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1
Brenya, Edward, Dominic Degraft Arthur, and Janet Nyarko. "Unlocking the Challenging Pathways of Youth Participation in Ghana’s Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Development Agency." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 12, no. 1(S) (June 22, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v12i1(s).3188.
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Youth participation in public policies such as the employment policy process has gained prominence in academic and policy literature. Despite this, research on youth participation in the employment policy process has received little attention in Ghana. This paper draws on documentary analysis to unlock the challenging pathways of youth participation in Ghana’s youth employment and entrepreneurial development agency. The paper finds that a web of challenges such as insufficient access to information, over-politicization of GYEEDA, poor level of coordination of stakeholders, and prevalence of diversity and social exclusion are embedded in obstructing the youth participation in GYEEDA. The study recommends that policymakers such as the government and other stakeholders should provide adequate measures to ensure that beneficiaries such as the youths are engaged in the design, formulation, and execution of the youth employment policy process in Ghana.
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Anjana, Anjana, Siran Mukerji, and Purnendu Tripathi. "Prospects of Agriculture as a Lifelong Livelihood Option for Young Indian Rural Population." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.287886.
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There is a huge untapped reservoir of employment opportunities in agriculture which requires cultivating the young generation of farmers, food entrepreneurs, etc. Due to agricultural innovations made at the global and national level, the young population can leverage technology, leading to increase in productivity, efficiency and output and addressing the issue of food security. For promoting employment for youths in agriculture and making farming a remunerative economic activity, initiatives have been taken by FAO and by Government of India. The present study focuses on demographic profile of the youth, explores agriculture as an economically viable livelihood option for the youth and highlights the Indian Government policy measures and technological interventions for making agriculture an attractive employment option; discusses the initiatives taken by FAO for promotion of employment in agriculture and finally paper concludes by examining the role of rural youth in addressing the challenge of food security at the national level.
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Mangan, John, and John Johnston. "Minimum wages, training wages and youth employment." International Journal of Social Economics 26, no. 1/2/3 (January 1, 1999): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068299910229820.
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High rates of youth unemployment, worldwide, have led governments to advocate a range of policies designed to increase job offers to young workers. For example, the Australian Government is currently introducing a system of “training wages” which will see effective youth wages set well below adult award wages for a designated training period. This policy is designed to simultaneously increase the human capital of young workers as well as help to overcome the initial barriers to entry into the labour market. However, youth‐specific wages have been criticized on the basis of age discrimination and on equity grounds. Also, some US data question the employment‐boosting potential of reduced minimum youth wages. In this paper recent international findings on the relationship between youth wages and employment are presented and compared with empirical tests of the relationship using labour market data for Australia as a whole as well as the State of Queensland. The results are used to examine the likely impact of the introduction of the training wage on the youth labour market in Australia and to provide further generalizations on the wider issue of employment and youth‐specific wages.
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Song, Jiyeoun. "Young people, precarious work, and the development of youth employment policies in Japan." Japanese Journal of Political Science 19, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 444–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109918000117.
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AbstractJapan's labor market has been under severe strain over the past few decades, driven by its protracted economic recession, a series of labor market reforms, and changing labor management practices. Confronting these new challenges, an increasing number of young people have had extreme difficulties in searching for decent and stable jobs in the labor market, trapped in the vicious cycle of precarious employment. This paper examines the deterioration of employment and labor market conditions for Japan's youth after the collapse of the asset bubble in the early 1990s and the government's policy efforts to address these concerns, especially since the early 2000s, a period during which it has initiated a wide array of youth employment and labor market policies. In particular, it analyzes variations in policy target group and goal across different measures and evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of these programs in dealing with youth problems in the labor market. This paper argues that while the government has promoted various policy tools to help young people become economically and socially independent individuals, it has gradually shifted its policy focus toward human capital development for growth and industrial competitiveness as a way of revitalizing Japan's troubling economy.
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Thirumala Rao, D. "Policy of Telangana Government for Business Development." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2018.7.1.1290.
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This paper focuses on the Telangana State Industrial Policy and its scope for business development. The new Telangana State Industrial Policy is providing a framework which will not only make the industries to stabilize and competitive but also increases its scope for national and international investments in industrial sectors. The focus will be more on core manufacturing sectors with the creation of employment for urban and rural youth and adding values to existing skills emphasized at all stages. The policy is aiming at producing high quality goods at the most competitive price, which establishes “Made in Telangana – Made in India” as a brand with high global recognition. The corner stone of the policy is the Zero graft and Zero tolerance to corruption. The high expectations of the people of Telangana State about the job opportunities, infrastructure development, and uplift of backward sections of the society are the priorities Telangana State Government. This is possible only by the development of industries which in turn provides the job opportunities to youth and thereby increasing their standard of living. The new Telangana Industrial Policy will be the instrument through which the vision of the Telangana State Government will be translated into action. The Telangana State Industrial Policy aims at integrating the State’s economy with global economy and to become world’s “Industrial State”.
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Bello, Lateef Olalekan, Lloyd James Segun Baiyegunhi, Djana Mignouna, Razack Adeoti, Paul Matin Dontsop-Nguezet, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Victor Manyong, Zoumana Bamba, and Bola Amoke Awotide. "Impact of Youth-in-Agribusiness Program on Employment Creation in Nigeria." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147801.
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The increasing rate of youth unemployment in Africa, particularly in Nigeria, remains among the challenges to social and economic stability. Accordingly, the Nigerian government implemented several interventions, including the Youth-in-Agribusiness (YIA) program to reduce youth unemployment. However, the effect of these programs on gainful employment creation is yet to be documented. Therefore, this study examined the impact of the YIA program on creating gainful employment among the youth. Multistage random sampling was used to obtain cross-sectional data from 668 youth in Southwestern Nigeria. Propensity score matching and endogenous switching probit techniques were used for the estimations. Results indicated that variables such as educational attainment, access to training, non-agricultural activity, membership in a youth organization, access to credit, productive resources, and youth location were significant and positively influenced youth decision to participate in the YIA program. Furthermore, participation in the YIA program has a significant positive impact on gainful employment among the youth. Therefore, the study recommends that strengthening social capital such as youth organization, credit scheme (financed by private and government), vocational training, and educational system is vital in enhancing participation in the YIA program and eventually gainful employment of youth.
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Basrowi, Basrowi. "STRATEGIC COMPREHENSHIVE PENDIDIKAN DAN KETERAMPILAN KEPEMUDAAN DALAM MENGATASI MASALAH PENGANGGURAN." CENDEKIA: Journal of Education and Teaching 8, no. 2 (October 3, 2014): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/cendekia.v8i2.65.
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The goals of this research are: (1) identify the productive and innovative program of youth policy, (2) finding the productive and innovative models of youth policy, and (3) finding the pursue factor and the support factor of youth program. The time of research spent five months, since July to November 2005. The steps of research are fourteen steps. Research located at Bengkulu Province. Sample is taken by purposive for KUPP Program. Respondent composition are: young 40 respondent, bureaucrats 4 respondents, village head 4 respondents, partnership 3 respondents, student 4 respondents. The total sum of all respondents in every province are 55 respondents. The methods of data analysis uses qualitative and quantitative descriptive. Based on the result of research it concluded that government models of youth policy applied are: (1) able to absorb the employment and able to progress community prosperity, (2) able to build frame work of self government, capability, skill, motivation and work ethos.
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AVOM, Désiré, Bernard NGUEKENG, and Iréné TIAKO. "Public Policy and Youth Employment: An Empirical Study of Cameroon's Experience." International Business Research 14, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v14n7p69.
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The aim purpose of this paper is to assess the contribution of public policies on youth employment in Cameroon. To do this, we used the multinomial Logit model that is being followed up for our employment equation. The maximum probability method is the estimation technique used and applied to data extracted from the EISS database (2011). Three main results emerge from this study: (1) young people who wish to self-employment do not have adequate training and the technical and financial support offered to them by the government is insufficient; (2) the incentives proposed by the State to private operator to encourage them to recruit young people do not always contribute to this objective and (3) the massive recruitments carried out by the State fail to pay off all unemployed young people. In this situation, the Cameroonian state should further strengthen the professionalization of training and, above all, guide training offers in the areas that present opportunities in our country. It also needs to strengthen the facilities afforded to private companies to encourage them to recruit more young people. We also suggest that the Cameroonian government provide more technical and material support to young people who are seeking it and, on the other hand, to raise more funds for the bankable projects presented by these Last.
