Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Youth – France – Social conditions'
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Alemdaroğlu, Ayça. "Knowing your place : inequalities, subjectives and youth in Turkey." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609514.
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Griffin, Helen. "Youth offending : resilience and protective factors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3806/.
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The assessment and rehabilitation of young offenders is an important area within forensic Psychology, however knowledge regarding resilience and youth offending is deficient as outlined in Chapter One. Chapter Two is a systematic review of the literature examining the relevance of protective factors in young people’s desistance from crime. A number of protective factors were found to significantly discriminate between re-offenders and desisters, and an interactive relationship between risk and protective factors received most support. In Chapter Three the strengths and limitations of a psychometric tool to assess personal resiliency are discussed. In Chapter Four this measure was used to examine whether resiliency differed between males who had nonsexually offended, sexually offended, and not offended. Differences in personal resiliency were found between and within these groups. Limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed in Chapter Five. It is concluded that the inclusion of protective factors and personal resiliency, alongside risk factors, improves the prediction of offending behaviour. Furthermore, these positive factors appear to be instrumental to the rehabilitation of young offenders.
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Hart, Nicole Anita. "Social support among emancipated foster youth." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2122.
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Hagquist, Curt. "The living conditions of young people in Sweden : on the crisis of the 1990s, social conditions and health /." Göteborg : Göteborg University, Dept. of Social Work, 1997. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007747329&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Samblanet, Sarah. "Neighborhood Conditions, Self-Efficacy, and Future Orientation among Urban Youth." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1397072980.
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Westberg, Annika. "Becoming an Adult : Living Conditions and Attitudes among Swedish Youth." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-522.
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Manders, Gary. "An opportunity for redemption within youth justice?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4687/.
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This thesis explores how the interplay between agency, beliefs/values and behaviour generates possibilities/ potentialities for change among forty youth offenders in two Youth Offending Teams in the West Midlands. This research has a specific focus on the young people’s religious identity and how their religiosity can be a potential resource for the process of change towards abstinence from offending. It is centred on engagement with the perceptions and values of youth offenders in seeking to engage and work effectively with them towards rehabilitation and the cessation of offending, with its application for improving practice in Youth Justice. Recent work has shown that religion can either be used to justify or excuse criminal behaviour in terms of negative attitudes and behaviour towards others, or as a prospective moral template for changing behaviour. This thesis builds upon this work by examining the role of religiosity in shaping youth offending behaviours, how they make sense of religiosity within the context of their whole lives. The nature of redemption refers to the ability, opportunity and in what manner a young person turns their life around away from crime to a law abiding lifestyle, assisted by the Youth Offending Team/Service. Comprehending the signals of desistance through examining the young person’s beliefs and values is paramount in creating the conditions for change. The notion of the good life as a life worth living is examined in this study as a means for practitioners to support the initial transitions to a better form of living through identifying youth offenders’ future goals and intended strategies for achieving them, and moral exemplars to catalyse change.
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Meyer, Lucille Yvonne. "Youth experiences of a holistic approach to personal transformation : a narrative inquiry." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2628.
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Thesis (DEd (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Many youth experience some form of identity crisis as they transition into adulthood. This crisis is amplified in the lives of many working-class youth who have to contend with heading households owing to the absence or death of parents and a socioeconomic context of poverty, lack of access to quality learning opportunities, unemployment and deepening inequality. A recent analysis of youth unemployment statistics in South Africa shows that at the end of 2016, at least 7.5 million youth were not in employment, education or training (NEET), with a large percentage residing in the Western Cape. The growing NEET numbers present a huge problem to youth, communities and the state, as youth who are not in employment, education or training have a greater propensity to become disengaged and disconnected from self, family and social, economic, political and cultural activities, further minimising their opportunities for growth and development. Despite the growing NEET numbers, there remains a paucity of research on credible and sustainable solutions to the NEET crises, including research that gives credence to youth voice and experience. The key purpose of the study was to explore youth experiences of a holistic approach to personal transformation as one particular programmatic approach or developmental pathway for vulnerable youth. The imperative is to explore ways of addressing the current NEET crisis and simultaneously deepen the theory and practice of youth development. The study used an ecological perspective as its theoretical framework that illuminated the influence of relationships and contexts on the development of children and youth. A phenomenological approach was chosen as it was deemed best suited to exploring and understanding people’s perceptions and experiences of a particular phenomenon. Narrative inquiry was employed as the methodological framework to explore the views of five youth respondents and their parents or guardians. Techniques to enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of the data included triangulation, which was effected through the collection of two sets of data, an extensive literature review and use of a reflective journal. The findings illustrate that a holistic perspective, as one particular philosophical and programmatic approach to personal transformation, has the potential to foster connection with self and family, enhance the psychological capital of young people and provide the impetus for them to remain on a positive developmental trajectory. The significance of a holistic approach lies in its ability to recognise and integrate all dimensions of their being into the learning process and meet a variety of needs as a result of their particular socioeconomic and psychosocial realities.
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Mananga, Francisco. "La dimension juridique des conditions du travail dans le secteur de l'intervention sociale." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL20014.
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Le Travail social, axé sur les rapports humains, implique l'élaboration d'une oeuvre utile et intellectuelle, regroupe une kyrielle de professions exerçant leurs activités dans des organismes privés et publics. Aborder en droit social les conditions de travail dans ce secteur et s'interroger sur l'adaptation des principes dudit droit aux acteurs sociaux est nécessaire. En effet, les spécificités du travail social, les particularités des usagers, l'application dérogatoire du droit du travail et les conditions dans lesquelles exercent certains acteurs sociaux. . . Appellent à des réflexions. Si le régime d'équivalence reste discutable, la législation sur les responsabilités serait une application adéquate, même si la protection juridique des acteurs sociaux reste hypothétique. C'est ainsi que cette étude interroge l'applicabilité du droit social à un secteur spécifique, dont certains de ses aspects relèveraient du droit commun, d'une législation spécifique mais non nécessairement dérogatoireThe social labor is an activity based on humans relations. This means that a useful and intellectual organization has to be set up. This sector includes many professions working in private associations and in public offices. Concerning the social law, it seems to be necessary to approach the question of the working conditions and to wonder about a possible adaptation of this law to the social workers. Indeed, the special features of the social work, the particularities of users, the derogatory applications of the working law and also the manner in which some social workers practise. . . Need to be considered. If the application of the equivalence hours is deeply questionable, the legislation upon the responsibilities seems to be of an appropriate application, in spite of the fact that legal protection of the social workers remains hypothetical. So this study aims to question the opportunity of applying the general principles of the social law in this sector but no necessary derogatory
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Culliney, Martin. "Going nowhere? : rural youth employment, social capital and migration in Britain." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4624/.
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This thesis addresses the lack of literature on rural youth employment prospects. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey and fieldwork conducted in the West Midlands, I ask to what extent is rural location a labour market disadvantage for young people? Social capital, identified as a pertinent concept in the few previous studies, is operationalised in terms of two constituent elements: norms, affecting youth earnings, and networks, determining one’s ability to find work – more so in rural areas than in urban, due to the relative absence of big business, and nepotistic recruitment practices. Transport is also a more significant barrier to employment for rural youth. I find that rural youth earn less than urban counterparts despite rural wages being higher overall. This pay penalty is a distinctly rural youth disadvantage, and can last well into adulthood for those who do not relocate to urban areas. In conclusion, I argue that investment in rural jobs and public transport or vehicle lease schemes would improve rural youth employment prospects. If such investment is not forthcoming, relocation schemes might extend opportunities to those willing to migrate for work.
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Njomo, Louis Mosake. "The effects of conflict on the youth of Mfuleni." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1133_1243224388.
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Since the abolition of apartheid, levels of political violence in South Africa have dropped dramatically. However, violent conflicts in the communities are at high levels and are of grave concern. This development is far from the expectations of South Africans in the fading days of apartheid. Democracy was embraced as a cure to the conflicts that plagued South African communities in the apartheid era. Yet events after twelve years of democracy have proved this optimism premature. The purpose of this study was to examine why conflicts are increasing instead of decreasing in the democratic era of South Africa. It also examined the effects of conflicts on youth and the community as a whole.
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Dousset, Florent. "Rugby et droit social." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10008.
