Journal articles: 'Youth – Employment – Spain'

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Cabasés, M. Àngels, and Miquel Úbeda. "Young Women, Employment and Precarity: The Face of Two Periods of Crisis in Spain (2008–2021)." Social Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060264.

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Youth employment in Spain is characterised by temporary contracts, part-time jobs, and low wages, a long-standing situation that has been further accentuated since the 2008 crisis, placing young people, especially women, in a position of vulnerability at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through different data, this article argues that young women’s working conditions have deteriorated in comparison to those of previous generations and young men, in a period in which there have been two crises that have affected youth employment. Linking the results with the main youth employment policies allows us to observe why the precarisation of Spanish youth has not been stopped.

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Flek, Vladislav, and Martina Mysíková. "Youth Labour Flows and Unemployment in Great Recession: Comparing Spain and the Czech Republic." Review of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0016.

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Abstract Using Spain and the Czech Republic as examples of two EU countries with different labour market performance, we apply a gross flow analysis based on EU-SILC longitudinal data. We find that while in Spain the increases in youth unemployment are driven mostly by young people who lose their jobs, in the Czech Republic, this is mainly due to new labour market entrants who failed to find a job. The analysis of flow transition rates suggests that youth labour markets with enormously high unemployment rates have not failed in all relevant respects. Their development seems to be hindered predominantly by high risk of job losses and diminishing employment prospects of the unemployed, rather than by impeded transitions from inactivity to employment. In countries with lower youth unemployment rates, unemployment policy agenda appears to be challenged by quite the opposite tendency

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ALÇIN, Sinan, Begüm ERDİL ŞAHİN, and Merve HAMZAOĞLU. "ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCES FROM TURKEY AND SPAIN." Journal of Life Economics 8, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.2.04.

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Education has a vital role in improving youth employment. Increasing youth unemployment rates and the high share of the unemployed educated young population indicate that the labor market cannot create good job opportunities. This study analyzes the relationship between youth unemployment and education in countries with a high level of youth unemployment but having different characteristics: Turkey and Spain. The analysis was conducted using Johansen Cointegration tests. The results indicate no unidirectional causal relationship from enrollment in higher education towards youth unemployment rate in Turkey and Spain. Besides, it has been observed that the increase in the higher education schooling rate does not decrease youth unemployment. The results showing the relationship between youth unemployment and education will be crucial in designing policies to improve job markets for youth.

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Rodriguez-Modroño, Paula. "Youth unemployment, NEETs and structural inequality in Spain." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2018-0098.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply an intersectional analysis to assess the impact of structural factors on the risk of being a NEET for youth in Spain. The author study if inequalities have changed after the economic crisis, once youth policies designed to improve the Spanish school-to-work transition (SWT) system were implemented. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on microdata from the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the paper compares the probability of becoming not in employment, education or training (NEET) of young men and women born inside or outside Spain and living in different types of households. Findings Although unemployment rates have improved since the end of the crisis, the situation regarding youth employment, poverty and inequalities remains challenging. Gender and other structural differences are usually ignored in policy debates and in the measures adopted to fight youth unemployment, leading to the persistance of inequalities. Research limitations/implications The analysis illustrates new lines and trajectories in the segmentation of youth labor markets along the lines of gender, household and country of origin. Practical implications The findings highlight the need for introducing an analysis of the different sources of vulnerability in policy designs in order to promote a real and sustainable change in SWTs. Originality/value The contribution of this research to the literature on NEET and SWT is to introduce a framework that allows for the intersectional analysis of gender and other structural inequalities.

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Strecker, Tanja, Joffre López, and M. Àngels Cabasés. "Examining NEET situations in Spain: Labour Market, Discourses and Policies." Journal of Applied Youth Studies 4, no. 2 (April 2021): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43151-021-00048-2.

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AbstractNot in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) and its Spanish equivalent ‘nini’ (Ni estudia, Ni trabaja) have dominated youth policy discourses in recent years. Within the European Union, Spain is one of the countries with the highest proportion of young people in NEET situations. In this article, it is argued that the idea of NEET has been weaponised to stigmatise youth, by evoking the phantom of a demotivated young person with scarce training. This stigmatisation has little to do with the reality of many young Spaniards who can find themselves in different situations, such as unemployment, precarious employment, training and education in a matter of days. Thus, there is a need to consider the different experiences and structural circumstances of so-called NEETs rather than viewing them as a homogenous and static group. Using documentary analysis and secondary data, this article examines the diversity of NEET situations for the youth in Spain, which is generally not captured in large national statistics data-sets and policies. Furthermore, it analyses the EU Youth Guarantee and its application in Spain, highlighting where official objectives have not been met, and includes an overview of the current effects of the coronavirus crisis. Ultimately, the paper shows that public discourses centred on an artificially created social group (NEET) legitimise and produce policies that do not respond to young people’s actual needs and problems, especially for the most vulnerable among them.

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Soler, Alberto, Jonathan Torres-Tellez, and García Ayala. "Youth emancipation and the labour market in Spain." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan191125016s.

