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Zainieva, Lilia, Aigul Abzhapparova, and Elmira Suimbayeva Suimbayeva. "Youth Vector of Europe: Strategic, State and International Communication." Rhetoric and Communications, no. 54 (January 30, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55206/nnuh7157.
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Abstract. The article emphasizes that the implementation of youth policy depends on many factors, primarily on its implementation at all levels: international, regional and national. This article is devoted to the study of youth policy issues in line with the last two levels. It is based on the materials of the European Union and a number of states in this region. Such issues as the creation and establishment of the activities of pan-European structures are being considered. Moreover, this process is analyzed not only at the level of state bodies, but also non-governmental organizations, especially youth. Special attention is paid to international cooperation in the field of youth policy. A significant part of the article is occupied by materials related to work among young people in specific European countries. They summarize the experience in the field of education, employment and other main areas of the young generation's life, highlight the features of this experience in order to use it by other states. The analysis showed that European countries have accumulated sufficient potential in working with young people. The achievements of the European Union as a whole are also of interest, especially in the development of integration processes, the unification of organizational, legal and material resources. Key words: youth, Youth 2030 Strategy, level of youth policy, international cooperation, education, employment, Council of Europe, European Union.
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Lewis, Paul, and Jason Heyes. "The changing face of youth employment in Europe." Economic and Industrial Democracy 41, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x17720017.
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This article examines trends in youth employment across the EU-15 countries during 2002–2006 and 2007–2011. Drawing upon microdata from the EU Labour Force Survey it examines changes in contract type, hours worked and occupation by level of education. Although the financial crisis creates a discontinuity in numbers employed, and despite certain country specificities, the authors observe common structural changes across the two periods. They find an increasing shift from permanent full-time to temporary part-time contracts, the ‘hollowing out’ of traditional mid-skill level occupations and evidence of ‘occupational filtering down’ whereby the higher-educated are substituted for the lower-educated in low-skilled occupations. The authors observe some growth in ‘professionals’ following the crisis, but little evidence of the rise of a new knowledge economy. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate policy approaches to education and training and labour market regulation if European nations are to provide high-quality employment opportunities for their young people.
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Stasiuk, Nazar, and Tetiana Kharchuk. "Raising youth unemployment as one of the consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, no. 2 (December 2021): 238–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.02.328.
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For studying the excess of youth unemployment in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions, the authors hypothesized the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups. The aim of the study is to formulate proposals for reducing youth unemployment in Europe and selected world regions in accordance with the identified specific causes of this phenomenon. The main objectives of the study are: - consideration of macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions in 2015 to 2020 and the peculiarities of their interconnection; - identification of the most specific causes of youth unemployment excess in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions; - formation of proposals for reducing youth unemployment and justification of their feasibility. To achieve the purpose, special and general scientific methods were used, including: graphic method, comparison, formalization, systematization, generalization, induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis. Based on a study of employment in selected world regions in 2015 to 2020, it was found that there is a significant excess of youth unemployment compared to the general unemployment rate. However, unemployment may be less of a problem for young people than for adults, as it tends to be shorter. Moreover, young people may simply change jobs more often, so the higher unemployment rate observed is mainly functional and therefore not particularly harmful. Reducing youth unemployment is a difficult task, but complete inaction in this area or attempts to solve unemployment problems in other age groups at the expense of youth employment can lead to more severe economic consequences. In general, the hypothesis of the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups, is proven. Among the main motives prompting scientists to further study the problems of youth unemployment are the economic and social difficulties that the economically active population faces when they lose their jobs. In the future, concrete steps can be developed by states in the framework of employment policy, which can include individual counseling procedures, as well as systemic interventions based on the analysis of social circles in which young people are involved (for example, families and couples, not just individuals). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions is examined. In particular, the dynamics of real GDP and employment rates during 2012-2020 are reflected. It was found that young workers in Europe were more prone to job losses during the crisis than the elderly population. However, the downward trend in youth employment affects not only Europe but also other regions of the world, including developing countries, where youth unemployment can be three times higher than the general rate. A number of reasons for low youth employment are identified, including a barrier to entry the labor market due to the lack of experience, insecurity of jobs, high frequency of voluntary dismissals and a tendency of youth unemployment towards over-cyclicality.
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Tosun, Jale, Felix Hörisch, and Paulo Marques. "Youth employment in Europe: Coordination as a crucial dimension." International Journal of Social Welfare 28, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12403.
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Baranowska, Anna, and Michael Gebel. "THE DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT IN THE ENLARGED EUROPE." European Societies 12, no. 3 (July 2010): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616690903165434.
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Ayllón, Sara. "Youth Poverty, Employment, and Leaving the Parental Home in Europe." Review of Income and Wealth 61, no. 4 (April 2, 2014): 651–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12122.
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Zbrytska, Tetyana, and Vladislav Minin. "Problems of youth in the labor market in modern conditions." Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, no. 2(77) (June 30, 2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33987/vsed.2(77).2021.55-65.