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Stasiuk, Nazar, and Tetiana Kharchuk. "Raising youth unemployment as one of the consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, no. 2 (December 2021): 238–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.02.328.
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For studying the excess of youth unemployment in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions, the authors hypothesized the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups. The aim of the study is to formulate proposals for reducing youth unemployment in Europe and selected world regions in accordance with the identified specific causes of this phenomenon. The main objectives of the study are: - consideration of macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions in 2015 to 2020 and the peculiarities of their interconnection; - identification of the most specific causes of youth unemployment excess in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions; - formation of proposals for reducing youth unemployment and justification of their feasibility. To achieve the purpose, special and general scientific methods were used, including: graphic method, comparison, formalization, systematization, generalization, induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis. Based on a study of employment in selected world regions in 2015 to 2020, it was found that there is a significant excess of youth unemployment compared to the general unemployment rate. However, unemployment may be less of a problem for young people than for adults, as it tends to be shorter. Moreover, young people may simply change jobs more often, so the higher unemployment rate observed is mainly functional and therefore not particularly harmful. Reducing youth unemployment is a difficult task, but complete inaction in this area or attempts to solve unemployment problems in other age groups at the expense of youth employment can lead to more severe economic consequences. In general, the hypothesis of the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups, is proven. Among the main motives prompting scientists to further study the problems of youth unemployment are the economic and social difficulties that the economically active population faces when they lose their jobs. In the future, concrete steps can be developed by states in the framework of employment policy, which can include individual counseling procedures, as well as systemic interventions based on the analysis of social circles in which young people are involved (for example, families and couples, not just individuals). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions is examined. In particular, the dynamics of real GDP and employment rates during 2012-2020 are reflected. It was found that young workers in Europe were more prone to job losses during the crisis than the elderly population. However, the downward trend in youth employment affects not only Europe but also other regions of the world, including developing countries, where youth unemployment can be three times higher than the general rate. A number of reasons for low youth employment are identified, including a barrier to entry the labor market due to the lack of experience, insecurity of jobs, high frequency of voluntary dismissals and a tendency of youth unemployment towards over-cyclicality.
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Mwange, Austin. "A CRITICAL REVIEW OF STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR ENHANCED EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN ZAMBIA." EPH - International Journal of Business & Management Science 4, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijbms.v4i4.74.
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This is a critical review of the various strategic directions, measures and programmes that the Zambian Government has formulated and attempted to implement in an effort to create valuable, inclusive and sustainable job opportunities. The paper reviews the 2015 Youth Policy, the Vision 2030, and the 7NDP. The paper recommends that government should religiously implement all the programmes under various strategic options aimed at achieving enhanced employment creation in the Zambian economy within the set parameters of the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) 2018- 2021. In so doing, the objectives of the MTEF shall be achieved as well as employment creation.
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Siriy, Evgen. "STATE AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT: THE REALITIES OF TODAY." Economic discourse, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2021-2-5.
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Introduction. The study of the problems of youth entrepreneurship / self-employment is especially relevant, both in terms of social and economic development of Ukraine, and for the implementation of youth policy. This issue is one of the priorities of its development in a number of government policy documents. However, experience shows that today this area is quite problematic and unresolved. An analysis of the literature indicates a lack of publications focusing on youth entrepreneurship in Ukraine. They describe only some aspects of this type of economic activity of young people, which gives only a fragmentary idea of the problems and prospects for the development of youth entrepreneurship. The purpose of the article is a social and legal, managerial analysis of this area, which reflects its real current state of development. Metods. The article uses: general scientific methods of comparison, descriptive method, analysis, generalization and induction, which integrally allow to reflect the objective picture and situations of state assistance in the field of youth entrepreneurship. Results. The conclusion on the situation with youth entrepreneurship / self-employment in Ukraine was supplemented. In particular, it is characterized by the complexity of development due to administrative, legal, financial, organizational problems. The study is also of practical importance for the renewal of managerial, social and legal parameters of social development and for the analysis and promotion of regulatory and youth policy in Ukraine. Discussion. The problem of development of youth entrepreneurship and its solution is characterized by their inherent permanence, which requires constant monitoring of information support and evaluation of state measures to promote it. This, in turn, increases the relevance and urgency of research in this area. Keywords: youth entrepreneurship, self-employment, legislative regulation, institutional support, state development assistance.
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Díaz-Roldán, Carmen, José Luis Parada-Rodríguez, and Nieves Carmona-González. "Austerity policies in the Eurozone: How they affect youth unemployment?" Central European Review of Economics and Management 3, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.753.
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Aim: Analyse the effects of stabilization policies on youth unemployment, using government deficit besides the use of fiscal policy by the supply side; aimed to characterize the economic framework conditions under which fiscal policy could reduce youth unemployment. Design/Research methods: We consider an economic framework featuring the use of monetary and fiscal rules within a monetary union. In this scenario, that should be representative of the Eurozone, we will analyse the effects of stabilization policies when dealing with a financial crisis which produces contractive effects on output and on employment. We will pay special attention to the conservativeness of the central bank, the degree of austerity of the fiscal authorities and the initial level of government debt. Those characteristics prove to be crucial for the sustainability of economic policies packages based on fiscal consolidation and the use of fiscal policy instruments by the supply side, when trying to deal with unemployment. And given that in the financial crisis effects have been hit Eurozone countries in a different manner, we will also differentiate monetary union’s member countries according with their government debt and their unemployment path. Conclusions/findings: Fiscal authorities should be no austere for fighting youth unemployment, when using fiscal policy by the supply side. In other words, when optimizing their loss function, they should give more weight to the output stabilization goal that to the government deficit reduction. Originality/value of the article: Allowing for the use of both monetary and fiscal policy rules, in the scenario of a monetary union, our results could help us to stablish the conditions under which fiscal policy could help to alleviate youth unemployment.
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Ogunmodede, Adewale M., Mary O. Ogunsanwo, and Victor Manyong. "Unlocking the Potential of Agribusiness in Africa through Youth Participation: An Impact Evaluation of N-Power Agro Empowerment Program in Nigeria." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145737.
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In a country of about 200 million people, the government has over the years constituted various initiatives to address the issue of unemployment, food security, and youth involvement in agriculture. However, the impact of these initiatives has been minimal due to the inconsistency in government policies, changes in government, inadequate implementation mechanism amongst others. This study, therefore, evaluated the impact of the N-power Agro Program on youth employment and income generation through agribusiness in Nigeria. Six hundred and forty-five respondents were randomly selected from the database of N-Power. Structured questionnaires were used in obtaining the data. The statistical analysis of collected data applied descriptive methods, logistic regression model, and regression discontinuity design. The value of ATE of the regression discontinuity design of the income of the participants of N-Power Agro is greater by N30,191.46 than for the nonparticipants. The result of the logistic regression model shows that age, level of education, years of agribusiness experience, and employment status significantly influenced the choice of creating employment through agribusiness and of participating in the N-Power Agro program. The impact of the N-Power Agro program for Nigeria’s young men and women on employment and income generation for participants was shown to be effective and positive with the RDD recording an increase in the beneficiaries’ income and a discontinuity in the design. Upscaling this program and wider implementation in other countries in collaborations with youth, rural communities and private sectors will ensure that the government can bridge the skills deficit in Africa’s youth, develop their capacities for entrepreneurship, and hence, increase jobs creation.
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Koo, Chul Hoi. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Youth’s Confidence Level in Government Youth Policy: Focusing on the Relationship between Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Youth’s Perception of Youth Policy, Youth Policy Expectation Level, and Youth Employment Fair Level." KOREAN JOURNAL OF YOUTH STUDIES 29, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21509/kjys.2022.07.29.7.309.
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Siriy, Evgen. "CURRENT SITUATION AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN UKRAINE." Economic discourse, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2021): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2021-1-15.