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This paper studies the effects of a negative economic shock on short- and long-term youth emancipation in Spain over the period 1995-2017. We use a vector autoregressive (VAR) model with different endogenous and exogenous variables which might have an impact on youth residential emancipation according to the academic literature. The results show how emancipation is impacted negatively by the shock after two quarters on average. Following this, the situation returns to its prior state at an accelerated rate. We also find that, in the short term, the unemployment rate has a greater influence than the temporary employment rate on youth emancipation. In the long term, this trend is reversed. To conclude, we find that emancipation processes do not depend as much on entry into the labour market as they do on the conditions to stay in it.

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Martínez-García, Miguel Á., and Ángeles Cámara. "Impact of an Economic Crisis on Youth Employment: Evidence from 2008 Financial Crisis in Spain." Economics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0033.

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Abstract This article addresses the impact that the previous economic crisis had on Spanish economy, focusing on the effects on employment. Therefore, the data on the employed population drawn from the economically active population surveys are broken down by age groups, to analyse the 2008 financial crisis. The model created makes it possible to quantify the losses in production and employment in all sectors, highlighting construction, manufacturing, real estate, and professional and administrative activities as the most affected sectors due to the fall in youth employment. The results obtained allow different employment policies to be focused on sectors most affected by the economic crisis and show that crises do not equally affect all works, because younger workers have suffered disproportional job losses.

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López-Andreu, Martí, and Joan Miquel Verd. "The Impact of Neoliberal Policies During the Great Recession on Youth Transition Regimes in Spain and the UK." Critical Sociology 46, no. 6 (February 5, 2020): 835–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920519897108.

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This article analyses the impact of the 2008 recession and subsequent austerity policies on the youth transition regimes of Spain and the UK. These two countries have different employment and social support models. However, both applied similar economic and policy responses to the 2008 recession, which had a marked neoliberal character. The article identifies whether or not the impact of these policies blurred the defining characteristics of their transition regimes. To do so, an analysis of employment and welfare policies is undertaken, and two key dimensions of youth transition regimes are critically analysed: the characteristics of employment and the forms of independent living. Our findings show that market dependence and the importance of class-related factors have been reinforced. Nevertheless, these similar patterns of change go together with the persistence of differences among regimes, which suggests that the effect of neoliberal policies is far from being uniform and systematic.

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Holleran, Max. "The ‘lost generation’ of the 2008 crisis: Generational memory and conflict in Spain." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318817907.

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Since the 2008 crisis, youth unemployment in Southern Europe has hindered a return to social and economic stability: in Spain, the young and unemployed are sometimes referred to as a ‘lost generation’. This article investigates how rampant youth unemployment in Spain has darkened expectations for the country’s future inside the European Union (EU) as well as altered views of the past. Using interviews with jobless young people, the article argues that the severity and duration of the 2008 crisis has prompted historical revisionism. Age cohorts often organise around pivotal events and the article shows how young people have questioned the success of democratisation (1980s) and European integration (1990s), causing a growing rift with their parents’ generation. Finally, it explores generational conflict in Spain through three interconnected experiences of unemployment: returning to live with parents, urban to rural migration for a lower cost of living, and emigration to Northern Europe for employment.

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Rahona-López, Marta, and Carmen Pérez-Esparrells. "Educational Attainment and Educational Mismatch in the First Employment in Spain." ISRN Education 2013 (April 18, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850827.

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This paper analyses the labour market entry of Spanish school leavers and the match between education and work at the early stages of working life, using a specific data set drawn from the Spanish Module Education to Labour Market Transitions (2000). Special attention is paid to university graduates, because Spain experienced a strong growth in the demand for higher education during the last decades of the 20th century. The empirical evidence shows that although over-education is a common phenomenon in the Spanish youth labour market, being a graduate seems to be associated with a lower likelihood of over-education in the first job. Our results indicate that over-education affects more women than men and foreigners than Spaniards.

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Nienaber, Birte, Ioana Manafi, Volha Vysotskaya, Monica Roman, and Daniela Marinescu. "Challenging Youth Unemployment Through International Mobility." Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 9, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2020-0002.

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AbstractYouth unemployment is a challenge in many European countries – especially since the financial crises. Young people face difficulties in the transition from education into employment. This article focuses on young mobile Europeans from six countries (Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Spain). The research question is whether and to which extent international mobility has an impact on employability and therefore reduces youth unemployment. By using a cluster analysis of personal adaptability, social and human capital and career identity, the importance of mobility experiences for employability is analysed in a recent dataset of 5,272 young (formerly) mobile respondents. Youth mobility is established as a strong characteristic for the employability cluster. Mobility is however not the long-term aim of most of the mobile young people, since most of the mobiles choose to return to their home countries after one or more stays abroad.

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Chernysh, A. R. "Social integration of youth as a form of social protection of youth." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.31.