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The article investigates a modern state of youth employment in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to consider of youth segment in the labor market, to study the dynamics of youth employment in recent years and to develop proposals for improving the state of youth employment in Ukraine. Current trends in youth employment and unemployment in the labor market are analyzed. In the process of analysis, such methods of scientific research as analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization were used, which made it possible to ensure the validity of the study. Based on the results of youth employment issues analysis, the main problems faced by young people in finding a job (specific problems in the youth segment of the labor market) are determined, namely: imperfection of the legal framework that regulates labor relations; young people after graduation cannot put their skills and abilities into practice; imbalance in the professional and qualification structure of the labor supply, which does not correspond to the demand in the labor market; lack of professional experience among young people; gender inequality by sex and age; labor migration due to the non-competitiveness of wages in Ukraine compared to wages in Europe. For a systematic solution to the problems of youth labor market, it is necessary to improve the existing mechanism for increasing the level of youth employment, thereby a new impetus will appear for the development of the Ukrainian economy. The main directions of improving the state regulation of the youth segment of the labor market in Ukraine are proposed, namely: the creation of effective interaction between public employment agencies, business and education. An improvement and systemic implementation of the mechanism for increasing youth employment will reduce the outflow of labor force abroad and ensure the competitiveness of the national economy in the long term.
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Sava, Simona. "FROM EDUCATIONAL POLICIES TO ACTUAL PRACTICES: YOUNG NEETS IN ROMANIA." Journal of Pedagogy - Revista de Pedagogie LXVIII, no. 2 (December 2020): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26755/revped/2020.2/105.
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According to Eurostat data, the young NEETs (Not in education, employment or training) rate in Romania is one of the highest in Europe. It ranks 4th in Europe in 2019 (after Italy, Greece, and Slovenia) (Eurostat, 2020), with 11.5% for men, and 27.8% for women (while the EU average is 12.2% for men, and 20.8% for women). In addition, Romania has one of the highest rates of ’other NEETs’, not registered by public employment agencies: only 4.8% were registered in 2018, and received the NEETs benefits (CE, 2018). Recent data show the low performance of Romania in monitoring the school to work transition of youths, in accessing the European funds to support young people entering the labor market, or for offering the Youth Guarantee (Beadle et al., 2020). Even so, Romania, like all other member states, cannot afford to lose the youth capital, while it faces sharp population ageing and outgoing migration. During the last decade, we saw emerging a strong know-how for understanding and addressing the NEETs issue. Reflecting on the research data from different reports and studies, from various findings in large scale H2020 research and innovation projects on NEETs, the paper elaborates on proactive or remedial integrative solutions for improving the situation of young NEETs in Romania, building up on the good practices in atracting NEETs, at national and European level, while using the theoretical framework of the governmentality studies applied to the youth field (Besley, 2010).
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Vysotskaya, Volha, Máté Kun, Petronella Doszpoly, Zsuzsanna Dabasi-Halász, and Katalin Lipták. "Youth transition to the labour market during employment mobility. Employment and inequality of young people in Europe." Tér és Társadalom 31, no. 4 (November 23, 2017): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17649/tet.31.4.2888.
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Transition from study to work is considered as the end of youth. How do young people prepare to enter the labour market? What are the strategies young people utilise to become employed if it occurs in another country, as in the case of employment mobility? To answer these questions, the proposed article focuses on how young people move and enter the employment in other destination countries. Alongside with the literature on youth and transition we also observe that young people equally experience challenges of matching their skills in the destination countries. They relate to inequalities on the job market depending on their skills, their qualifications, the type of jobs, their working experiences, etc. The discussions in this paper thus first touch upon the topic of inequality with regard to the process of recruitment and becoming employed. Second, they draw attention to the inferior positioning that young people are prepared to put themselves into when entering the labour market for the first time and emphasise the fact that young people often experience discrimination and unequal treatment when they complete education and apply for jobs, on the grounds of being young and inexperienced. As a result, such a positioning often puts young people in a vulnerable situation, which they accept and endure as long as they are promised work. Furthermore, by focusing on how young people enter the labour market in the receiving country, the paper also explores strategies that young people apply for being employed, becoming integrated in the labour market, overcoming inequalities in employment and finding ways to cope with these challenges in the labour market, as well as their own social lives in the destination country.
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Ermolieva, Eleonora. "The Spanish youth: the plight today and uncertain perspective for tomorrow." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-1-34-40.
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Recent studies reveal that a significant part of the European youth is still in difficult circumstances as a result of the protracted economic crisis. The situation is particularly hard in the south of Europe, where the level of youth un-employment is still high, and it seems uncertain whether it improves in the future. In addition, there is a growth in the share of so-called NEET generation, i.e. young people neither in employment nor in education or training. It leads to a dramatic waste of national human capital. Statistical data proves that the Spanish case study is one of the most complicated.
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Berloffa, Gabriella, Alina Şandor, Mark Smith, and Paola Villa. "Youth employment trajectories and labour market reforms during the Great Recession in Europe." Sinappsi 11, no. 1 (2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53223/sinappsi_2021-01-1.