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Le rugby est le dernier sport collectif en France a avoir choisi, à la fin d es années 1990, la voie du professsionalisme. Le rugbyman est désormais réménéré pour sa prestation athlétique qui constitue l'essentiel ou la totalité de ses revenus. Cette prestation s'exécute dans le cadre d'un contrat de travail reconnu comme étant salarié, impliquant ainsi l'intégration de la relation de travail en cause dans la sphère du droit social. Les dispositions législatives et réglementaires relatives au sport professionnel, et à fortiori relatives au rugby étant quasi-inexistantes, il en résulte une application des règles générales en la matière. Or, un examen de la pratique permet de constater que ces règles sont souvent écartées au profit d'usages et de règlements propres à l'activité. Quelle sont les justifications d'une telle mise à l'écart ? Résulte -t-elle d'une incompatibilité entre l'activité en cause et la règle de droit ? Est-elle justifiée par des nécessités de protection sociale ? Doit-on envisager une application coercitive du droit social ou au contraire militer en faveur d'une exception sportive ? Quels en sont les enjeux actuels ? Enfin, et plus fondentalement, le statut de salarié est-il encore adapté à la relation de travail en cause ? Tiré d'une expérience professionnelle de trois ans au sein d'un club de première division, rugby et droit social tente de faire un point sur une matière nouvelle, à l'orée de la future convention collective du rugby.
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Vaughan, Catherine Maree. "A picture of health : participation, photovoice and preventing HIV among Papua New Guinean youth." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/160/.
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Participation has been linked with better health outcomes for young people in a range of settings, with an extensive literature extolling the benefits of a participatory approach to youth-focused HIV-prevention programs in particular. However the processes of participation, and how the ideals outlined in the participation literature can be achieved in the difficult circumstances in which many youth health promotion programs operate, are less often discussed. This thesis responds to calls for more nuanced documentation of situated participatory practices by developing a detailed and contextualised analysis of youth participation in a Photovoice project in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The analysis draws upon data generated over a ten-month period (photo-stories, individual interviews, written accounts of participation, group discussions, artefacts produced during participatory analysis, and field-notes) to describe how participation in a project of self-reflection and self-representation can support dialogical engagement and the demonstration of critical thinking. The thesis explores the relationship between these psycho-social changes and young people’s subsequent ability to enact strategies to improve their health and well-being. Findings challenge idealised representations of youth participation, demonstrating that young people’s ability to act is mediated and bounded by the health-related contexts in which they live. They also demonstrate a disconnect between youth health priorities and the priorities of the programs ‘targeting’ them; and point to the importance of HIV-prevention programs working to support ‘in-between’ spaces where youth and community leaders can connect in order to affect wider social environments. In providing a detailed examination of a Photovoice process, this thesis extends the theoretical basis of an increasingly popular participatory research tool. In analysing the relationship between young people’s participation in a research project and their ability to take action on health, this thesis also contributes to social psychological understandings of the pathways through which participation may impact upon health, and in particular affect efforts to prevent HIV.
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Kessi, Shose. "Shooting horizons : a study of youth empowerment and social change in Tanzania and South Africa." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/324/.
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This thesis is a social psychological approach to youth empowerment and social change in urban African contexts. Over a period of 22 months, 39 young people from Dar es Salaam and Soweto participated in a community‐based initiative called Shooting Horizons. The aim of the project was to engage young people in a process of critical consciousness and social action to represent themselves and their communities through their own words and images using Photovoice methodology. Six Photovoice workshops, involving a total of 23 young women and 16 young men, took place in multiple sites, two youth centres in Dar es Salaam and one in Soweto. The data was collected through multiple methods, including a series of 37 photo‐stories, 6 focus groups on development and social change, a record of daily discussion groups, and 1 focus group and 10 individual interviews post‐project. Emerging from the narrative positions of the participants, the project affirms the different directions for living envisaged by young people and promotes alternatives to the stigmatization of young people and their communities by the grand discourses and practices of development. Through a social psychological lens, I explore the impact that stigmatizing representations of development have on individual and social identities in order to make sense of the contradictions and ambiguities that it presents for enacting social change. I argue that a community empowerment framework, supported by an agenda of resistance to the exclusionary discourses and practices of development, can overcome some of the complex mechanisms of power that lead to oppressive social stratifications. The analysis observes the politics of knowledge and recognition in constructing social identities and building social capital to open up spaces for alternatives within the limitations of these particular contexts. The findings of this study consistently refer to how ‘difference’ is imbued in the narratives of young people and the need to address the gendered and racialized beliefs that contribute to participants’ internalized and victimising perspectives and that constrain processes of social change. Recommendations include practical, concrete, and innovative methods for urban African youth to engage in initiatives that suit their own development interests within a social psychological approach to empowerment that redefines community as a space of inbetweens, a citizenry of people sharing common interests and different agendas.
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Childs, Michael James 1956. "Working class youth in late Victorian and Edwardian England." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74015.
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Lloyd, Stephanie 1975. "An anxious society : the French importation of social phobia and the appearance of a new model of the self." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102807.
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This dissertation examines the introduction of social phobia into France. My analysis is concerned with how this diagnosis, which is inconsistent with the psychoanalytic model that dominates French psychiatry, is increasingly being accepted by French physicians and patients. I argue that the diagnosis social phobia offers physicians and patients a justification for life difficulties that was not provided by existing diagnoses such as phobic neurosis, obsessional neurosis or 'normal' shyness.In 2003-4 I carried out one year of fieldwork in North America and France. During this time I conducted participant observation and interviews with clinicians and members of a social phobia support group. Throughout this thesis, it is my objective to understand the disorder from three perspectives: historical, ethnographic, and sociocultural.
First, I examine French psychiatrists' claims that social phobia has existed in French psychiatric literature since the nineteenth century. I investigate the efforts of these French psychiatrists to prove that the diagnostic category has a legitimate place in French medicine. Second, I look at how a small group of Parisian psychiatrists who practice cognitive and behavioural therapy are fighting for greater awareness and acceptance of social phobia. Promoting social phobia is a means of spreading awareness of their therapeutic model. Their aim is to unseat psychoanalysis from its dominant position in French psychiatry. Many individuals prefer cognitive and behavioural therapists' explanations of social phobia symptoms to those of psychoanalysts because they are less stigmatizing and their predicted outcomes more optimistic. But many French clinicians reject the diagnosis social phobia and prefer psychoanalytic explanations for patients' symptoms. Some see it as a 'fashionable' disorder overly promoted by the pharmaceutical industry. Third, I investigate how social phobia is related to cultural behavioural ideals and societal expectations. I look at how these factors lead more people to become concerned about the symptoms of social phobia than in the past.
In the end, I explain that French physicians and patients are choosing social phobia from among other possible labels for this set of symptoms. The way that they describe this diagnosis, however, blends multiple therapeutic models and they create an explanation of the disorder which most thoroughly and positively describes patients' experiences.
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de, Middelaer Trevor Adam. "Alienation and control : a study of alienated labour in two Youth Offending Teams across England and Wales." Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2393/.
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This thesis provides an empirical, qualitative, study of nuances of the labour process in the context of Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) and how detectable indications of alienation may be present in the perceptions of front-line practitioners. The study also focuses on government policy and the views of management and trade union officials to gain a broader understanding of factors that affect employment in this sub-sector of the public services. To provide a rich source of qualitative data, 33 interviews were conducted across two research sites, which fall under the operational remit of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales (YJB). Initially, the focus of the thesis is structured around political impositions and management regulation of the employment relationship in the wider public services with particular reference to its impact on the organisation of work and work degradation. This is set against previous theories and frameworks of alienation to form an analytical model, adapted from Blauner’s (1964) research, accounting for criticisms of the study from a Marxist perspective. The thesis then provides a contextual grounding of the politicised nature of the youth justice sector and the related criminological debates which affect the perceptions of work and policy from front-line practitioners in YOTs. Interview data is analysed against the theoretical model employed, signified by a broad analytical approach, which not only addresses the effects of a loss of practitioner control of the labour process in YOTs and the related indications of alienation, but also investigates their relevance to wider aspects of the political economy. Findings suggest that alienation is intensified in practitioners when they experience a dislocation between their personal ideals and the prescriptive work practices to which they abide, with their skills and knowledge of front-line practice perceived as undervalued in state and management policy.
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Nigg, Catherine Michele. "Understanding conditions leading to high school success as identified by urban Georgia at risk students." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2007/catherine_m_nigg/Nigg_Catherine_M_200808_Edd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008."A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Directed by Mary Jackson. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-88) and appendices.
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Enria, Luisa. ""An idle mind is the Devil's workshop"? : the politics of work amongst Freetown's youth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba12e38c-1fb8-4ccb-8222-5ed9326ae9e1.