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The article examines the concept of integration to achieve the process of inclusion of youth in the development of civil society, taking into account the socio-cultural context, taking into account the historical patterns of the country's development. Current legislation in the field of social protection of youth, in the field of employment, provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the legal regulation of the process of labor integration of youth are analyzed. The works of theorists of labor law and social security law O.M. Yaroshenka, Yu.M. Shchotova, P.M. Rossokhatskgo, T.A. Kolyady were studied. etc. on the subject of the problems of youth implementation of the right to work, as a guarantee of the development of spiritual, creative potential and economic independence. The article draws attention to the problems and obstacles faced by young people in the process of realizing their labor rights. Emphasis is placed on the importance of professional training that a young person can undergo to increase their competitiveness in the labor market. Just as professional training is the process of acquiring or improving professional knowledge, abilities and skills by a person in accordance with his vocation and abilities, which ensures the appropriate level of professional qualification for professional activity and competitiveness in the labor market. The experience of such highly developed countries as Great Britain, Germany, Japan, France, and the USA was studied. Measures taken by countries to limit youth unemployment are noteworthy. The example of Bulgaria is given, where the practice of developing age-differentiated employment programs for young people is widespread; Germany, where there is professional selection and career guidance at an early age; the combination of professional training and production activities at the expense of specially created government funds by local authorities takes place in Denmark; encouraging employers to employ young people aged 16 to 26 in the form of reduced amounts of social contributions for them as a kind of tax benefits is actively used in France and Spain; the active practice of involving young people in six-month internships with at least the minimum wage has a positive effect on the further employment of young people in Australia. Proposals are given for the introduction of advanced foreign experience.

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Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia, Jan Skrobanek, Birte Nienaber, Volha Vysotskaya, Sahizer Samuk, Tuba Ardic, Irina Pavlova, et al. "Why is it so hard? And for whom? Obstacles to intra-European mobility." Migration Letters 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.627.

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Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed broadly, less attention has been paid to the obstacles for the youth who are already on the move. We offer this rare perspective in regard to intra-European mobility. We focus on youth in four types: pupil mobility, vocational (education and training) mobility, higher education student (degree and credit) mobility and employment mobility, in six countries: Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Spain. Our analysis, based on qualitative (140 interviews) and quantitative (N=1.682) data, reveals that the perceived obstacles vary between the mobility types, with the greatest divergence between the educational and work-related mobilities. Obstacles such as lack of financial resources and guidance, the perceived incompatibility of institutional regulations within Europe, are shared by all mobile youth.

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Molina, Oscar, and Alejandro Godino. "Scars that Never Heal: Dualisation and Youth Employment Policies in Spain from the Great Recession to the Corona Crisis." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 159 (April 2021): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2021-159006.

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This article analyses the evolution of the dual labour market in Spain in the post-crisis and provides a first assessment of the labour market impact of the Covid-19 crisis. With the only exception of reducing the distance between the regulation of temporary and permanent contracts, the reforms introduced during the great re-cession and the post-crisis period have not only failed to reduce inequalities in the labour market, but have amplified some of them in interaction with austerity policies. Policies targeting young workers have delivered limited success in improving the position of the most disadvantaged, and more generally, to reduce dualisation as temporary employment remains very high whilst employment conditions of younger groups have deteriorated and become more widespread among those with higher educational attainment.

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Danet Danet, Alina, and Marcos Bote. "Las madres jóvenes en España. Explorando los condicionantes de la edad a la primera maternidad desde la perspectiva de géner." Clepsydra. Revista de Estudios de Género y Teoría Feminista, no. 23 (2022): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.clepsydra.2022.23.12.

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This article analyzes the determinants of age at first childbearing among young women in Spain. First, it provides a theoretical, conceptual and empirical review on the age as one of the determinants of first motherhood. Then, it analyses the results of the Synthetic Report of 2019 Youth Maternity Study performed by the Queen Sofia Center on Adolescence and Youth. Finally, a quantitative study is conducted with the sample of mothers, with the aim of analyzing the gender implications of variables influencing age at first childbearing. Age cohort, level of studies, employment and couple situation and availability of independent housing appear as the main determinant categories of an unwanted untimely motherhood pattern, characterized by unstable couple situations that affect the trajectory of women’s life. The results indicate the need to generate public policies for equality and social justice

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Adalid Ruiz, Pedro, and Cantürk Kayahan. "Entrepreneurship Among Young People in Spain and Turkey." Journal of corporate governance, insurance and risk management 8, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51410/jcgirm.8.1.13.

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Entrepreneurs are the leading creators of employment, facilitating the economic-social regeneration of countries. The crisis that occurred in recent years, together with the negative impacts generated by COVID 19, has given rise to an unprecedented scenario, which leads to the need to deepen the study of the determinants of entrepreneurship in youth. This work aims to carry out a bibliographic review on the primary motivators for entrepreneurship in young people in Spain and Turkey and the challenges to overcome under the current scenario. The results show that although there is a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship among young people, they focus on working independently, being an alternative to unemployment or increasing income sources. Due to the devastating global economic-financial crisis that the pandemic has generated, their actions have had to either stop, be limited, or not be able to start. However, those who have done so have found a good option in the digital environment.

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Jacovkis, Judith, Alejandro Montes, and Xavier Rambla. "When Arriving Is Not Enough—Constraints in Access to Education and Employment Opportunities for Migrant Youth." Societies 12, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12030095.