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Introduction. The study of youth employment is especially relevant in connection with the new characteristics of the labor market, which arose as a result of structural changes in the economy of Ukraine. This issue, as one of the priorities of youth policy development, is covered in a number of government policy documents. However, the analysis of the literature shows that today there is a lack of publications focusing on youth entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is a socio-statistical analysis of various aspects of this area, which reflects the current state of development of youth entrepreneurship and self-employment. Metods. The article uses economic-statistical and mathematical-statistical methods to determine the absolute and relative indicators of the level and dynamics of development of individual aspects of youth entrepreneurship. Applied comparisons, descriptive method, analysis, generalizations and induction, sociological survey methods. Results. Based on this social and statistical analysis, the conclusion on the situation with youth entrepreneurial self-employment in Ukraine was supplemented. In particular, it is characterized by: rather slow pace of development due to administrative, legal, financial, organizational problems. The latter included: lack of comprehensive, first of all, financial and credit, information, investment, educational support, as well as systematic analysis and support at the state, regional and local levels. The study has practical significance for the renewal of social and economic, social and statistical parameters of social development. Discussion. The problem of development of youth entrepreneurship and its solution is characterized by their inherent permanence, which requires constant monitoring of information support and evaluation of state measures to promote it. This, in turn, increases the viability of research in this area. Keywords: youth entrepreneurship, self-employment, indicators, institutional problems, institutional support.
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Sun, Hongyi, Jiahao Zhuang, and Rui Xiong. "An Empirical Study of Entrepreneurial Intention and Youth Entrepreneurship Policy in Hong Kong." European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (September 7, 2022): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecie.17.1.663.
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Young entrepreneurship is the future of the economy in terms of increasing employment and creating economic value. This paper will report the milestone results of a pilot survey study on entrepreneurial intention and preparation of young people in Hong Kong with a view to explore potential recommendations to develop youth entrepreneurial policy for the Hong Kong Government. The target of this survey is those young people from 18 to 40 years old. 244 copies of valid questionnaires were collected via e-mail, face-to-face seminars and online platforms. The study was designed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and covered entrepreneurial personality traits, family background, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial preparation, and the perception of the entrepreneurial environment in Hong Kong. Implications for education institutions and the government will be discussed finally.
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Gilbert Langat. "Examining the Perception of the Youths towards Kazi Kwa Vijana ( Work for the Youth ) Programmes in Kericho Municipality of Kericho County, Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjahss.v1i1.74.
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This study was intended to examine the perception of the youths towards this programme and find out how the programme has been effective in sustainable youth employment through the Kazi Kwa Vijana programme in Kericho Municipality. This study was carried out amongst youths and their coordinators who participated in the projects of the Kazi Kwa Vijana programme in this Municipality. The study employed Hertzberg’s Two Factor theory which is effectively a theory of job satisfaction. Youths as employees of the KKV programme needed some hygiene and motivational factors referred herein as satisfiers and dissatisfiers. The challenges that affected the Kazi Kwa Vijana programme needed to be studied empirically so that remedial action is put in place for its sustainability in future and in the long run serve as a guideline for the many other projects to be initiated by the government. The study findings are useful to the Government of Kenya, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, policy makers, NGOs, Kazi Kwa Vijana coordinators and all concerned stakeholders in devising workable strategies geared towards achieving the desired goals and objectives at the county and national level.
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Singh, Vikram. "SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD THROUGH SKILL DEVELOPMENT AMONG RURAL YOUTH: ROLE OF MICRO-FINANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL PARADIGM." Commonwealth Youth and Development 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1389.
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This  article  attempts to analyse  the  process  of sustainable  livelihood  through skill development and its conceptual and theoretical understanding in India with reference to rural youth. In India skill development is demanded for economic growth and inclusive development; hence the rural population cannot be overlooked. Employable skills alone have not been able to generate sufficient employment among rural youth or address/promote well-being and sustainable livelihood. Various frameworks associated with skill development leave scope for reforms to strengthen the implementation of various policy shifts in respect of rural development and government/non-government organisations. The process of skill development for rural youth through the establishment of institutions, launch of policy/programmes and their linkages with micro-finance are considered, as the distinctive nature and features of micro-finance in relation to the forces of societal structure, social relationships, and social interactions leading towards collective interests and norms that shape the lives of rural youth. Lastly, analysis is done and conclusions drawn on the basis of discussion.
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Jumpah, Emmanuel Tetteh, Richard Ampadu-Ameyaw, and Johnny Owusu-Arthur. "Youth employment in Ghana: economic and social development policies perspective." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 16, no. 4 (September 14, 2020): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-07-2019-0060.
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PurposeCreating employment opportunities for the youth remains a dilemma for policymakers. In many cases, policies and programmes to tackle youth unemployment have produced little results, because such initiatives have failed to consider some fundamental inputs. In Ghana, youth unemployment rate has doubled or more than doubled the national average unemployment rate in recent years. The current study, therefore, examines how policies in the past two decades have affected youth unemployment rate and other development outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe study reviewed national economic development policy documents from 1996 to 2017 and other relevant policies aimed at creating employment opportunities for the youth, applying the content analysis procedure. Four main policy documents were reviewed in this regard. Data from secondary sources including International Labour Organisation (ILO), World Bank (WB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) were analysed to examine the trends in youth unemployment rate, human development index and GDP growth rate in Ghana over the years. There were also formal and informal consultations with youth and development practitioners.FindingsThe results of the study show that policies that promote general growth in the economy reduce youth unemployment, while continuation of existing youth programmes, expansion, as well as addition of new ones by new governments reduces youth unemployment rate. In particular, GDP growth and youth unemployment rate trend in opposite direction; periods of increased growth have reduced youth unemployment rate and vice versa. The period of Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda I & II witnessed better reduction (5.7%) in youth unemployment rate than any of the policy periods. This was not sustained, and despite the current youth employment initiatives, unemployment among young people still remained higher than the national average.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provides relevant information on how development policies and programmes affect youth unemployment rate over time. In as much as it is not the interest of the study, the study stops short of empirical estimation to determine the level of GDP growth rate that can reduce a particular level of youth unemployment, which is a case for further research. Nevertheless, the outcome of the study reflects the data and methodology used.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge of the authors, this is a first study in Ghana that has attempted to directly link development outcomes such as youth unemployment to national economic development policies, although there are studies that have analysed the policy gaps and implementation challenges. This paper, therefore, bridges the knowledge of how development policies affect youth employment opportunities, particularly for Ghana.
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Li, Yapeng. "What Attracts College Students to Start a Business in Rural Areas?—A Qualitative Comparative Analysis from China." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215459.
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Employment is an important public issue related to national economy and people’s livelihood. In 2022, the global youth unemployment rate will reach 14.9%, affecting a total of 73 million people. In order to deal with the social risks brought about by large scale youth unemployment, countries around the world are taking measures to solve the employment problem of college students, the main youth employment group. In the 14th Five-Year Plan, China proposes to promote the modernization and development of agriculture and rural areas by supporting university graduates and scientific and technical personnel to enter the rural economy and start their own businesses; moreover, China also aims to achieve economic recovery in the post epidemic era through mutual promotion between the entrepreneurial choices of college students and the direction of national economic development. Through qualitative comparative analysis of 131 Chinese college students, it is found that none of the antecedents meets the requirements of sufficient and necessary conditions for consistency greater than or equal to 0.8 and coverage greater than or equal to 0.9. Further analysis shows that there are three paths for college students’ rural entrepreneurship: “resource-based, with policy guarantee and villager participation”, “policy support, villager participation” and “villagers actively participate”. The government, enterprises, villages and college students should invest more in improving policy support, building infrastructure, diversifying industrial structure, clarifying strategic positioning of villages and innovating entrepreneurial models, so as to promote the modernization of China’s agriculture and rural development and the realization of the goal of rural revitalization while solving the employment difficulties of college students.