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Youth unemployment has been presented as a security risk to countries emerging from civil war. These assessments often rely on the assumption of a direct relationship between labour market exclusion and political violence. This thesis challenges this assumption, not by denying that the connection exists, but by suggesting that we need a better understanding of how the two are related. Through qualitative research with young people engaged precariously on the margins of the informal economy in Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown, the thesis explores how labour market experiences influence different patterns of political mobilisation. It puts forward that violence is not inherent to unemployment, but that the impact of joblessness on mobilisation is mediated by social factors and the specific nature of the post-war political economy. For Freetown's youth, labour market exclusion has implications for social status, identities, norms and the nature of social relations. This in turn shapes their political subjectivities and claims on the state; it structures the opportunities and constraints to their collective action; and influences their trajectories towards political violence. These processes reflect a fraught articulation between tactics employed expediently to respond to structural circumstances and longer-term aspirations. Individual attempts to survive adverse economic and political terrains coexist with work-based political claims placed on the state and aspirations of social and political inclusion, even if the two are often at odds and the former undermine the latter.
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Ibeabuchi, Geoffrey Bestman Echefu. "Developing child and youth care services in Nigeria : an analysis of contemporary problems and needs." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22871.
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This exploratory study of child and youth care services in Nigeria first examines theoretical concepts associated with the causation of youth problems in developed countries with particular reference to Britain and North America. From an historical and comparative perspective, the application and limitations of Western theories of delinquency causation in developing countries are analysed. An historical analysis of traditional Nigerian culture serves to highlight the problems associated with socio-economic change and the impact of change on traditional child and youth care practices. The impact of urban development on migrant youths is then analysed to establish the theoretical relationship between urbanisation and delinquency. Traditional roles maintained in extended families and traditional patterns of child and youth care practices are analysed to Identify the relationship between family disorganisation and delinquent behaviour among contemporary Nigerian young people. Family structure is identified as a core variable in explaining differences between rural and urban delinquency. Two case studies are presented to illuminate the degree of delinquent behaviour found amongst children and young people from disorganised families and to highlight differences between delinquency found in an urban area and a rural culture. Religious differences are identified as central to sequences in the development and definition of delinquency in the two major cultures in Nigeria. A social policy ideal, based on the notion of an integrated "continuum of care" for children and families, is used to analyse and evaluate child welfare services found in Nigeria at the present time. Prospects for the future development of services are also considered.
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Musset, Benoît. "Le vignoble de Champagne, de la naissance des vins mousseux à celle des maisons de champagne (1650-1830) : les transformations d'un univers vinicole, social et commercial." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIML006.
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Dans les années 1660 apparaît le vin mousseux de Champagne. Portée par une clientèle aristocratique, cette production prend son essor à partir des années 1720, passant de quelques milliers de bouteilles à 300. 000 au début des années 1780, 3. 000. 000 vers 1830. Cette croissance bouscule peu à peu les structures économiques, sociales et viticoles du vignoble : techniques viticoles, répartition de la propriété, encadrement institutionnel. En 1789, les anciennes structures sont encore bien en place. En fait, deux grands systèmes viticoles se juxtaposent durant tout le XVIIIe siècle. Le premier est basé sur les vins rouges vendus vers Paris, les Flandres et le marché régional. Vigoureux jusqu’aux années 1820, il sert de support à une société vigneronne stable : petites exploitations, viticulture soignée, façonnement des vins sommaire, structures commerciales dominées par des courtiers au service d’acheteurs étrangers. Le second, sans modifier les techniques de culture, donne naissance à un noyau cohérent de grandes exploitations bourgeoises mettant en œuvre les nouvelles méthodes vinicoles, avec un matériel croissant dans la seconde moitié du siècle. Il génère également une profonde transformation de l’univers commercial, avec l’apparition, dans les années 1760-1770, d’un puissant négoce prenant peu à peu en charge la production, imposant une tutelle de plus en plus étroite sur les grands propriétaires et les vignerons. A la fin des années 1820, au moment où le système viticole des vins rouges commence à s’essouffler, le système des vins en bouteilles, déjà bien enraciné autour d’Epernay, commence à offrir une alternative inespérée dans la Montagne de ReimsIn the 1660’s, sparkling wines appear in the Champagne province. Encouraged by aristocratic customers, this production keeps expanding from the 1720’s on, growing from a few thousands bottles to 300 000 in the early 1780’s, and finally reaching 3 000 000 in the late 1820’s. This growth in production slowly changes the economical social and viticultural structures of the vineyard : vinicultural techniques, land organisation, state regulations. In 1789, the old structures are still very much there. In fact, two main viticultural systems coexist during the 18th century. The first one is based on the selling of red wines in Paris, the Flanders and the regional market. Flourishing until the 1820’s, it relies on a rather stable wine-growing society : small landowners, well-tended vineyards, quick method wine growing, commercial uses in the hands of the brokers working for foreign merchants. The second one, if it does not change them improves the methods of the first one, thus engendering a tissue of great bourgeois wine properties, initiating new viticultural methods, requiring a more and more sophistcated machinery in the second half of the century. It also creates a deep change in the trade sphere, when in the 1760’s 70’s there appears a powerful business world dealing with the production, imposing an always stronger watch over the big landowners and winegrowers. In the late 1820’s, at the time when the viticultural system of red wines slowly gives way, the trade of bottled wines now well organized in the Epernay region, begins to offer an unexpected and promising opening to the Montagne de Reims
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Carneiro, Maria José Teixeira. "Les Paysans des Sept Laux, Isère : la construction d'un nouvel ordre social." Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0016.
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Dans l'objectif d'etudier la reproduction sociale des petits exploitants agricoles face aux transformations subies par les societes rurales dans les 30 dernieres annees, l'observation a ete centree sur des familles d'exploitants d'une commune de montagne dans le departement de l'isere. L'analyse des articulations entre les strategies familiales et la dynamique de la societe industrielle est faite dans une approche monographique, selon la methode anthropologique. A partir d'une observation sur une longue duree de 28 familles d'exploitants dans des situations diverses (des pluriactifs, des exploitants a plein temps et des retraites), completee par des donnees genealogiques, il a ete possible de saisir les differentes logiques de transmission du patrimoine et du choix de l'heritier. Celles-ci sont articulees autour de strategies diverses des familles pour s'adapter aux nouvelles conditions de production. La famille - l'objet d'observation privilegie - est apercue comme une institution capable de resoudre des conflits, d'integrer des positions contradictoires et de formuler de nouvelles strategies. Mais, elle est aussi concue comme une valeur qui oriente et donne du sens aux rapports entre les individusThe aim of this thesis was to study the social reproduction of the small producers related to the changes that the rural societies were submeted to for the last 30 years. The observation took place at a small moutain community in the departement of the isere. The analysis of the articulation between the familial strategies and the industrial society's dynamics had a mongraphic approach according to the anthropological method. Through the observation of the 28 families it had been possible to understand the differents logics of the transmission of the family estate and of the choice of the successor. These logics are articulated and depended on differents family strategies to get adapted to the news conditions of production. Within this context the pluriactivty comes up as a ancien and actual phenomenum that takes differents meanings through the evolution of the rural societies in france. It is un instrument of the social reproduction frequentely used by the small producers at the mountain sides. Thus, it cannot be considered as a specifical social category. This study confirms the adaptation capacity (although contradictory)
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LaViscount, David F. "Inside the Black Box of Mentoring: African-American Adolescents, Youth Mentoring, and Stereotype Threat Conditions." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2622.
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Despite a narrowing trend over the past forty years, the racial academic performance gap between non-Asian-American minority students and European-American students remains an overarching issue in K-12 schooling according to the Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis (2017). Du Bois’s (1903) theory of double consciousness is implicated in the performance gap phenomenon. Though not explicitly connected, Steele and Aronson’s 1995 study revealed stereotype threat (STT) to be an empirical explanation of the negative impact of double consciousness. Steele et al.’s study revealed a psycho-social contributor to the racial academic performance gap, STT. STT is characterized by performance suppression caused by the fear of fulfilling a negative stereotype or the fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype attributed to one’s social identity group. The activation of this phenomenon is related to identity threatening cues, a systemic issue laden in the academic environment (Purdie-Vaughns, Steele, Davies, Ditlmann, & Crosby, 2008). To date, over 300 studies have been conducted on STT according to a meta-analysis conducted by Pennington, Heim, Levy, and Larkin (2016). Though certain experimental studies featuring mentoring as a vehicle for shifting stereotype narratives have yielded useful practices for STT reduction (Good et al., 2003), qualitative design, which is seldomly employed in the STT field, may produce an understanding of the phenomenon that is not possible through a deductive approach (Ezzy, 2002; van Kaam, 1966). The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore African-American adolescent student perceptions of the impact that mentoring has on their schooling experiences while under STT conditions. The findings of this study demonstrated that African-American adolescents perceived mentoring to positively impact their schooling experiences and helped them to cope with STT activating cues in the environment. The participants discussed structural aspects of the relationships, personality attributes of the mentor, and specific mentor guidance. Participants also discussed a documented STT intervention that fell outside of the parameters of their mentoring relationships that positively impacted their schooling experiences and abilities to cope with STT cues – affirmations (Cohen, Garcia, Apfel, & Master, 2006; Walton et al., 2012). Recommendations for practice and future research are presented.