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Due to an array of individual, institutional and structural factors, several constraints hinder the access of migrant youth to education, training and employment in Catalonia. In this article, we explore the conditions in which young migrants access the education and training system in Catalonia (Spain). Drawing on the theory of opportunity structures, we highlight three constraints that narrow their education and training opportunities. Our approach runs away from individualistic explanations of success or failure. The research draws on 5 focus groups and 10 in-depth interviews with young migrants who were participating in a training scheme in 2019 and 2020. Our results point out three types of conditioning factors that constrain opportunities and sometimes become unsurmountable barriers. Firstly, their migrant status narrows their opportunities for education, training and employment. Secondly, current administrative procedures eventually disrupt the ways in which certain young newcomers follow the mainstream education and training pathways. Finally, certain circumstances have inflicted socio-emotional wounds on young newcomers, not only because they have left their country and suffered from socio-economic deprivation, but also because they have been compelled to suddenly adjust their expectations.

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Moreno López, Roberto, Beatriz Esteban Ramiro, and Rut Barranco Barroso. "Young people’s uncertainty about the future: Education system, training, and transition to employment in Spain." Tuning Journal for Higher Education 7, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-7(2)-2020pp67-89.

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The general context of precariousness of employment affects youth in Spain. Delving deeper into the axes that traverse this uncertainty, we present part of a cross-sectional study on the perception of young people in the city of Toledo, in which an ad hoc questionnaire was used for data collection to compare the results at the Spanish and European level. The sample includes 505 people aged between 16 and 24 years. The main findings indicate a general dissatisfaction with the training received and a lack of adaptation of the transition system to the labor market, elements that repeat themselves in the perception of different agents regarding this context. Significant differences were found regarding the perception of problems considering the education level of the parents and aspects related to the autonomy of the young people, such as living independently or living off of their own income. This represents clear similarities with young Europeans and especially in the Spanish case but presents specific difficulties for young people in regions such as Castilla-La Mancha.Received: 09 October 2019Accepted: 23 March 2020Published online: 19 May 2020

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Kalinowska-Sufinowicz, Baha, and Magdalena Knapińska. "YOUTH AND COVID-19 IN CHOSEN EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKETS: FROM JUNK JOBS TO UNEMPLOYMENT." Polityka Społeczna 577, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8734.

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The main purpose of the paper is to consider the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the situation of youth in chosen countries of the European Union in the years 2009–2021. The study area includes four countries: Poland, Germany, Spain and France. The structure of the paper is following. At first, the concepts of precarity and labour market theories are presented. Then the statistical analysis of the situation of young people in Polish, German, Spanish and French labour markets is conducted to assess the economic position of youth in the labour market in the aspect of unemployment and to scrutinise temporary and precarious employment among youth. The principal research interest includes the impact of the pandemic on the situation of youth in the labour market. The conclusion is presented at the end of the paper. The article uses the methods of descriptive statistics and simple statistical measures describing the dynamics of studied phenomena. Main conclusion of the paper is that the labour market in the pandemic era has become hugely challenging for youth. They often work in crisis-sensitive sectors and workplaces. As a result, young people experience increased job insecurity, relatively higher unemployment rate and worse economic conditions compared to total population in the labour market. Due to the results of our analysis implementing the dual education system at the macro level is the strongly recommended solution for improving the situation of youth in the labour market.

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Ceballos-Santamaria, Guillermo, and Juan Jose Villanueva Alvaro. "The Decision To Set Up Home Independently In Spain: Explanatory Factors." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 8 (January 13, 2015): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i8.9062.

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Young people today are leaving the parental home; i.e., living independently at increasingly later ages. In Mediterranean Europe in particular, most males, and a large portion of females, continue to live in their parents home until they are into their thirties.In the case of Spain, in recent years, a series of economic and social changes have led to a rise in young peoples uptake of non-compulsory stages of education, resulting in increasingly late arrival on the job market (with this extended education and also high youth unemployment), characterized by higher temporary employment rates and greater vulnerability in the process of joining the labor force than previous cohorts. As regards to living independently, despite a very large increase in housing stock over the past ten years, young Spaniards encounter increasing difficulties in gaining access to housing because of higher purchase prices and the structure of the rental market.This paper will study the socioeconomic factors that have influenced the young Spanish population when deciding to leave the family home (i.e., becoming autonomous).

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Pozo-Llorente, María Teresa, and María de Fátima Poza-Vilches. "Evaluation of Strengths of Dual Vocational Educational Training in Andalusia (Spain): A Stake on the Future." Education Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10120392.

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Dual Vocational Training was introduced in Spain in 2012 with the purpose to reinforce training based on employment requirements and to promote youth employment within the labour market. Since its implementation, there has been continuous growth of the presence of this modality across every Autonomous Community, with Andalusia being one of the latest regions to dualize the Vocational Educational Training (hereinafter VET) educational scheme. From the outset however, this modality has faced a number of obstacles that question its sustainability. Without losing sight of these obstacles, and with the purpose of providing arguments that justify the suitability of this model in Andalusia, this study aims to identify—from the unique perspective of three Andalusian educational institutions—the strengths of this modality and the opportunities that the Andalusian context offers. To this end, we have used the SWOT technique to analyse the opinion of a group of teachers regarding their thoughts on the Andalusian Dual VET system, from both an internal and external perspective. Workforce insertion and the quality of skills gained through training are some of the strengths that characterize this model, with the greatest opportunities derived from the needs of the Andalusian business and productive sectors. Based on the scenarios drawn, we have suggested a number of guidelines to capitalize on some of the identified strengths and take advantage of the opportunities observed.

