and other aspects of neoliberalism, the portrayal of social problems in terms of generational war emerges from age ideology and an age system that, among other things, intersects with and naturalises other forms of stratification. This partly accounts for the fact that the attack on the ‘third age’ is particularly prevalent in left of centre, or progressive, media on both sides of the Atlantic. That the age system has been overlooked and underplayed in sociological terms is an important oversight since the former materially and ideologically facilitates the ever-growing socio-economic inequality that is a feature of our times.
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Bollom, Jon Edmund, Aladje Baldé, Zeca Jandi, Hamadou Boiro, Jónína Einarsdóttir, and Geir Gunnlaugsson. "Social Determinants of Narcotics Use Susceptibility among School-Attending Adolescents in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: A Cross-Sectional Analysis." Adolescents 1, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/adolescents1030023.
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Balanced medical and criminal justice approaches addressing determinants of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) use are central to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 16. However, data on AOD use in resource-poor settings are characterised by relative paucity and anecdote. This study aimed to describe and analyse AOD use susceptibility and its determinants among school-attending adolescents in the capital Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Survey data were collected through a locally adapted Planet Youth questionnaire in June 2017 across 16 schools in Bissau. The 2039-strong sample was selected through a multi-stage, random cluster process. Participants’ lifetime alcohol use was 27.3%, smoking 10.8%, and cannabis use 3.6%. In each instance, the ‘15 years and above’ age bracket was the most common initiation period, signifying increased instigation in later adolescence. Subsequent Varimax Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of 312 variables captured data-driven models of AOD use susceptibility, implying imitated, polydrug use among initiates. Linear regression analysis revealed drinking, group violence, male gender, school dismissal and relationship breakdown as explanatory variables. Overlapping predictive variables suggest singular interventions may pre-empt myriad antisocial behaviours. PCA offers alternatives to singular, potentially myopic quantifications of drug use. PCA facilitates the creation of context-sensitive composite variables, enabling the identification of related outcome behaviours relevant to studies’ sociocultural settings.
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Nakajima, Erica C., Marcus Messmer, Jennifer Marie Jones, Luckson Mathieu, Tanyanika Phillips, Colin D. Weekes, Catherine Handy Marshall, et al. "Hematology/medical oncology fellow responses to the initial development of an antiracism curriculum." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 11042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.11042.
Full textAbstract:
11042 Background: While the American Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) set up a Planning Committee for Diversity in GME in 2018, no formalized milestones or training mandates have been announced. The nation-wide protests for racial justice following the senseless killings of Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd further brought to the forefront the need for immediate action to address widespread inequities across graduate medical education, our healthcare system and society as a whole. Therefore, the Johns Hopkins Hematology/Medical Oncology Fellowship Program focused on creating an anti-racism curriculum to foster dialogue on systemic racism and discrimination, grounded in the institutional and geographic context of our training program. Methods: Using the Kern six step curriculum development method, we created a comprehensive anti-racism initiative, which included virtual townhalls with Black alumni of the fellowship, book clubs, readings, and lectures. We sought to deepen the fellowship’s awareness of the impact of racism and inequity upon trainees, underrepresented minority oncologists and hematologists, and patients in order to develop initiatives to confront them productively. Trainees received a survey 6 months after the start of the curriculum to assess the impact of the initiatives upon trainees, and inform iterative changes to the curriculum. Results: 25 of 34 fellows across all post-graduate years (PGY) completed the survey. Fellows agreed that the curriculum was helpful (68%) and encouraging (60%). Collectively, fellows reported that the curriculum increased their awareness of instances of racism in medicine, caused them to think about next steps that the fellowship could take to address racism, and enabled them to identify available resources for support and further education. Respondents selected community engagement and recruitment of diverse fellowship classes as the most pressing priorities for the program. Conclusions: Social justice and anti-racism education belong in the formalized training of our hematology/medical oncology fellows. To this end, our ongoing curricular expansion is focusing on anti-racism training, diverse recruitment and youth mentorship. Collectively, a comprehensive yet program-specific approach facilitates opportunities for learning, engagement and development of the skills necessary to engage in this life-long work for ourselves, our communities and our patients.
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Solfiah, Yeni Solfiah, Devi Risma, Hukmi, and Rita Kurnia. "Early Childhood Disaster Management Media Through Picture Story Books." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/141.10.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher’s learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. Dissemination of five story books are proper for children and improve their understanding of disaster management.
Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Management Disaster, Storybooks
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