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Pollitt, Keiron. "Exploring the value of engagement mentoring as a preventative strategy with at-risk youth." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1001/.
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Volume 1 comprises five papers, an Introductory Chapter, Papers One and Two which are the main papers in the Volume, a Concluding Chapter and an Appendix Chapter. The Introductory Chapter provides an overview of the overall research enterprise, inclusive of factors influencing the choice of work undertaken and how the research project brief was negotiated with key research partners. Reference is also made to the organisation and general style of in which both of main papers are written. Presenting work within a genre appropriate for the intended target audience is part of the university criteria for Volume 1. Paper One presents an 8000 word Critical Literature Review of the focus area of the research, namely, 'engagement mentoring for marginalised youth'. The purpose of the Review was to inform the research design of the study that followed. The primary research activity undertaken came to be conceptualised as 'Development and Research' (D & R) rather than 'research per se'. Paper Two presents the D & R project which involved two local children's service providers devising and developing a community-based engagement mentoring project through Realistic Evaluation (Pawson and Tilley, 1997) for young children identified as 'at-risk' of offending behaviour. Work was carried out in the Kingstanding area of Birmingham, which might be described as a socially disadvantaged / economically deprived suburb of the city. The Concluding Chapter suggests how engagement mentoring as an intervention might be further developed. Finally, the Appendix Chapter provides a fuller methodological critique of the empirical study, inclusive of the context in which the research was undertaken.
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Lacey, Lauren. "Youth justice in England and Wales : exploring young offenders' perceptions of restorative and procedural justice in the referral order process." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/596/.
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In recent years the government has introduced youth justice policy which claims to draw on the philosophy of restorative justice as an alternative to punitive sanctions. Referral orders were implemented nationally in 2002 and purportedly represent a significant policy commitment to restorative justice. Rather than incarcerating offenders or deterring them through punishment, referral orders aim to encourage them to understand the consequences of their behaviour, make amends and re-join the law abiding community. This is purportedly achieved through a youth offender panel (panel meeting) run by lay members of the local community along with a member of staff from the youth offending team (YOT). The panel meeting aims to provide a forum away from formal court proceedings to discuss the offence and to agree and construct a contract that the offender must follow. Referral orders therefore present a useful arena in which to explore young offenders’ experiences of restorative justice and to compare this with their experience of the more formal court process. Research has revealed that fair procedures are important in securing people’s compliance with the law and that offenders view restorative processes as fairer than court. However, the majority of research in this area has been done with adults and there is comparatively little research that focuses on young offenders’ perceptions of criminal justice processes. For children, procedural safeguards largely relate to the manner in which adults interact with them. My research therefore explores young people’s experiences with a range of authority figures including: teachers, police officers, magistrates, lay panel members and staff at the YOT. In doing this I aim to consider both how young people perceive the restorative elements of referral orders and more broadly, the way in which they form judgements of different criminal justice processes and sources of authority.
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Barcenas, Minerva. "Latino emancipated foster youth perceptions." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2510.
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The purpose of this study is to obtain a profile of San Bernardino Latino foster emancipated youth regarding their positive and challenging experiences. The focus is on emancipated youth and immigrant acculturation. The study examined the kinds of programs and factors that have had the most success in enabling foster youth to become independent adults.
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Sun, Yanshu. "Media exposure, self and fashion clothing involvement of Chinese young people: analyses of effect models." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/15.
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This study develops a complicated analysis model to explore more understanding for fashion communication in Confucian culture background, especially for the latest Chinese fashion. The current study examines theoretical connections between media exposure, some psychological and social variables and fashion clothing involvement in Chinese society within a predictive framework. To better understand the relations between these psychological factors, social norms and fashion clothing involvement, this study also explores several effect models, such as moderation effect, mediation effect and mediated moderation effect. Two studies were conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the first study, the author collected data through a random sampling survey. To cross-validate the survey findings, a second study adopting the method of group interviews was conducted. Results indicate that fashion clothing involvement is a function of exposing to the media, achievement lifestyle, perception of success, peer influence, cognitive dissonance reduction, and comparing with others. The results also indicate the complicated relations, such as, lifestyle factor moderates the tie between media exposure and fashion clothing involvement; social comparison processes mediates the relationship between media exposure and fashion clothing involvement; self-discrepancy also influences the relationship as a moderator; notably, social comparison mediates the moderation effect from self-discrepancy. Individuals with high levels of self-discrepancy experience more negative emotion from comparing to thin-ideal image in fashion media than those with low levels. Another finding is that traditional media, particularly magazines, are as strong in explanatory power as new media (e.g. website) in the model of fashion communication. Theoretical implications of this study provide an advance in understanding the mechanisms underlying internalization and the use of social norms, furthermore, develop the knowledge of self related theories.
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Mastronardi, Laura. "The Inuit community workers' experience of youth protection /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60474.
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The delivery of youth protection services by indigenous social workers in native communities is a fairly recent development in Quebec. This research project is a qualitative study of the practice experience of Inuit community workers located on the Ungava Bay coast of Arctic Quebec. Using participant observation and dialogue as methods of inquiry, an attempt is made to render an account of the workers' day-to-day experience of youth protection work. The findings suggest that their conditions of work encourage a passive subordination to the bureaucratic organization of practice. This tendency emerges in response to the difficulties workers encounter while trying to conform to the requirements of the Youth Protection Act and, at the same time, to the norms and realities of Inuit village life. The resultant tension is central to the Inuit workers' experience and not amenable to any simple resolution. Implications for social work practice, policy and research are examined in light of these findings.
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Arp, Henning A. "New social movements in France and West Germany: their activists and conditions for their development." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101368.
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In this paper, new social movements in France and West Germany are compared in terms of their supporters, and in terms of certain elements of the political and administrative conditions which they are confronting. On the basis of survey data from 1982, specific attributes of supporters of new social movements (socio-demographic characteristics, value orientations, and attitudes) are highlighted which distinguish them from the average of the population. While broad similarities exist between supporters in both countries, the new social movements in France appear to be less distinct from mainstream society than their West German counterparts. The examination of the political and administrative conditions focuses on the centralization/decentralization of the State, and the party and electoral system in France and the Federal Republic. A decentralized system is argued to offer, on the whole, more favorable conditions for the protest movements. Also the West German party system, and the West German electoral mechanisms have helped the new social movements east of the Rhine.M.A.
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Drury, Madisen B. "Military as Welfare State: Conditions Leading to the Adoption of the National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1270.
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Since its inception in 1993, nearly 90,000 high school dropouts have completed the National Guard Youth Challenge Program, a youth diversion program for unemployed high school dropouts. As of 2008, 27 states have partnered with the military to implement this residential program for at-risk youth. There is limited research on this new social welfare program despite its representing a dynamic military-state-welfare relationship. This study examines state-level conditions and looks to answer three research questions: 1) Under what conditions do states start a ChalleNGe program?; 2) What role do time-varying social and economic factors have in influencing states to initially adopt the program?; and 3) To what extent does the racial composition of program sites reflect the racial composition of its host state's young high school drop-outs? I examined state-level social and economic conditions using data from a variety of federal agencies and public opinion surveys. I examined social and economic circumstances that may have influenced state-level participation. Due to the nature of time-dependent variables and states' launching programs as various times since 1993, I used an event history analysis to predict the timing of initiation of a ChalleNGe program. The results of this research indicate that high unemployment rates and low high school graduation rates increase the likelihood that a state will create a ChalleNGe program. The results from this study provide insight into the creation and expansion of the ChalleNGe program as well as the changing role of military as a part of the welfare state.
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Everatt, David, and Mark Orkin. "'Growing up tough': A national survey of South African youth." Joint Enrichment Project, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/65862.