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Lambovska, Maya, Boguslava Sardinha, and Jaroslav Belas, Jr. "IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/ems.2021.1.55-63.

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Youth unemployment is a problem in each member country of the European Union (EU). The EU seeks to alleviate this problem by implementing various programs to support young people in finding and keeping a job, thus contributing to economic growth. In 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The countries have introduced many strict measures to prevent its spread, but they have caused a significant increase in unemployment, including among young people, and thus harmed economic growth. In this paper, we analyze the unemployment of people under the age of twenty-five in the EU. We also point out how unemployment rates have increased in individual countries. This problem concerns not only countries where the youth unemployment rate had been high already, such as Greece, Spain, and Italy, but also countries with previously lower rates, for example, the Czech Republic, Netherland, Poland, and Slovenia. In the latter group of countries, the youth unemployment rate has doubled in some cases due to anti-pandemic measures. We found that the most affected countries in this regard are the aforementioned Czech Republic, where the unemployment rate at the end of 2020 rose to 2.19 times above the level at the end of 2019, and Estonia, where year-over-year youth unemployment rose by a factor of 2.5. However, unfavorable developments occurred also in Lithuania, Latvia, and Ireland. According to our results, in 2020, youth unemployment increased the least in Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. In general, however, as the situation is now much more urgent, measures to alleviate this problem need to be put in place in each country to help young people find employment and, thus, stimulate economic growth.

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Borzova, Alla Yu, Olga V. Volosyuk, and Nino D. Nikolashvili. "Spanish Humanitarian Policy in Latin America: Peculiarities and Priorities." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 22, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 586–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-3-586-599.

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The article deals with the establishment and formation of the humanitarian policy of Spain, the evolution of the concept of “Hispanidad” in relation to Latin America, when Spain, along with the expansion of investment and economic cooperation, was building up educational, scientific, cultural interaction based on a common historical past, and intended positioning itself as a “bridge” between the EU and this region. The authors apply the theory of constructivism, based on the position that “historical and cultural paradigms,” norms and beliefs, and not only economic power influences the rapprochement of states. The chronological order makes possible to trace the evolution of the features and priorities of the country’s humanitarian policy, starting from the second half of the 2010s, when it was reduced to the dominance of the educational and scientific factor in Spanish public diplomacy towards Latin America. The Spanish state has achieved significant results in improving the system of higher education, making it attractive to foreign students. The activities of public and private structures (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, AECID, Carolina Foundation, Casa America) are focused not only at creating a positive image of Spain (the Program “Spain Global”), but also at forming a common Ibero-American scientific and educational space. In the Ibero-American Community of Nations (ICN), which unites countries on the basis of language and culture, an important place is given to youth problems related to the availability of quality education and employment, as well as issues of digitalization, economic modernization, renewable energy. Within the framework of the ICN, the Tordesillas Group, the Association of Ibero-American Universities, the La Rabida Group, etc., are intended to implement the 2021 Goals in the field of education. The use of professional research networks, the introduction of new skills and competencies for students and teachers, the creation of the Ibero-American Institute for Education and Productivity (IIEYP), focusing on the relationship between education and economic growth, became a real basis for strengthening a common Ibero-American educational and scientific space as a main priority in the actual humanitarian policy of Spain.

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Craig, Lyn, Brendan Churchill, and Melissa Wong. "Youth, Recession, and Downward Gender Convergence: Young People’s Employment, Education, and Homemaking in Finland, Spain, Taiwan, and the United States 2000–2013." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 26, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy015.

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Lain, David, Kari Hadjivassiliou, Antonio Corral Alza, Iñigo Isusi, Jacqueline O’Reilly, Victoria Richards, and Sue Will. "Evaluating internships in terms of governance structures." European Journal of Training and Development 38, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-04-2013-0044.

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Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate internships in terms of governance structures. Internships are being promoted as a European Union policy lever to address high youth unemployment. However, concerns exist that internships often have few developmental opportunities and poor employment outcomes, something this conceptual paper examines. Design/methodology/approach – The authors develop a conceptual framework for distinguishing between different types of internships based on “dimensions of governance” (contract, agreed duration and partnership). A distinction is made between “open market”, “educational” and “active labour market policy” internships, drawing on examples and evidence from Spain and Portugal. Findings – The authors argue that “governed” internships, linked to educational programmes or genuine active labour market policies, are much more likely to have beneficial outcomes than “open market internships”. This is because they provide the positive governance conditions relating to contract, duration and partnership arrangements under which employers, interns and third parties understand how they can benefit from the internship and what their responsibilities are. Research limitations/implications – The strength of the paper lies in outlining an analytical framework for future research. The evidence presented from Spain and Portugal provides support for the conceptual framework; future comparative internship research should further test the propositions made across a range of countries and contexts. Social implications – By increasing understanding of internship governance, employers, policymakers and educationalists will be in a better position to design successful internships. Originality/value – The paper broadens the focus beyond educational internships alone and proposes a conceptual framework for future research.

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de Miguel Ramos, Carlos, and Rafael Laurenti. "Synergies and Trade-offs among Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of Spain." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410506.