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Waring, Peter, Christopher Vas, and Azad Singh Bali. "The challenges of state intervention in Singapore’s youth labour market." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 37, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-10-2017-0211.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of the policy measures to encourage young Singaporeans to pursue employment in the manufacturing sector while at the same time discouraging the sector’s traditional dependence on low-cost foreign labour. In doing so, the paper sheds light on the challenges faced by small and medium enterprises (SME) as well as the less than optimum impact the policy rhetoric has had on redirecting the aspirations of young people away from tertiary qualifications attainment and towards vocational skills development. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on primary survey data of 222 manufacturing firms and in-depth interviews with 20 SME leaders in Singapore. Findings The paper argues that despite the government’s policy efforts to encourage the employment of young Singaporeans in the manufacturing sector, the impact has been negligible. Even with moves to increase the transaction costs of employing foreign workers, the findings indicate that SMEs have not changed their staffing policies. Indeed, the results lay bare the low cost-low skill/low productivity trap that most SMEs now find themselves in. The government’s efforts to discourage the pursuit of tertiary qualifications in favour of vocational qualifications are unlikely to succeed. Originality/value The value of this research is fourfold. First, it exposes the difficulty of policy overcoming path dependency. Second, it sheds light on the need for government to rethink its policy approach in how best to re-tool human capital for traditional industry sectors like manufacturing. Third, the results show that there is limited efficacy in simply increasing transaction costs and altering rhetoric to discourage attainment of tertiary qualifications unless vocational employment is adequately remunerated. And finally, the results indicate that firms in the manufacturing sector need to embrace new business models, practices and technologies that are reflective of the digital era to be able to attract youth.
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Speckesser, Stefan Sonke, Francisco Jose Gonzalez Carreras, and Laura Kirchner Sala. "Active labour market policies for young people and youth unemployment." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 8 (November 4, 2019): 1510–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2018-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative estimates on the impact of active labour market policy (ALMP) on youth unemployment in Europe based on a macroeconomic panel data set of youth unemployment, ALMP and education policy variables and further country-specific characteristics on labour market institutions and the broader demographic and macroeconomic environment for all EU-Member States. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow the design of an aggregate impact analysis, which aims to explain the impact of policy on macroeconomic variables like youth employment and unemployment (see Bellmann and Jackman, 1996). This follows the assumption that programmes, which are effective in terms of improving individual employment opportunities, are going to make a difference on the equilibrium of youth unemployment. Findings The findings show that both wage subsidies and job creation are reducing aggregate youth unemployment, which is in contrast to some of the surveys of microeconomic studies indicating that job creation schemes are not effective. This finding points towards the importance to assist young people making valuable work experience, which is a benefit from job creation, even if this experience is made outside regular employment and/or the commercial sector. Research limitations/implications In terms of the variables to model public policy intervention in the youth labour market, only few indicators exist, which are consistently available for all EU-Member States, despite much more interest and research aiming to provide an exhaustive picture of the youth labour market in Europe. The only consistently available measures are spending on ALMP as a percentage of gross domestic product (in the different programmes) and participation stocks and entries by type of intervention. Practical implications The different effects found for the 15–19 year olds, who seem to benefit from wage subsidies, compared to the effect of job creations benefitting the 20–24 year olds, might relate to the different barriers for both groups to find employment. Job creation programmes seem to offer this group an alternative mechanism to gain valuable work experience outside the commercial sector, which could help form a narrative of positive labour market experience. In this way, job creation should be looked more positively at when further developing ALMP provision, especially for young people relatively more distant to engagement in regular employment. Social implications Improving the situation of many millions of young Europeans failing to find gainful employment, and more generally suffering from deprivation and social exclusion, has been identified as a clear priority for policy both at the national level of EU-Member States and for EU-wide initiatives. With this study, the authors attempt to contribute to the debate about the effectiveness of policies which combat youth unemployment by estimating the quantitative relationship of ALMP and other institutional features and youth unemployment. Originality/value To research the relationship between youth unemployment and ALMP, the authors created a macroeconomic database with repeated observations for all EU-Member States for a time series (1998–2012). The authors include variables on country demographics and the state of the economy as well as variables describing the labour market regimes from Eurostat, i.e. the flexibility of the labour market (part-time work and fixed-term employment as a percentage of total employment) and the wage setting system (level and coordination of bargaining and government intervention in wage bargaining).
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Nkhumeleni, Mpho, Nancy Stiegler, and Kanayo Ogujiuba. "Interaction of Unemployment, Socioeconomic Factors and Demographic Dividend in South Africa: Issues and Policy Options." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 12, no. 5 (September 19, 2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.13388.
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Unemployment is a major barrier to achieving a successful demographic dividend in many countries, including South Africa. A shortage of skills and knowledge among the working-age population is one of the key issues. The objective of this article is to examine if there is a link between youth unemployment in South Africa and demographic indicators. This article examines the relationship between educational achievement and employment status among working-age South Africans. Secondary data was used, and desktop analysis was performed on the information gathered from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey of 2017 and 2019. Findings show a link between youth unemployment and demographic characteristics, as well as a link between educational attainment and work status in South Africa. According to our findings, when it comes to gender and employment possibilities, women have a harder time finding jobs than men. in addition, being black or African makes it more challenging to find a job compared to other demographic groups. This suggests that more must be done in the labor market for South Africa's economy to grow. Youth labor force involvement must be increased in the future to reduce the number of discouraged job seekers. Government initiatives that promote labor market flexibility should be implemented.
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Shrestha, Prakash. "Assessing Legal Provisions and Policies for Improving Decent Work Conditions in Nepal." Batuk 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/batuk.v9i1.51899.
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The purpose of this paper is to assess the legal provisions and policies for promoting decent work conditions in Nepal. It follows an integrative review of different legal documents including laws, policies, and provisions related to decent work in the Nepalese context. The evidence shows that laws and policies enacted by the government form the legislative foundation for the labor markets and decent work conditions in Nepal. Mainly, the Constitution of Nepal, 2015; Labor Act, 2017; Trade Union Act, 1992; Child Labor Act, 2000; and Sexual Harassment at the workplace (Elimination) Act, 2015 have paved the foundation for decent work in Nepal. Furthermore, Industrial Policy, 2010; Social security Fund, 2016; Youth and Small Entrepreneurs Self-Employment Fund; Agriculture Development Strategy, 2015; National Employment Policy, 2015; Foreign Employment Policy, 2012; Sustainable Development Goals, 2017; and Decent Work Country Programme for Nepal (2018-2022) have also presented the guidelines for enhancing the supportive work environment. It is found that the role of government in the transformation of business sectors and enhancement of decent work conditions is imperative, ensuring its freedom of choice, particularly in matters relating to employment relations in countries like Nepal. The findings of this paper can offer guidance for future studies on decent work and can be a milestone for open discussion on numerous legislative norms and regulations on the issue.
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Akpokighe, Raymond, and Austine Ejovi. "Youth Restiveness in Nigeria: Implications on Sustainable National Development." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i3.4.
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Youth restiveness has become a topical issue for discussion in the social, economic and polity domain in Nigeria. It is a fact that Nigeria cannot thrive and progress significantly with youths who are restive. Nigeria’s peace, security and corporate existence as a nation is threatened because of the prevalence of this phenomenon. The causes of youth restiveness are connected to unemployment, lack of basic and inadequate infrastructural facilities and inadequate social amenities amongst others. The spiralling effect of youth restiveness are evident in Nigeria as ethnic militia, kidnapping, cultism, armed robbery, agitations and involvement in social insecurity. The causes and effects of youth restiveness have promoted uncertainties which have led to failure, fear and underdevelopment of most sectors in the Nigeria. The conflict theory explains that threatening events such as wars, revolution, domestic violence and others are as a result of competition and limited resources. Unfortunately, Nigeria’s government has not done enough by providing basic facilities, employment opportunities and effective empowerment programmes for the youths to be gainfully employed. This study holds unto the premise that in order to control youths in Nigeria, their skills, talents and education must be recognized, encouraged and channelled to the right sector in the society for growth, sustainable development and national peace. This paper reviewed the arguments surrounding youth restiveness in Nigeria alongside some recommendations on how the government could effectively be organized and responsible to counter the growing rate of youth restiveness in Nigeria.