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The Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE) was commissioned by the Joint Enrichment Project (JEP) to undertake research for the National Youth Development Conference. The research programme had three components:the compilation of a computerised and annotated youth database, comprising domestic research into youth, and the extraction of five policy papers covering the areas of education, employment-creation, AIDS, violence and social context, and historical context. an international comparative component, which focused on the youth brigades in Botswana, and the whole range of youth development initiatives taking place in Kenya and Uganda, covered in an additional two position papers. a national baseline and attitudinal survey into youth in South Africa. The results of all three components of the research project will be published in book form later this year. The summary reports of the local and international comparative policy papers are available in a separate booklet. This is the report of the national survey into youth in South Africa. Aims of the survey The survey has four main aims: demographic: to accurately describe how many youth are in the different parts of South Africa, how many are in or out of school or work, and so on. attitudinal: to allow youth to express their views on a range of social, economic, political and personal issues.to analyse youth marginalisation: to scientifically analyse and describe the marginalisation of youth within South African society. programmatic: to provide results which directly assist organisations designing programmes which target youth. Designing the survey The survey was designed by the CASE senior research team of Professor Mark Orkin, Director of C A S E; Dr David Everatt, Deputy Director of CASE and project co-ordinator; and Dr Ros Hirschowitz, Specialist Researcher at C A S E. The design process was lengthy and complex, because the aims of the survey were complicated. As a first step, CASE gathered together existing youth research and survey data, in order to see what we could learn from them. We then convened a design workshop to assist us. Participants in the C A S E national youth survey for JEP 1 workshop comprised people who had experience with youth, or with survey design. They included John Aitchison (CASE and the Centre for Adult Education, University of Natal), Debbie Budlender (CASE and the National Women's Coalition), Dr Jannie Hofmeyr (Research Surveys), Ms Vanessa Kruger and Professor Ari Sitas (University of Natal), Ms Anne Letsebe (SABSWA), Mr Steve Mokwena (JEP), Mr Rory Riordan (Human Rights Trust) and Dr Jeremy Seekings (University of Cape Town). We also needed input from the youth themselves. Discussion groups with youth (called 'focus groups') were held with youth from Alexandra and Soweto, from Ciskei and the eastern Cape, from Bophuthatswana and the northern transvaal, from Chatsworth and Claremont in Durban, and elsewhere. We reached youth from cities, squatter camps, towns and rural areas. The focus groups were organised by C A S E and Research Surveys, a professional market research company. The youth told us what their concerns were, what their aspirations and fears were, and what interventions they felt are necessary to improve their lives. CASE then designed a draft survey. We had to try it out (called 'piloting') to find out if the survey tapped the youth's actual views and experiences, and so give the JEP the information they sought. The survey was piloted on a representative sample of 100 youth (aged between 16 and 30) by Research Surveys. Using the results of the focus groups and the pilots, the CASE research team then produced the final questionnaire, which went into the field in November/December 1992.
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Moriceau, Jean-Marc. "Les Fermiers de l'Ile-de-France : ascension d'un groupe social (1400-1750)." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010649.
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Dans les campagnes proches de Paris, une agriculture commerciale a favorisé l'essor d'une classe de grands fermiers, à la pointe du progrès économique. Établis dès la fin de la guerre de cent ans, ils s'érigent en groupe social de notables au cours du XVIe siècle. De 1550 à 1650 environ, la grande exploitation est le théâtre de transformations secondaires, dans le cadre d'une agriculture encore diversifiée. Tout change d'échelle et de rythme entre 1650 et 1750. La taille des fermes triple, la spécialisation céréalière s'accentue et les écarts se creusent entre les plus faibles, qui font faillite, et les gros, qui s'enrichissent et s'anoblissent. Le groupe élargit ses horizons géographiques et culturels. Les relations avec paris s'intensifient. Au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, une nouvelle élite rurale s'est mise en place : les fermiers-gentilshommes, qui n'ont rien à envier à leurs homologues anglaisIn the country surrounding Paris, commercial agriculture favoured development of a great farmers class, economically high tech. Fixed here from the later middle ages, they set themselves up as a social group of notables during the 16th. From 1550 to 1650, big estate go through secondaries changes, within the context of a still diversified agriculture. Between 1650 and 1750, the change is general. The size of farmes treble, the cereal specialization increase and social distances grow between weak farmers who collapse and biggest who get rich and ennoble. Relations with paris increase. The group widen his geographical and cultural horizons. In the middle of the 18th, a new rural elite is born : gentlemen-farmers, who has no cause to be jalous of their english equivalents
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Allogo, Obame Gouédard. "La France et la mise en valeur de l'Afrique noire : étude de la contribution de la France au développement économique et social de l'AEF : 1946-1959." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10023.
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La mise en oeuvre du plan de développement économique et social de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française, décidé par la France au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, fut le fait d'une collaboration entre les instances métropolitaines, notamment les ministères de la France d'Outre-mer et des Finances, le comité directeur du FIDES, la Caisse centrale de la France d'Outre-mer et des assemblées locales. En dépit des principes de tutelle et des intentions de centralisation, affirmés dès le début de l'expérience par le pourvoir central métropolitain, les territoires se sont progressivement impliqués dans le processus décisionnel. Un processus empreint de la difficulté de bâtir des procédures acceptables et des règles communes soit pour satisfaire les revendications de chaque territoire de la fédération, soit pour partager les risques et les coûts de l'oeuvre collective. La politique de planification fut ainsi le théâtre d'une perpétuelle remise en cause des rapports politiques et économiques entre la métropole et les territoires ainsi qu'entre ces derniers et le pouvoir fédéral, si bien qu'un transfert de compétence s'effectua dès 1949, d'abord entre l'administration métropolitaine et la fédératin de l'A. E. F. , puis, à partir de 1955, entre les organismes fédéraux et territoriaux. Les conflits de compétence concernant le plan et son fonctionnement ont de fait souvent représenté, chez les différents acteurs, les différences d'approche sur les priorités, les réalités et les nécessités économiques, politiques et sociales des territoires, tout en étant le fruit du même climat d'incertitude qui règnait sur le processus décisionnel de la politique de planification.
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Clifton, Naomi. "Women, work and family in England and France : a question of identity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d39ca1d0-d8fc-4f54-aea3-fba3fd68e984.
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This thesis explores some of the individual attitudes and choices which may explain differing patterns in women's work in England and France. Women's work, however, cannot be considered outside the context of their family lives, and there exist important differences between England and France in terms of the structures in place to facilitate the combining of paid work and family commitments. It is proposed that these are related to broader social and economic structures which characterise the countries concerned, and the family and gender roles assumed by them. The question addressed, therefore, is the relationship between work identity and female identity. This is examined by comparing full-time working women, both single and with families, in the two countries. Since the question concerns meanings rather than frequencies, quantitative methods such as surveys are rejected in favour of a triangulated methodology combining repertory grid, Twenty Statements Test and in- depth interview. The results from each of these are reported separately. There is strong convergence within and clear differences between national groups, regardless of marital status. French and English groups are both committed to working, but this takes different forms in the two countries. The French women define themselves equally in terms of work, personal relationships and social lives, with relatively little conflict between them. For the English women, work identity comes first, there is more conflict between work and family roles and more tension in personal relationships. This may partly be accounted for by the English women's greater concern with career progression and personal advancement, which is more likely to conflict with family roles. The findings are related to broader issues of economic, social and family policy, historical factors, religious traditions and attitudes towards gender and equality. These themselves are seen as reflecting more general ideologies in the countries concerned. Finally, there is a consideration of questions raised by the study, and suggestions for further research.
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DeLandro, Donna. "The training needs and aspirations of a group of young black and white women on the One Year Youth Training Scheme in 1984-1985." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/73128/.
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This thesis addresses the training needs, experiences and aspirations of a group of young Black and White women on the One Year Youth Training Scheme (YTS) in the mid-1980s. The thesis takes as its starting point the role of the State and the Manpower Services Commission in fostering a new training scheme, based on social market principles and a deficiency-centred model of young people. In turn this process of labelling young people as deficient is subjected to a critical analysis, especially in relation to the youth labour market and the rise in youth unemployment from the late 1970s up to the beginning of the research period in 1984. Thereafter, the issue of training in the context of the sample's past experiences of schooling and the labour market is examined in order to identify the most salient factors involved in their selection of the Youth Training Scheme. A focus on two case study training schemes is undertaken, where the main objective is to explore the nature of relationships between the various actors involved, ie. Black and White female trainees and staff. In doing so the central argument pursued by this thesis is that the nature of such relations determined the quality of the training received by the sample group on the two schemes in an area of West London between the summer of 1984 and 1985. In conclusion the thesis argues that based on the research evidence, the labelling of young people as deficient in employment skills is misleading, because it fails to take into account the complexity surrounding the transition from school to work.
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Peri-Rotem, Nitzan. "The role of religion in shaping women's family and employment patterns in Britian and France." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0cedea1-973c-4395-9916-d47416672802.