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The United Nations plans have marked global sustainable development for more than two decades. Most of the developed and developing countries have adopted these plans to achieve the Agenda 2030, currently formed by the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The analysis of the interactions between the SDGs is a growing area in research and of interest for governments. However, studies on how positive correlations can improve deteriorated goals are scarce for countries to date. This study aims at filling this gap by finding and quantifying the synergies and trade-offs among the SDGs of Spain. During the years 2000–2019, almost 80% of the SDG targets had significant interactions, either positive (synergy) or negative (trade-off). SDG 4 (quality education), SDG 5 (gender Equality) and SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) contained the largest number of positive interactions, more than 60% in all of them. SDG 3 (good health and wellbeing) was strongly linked with indicators from SDG 4 (quality education) and also SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation). Furthermore, indicators from SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) shared a high correlation with the ones from SGD 12 (responsible consumption and production) and SDG 15 (life on land). SDG 1 (no poverty), 2 (zero hunger), 6 (clean water and sanitation), 8 (decent work and economic growth) and 11 (sustainable cities and communities) had the slowest evolution during the years 2000–2019, showing contractions in some instances. We developed a regression model to assess the influence that selected targets have had on a less evolved target (target 8.6—proportion of youth not in education, employment or training). We managed to clarify high influence from target 1.3 (unemployment compensations), target 8.4 (domestic material consumption) and target 10.5 (non-performing loans) on the dependent variable. Identifying numerical dependencies between the SDGs may help nations to develop a roadmap where targets work as cogwheel towards achieving the Agenda 2030.

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Barroso-Hurtado, Domingo, and Ralph Chan. "Why Enrol in a Lifelong Learning Programme? A Comparative Study of Austrian and Spanish Young Adults." Social Inclusion 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i3.2088.

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Lifelong learning (LLL) programmes can be perceived as a means of governing youth transitions. Young adults can use such programmes to try to overcome different constraints in their life course. This article explores the decisions of young adults in Vienna (Austria) and Malaga (Spain) who are participating in different LLL programmes that seek to address their transition from unemployment to employment. In order to understand these decisions, we want to explore: (1) how the young adult’s experiences influenced their decision to engage with an LLL programme, (2) what role these programmes played in their biographies and (3) how young adults imagine their future. We use two theoretical lenses to explore these questions: bounded agency and projectivity. A comparative study of these two regions provides insight into how different contextual conditions influence young adults’ decisions. We perform three different analyses: of the young people’s past trajectories and transitions, of their imagined futures, and of their decision to enrol in the programme. Exploring young people’s subjective accounts of their pasts and their imagined futures helps to improve our understanding of the role young people believe these programmes play in their lives, why they have decided to enrol in them, and how they use and interpret these pathways through, and in the framework of, different contextual conditions.

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Alcocer-Bruno, Cristian, Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo, Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo, and Ana Zaragoza-Martí. "Personal and Lifestyle Determinants of HIV Transmission Risk in Spanish University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 8332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228332.

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The increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission cases poses a serious public health concern. Although several previous studies have been conducted with the aim of identifying the risk factors for HIV transmission, the number of cases has been increasing, especially in youth. The present study is aimed at the identification of personal and lifestyle determinants of HIV transmission risk in a sample of 335 Spanish university students selected by convenience sampling from a public university located in Alicante (Spain). Sociodemographic factors, lifestyles, and variables of HIV risk of transmission were evaluated. Group differences on risk of HIV transmission were evaluated between participants depending on their sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, relationship status, employment status, economic status, and sexual orientation) and lifestyle (diet, physical exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress). Linear regression models were conducted in order to identify those personal and lifestyle variables related to HIV transmission risk. The obtained results indicate that, generally, being older, in a relationship, and employed were factors related to a high risk of HIV transmission. Regarding lifestyle, poor diet, lower intensity of physical exercise, higher alcohol intake, and smoking were fundamentally associated with a higher risk of HIV transmission, through lower use of condoms and higher frequency of risky sexual behaviors. Hence, participants who develop an unhealthy lifestyle exhibit twice the probability of being at a high risk of HIV transmission, especially regarding these previously indicated behaviors. The present study points out the relevance of sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyles of university students in their proneness to developing risky behaviors for HIV infection. Future studies should be developed with larger, randomized, and more representative samples, in order to obtain significant information for the development of effective preventive strategies oriented toward the increase in the adherence to healthy lifestyles and HIV prevention.

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Simmons, Robin, and John Smyth. "Crisis of youth or youth in crisis? Education, employment and legitimation crisis." International Journal of Lifelong Education 35, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2016.1164470.

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Schill, William J., Rosemarie McCartin, and Katrina Meyer. "Youth employment: Its relationship to academic and family variables." Journal of Vocational Behavior 26, no. 2 (April 1985): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(85)90015-6.

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Tūtlys, Vidmantas, Ilze Buligina, Juris Dzelme, Genutė Gedvilienė, Krista Loogma, Biruta Sloka, Tarja Irene Tikkanen, et al. "VET ecosystems and labour market integration of at-risk youth in the Baltic countries: implications of Baltic neoliberalism." Education + Training 64, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-09-2021-0349.