Keywords: Causes, Effects, Control Youth, Peace
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Doskeyeva, G. Zh. "Assessment of the current status of youth employment in Kazakhstan and the system of its state support." Central Asian Economic Review, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52821/2224-5561-2021-2-107-120.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of the youth labor market in Kazakhstan and its main indicators, consider and assess the mechanism of functioning of the system of state support for youth employment; also in reviewing the possibilities of government programs aimed at combating unemployment, including youth unemployment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.The research methodology includes statistical and economic, dialectical and comparative methods that were used in writing this scientific article. Since statistical and economic methods are a set of methods used in a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of the development of certain economic processes, in this article, using the method under consideration, indicators of youth employment in Kazakhstan were grouped, statistical information was developed and analyzed, and also with the help of graphs and diagrams, the analysis results are displayed and assessed the state of the youth labor market. And with the help of the dialectical method, the state of development of economic processes in the labor market, in particular the relationship and interaction between the elements of the mechanism of state support was revealed. Using the comparative method, a comparative analysis of the indicators of the youth labor market and the experience of the functioning of the mechanism of state regulation, as well as the dynamics of changes in the indicators of youth unemployment over a five-year period was carried out.The originality / value of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of youth employment indicators in Kazakhstan for 2015-2019 and an assessment of the mechanism for the functioning of state programs and other elements of the state regulation system aimed at supporting the youth labor market in the context of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.Findings - main focus andfindings of the article. The research results are related to the analysis of the main indicators of the youth labor market in Kazakhstan and the identification of the main priorities of social policy aimed at improving the system of state support for youth employment.
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Dibie, Robert, and Josephine Dibie. "The Dichotomy of Capacity Building and Unemployment in Ethiopia." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v2i3.59.
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This paper examines the problems associated with youth capacity building and unemployment in Ethiopia. It argues that capacity building is a continuous process of development that could be accomplished through participation of the citizens in their own development. The dynamics of development at both national and grassroots levels in Ethiopia must involve the exposure of government change agents to participatory learning and action methodologies. The paper uses data derived from primary and secondary sources to analyze the problems associated with youth capacity building and unemployment in Ethiopia. The conceptual framework is based on the social constructionist, the build block model of development, monetarist and the Keynesian theories. The findings show that technical capacity building in Ethiopia will serve as a lever for economic and social development. There is, however, a negative correlation between the nation’s educational system and the kind of technical skills needed to achieve its sustainable development goals. In addition, the Ethiopian Government policies have not been able to effectively galvanize the private sector and NGOs to create more jobs for youths. Further, current government policy tends to focus on the supply side. Less emphasis has been placed on the demand side and comparable strategies to address the youth unemployment problems. The paper recommends that the in the new global economy, young people need to acquire more than just basic education, and curricula. They should be influenced by the current trends in of globalization, regional integration and technological transformation. The established public labour-intensive infrastructure projects in urban areas, like cobblestone, housing, Micro and Small Enterprises and others, need to be strengthened and supported by government, private sectors and NGOs, both technically and financially. Thus, government, private sector and NGOs should collaborate to establish a mechanism for a better and efficient approach to providing youth employment all over Ethiopia and in Addis Ababa in particular. It further suggests that appropriate monetary and fiscal policies are necessary for Ethiopia to effectively address its urban youth capacity building problems.
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Khamidov, Obidjon Khafizovich, and Otabek Siddikovich Kahhorov. "PROSPEC PROSPECTS OF MONI S OF MONITORING GRADU ORING GRADUATES’ EMPL TES’ EMPLOYMENT IN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/5/15.
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Background. In the article the authors stated about the need to use digital technologies that provide opportunities to improve the quality of education in the educational system and improve the effective management of competitive personnel training process, to make drastic quality changes in higher education and increase the indicators of employment of graduates, improving the quality of employment monitoring in higher education and other organizations. Materials and methods. The further development of our country, the formation of a high-tech economy, the rapid development of industrial sectors, small and medium-sized businesses provide new opportunities for the realization of the potential of citizens. The main purpose of all stages of education is aimed at providing excellent and high-quality training and service of competitive young specialists. Results. Wherever the transition to the "Digital economy" and "Electronic government" is taking place, it is clear that the burden on the people is reduced, government expenses is reduced, and corruption is prevented. Discussions. In the implementation of youth policy, in order to ensure their employment and take comprehensive support measures, it is first necessary to have a realistic definition of their employment indicators on an individual basis, that is, to have accurate data on employment monitoring
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Barsoum, Ghada. "Striving for job security." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 5/6 (June 8, 2015): 340–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2014-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it seeks to voice the concerns of educated youth in Egypt as they describe their work options and preferences. Second, it seeks to highlight the gravity of the policy gap in addressing work informality, drawing on some of the international experience in this field. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative research in the form of in-depth interviews, desk-review of policies, and descriptive statistical analysis of a recent national survey of labour in Egypt. Findings – A large proportion of educated youth work within the realm of informality and there is a clear policy gap in addressing this issue. Contrary to what would be expected, young people value access to social security and work stability. They face systemic hurdles related to access to such benefits. Because of the legacy of guaranteed government hiring of the educated in Egypt, young people express a great appreciation of work in the government, for virtually being the only employer offering job stability and social security in the labour market. Research limitations/implications – This paper addresses a gap in the literature on youth employment in Egypt, where there is a dearth of research focusing on the lived experience of employment precariousness. The majority of studies in this field relies on statistics with little qualitative research voicing the views of this group. Practical implications – Reforms are more urgent than timely to extend social security and other measures of social protection to workers within the informal economy. Originality/value – The paper builds on primary data and provides insights about the way educated youth perceive their working conditions and options. The paper also provides a discussion of the social security system in Egypt, its coverage, and possible reform approaches.
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Rozikin, Mochammad. "KONDISI EKONOMI MASYARAKAT PETAMBAK PASCA IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN MINAPOLITAN DI KABUPATEN GRESIK." Arthavidya Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi 22, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37303/a.v22i1.146.
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Abstract: Gresik Regency has a large potential of capture fisheries and cultivation so that the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is designated as a pilot of the Minapolitian project. This study aims to determine the impact of the implementation of the Minapolitan policy on the economic conditions of pond communities in Gresik Regency. The method used is qualitative descriptive with a focus of research: 1) efforts made by the government in implementing the Minapolitan policy; and 2) economic conditions of the pond community after the implementation of the Minapolitian policy. The results showed that the government had tried to improve infrastructure (infra-structure) around the ponds to make it easier for farm communities to run aquaculture activities, but had not been able to support the needs of production facilities. As for the economic conditions of the community, it has not significantly increased the income of the community and opened employment opportunities for the youth.
Keywords: Economic Condition, Farmers Community, Post-Implementation of Minapolitan Policy
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Hrumak, O. Ya, M. V. Vovk, and O. V. Kindrat. "Unemployment of rural youth: causes and ways to solve." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 91 (November 16, 2018): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9112.
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The article examines the situation on the rural youth labor market and proposes the main directions of overcoming unemployment in rural areas. In particular, it has been established that the financial and economic crisis that has been observed in recent years and military actions in the east of the country have substantially exacerbated this problem. The problem of youth unemployment is the main among economic and social problems of the 21st century, as one of the most important factors in the economic and social development of any country is the socio-cultural and professional development of the youth. In the work the authors use general scientific methods and techniques: formal logic, statistical analysis – to study the state of employment and unemployment in Ukraine; abstract – in the substantiation of theoretical positions and the formulation of conclusions, etc. Particular attention is paid to statistical components, their analysis, also the main reasons of reduction of number of young people employed in agricultural enterprises and the tendencies of self-employment in rural areas are highlighted. The authors assess the impact of current government policy affecting rural youth employment, and make suggestions for its future development. It is proved that the use of advanced innovative technologies, investment and financing of agrarian development programs, entrepreneurial initiatives in agribusiness and vocational education will all make youth in agriculture the driving force that can bring this industry out of a prolonged crisis. It is summed up that the main directions of promoting employment of rural youth are the improvement of the quality of educational services (in particular, state support through budgeting of training in agricultural specialties), information on career opportunities, support of the development of family-owned agribusiness and creative projects, the development of green tourism and the adequate state social protection of young people. Youth is a social capital that requires priority investment, so this subject needs further research.