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The current study examines the influence of religious affiliation and practice on family patterns and labour market activity for women in Western Europe, focusing on Britain and France. While both countries have experienced a sharp decline in institutionalized forms of religion over the past decades, differences in family and fertility behaviour on the basis of religiosity seem to persist. Although previous studies documented a positive correlation between religion and both intended and actual family size, there is still uncertainty about the different routes through which religion affects fertility, how structural factors are involved in this relationship and whether and how this relationship has changed along with the process of religious decline. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the interrelationships between religion, educational attainment, female labour force participation, union formation and fertility levels. The data come from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which contains 18 waves from 1991 to 2008, and the French survey of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), which was initially conducted in 2005. By following trends in fertility differences by religious affiliation and practice across birth cohorts of women, it is found that religious differences in fertility are not only persistent across birth cohorts, there is also a growing divide between non-affiliated and religiously practicing women who maintain higher fertility levels. Religious differences in family formation patterns and completed fertility are also explored, taking into account the interaction between education and religiosity. It appears that the effect of education on fertility differs by level of religiosity, as higher education is less likely to lead to childlessness or to a smaller family size among more religious women. The findings on the relationships between family and work trajectories by level of religiosity also point to a reduced conflict between paid employment and childbearing among actively religious women, although these patterns vary by religious denomination and by country.
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Goddard, Stephen Ross. "Neither (Fully) Here Nor There: Negotiation Narratives of Nashville's Kurdish Youth." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1357.
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Nashville, Tennessee, is home to nearly fifteen thousand ethnic Kurds. They have come in four distinct groups over the course of two decades to escape the hardship and horror of brutal central government policies, some directed toward their extinction. Many of that number are young people who were infants or toddlers when they were whisked away to the safety of temporary way stations prior to their arrival in the United States. What that means is that these youth have spent the majority of their formative years within the context of the American culture. This thesis is a study of how they view their place within and/or apart from that culture and the one into which they were born, the Kurdish one. My contention is that they all live a double life. Over the course of a seven-month period in 2013, I conducted recorded interviews with eleven Kurds in Nashville, ages 16-26. Most were young women but all represented a healthy cross-section of experience as third-culture kids. What I discovered is presented in three chapters dealing with the issues of emigration/immigration, gender, and identity. That is prefaced by a brief history of the Kurdish nation and of their movement out of Kurdistan, as well as a discussion of my fieldwork procedures and products. My interviewees present their perspectives on each of these issues through select transcript portions provided in each chapter. My thesis was direct: young Kurds in Nashville live a duality in which neither part, American or Kurdish, is equally valued or shared at all times. They live in two worlds but are not and, perhaps, cannot be fully invested in either. That is what their words spoke to me. But just as clearly, there was an unrivaled individuality in the way that every one of the eleven related to each community of which they were a part. Some were closer to one than the other while others attempted a seemingly uncomfortable straddle. Either way, they managed the hand they were dealt as they deemed proper and most did so remarkably well.
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Vigneron, Ludovic. "Conditions de financement de la PME et relations bancaires." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370977.
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L'étude des effets de la mise en place d'un financement relationnel bancaire sur les conditions de financement de la PME est l'objet principal de cette thèse. Il s'agit de mettre en évidence la manière dont un accord implicite de collaboration sur le long terme mitige les problèmes d'asymétries d'information caractéristiques de ces structures. On peut inférer de ce travail plusieurs contributions dans le domaine de la politique financière de la PME et de la tarification bancaire. Les entreprises ayant pour banque principale une entité décentralisée, donc à l'organisation favorable à la fourniture de financement relationnel, utilisent de manière moins importante le crédit fournisseur, la dette fiscale et sociale et le crédit-bail. Il apparaît qu'elles obtiennent plus facilement du crédit. Une étude de leur choix de banque principale montre l'intériorisation du phénomène. Les PME s'orientent ainsi soit vers une banque centralisée, si elles peuvent produire une information standard suffisante et crédible, soit, si elles en sont incapables, vers une banque décentralisée de manière bénéficier d'un financement relationnel. Les entreprises n'étant pas parvenues à établir de lien avec une banque correspondant au type d'information qu'elles sont susceptibles de produire subissent une contrainte financière plus importante. Dans le cadre d'un financement relationnel, la banque peut réduire les difficultés informationnelles en mettant en place un équilibre séparant taux/garanties afin de distinguer les porteurs de projet de qualité. L'échange d'informations durant la relation réduit les possibilités de détournement de valeur des actifs offerts en garantie. Les porteurs de projets peu risqués peuvent ainsi de manière crédible conférer plus de garanties afin d'obtenir un taux inférieur. Ceci réduit les situations de rationnement du crédit.
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Saubolle, Jean-François. "Histoire d'une profession : de quelle histoire la profession d'assistant social, en France, prétend se faire histoire quand elle veut essayer de se dire." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05H009.
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Erlich, Valérie. "Les étudiants, un groupe social en mutation : étude des transformations de la population étudiante française et de ses modes de vie (1960-1994)." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE2021.
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Cette recherche se propose d'analyser les transformation qui ont affecté récemment les étudiants et leurs modes de vie au cours des quarante dernières années. Jusqu’aux lendemains de la seconde guerre mondiale, les étudiants constituaient un groupe minoritaire, relativement homogène. Leur nombre restreint, leur origine aisée et leur appartenance a des filières de formation nettement identifiées prédisposaient a une certaine homogénéité de leur mode de vie. C’est la massification des effectifs étudiants dans les années soixante qui déstabilise cet équilibre relatif. Elle se traduit par une diversification du recrutement et des modes de vie étudiants. Toutefois, cette diversification pourrait à la limite conduire à décrire les étudiants en France, comme un ensemble déstructure et à nier l'existence d'un groupe étudiant. Or, si des mouvements de diversification sont nécessairement associes au gonflement continu des effectifs étudiants, ils s'accompagnent également de tendances à l'unification, qui autorisent aujourd'hui encore, à parler d'un groupe étudiant. À travers l'analyse des transformations du monde étudiant, on cherche ainsi à mettre en valeur ces éléments qui concourent à l'unité et a la diversité de la population étudiante. La première partie de la recherche analyse les formes collectives d'existence des étudiants, les discours et les représentations sociales qui sont au fondement de l'identité étudiante. La seconde partie rend compte des transformations des caractéristiques sociales et scolaires, mais aussi des parcours et des trajectoires des étudiants. La troisième partie est consacrée à l'analyse des modes de vie des étudiants, étudies selon un point de vue transversal, qui permet de prendre en compte différentes dimensions de la vie étudiante (rapport aux études, au travail, a la famille, au logement, aux loisirs, à la culture et à la ville)This research proposes to analyse the changes that have recently affected the students and their lifestyles over the past forty years. Until the period susbsequent to the second world war students constituted a minority group, relatively homogenous. They were restricted in number, financially at ease, and, as a part of a readily identifiable system, developed a common mode of living. It was the large mass of students entering the system in the sixties that destabilized this relative equilibrium. This was translated into a diversification of recrutement and student mode of living. In general, this diversification, at its limit, contributed to the disorganization of the students in france who realistically, ceased to exist as group. However, if the diversification movements were necessarily a part of the increase in student population, then also they equally accompanied a tendance to unification and classification as a student group. Analysing the transformation of the student world the facteurs which unify and or diversify the student population are emphasized. The first part of the research analyses the collective tendancies of the students, the dialogues and social structures which are fundemental to student identity. The second part develops the characteristic social and scholastic transformation affecting student development. The third part analyses student lifestyles, encompassing various elements such as work, family, study habits, living conditions, free-time distractions, cultural opportunities, and civic responsibilities
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Mwaura, Grace Muthoni. "Educated youth in Kenya : negotiating waithood by greening livelihoods." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b58b7015-360c-4abd-af04-1ab008aae48f.
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The burgeoning scholarship on African youth indicates that young people are experiencing difficulties in attaining social adulthood and spend extended time in waithood - a period of economic and job insecurities that is becoming a permanent marker of their youth, affecting their life trajectories and future aspirations (Honwana, 2012; Locke & te Lintelo, 2012). Youth waithood involves navigating precarious conditions arising under neoliberalism and its economic liberalization reforms, and developing new subjectivities resulting from the acquisition of extra skills set, maintaining social networks, and engaging in new political formations (Jeffrey, 2008). Informed by concepts of neoliberal subjectivities, opportunity spaces, and Bourdieu's forms of capital, I conducted qualitative research with university students in six public universities, and with educated young farmers in Western, Eastern, and Central regions of Kenya. I investigated how Kenyan youth navigate waithood by occupying new opportunity spaces opened up by student environmentalism and agricultural entrepreneurialism - two areas that have been reconfigured by global discourses of environmental change, green jobs, and agricultural transformation. My findings show that the occupational aspirations of educated youth were changing to include navigation strategies of portfolio occupations, tarmacking, and side-hustling. Within the new opportunity spaces, these youth realized neoliberal subjectivities that enabled them to garner capitals through self-making, entrepreneurialism, and reworking of elite distinctions. Student environmentalists' navigation strategies included acquiring environmental knowledge and work experiences; joining networks of environmental professionals; and participating in environmental anti-politics. Educated young farmers embraced ideologies of portfolio occupations and green livelihoods. They also relied on the reconfigurations of gendered identities and the rural-urban divide, competitive individualism, and associational life to rework their occupational aspirations and maintain elite distinctions in society. In sum, negotiating youth waithood is a complex, intertwined, and uncertain process involving flexibilities and chance opportunities to access, maintain, and utilize capitals. The emergent subjectivities remain insecure, unstable and do not necessarily guarantee exiting waithood.