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PurposeThe paper seeks to disclose the features and implications of the neoliberal VET and employment policy agendas for the social and institutional VET ecosystems and the integration of at-risk youth in the labour market in the Baltic countries.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on the comparative policy analysis approach with reference to the theories of social and skill formation ecosystems and the historical institutionalism perspective.FindingsThe research has revealed three interconnected and alternately/simultaneously applied development pathways in the skill formation and vocational education of at-risk youth in the Baltic countries: (1) the market-oriented approach based on fostering immediate employability based on the momentary skills needs in the economy; (2) the state-assistance approach based on ensuring equal access to the VET and employment services by the state and (3) the approach of systemic support to socially disadvantaged or at-risk young people in developing their capabilities.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper lies in a new, holistic and comparative perspective in analysing the implications of the “Baltic neoliberalism” for the development of skill formation systems, VET and employment of at-risk youth in this region.

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Gottfredson, Denise C. "Youth employment, crime, and schooling: A longitudinal study of a national sample." Developmental Psychology 21, no. 3 (1985): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.3.419.

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Sanderson, Elizabeth. "Youth transitions to employment: longitudinal evidence from marginalised young people in England." Journal of Youth Studies 23, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 1310–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1671581.

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Dickens, Lisa, and Peter Marx. "NEET as an Outcome for Care Leavers in South Africa: The Case of Girls and Boys Town." Emerging Adulthood 8, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696818805891.

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A well-documented outcome for emerging adults in determining their “success” is whether they are Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET) or engaged in Education, Employment, and Training (EET). Being NEET can create psychological, emotional, financial, and health challenges and is a significant risk factor in youth making successful transitions into adulthood. This article describes and compares the NEET and EET status of care leavers from Girls and Boys Town after 1 and 2 years and in relation to other outcomes. The results suggest that while care leavers’ NEET rates are high, they are not significantly higher than those of the South African general population as seen elsewhere in the world. Furthermore, being NEET is associated with more negative care leaving outcomes than being EET; however, this article also highlights the vulnerability of those who are EET. Relationships with family and support networks play a critical role in helping and supporting these youth.

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Bukuluki, Paul Mukisa, Sarah Kamya, Rogers Kasirye, and Anna Nabulya. "Facilitating the Transition of Adolescents and Emerging Adults From Care Into Employment in Kampala, Uganda: A Case Study of Uganda Youth Development Link." Emerging Adulthood 8, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696819833592.

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Uganda has an increasing number of vulnerable youth in care who require support to transition into adult life. This article explores the agency enablers and the factors which hinder adolescents and emerging adults transitioning from care to adulthood, with an emphasis on the transition into work taking a case study of the Uganda Youth Development Link. Cross-sectional and case study designs were employed using structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Results show that care programs helped care leavers gain skills that facilitated self-reliance through employment in the formal sector and self-employment, a savings culture and expansion of social networks. Enablers included the mentors, exchange learning visits, placements with businesses, and positive social support networks. Unaffordable business premises, stigma and discrimination, limited access to credit, and insecurity inhibited successful post care transition. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of agency and structure in the transition out of care in Uganda.

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Moriarty, Anthony. "Deterring the molester and abuser: Pre-employment testing for child and youth care workers." Child & Youth Care Quarterly 19, no. 1 (1990): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01085555.

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McDowell, Linda. "Looking for work: youth, masculine disadvantage and precarious employment in post-millennium England." Journal of Youth Studies 23, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 974–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1645949.

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Noble, Amanda, Benjamin Owens, Naomi Thulien, and Amanda Suleiman. "“I feel like I’m in a revolving door, and COVID has made it spin a lot faster”: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0273502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273502.

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Purpose Research has shown that youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) face barriers to social inclusion and are at risk for poor mental health. With the COVID-19 pandemic threatening the health, wellbeing, and economic circumstances of people around the world, this study aims to assess the impacts of the pandemic on YEH in Toronto, Ontario, as well as to identify recommendations for future waves of COVID-19. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with YEH (ages 16–24, n = 45) and staff who work in one of four downtown emergency shelters for youth (n = 31) in Toronto, Ontario. Results YEH experienced both structural changes and psychosocial impacts resulting from the pandemic. Structural changes included a reduction in services, barriers to employment and housing, and changes to routines. Psychosocial outcomes included isolation, worsened mental health, and increased substance use. Impacts were magnified and distinct for subpopulations of youth, including for youth that identified as Black, 2SLGBTQ+, or those new to Canada. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic increased distress among YEH while also limiting access to services. There is therefore a need to balance health and safety with continued access to in-person services, and to shift the response to youth homelessness to focus on prevention, housing, and equitable supports for subpopulations of youth.

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Wels, Jacques. "The Impact of Extending Working Lives on Youth Employment in Great Britain." Journal of Intergenerational Relationships 18, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2019.1596186.

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Cramm, Jane M., Theresa Lorenzo, and Anna P. Nieboer. "Comparing Education, Employment, Social Support and Well-being among Youth with Disabilities and Their Peers in South Africa." Applied Research in Quality of Life 9, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9247-5.

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Matsuba, M. Kyle, Gavin J. Elder, Franca Petrucci, and Tammy Marleau. "Employment Training for At-risk Youth: A Program Evaluation Focusing on Changes in Psychological Well-being." Child & Youth Care Forum 37, no. 1 (November 28, 2007): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-007-9045-z.