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Mohammed, Fauziyya. "Impact of Entrepreneurship Development on Employment Generation in SabonGari Local Government, Kaduna State." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 7, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijepm.1567.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurship development on job creation with primary data inputs drawn from Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria.
Methodology: Two forms of entrepreneurship- innovative and replicative are considered with a view to contributing to the debate through the lens of binary logit regression analysis. A sample of 331 entrepreneurs were selected using simple random sampling technique and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logit regression.
Findings: Despite the role of entrepreneurship towards job creation in a developing country like Nigeria, youth unemployment remains high as at 55.4% in the third quarter of 2018. The literature on the entrepreneurship-employment nexus is scanty primarily due to data limitations and lack of appropriate quantifiable measures of entrepreneurship. The result showed that about 79.7% of the sampled entrepreneurs have employed one or more persons; suggesting that entrepreneurship development has led to a reduction in unemployment. The result also shows that innovation, education and start-up capital exert a positive and significant impact on enterprise development.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The results highlight the need for sustained efforts by government and non-government institutions towards developing entrepreneurship programs in order to create jobs and attain inclusive growth.
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Chatterjee, Shankar. "Skill Development for Youths: Recent Initiatives in Karnataka." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 2 (June 9, 2017): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n2.p21.
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<div><p><em>Unemployment is a serious issue in India as well as in all the states as many youths are having educational qualifications but not skills as a sequel they are not employable. In view of this, the Government of India has set up Ministry of Skill Development And Entrepreneurship in recent years. The Ministry is responsible for co-ordination of all skill development efforts across the country, removal of disconnect between demand and supply of skilled manpower, building the vocational and technical training framework, skill up-gradation, building of new skills, and innovative thinking not only for existing jobs but also jobs that are to be created. Like other State Governments, the Government of Karnataka has taken initiative to set up the Skill Development, Entrepreneurship and Livelihood Department to address skilling issues in the State. The Department came into existence in September 2016 to embark on a formidable journey of skilling youth of the state and make them employable.</em></p><p><em>The goal of the skill development in Karnataka is to impart skills annually to 13.4 lakh workforce and new entrants who desire to achieve sustainable livelihood either through wage employment or self-employment. Policy will focus primarily on young persons of 16 to 35 years of age for the period from 2016 to 2030. In this research paper few important initiatives are highlighted</em>.</p></div>
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Solomos, John. "Problems, But Whose Problems: The Social Construction of Black Youth Unemployment and State Policies." Journal of Social Policy 14, no. 4 (October 1985): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400015014.
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ABSTRACTThe issue of black youth unemployment has become a central aspect of government race relations policies over the last few years, particularly in the aftermath of the 1981 street disturbances. This paper attempts to locate the various stages of response to this question, both at the level of ideology and of policy. It argues that although the policies pursued have been legitimized as helping young blacks, they have failed to mount an effective response to the employment crisis facing this group. In addition, it is argued that policies have tended to ignore the question of racism and to concentrate on the supposed cultural and personal handicaps which young blacks inherit from their cultural background. It concludes by questioning the ideology of equal opportunity, which is the core concept underlying government responses to racial discrimination, and argues for a more critical analysis of recent interventions premised on this notion.
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Aleksiev, Georgi, Dora Doncheva, Konstantin Stoyanov, and Konstantin Stankov. "Consumption and youth employment impact on production of Bulgarian organic products." Central European Review of Economics and Management 3, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.746.
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During the current planning period of the Common Agricultural policy of the European Union, a newly formed Bulgarian organic production sector has rapidly developed. In the span of just three years – from 2014 to 2017 Bulgaria has risen to the top of the EU organic production charts for several products (mainly aromatic oils and honey). This was in part a result of a significant institutional support from CAP and the local government. The production has grown rapidly but the same cannot be said about the local organic food market. Consumers have severe reservations towards organic products, their higher prices and lack of confidence towards their quality and certification.Aim: To analyze the dynamics of production of Bulgarian organic products and the local organic food market in order to assess its sustainability.Design / Research methods: The methods used to solve the tasks are: analysis and synthesis, systematic and structural approach, statistical calculations. This study analyzes data from centralized sources as well as from own research.Conclusions / findings: There is still not enough bio-food processing plants in the country and with the necessary capacity to meet the local market needs. This has led to a clear export orientation of local bio products. Over the last two years, the construction and certification of processing facilities in the sector have begun and they are most often the result of foreign investment. Adding value to Bulgarian bio products is important for their recognition and trust by local consumers as well as those on international markets.Originality / value of the article: The underlined correlation between production and consumption of organic products in Bulgaria has never been fully researched.
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Darmalinggam, Darshana, Maniam Kaliannan, and Magiswary Dorasamy. "Proactive measures to eradicate Malaysia’s poverty in IR4.0 era: a shared prosperity vision." F1000Research 10 (October 28, 2021): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73330.1.
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Background: In the country’s shared prosperity vision, Malaysia aspires to uplift the bottom 40% household income group (B40) by addressing wealth and income disparities. By 2030, the nation seeks to eradicate poverty through the provision of employment opportunities and career progression plans. A grey area between the nation’s aspirations and actions in practice can be observed because the goals have not been achieved despite numerous efforts aimed at the upliftment of the B40 group. The nation is still way behind its targeted outcomes despite various policies being implemented, which could be attributed to the mismatch between government policies and that of organisational practice. Thus, this study explores the rationale of strategic government intervention in managing B40 talent in the IR4.0 era. Methods: A general qualitative inquiry method that used 11 semi-structured interviews was carried out with representatives of Malaysia’s policy makers’, training providers, and trainees. All Interview questions centred around measures, importance and outcomes of B40 youth training from a multi-stakeholder perspective. Data were thematically analysed in five stages using NVivo. Results: Training, which includes IR4.0 era digital skills, is the key to uplifting the B40 youth to eradicate poverty. Proactive measures are imperative in the success of B40 youth training towards poverty eradication. Conclusions: This study contributes to the existing literature and helps practitioners by addressing the current gap in Malaysia’s aspirations versus organisational practice. Stakeholders should formulate proactive strategies to ensure that the right trainees are matched with the right training providers and government policies. A linkage between government policies and industry requirements needs to be established as opposed to the present discontinuity. A structured training needs analysis should be applied through a collaboration between industries and governments. Then, B40 individuals commonly found in lower-level positions can be pooled into the career pathway towards a shift into M40.
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Darmalinggam, Darshana, Maniam Kaliannan, and Magiswary Dorasamy. "Proactive measures to eradicate Malaysia’s poverty in IR4.0 era: a shared prosperity vision." F1000Research 10 (January 7, 2022): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73330.2.
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Background: In the country’s shared prosperity vision, Malaysia aspires to uplift the bottom 40% household income group (B40) by addressing wealth and income disparities. By 2030, the nation seeks to eradicate poverty through the provision of employment opportunities and career progression plans. A grey area between the nation’s aspirations and actions in practice can be observed because the goals have not been achieved despite numerous efforts aimed at the upliftment of the B40 group. The nation is still way behind its targeted outcomes despite various policies being implemented, which could be attributed to the mismatch between government policies and that of organisational practice. Thus, this study explores the rationale of strategic government intervention in managing B40 talent in the IR4.0 era. Methods: A general qualitative inquiry method that used 11 semi-structured interviews was carried out with representatives of Malaysia’s policy makers’, training providers, and trainees. All Interview questions centred around measures, importance and outcomes of B40 youth training from a multi-stakeholder perspective. Data were thematically analysed in five stages using NVivo. Results: Training, which includes IR4.0 era digital skills, is the key to uplifting the B40 youth to eradicate poverty. Proactive measures are imperative in the success of B40 youth training towards poverty eradication. Conclusions: This study contributes to the existing literature and helps practitioners by addressing the current gap in Malaysia’s aspirations versus organisational practice. Stakeholders should formulate proactive strategies to ensure that the right trainees are matched with the right training providers and government policies. A linkage between government policies and industry requirements needs to be established as opposed to the present discontinuity. A structured training needs analysis should be applied through a collaboration between industries and governments. Then, B40 individuals commonly found in lower-level positions can be pooled into the career pathway towards a shift into M40.