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Olsson, Elin. "Social Relations in Youth : Determinants and Consequences of Relations to Parents, Teachers, and Peers." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutet för social forskning (SOFI), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56122.
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The thesis includes three empirical studies on Swedish children’s well-being. Central themes in these studies are how children’s social relations are influenced by and influence other dimensions of their well-being. The studies are framed in the introductory chapter, which includes an international comparison of children’s social relations. Study I analyses whether relations with parents and teachers are associated with the adolescent’s social background and whether the positive consequences of having strong relations are more important for disadvantaged adolescents. The results, based on nationally representative survey data, confirm that strong social relations are conducive to adolescents’ school and psychological outcomes, and show that disadvantaged adolescents have weaker relations with parents and teachers. Furthermore, these results imply that relations with teachers are of particular importance for disadvantaged adolescents’ outcomes, while parental relations are equally important for both advantaged and disadvantaged adolescents. Study II investigates the social side of consumption by studying the association between adolescents’ economic resources and their relations with peers. Analyses on nationally representative survey data; which include children’s own responses, as well as information from parents and register data, show that economic resources, in terms of both household economy and adolescents’ own resources, are positively associated with peer relations. Study III analyses whether final grades in compulsory school are influenced by the sex composition in school classes. Analyses using register data show that boys’ grades are negatively affected by the share of girls in school classes in typical female school subjects. Girls’ grades are negatively affected by the share of boys with highly educated parents. The proposed explanation behind the results is that sex composition effects are due to negative social comparisons with the other sex.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.
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Romule, Dede. "Transformations du milieu social villageois de l'arrière-pays pyrénéen : le cas de Maureillas-Las-Illas." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20056.
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Durant des siècles, les collectivités rurales catalanes du Vallespir connaissaient un équilibre entre la population et son espace. Les industries textiles, l'exploitation du bois et les activités agro-pastorales constituaient la base de l'économie de cette société rurale catalane. Dans les années 40, la concurrence internationale, les aléas climatiques provoquèrent la désintégration de ces différentes structures de production. La crise entraina alors l'exode rural. Le pays se vida peu à peu de sa substance humaine. Cependant dans les années 60, une population nouvelle, issue essentiellement du milieu urbain, arrivait. Les cultures et la conception différentes entre la population locale et les néo-ruraux furent à l'origine de tensions latentes ou ouvertes. Cette société en crise devra compter sur cette nouvelle population pour redynamiser et développer son espaceThrougout centuries, an equilibrium between population and space has existed in the rural catalonian communities of vallespir. The textile industry, wood extraction and agricultural activity have constituted the basis for the economy in this rural society. In the forties, international competition and climate changes provoked the disintegration of the above industries. This crisis led to a population migration : the countryside was slowly depopulated. Nevertheless, in the sixties, a new population mainly from the urban areas were settling. The differences in cultures and conception between the old local and the new rural populations were the origin of outward and inward tensions. This society shall count on this new population to revitalize and develop this region
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Corcoran, Christine. "The effectivness of partnership in the implementation of youth strategies : a case study of Bromyard and Wychavon." Thesis, Coventry University, 2003. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/374/.
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The aim of this PhD is to draw together two very different strands of rural geography, namely: young people and partnerships. Partnerships and young people have been the subject of growing debate and, although there is interest in both areas, there has been little work carried out that combines the two to date. The aim of this thesis is to address that gap by studying one particular partnership, part of whose remit was to address issues and concerns of the rural young. Young people, despite initiatives such as youth councils, and youth fora, still operate in the shadows of the decision-making process and, as such, do not enjoy full participation; they are occupying a world in which adults still make decisions on their behalf. This is exacerbated by the fact that the decisions that are made are done so from an adult, rather than a young person’s, perspective. Considered from this position all young people, not just those in groups considered to be socially disadvantaged, are excluded by virtue of their youth and their powerlessness in an adult world. Partnerships, that is a group of public, private and voluntary actors working to a shared goal or goals, should have the capacity to overcome this lack of participation, as a significant portion of the partnership rhetoric is based upon integrating voices from the ‘top’ and the ‘bottom’. Hailed as the new form of governance, such collaborative partnerships are being increasingly utilised to deliver goods and services that were previously the exclusive domain of local government. Nevertheless, in their turn, partnerships are also vulnerable to issues of power, conflict and accusations of ineffective working practices. The thesis examines these two disparate groups through a study of one such partnership. However, despite the emphasis on ‘bottom-up’ input, this particular partnership did not have direct representation from the young. This compromised not only its ability to draw young people’s voices into political debate, but also problematised, from a research point of view, the ability to gauge how effective integrative approaches really are. This was overcome by drawing on action research as a methodology which, in effect, situated the researcher between both parties; on the one hand, acting, as far as an adult can, as a ‘voice’ for the young, and on the other, as a researcher, in a position to follow the partnership and gauge the success of integrative approaches to policy-making. Through a combination of focus group discussions and self-completed questionnaires, key findings are: although young people do not see themselves as deprived, they experience exclusion through a paucity of rural services that is exacerbated by their geographical position along a continuum of rurality; young people are not a homogeneous group - although incremental differences in age may be small, the physical and social needs of a 12 year old or a 14 year old are significantly different which, when overlooked by planners, results in the creation of inappropriate facilities; young people exercise power over each other through their own social codes and practices that excludes some groups either socially or spatially; that there is a considerable amount of intergenerational suspicion that is embedded in the cultural practices of adult/child relations. These findings, and more, were reported to the partnership, which, although unable to implement change itself, was able to provide a springboard from which to broadcast the concerns of the young and one particular concern, inadequate transport, was eventually brought into policy recommendations. The results suggest that, although the effectiveness of the partnership was hampered by the fluidity of its membership and the delay in creating a strategic framework, it was its ability to network, during and even post-partnership, that was its greatest strength. The thesis concludes with suggestions for further research.
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Verger, Annie. "Conditions sociales de production des producteurs d'art : les plasticiens." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080752.
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Prendre pour objet les "producteurs d'art" plutot que les "artistes" consiste precisement a s'interesser au groupe qui a pris une part active a la redefinition de son identite. L'invention du "plasticien" a, en effet, brouille les criteres habituels d'appartenance aux categories des peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs, mais a permis au createurs heterodoxes d'etre reconnus. On s'est propose d'etudier le champ de production artistique, qui se presente comme un espace structure de positions, en definissant les enjeux et les interets specifiques, irreductibles a ceux des autres champs. Ils revelent un etat du rapport de forces entre les plasticiens qui revendiquent leur autonomie et les institutions engagees dans la lutte pour le monopole de l'autorite specifique. Etudier les conditions sociales de production des producteurs d'art revient a determiner les chances d'acces a une position de pouvoir dans ce champ. Contrairement a ce que l'on croit habituellement, elles passent d'abord par l'ecole. L'illusion qui voulait que l'art contribue a lutter contre la selection scolaire s'evanouit devant les chiffres. La domination des classes superieures dans les formations specialisees montre qu'un travail d'elimination s'est exerce, en amont, sur les fils d'ouvriers, d'agriculteurs et d'employes. Cependant, les diplomes obtenus dans les ecoles d'art ne suffisent pas. Les aspirants-artistes qui veulent apparaitre sur le marche de l'art doivent adopter de nouvelles strategies pour etre reconnus des specialistes. On a ete conduit a reperer les criteres d'existence en tant que membres du champ. Cette recherche ne s'est pas donnee pour objet les plasticiens dans leur totalite mais le groupe des producteurs d'art qui sont en concurrence pour la consecration decernee par un ensemble d'institutions, elles-memes en competitionTaking as a subject the "art producers" rather than the "artists" precisely consists in being interested in the group who actively took part in the redefinition of its identity. The invention of the "plasticien", as a matter of fact, threw a confusion in the usual criteria of adherence to the artist painters, sculptors and engravers'categories, but allowed the heterodox creators to be acknoledged. The purpose was to study the field of artistic production, which appears as a structured space of positions, by defining the stakes and the specific interests, irreducible to these of the other fields. They reveal a state of relation of forces between the "plasticiens", who claimed their autonomy and the establishment, engaged in the struggle for the monopoly of the specific authority. Studying the art producers'social conditions of production comes to determine the chances of access to a powering position in this field. In opposition to that it is usually thought, they go first through school. The illusion that whished for art to contribute struggling against school selection vanishes compared to figures. The domination of upper classes in specialized formations shows that an eliminating work has been exerted, upstream, on workmen, farmers and employees'sons. Neverthless, the degrees obtained in art schools are not sufficient. The "candidate artists" who want to appear on the art market must take up new strategies to be admitted by the specialists. By induction of these facts, il was necessary to mark the criteria of existence as members of the field. The subject of this research was not the "plasticiens" in their totality but the group of art producers who compete for the establishing reputation awarded by a whole of institutions, themselves in competition
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Mouzaia, Laura. "Générations de femmes kabyles : changement politique et social." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU20089.