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Pullman, Ashley, and Michelle Y. Chen. "Varieties of employment: a comparison of skill-based activities at work among youth and young adults in Canada." International Journal of Lifelong Education 39, no. 5-6 (October 26, 2020): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2020.1836052.

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Nabulsi, Nadine, Beverley McNally, and Grace Khoury. "Improving graduateness: addressing the gap between employer needs and graduate employability in Palestine." Education + Training 63, no. 6 (June 29, 2021): 947–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-06-2020-0170.

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PurposeThis research paper seeks to identify multiple stakeholder perceptions relating to the level of graduateness of a group of business school graduates in Palestine.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory mixed method approach was employed. Survey data provided the quantitative information that was analysed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Interviews of 1.5–2 h duration were conducted to gather the qualitative data. The study utilised an inductive thematic approach to analyse these data.FindingsEmployers were resolute in the view that despite the high level of youth unemployment in Palestine, they still had difficulty in sourcing suitably qualified graduates. Collaboration between employers and higher education providers is not of a level that supports the development of graduateness. The identified key skill shortages occurred in the soft skills area, for example, written and verbal communication, language and problem-solving skills, negotiation and conflict resolution.Research limitations/implicationsAs an exploratory research study, there are opportunities for future research investigating more deeply the themes identified and the success or otherwise of the recommended initiatives.Practical implicationsThis study has implications for both educationalists and policymakers, regarding the prioritisation of development funding and of policies and practices aimed at improving youth employment. There are implications for all stakeholders with regard to collaboration in curriculum development, provision of education, and training and development programmes targeting young people to ensure that they are work ready.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first to examine the skills gap between business schools' graduates and employment in Palestine.

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Diaz‐Serrano, Luis, and William Nilsson. "The regional anatomy of youths' educational attainment in Spain: The role of the employment structure in local labour markets." Papers in Regional Science 99, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 1487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12540.

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DeJaeghere, Joan, Emily Morris, and Richard Bamattre. "Moving beyond employment and earnings: reframing how youth livelihoods and wellbeing are evaluated in East Africa." Journal of Youth Studies 23, no. 5 (June 27, 2019): 667–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1636013.

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Harvey, Elizabeth. "Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Developmental Psychology 35, no. 2 (1999): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.445.

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Baydar, Nazli, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Effects of maternal employment and child-care arrangements on preschoolers' cognitive and behavioral outcomes: Evidence from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Developmental Psychology 27, no. 6 (1991): 932–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.6.932.

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Porterfield, Shirley, and Eunsun Kwon. "CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, WORKING, AND SAVING FOR RETIREMENT OVER THE LIFE COURSE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2907.

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Abstract In the US, financial security in retirement depends on having savings and other assets accumulated during the pre-retirement years. Pension savings accrue over the working life, in defined-benefit or defined-contribution retirement plans. Mothers with children with disabilities experience different life-course work trajectories than mothers without children with disabilities, though data used in previous studies primarily examine a single point in time or a short span of years. This paper draws longitudinal data from the nationally-representative 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1987 through 2018, using a life-course perspective and sequence analysis to identify long-term work patterns among women with children who do and do not have disabilities with an explicit focus on variations in occupational class and employment status. We found a distinctive pattern of long-term work history with five types: Full-time semi-professional to not working, Constantly not working, Semi-professional full time, Professional full time, and Not working to full time work. Results from regression analyses revealed variation in mothers’ household financial preparation for retirement at late mid-adulthood. Compared with mothers who held professional full-time jobs throughout their adulthood, mothers who started full time jobs in middle age and have children with disabilities were less likely to have pension plans. Mothers of children with disabilities who left the labor force in early middle age tended to have lower retirement savings. Policy interventions to address these mothers’ caregiving ability to stay engaged in the workforce and prepare for their retirement need to be explored.

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Cantó, Olga, Inmaculada Cebrián, and Gloria Moreno. "Youth living arrangements and household employment deprivation: Evidence from Spain." Journal of Family Research, February 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-729.

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Objective: We study the role of employment deprivation and severe poverty at the household level on youth living arrangements in Spain in three different business cycle periods. Background: Previous evidence has shown that recessions in Southern European countries make young individuals turn to their families for financial protection. Most analyses assume that these cohabiting decisions are only related to the young individual's employment status while other household members’ employment deprivation is irrelevant. Method: We use information from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey between 2005 and 2017 and a very flexible indicator to measure the dimension of employment deprivation at the household level and estimate its role on the probability of being emancipated with a linear probability model. To avoid reverse causation, we also estimate two seemingly unrelated regressions of the probability of cohabiting with parents and the dimension of household employment deprivation. Results: Our results confirm that the Great Recession increased the probability of parental co-habitation, even if with some delay in relation to the business cycle. We reject the assumption about the irrelevance of other household member’s employment deprivation on youth cohabitation decisions because its dimension determines them. Conclusion: Policies aiming to improve emancipation should not only increase youth labour market opportunities but provide either more employment hours or more income transfers to those living in households where young individuals live.

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Bentolila, Samuel, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen, and Juan F. Jimeno. "Lost in recessions: youth employment and earnings in Spain." SERIEs, November 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-021-00244-6.

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AbstractYoung workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the COVID-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper, we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Youth – Employment – Spain'

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