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Guindon, Denis. "Les sources de la détérioration de la position relative des jeunes et des femmes sur le marché du travail au Québec." Articles 58, no. 4 (January 21, 2009): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/601030ar.
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Abstract This study analyzes the causes of unemployment fluctuations in Quebec since 1962 according to age and sex. The author distinguishes between the cyclical and structural component of unemployment rates. Referring to the expansionary peak of 1966, he establishes that 50% of the rise in the female unemployment rate is of structural matter, whereas 80% of the rise in the youth unemployment rate comes from the demand deficiency. The structural factors appear in two groups of variables: the socio-demographic variables (the baby boom and the rise in the female participation rate) and the policy variables which include the generosity index of the unemployment insurance program, the relative minimum wage, and the relative earnings in the public and parapublic sector. This study shows that the policy factors have played a prominent part inside the structural component of unemployment rates during the 70's, especially for young men. Nearly 60% of the increase in the global structural unemployment rate since 1962 has been attributed to the government policies analyzed in this study, and nearly 30% has been issued solely from the government wage policy. For the author, the most important step to jump in order to improve the employment situation in Quebec remains the elimination of the three percentage points of purely cyclical unemployment that persisted in 1980 and 1981 (7 to 9 in 1982). The second one would be to bring back the average earnings in the public and parapublic sector closer to the average earnings in the private sector. The introduction of these policies coupled with the demographic forecast of StatisticsCanada would give a better employment surrounding for youth, but would only slow down the increase in the female unemployment rates.
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Yami, Mastewal, Shiferaw Feleke, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Arega Alene, Zoumana Bamba, and Victor Manyong. "African Rural Youth Engagement in Agribusiness: Achievements, Limitations, and Lessons." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010185.
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Engaging rural youth in agribusiness has become an important strategy to create employment opportunities in Africa. To this end, governments and development partners have implemented various interventions that facilitate youth engagement in agribusiness for several years. However, there is a dearth of evidence on what worked and what did not work well, making it difficult to inform evidence-based policy making. In an effort to fill this knowledge gap, a comprehensive literature review of the outcomes of interventions related to youth engagement in agribusiness was conducted using a deductive coding approach. Results showed that the interventions implemented by governments and development partners across Africa have succeeded in producing favorable outcomes despite some limitations. Interventions that integrate capacity development, financial support for startups, and continuous mentorship on the technical and financial aspects of youth-run agribusiness projects proved successful in enhancing youth engagement in agribusiness. This suggests that the design and implementation of future interventions should be based on an integrated approach that considers diversity of youths’ aspirations and shared capabilities, interests, expectations, as well as challenges associated with access to resources and participation in collective action. The design of future interventions should also be built on strong partnerships among rural communities, academia, research, and private sector for increased impact on livelihood improvements.
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Arlow, Jonathan. "A JobBridge to nowhere: The National Internship Scheme as fast policy leading to bad policy." Administration 67, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2019-0014.
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AbstractJobBridge, the Irish National Internship Scheme, was a labour activation measure launched in July 2011, during a period of extreme economic crisis, and was marketed as a chance for young people to gain career experience in quality work placements. Over 60 per cent of participants found employment after leaving the scheme but it suffered from high deadweight losses and was widely criticised as exploitative during its existence. This was quite predictable, which leaves the puzzle as to why JobBridge was designed without more regulations to protect the entry-level jobs market and the interests of the unemployed? This paper will trace the processes behind this suboptimal decision-making. First, it will show the institutional factors influencing poor policy decisions on labour activation. Then it will explain the main incentives behind an under-regulated programme, which were the need to develop a workable scheme as quickly as possible and to do this without significant funding. Finally, it will show how the decision-making process prioritised the interests of the Labour Party, government, business and the concerned parents of unemployed youth over the interests of the unemployed.
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Daniel Tambi, Mbu, and Chuo Joshua Njuh. "Rural-Urban Migration and Unemployment Tendency." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v5i01.318.
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<p><em>The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration on unemployment tendency, while controlling for other variables. We make use of the instrumental variable approach and probit controlling for endogeneity to determine the relationship between rural-urban migration and unemployment. Cameroon labour force survey is used to estimate our results. Results shows that the likelihood of unemployment decreases among rural-urban migrates compared to their rural counterparts who do not migrate. By the same token, holders of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of are less likely to be unemployed relative to their counterparts with no education, respectively. </em><em>These findings have a number of policy implementations: the government could create an enabling environment for labour markets to work better for the youths seeking employment and could invest rationally on education to enable the youth become self-reliant instead of job seekers through skill development and training.</em></p>
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Michalska, Alicja. "Rynek pracy i system edukacyjny. Zarys problematyki." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.3.9.
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In Poland and other European Union member states, young people are disfavoured by employers in the labour market. This applies to the forms of employment (flexible and fixed- term contracts) and its financial conditions. In 2013, the unemployment rate among economically active population under the age of 25 in the EU was 23.1%, while in Poland it amounted to 27 %. The problems of the young people in the labour market include the mismatch of skills sought by employers and the ones mastered by potential employees, the limited number of new jobs, as well as the discriminatory practices of employers towards young people. Young people classified as NEET (not in employment, education, training) generate considerable social costs. In 2010, 16.5 % of individuals in the 18–24 group and 19.7 % in the 25 29 group in the EU were classified as NEETs. The EU supported the member states’ governments actions regarding young people via the Lisbon Strategy and the Europe 2020 Strategy. The EU also proposed a new model for flexible management of the labour market (the so-called flexicurity) to improve the efficiency of labour markets and to ensure more jobs while fostering social security of workers. In Poland, the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy implemented the government policy as well as the recommendations of the European Commission through the “Youth in the labour market” programme.
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Shcheblanova, V. V., L. V. Loginova, D. V. Zaitsev, and I. Yu Surkova. "Student civil activism: Risk of destructive manifestations in the Volga Region." RUDN Journal of Sociology 20, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-3-595-610.
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The article presents the results of the regional sociological study of the student youth civil activism and predicts the development of its destructive manifestations in the Volga Region. Civil activity is an integral component of renewal and social development, which is based on the multi-format and multi-vector activity of young people who strive for social transformations here and now. For some young people, activism became a kind of employment in offline and online formats. In some cases, destructive (even delinquent) civil activism of the youth is a response to an unfair, unlawful action or attitude, primarily of the authorities. Based on the theoretical ideas of structural functionalism, conflictological and interpretive approaches, the article reveals peculiarities of the youth activism in the Volga Region and presents their interpretation. The expert survey allowed to identify relationships between social injustice and civil activity. The authors also identified active dissemination of radical ideas at the grassroots level of everyday life, within everyday forms of interaction and under the decrease in public civil activity, which determines latent conflicts between the population and the government. The risk of an increase in social destructiveness is determined by the crisis of expectations of changes, unsolved social-economic problems, renaissance of socialist ideas that become popular among the youth, and an increase in the number of nonresident and especially foreign students. The student civil activity in the Volga Region focuses on the most pressing challenges at the federal and local levels. Sanctions against students participating in rallies and protest groups in social networks only stimulate the youths interest in protest activities. The region needs a youth policy responsive to the needs and demands of the youth and capable of creating a multi-format space for positive youth activism.
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Shogren, Karrie A., and Leslie A. Shaw. "The Impact of Personal Factors on Self-Determination and Early Adulthood Outcome Constructs in Youth With Disabilities." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 27, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044207316667732.
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Data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2 (NLTS2) were used to examine the impact of three personal factors—race/ethnicity, gender, and family income—on self-determination (i.e., autonomy, psychological empowerment, self-realization) and early adulthood outcome constructs. Findings suggest for those with high-incidence disabilities, family income predicts postsecondary education outcomes. And males with high-incidence disabilities have greater access to services and accommodations as adults, but lower use of financial supports (i.e., use of government support programs). African American youth across disability categories reported lower levels of financial independence. Females with intellectual disability reported greater social relationships but lower levels of financial support and employment. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.