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C'est une analyse socio-politique et culturelle a travers trois generations de femmes kabyles. Les traditionnelles : celles qui ont subi la coutume, la loi des hommes. Les transitionnelles : generation intermediaire qui a connu la dechirure. La 3e generation : femmes assimilees qui revendiquent la conquete des droits et de l'egalite. Cet itineraire s'affirme en respectant la laicite qui marque la distance a dieu. Ainsi une part du feminin est sauve, car elles echappent a la domination masculineThis a social political and cultural analysis of three kabyl women generations the traditional ones : whe have suffered custom, lawof men. The transition ones : middle generation which have known tear. The third generation : assimilated women who claim for equality of nights. This way is asserted while laicity is respected that means necessary distance to god. So that a part of feminine is saved because they escaped from male domination
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Herring, Gerard Nicholas. "The society & economy of Poitou-Charentes in the Roman period." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670353.
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Scalvini, Marco. "Muslims must embrace our values : a critical analysis of the debate on Muslim integration in France, Germany, and the UK." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/774/.
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The continuing difficulty of integrating immigrants, especially Muslims, has led many European political leaders to question the merits of multiculturalism and to promote more commitment towards national values and social cohesion. This thesis aims to examine how these national discourses are interconnected and why they have an exclusionary character. Starting from this point, I draw on a theoretical approach based on a model of mediatised convergence in the European public sphere. Secondly, I reconstruct through a critical discourse analysis, the national debates that have emerged across Europe. I then identify commonalities, by looking into the strategies through which these discourses are articulated. Thirdly, I investigate through content analysis, how press coverage has amplified and reinforced this debate. The cross-national comparison demonstrates a shared concern for how multicultural policies have passively tolerated and encouraged Muslim immigrants to live in self-segregated and isolated communities. This nexus between securitisation and multiculturalism targets first and second generation of Muslims who are assumed, because of their religious and cultural identity, to have authoritarian customs and illiberal values. Conversely, embracing those secular and liberal values that characterise the European ethos is exemplified as the best practice to deal with a correct and safe integration. However, this strategy to reduce integration towards a process of assimilation to majority norms and values risks creating further exclusion, rather than enhancing social cohesion and political belonging. The analysis of national press coverage confirms a shared way of thinking and talking about integration. Despite the political specificity of each national debate, simultaneous coverage across Europe develops reciprocal discursive references on how to achieve community cohesion and manage the migration of Muslims. It can be claimed, therefore, that the more discourses converge across national public spheres, the more they are perceived as stable and consensual. Hence, convergence is a crucial factor to be considered because it allows us to define the boundaries of the European public sphere. However, the study of this transnational debate is crucial not only for scholars of media and communication, but also of European policies and immigration, as this debate involves a larger discussion on how to manage the complexity of relationships between immigrant minorities and the majority in Europe.
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Debrabant, Françoic-Xavier. "Le droit social dans les houillères françaises (1810-1939)." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR30004.
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C'est entre 1810 et 1939 que se crée le droit social français. Dans les houillères, souvent qualifiées de laboratoire social, et où se développe un droit social particulier, cette évolution se déroule en trois étapes. La première période, qui s'étend de 1810 1884, ne connait que peu de lois ouvrières, dans les houillères moins qu'ailleurs. Dans un contexte de paternalisme triomphant et de méfiance de l'Etat envers la population ouvrière, l'application de ces lois se révèle très partiale : les lois contrôlant les ouvriers sont appliquées de manière très stricte, alors que les lois censées les protéger connaissent une application plus laxiste. La deuxième période (1884-1906) voit l'émergence d'un syndicalisme minier réformiste et très puissant, qui s'érige en véritable contre pouvoir au paternalisme du patronat houiller. De son côté l'Etat commence à agir, de manière encore discrète, en faveur des ouvriers. Ces changements permettent à la fois le développement d'une législation sociale plus complète, reconnaissant la spécificité minière, et une application relativement plus objective de cette législation. Mais le contrôle de l'application de cette législation par l'Etat demeure très lacunaire et le développement du syndicalisme minier engendrera des tensions sociales très importantes. Il faudra attendre la période postérieure à 1906, pour que l'Etat intervienne au grand jour et se pose en garant de l'équilibre social entre syndicats et patronat miniers. Cela, joint aux effets du réformisme sur le Parlement et à l'essor des conventions collectives de travail dans les houillères, permettra la naissance d'un véritable droit social reconnaissant une certaine spécificité à l'industrie houillère dans de nombreux domaines. En outre ce droit social connaîtra une application plus stricte, grâce à l'extension du contrôle de l'Etat et à son propre accroissement, et verra la marginalisation des fraudes et infractions à ses dispositionsIt is between 1810 and 1939 that french social law has been created. In cool mines, usually called " sociallaboratory ", and where particulars social laws grow up, this évolution takes tree steps. The first périod (1810-1884) sees only few laws about factory work, spécialy in cool mines. In a context of triumphant paternalism and mistrust of government about working classes, the application of those laws seems us very partial : the laws that control workers enforced on a strict way, when the ones supposed to proteet them enforced on a laxitier way. The second périod (1884-1906) sees the apparition of a powerfull mining syndicalism, counterbalancing the paternalism of the patronate, and actions from unions on government and parliament. For his part, State begins to act, still on a discreet way, in favour of workers. Those changes permited both the development of a completier social legislation, recognizing a cool-bearing specificity, and an application more objective of this legislation. But the control of this application by State is still too weak, and the developement of mining syndicalism will create considerable social disorders. We must wait the period after 1906 to see State publicly staped in and became the guarantor of tbe social balance between mining's syndicalism and patronate. Those, joined with the effects of the unions'actions on Parliament and with the development of the collective bargaining, permited the birth of a real social law, recognizing a large specificity in coal mining industry. Moreover, this social law has been applicated more strictly, because the extension of State's control and its own growth. At the same time, frauds and infractions to the law gradually became exceptional
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Karamagi, Sharon Benna Kyakyo. "'Becoming citizens': young people making sense of citizenship on a South African community radio station youth show." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002898.
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This research set out to investigate the role that community radio can potentially play as a space in which young people engage with their own role as citizens and, in so doing, participate in discussions that seek to address social problems in a community divided by class, income, gender and race. The study examines how a local community radio station - Radio Grahamstown - developed a youth programme Y4Yin which the producers of the show and its audience came together to negotiate the meaning of citizenship. The study examines whether this interactive programme was able to function as something like a public sphere where in young people were able to develop a greater sense of agency, at least in the realm of citizenship. Using evidence gathered through focus group discussions with a group of young school-going leamers, interviews conducted with the producers of the show Y4Y, and drawing on Dahlgren's elaboration of a functional public sphere, the research concludes that the show provided a useful platform for Grahamstown high school students to develop their own notions of citizenship and to, at least partially and tentatively, build some 'bridges' across the vectors of socio-economic division in the town. However, the research also concludes that the Y4Y producers often failed to use a mode of address contemporary to the youth and often did not use production techniques congruent with young people's cultural tastes. This limited the programme's appeal and its potential as an enabler of discussion about notions of citizenship and as a platform for social bridging. In addition, because of the producers' control over the choice of topics put up for discussion, open interaction was more limited than could have been expected. In addition, the study also concludes that various limitations to the leamers' freedom of expression (including their fear that teachers might be listening in to the shows) inhibited the programme's role as a deliberative public sphere where issues could be aired, common ground found, and solutions discussed.