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Kawamura, Yusuke. "Public Sector Employment as a Social Welfare Policy: The “Social Contract” and Failed Job Creation for Youth in Egypt." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 9, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477989211050707.
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Although the IMF and the World Bank have advocated public sector reforms for market-oriented economic development, Egyptian authoritarian leaders have avoided such reforms. Egypt maintains a large public sector with a significant number of young Egyptians among its ranks. However, the public sector has shortcomings such as overstaffed government departments, deteriorating working conditions, and employee protests. This study uses the “social contract” concept to understand why Egypt’s political leaders have preserved this inefficient institution. The logic of the “social contract” works under two conditions: generous welfare as the main source of the regime’s legitimacy and a lack of accurate information concerning the extent to which people can tolerate painful reforms under authoritarian rule. Contrary to the conventional understanding, a lack of democratic institutions imposes “shackles” upon authoritarian leaders rather than giving them wide discretion regarding policymaking and the manipulation of institutions for their survival. The findings thus offer important insights into the dynamics of authoritarianism.
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Thapa, Rabin, Shiva Chandra Dhakal, and Bikash Gurung. "Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Nepal: An Econometric Estimation." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 8 (September 9, 2022): 1586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i8.1586-1593.5358.
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Economic growth and employment are taken as the two major objectives of macroeconomic policy schema in both the developing as well as developed countries. This study aims to determine the relationship between the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate of Nepal using the time-series data from 1991-2020. Difference version approach, dynamic version approach and Granger causality test were used to study the relationship between the macroeconomic variables. The difference version and dynamic version approach showed non-significant results for the regression of unemployment rate on economic growth rate which implies that the unemployment rate is not significantly affected by the economic growth rate of Nepal. The Okun’s coefficient in the difference version was -0.057 and in the dynamic version approach it was -0.058. Thus, the Okun’s law doesn’t seem to hold in case of Nepal’s economy. The Granger causality test also revealed that the change in the unemployment rate is not a predictive variable of the GDP growth rate and vice versa. The non-significant relationship between the macroeconomic variables might thus be affected by other factors. Thus, it can be suggested to the government and policymakers to recuperate the ways of solving the unemployment by formulating economic policies that are more directed towards structural and labor market transformation. Tax reduction policy, increase in government spending, skill enhancement programs and youth employment subsidy can also be suggested.
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Ezeani, Elimma. "Barriers to graduate employment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 10, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 428–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-02-2017-0009.
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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the challenges faced by Nigerian university graduates youths, in finding suitable employment or in embarking on entrepreneurship ventures.Design/methodology/approachThe research investigates the barriers to graduate employment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria starting from the hypothesis that there are other factors besides scarcity of jobs responsible for unemployment in Nigeria. Data from two qualitative research activities were analysed and the results tested, to determine the extent to which the research findings supported the initial hypothesis.FindingsThe findings confirm the researcher’s hypothesis that there are a number of factors, the two main ones being poor government policy and investment in education and low skills and technical incompetence of graduates, which constitute barriers to employment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe findings are clear on the urgency to revisit the Nigerian education and skills curricula and its capacity to facilitate employment and entrepreneurship, and government policy-making in this regard.Originality/valueThis study bases its recommendations for addressing Nigeria’s high graduate unemployment on empirical direct engagement with the primary stakeholder, that is, the Nigerian graduate. It clearly identifies that it is not merely scarcity of jobs but a myriad of factors requiring the urgent attention of both public and private sectors that constitute barriers to graduate employment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
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Abadi, Mansurni, and Wulandari Wulandari. "Role of Social Activism Representative Board of Indonesian National Youth Committee (BP-KNPI) in Malaysia During Movement Control Order 2020-2021." Antroposen: Journal of Social Studies and Humaniora 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2022): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/antroposen.v1i2.4104.
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Through activism, community organization, and engagement in social movements, youth worldwide are becoming active actors, demonstrating their ability to influence society in times of crisis. In the context of Indonesian youth, especially those who are part of the diaspora community, attachment to fellow children of the nation is evidenced by social activism, as was the case in Malaysia during the movement control order between 2021 and 2022 through the representative body of the Indonesian Youth National Committee (BP-KNPI). Since its establishment on October 9, 2011, the Indonesian Youth National Committee (BP-KNPI), the representative body for Indonesian youth in Malaysia, has been proactive in playing its role as a second-track diplomatic force, advocating for youth and employment issues, and engaging in social activism to help Indonesian communities in Malaysia. During the pandemic period between March 2020 and December 2021, with the movement control order policy, the representative body of the Indonesian Youth National Committee (BP-KNPI) plays a role in social activism in three domains: (1) the field of employment by supporting the labour recalibration program, which repatriates illegal Indonesian workers in Malaysia (2). in the humanitarian realm by organising assistance from both internal and external parties, such as the Indonesian embassy in Kuala Lumpur; and (3). conducting second-track diplomacy to strengthen relations with the Malaysian Young Council and elements of the Malaysian government. In cyberspace, BP-KNPI Malaysia is also very active in raising solidarity and providing information related to recalibration programmes and social assistance through its members' potential as content creators and relationships with well-known media. Our research concludes that BP-KNPI Malaysia, as a youth civil society, has always been proactive in problem-solving during the pandemic through social activism in humanity, migrant workers from Indonesia, and legal literacy in cyberspace. BP-KNPI Malaysia also tactically implements the spirit of energy and harmony promoted by DPP-KNPI.
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Alhajeri, Ghanim. "Changing Behaviours and Its Theories to Achieve the Desire for Entrepreneurship in Future Generations in the UAE and Gulf Region." International Business Research 15, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v15n11p49.
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The Gulf region has been emerging as a prosperous hub of entrepreneurship and commercial innovation and is, at present, portraying continuous development. The success of this region is due to several different factors such as the size of the region, youth generation; digital economy; and its progressive access to technology. This study is a literature review and adopts a five-stage process to recruit studies that align with the aim of this study. The data was collected from journal articles, blogs, government websites, and articles from Google Scholar, Proquest, EBSCO, and EconLit. A total of 31 journal articles were reviewed and analyzed. This paper (1) identified variations in entrepreneurial activities, attitudes and perceptions, and aspirations among UAE youth; (2) explored factors defining the nature and level of UAE entrepreneurial work; and (3) presented the potential of entrepreneurship through education in the UAE; (4) need to strengthen technological transfers to entrepreneurial approach and networking opportunities. Initiatives taken by the UAE government in supporting entrepreneurial development were also presented and emphasized. Entrepreneurs are observed as a core aspect that encourages creativity and innovation, generates employment opportunities, and brings prosperity to society. This paper emphatically focuses on entrepreneurship research by presenting policy implications to improve UAE’s entrepreneurship in the country’s economy.
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Parola, Giulia. "Escape from parents' basement? Post COVID-19 scenarios for the future of youth employment in Italy." QUADERNI DI ECONOMIA DEL LAVORO, no. 111 (February 2021): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qua2020-111003.
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As one of the worst-affected European countries by COVID-19 experiences a slow return to normality, all eyes are on what lies ahead. The labor market implications generated by weeks of drastic lockdown might be far-reaching, and uncertainty about the future of jobs in Italy increases. In this time of significant changes, fleshing out a range of possible future developments could help mitigate part of the uncertainty by guiding decisions at an institutional level. This research employs an intuitive logics approach (IL) to scenario development, which is particularly suited to support decision-making (Kosow and Gaßner, 2008) by deriving the implications of different courses of action. Following the IL method, this study appoints 17 experts to qualify the driving forces of youth employoment in Italy according to their level of uncertainty and impact. The results of this paper are four plausible scenarios derived from the intersection of the two highly uncertain and impactful driving forces most likely to be affected by COVID-19: the state of the economy and a skills mismatch between labor demand and supply. Although all four scenarios foresee a negative impact of the crisis on the labor market, this work shows how the government, its agencies, and supranational institutions might mitigate adverse effects by designing and implementing youth skills interventions. This research contributes to the efforts of the academic community in response to the current emergency by improving our understanding of policy options in the Italian labor market context.