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The Great Recession had profound consequences for the quantity and quality of work for young people in European countries. Usual labour market indicators capture only some crisis effects, highlighting the need for a more dynamic and nuanced approach. As a result, this paper adopts an innovative approach to both the analysis of the integration of young adults (aged 17-34) on to the labour market and the study of the relationship between the labour market performance and policy making. La Grande Recessione generò un forte impatto sulla quantità e la qualità del lavoro dei giovani adulti nei paesi dell’Europa. Gli indicatori convenzionali del mercato del lavoro catturano solo alcuni degli effetti prodotti dalla crisi, sollecitando un approccio dinamico più variegato. Su questa strada si muove l’articolo, adottando un approccio innovativo sia all’analisi dell’integrazione dei giovani adulti (17-34 anni) nel mercato del lavoro sia allo studio della relazione tra le condizioni occupazionali e l’attività di riforma delle politiche del lavoro.
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Kvieskienė, Giedrė, Ilze Ivanova, Karmen Trasberg, Viktorija Stasytytė, and Eglė Celiešienė. "Modelling of Social Policy and Initiatives under COVID-19: Rural NEET Youth Case Study." Social Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100393.
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NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) youth rates in Europe are generally higher in rural regions than in urban areas and the share in rural regions is constantly increasing. During the COVID-19 pandemic, young people became even more vulnerable as they experienced social exclusion and mental health problems. The objective of this paper is to analyse NEET youth-related statistics in Europe and distinguish positive initiatives for young people in rural areas of the Baltic countries to encourage positive emotions and willingness to learn. Statistical analysis and case study methods were employed. Data on youth unemployment, NEET youth by age and gender, and poverty and social exclusion of young people, is analysed. Social policy initiatives in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, mainly from rural municipalities, are presented and discussed. This research determines the key issues related to NEET youth and proposes initiatives to overcome existing problems among young people. Such social initiatives aim to promote positive social emotions of youth, promote their inclusion in society, and foster regional sustainability.
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Petreski, Marjan. "Public provision of employment support services to youth jobseekers." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 6 (September 3, 2018): 820–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2017-0078.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if public provision of employment support services to youth leads to reduced informality and increased wages in transition economies. Design/methodology/approach The author uses the school-to-work transition data sets of the International Labor Organization for seven transition economies of Southeast Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The author focuses on two econometric issues: the selectivity into informal employment and the endogeneity of the public employment support service provision with respect to informal employment and wages. The authors achieves identification by employing internal regressors which are uncorrelated with the product of heteroskedastic errors, a-la Lewbel (2012), as the author could not prove the external validity of the commonly used external instruments in similar contexts. Findings Results suggest that the public provision of employment support services matters for relegating informal employment, but not for wages, in general. Placement in education or training programs is most powerful in reducing informal employment among the four different employment support services, while only advice for job search works positively for wages probably through enabling better match. Social implications Increasing budget allocations, varying the array of public employment support measures, enhanced targeting, and advancement of the profiling system may significantly contribute to strengthening the public employment support service effect on youth employment in transition economies. Originality/value The paper brings a couple of novelties to the current literature. First, it is among the early papers dealing with the issue of informality, public employment support service and labor market prospects of youth in general in a rigorous manner. Second, it fills an important gap for transition economies which were less researched due to the long-lasting transition process as well due to data scarcity. Third, it utilizes the recently collected School-to-Work Transition Surveys (SWTS). Finally, and likely most importantly, it thoroughly addresses the issues of selectivity bias and endogeneity of PESS by utilizing a recent approach of Lewbel (2012) whereby internally generated variables are used as instruments. Hence, the paper accounts for the endogeneity stemming from unobservables in a novel manner, contrary to the common approaches in the literature based either on propensity score matching addressing selectivity on observables only, or relying on commonly used instruments in the labor market literature – mainly regional employment variables – whose external validity is easily disputed.
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Speckesser, Stefan Sonke, Francisco Jose Gonzalez Carreras, and Laura Kirchner Sala. "Active labour market policies for young people and youth unemployment." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 8 (November 4, 2019): 1510–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2018-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative estimates on the impact of active labour market policy (ALMP) on youth unemployment in Europe based on a macroeconomic panel data set of youth unemployment, ALMP and education policy variables and further country-specific characteristics on labour market institutions and the broader demographic and macroeconomic environment for all EU-Member States. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow the design of an aggregate impact analysis, which aims to explain the impact of policy on macroeconomic variables like youth employment and unemployment (see Bellmann and Jackman, 1996). This follows the assumption that programmes, which are effective in terms of improving individual employment opportunities, are going to make a difference on the equilibrium of youth unemployment. Findings The findings show that both wage subsidies and job creation are reducing aggregate youth unemployment, which is in contrast to some of the surveys of microeconomic studies indicating that job creation schemes are not effective. This finding points towards the importance to assist young people making valuable work experience, which is a benefit from job creation, even if this experience is made outside regular employment and/or the commercial sector. Research limitations/implications In terms of the variables to model public policy intervention in the youth labour market, only few indicators exist, which are consistently available for all EU-Member States, despite much more interest and research aiming to provide an exhaustive picture of the youth labour market in Europe. The only consistently available measures are spending on ALMP as a percentage of gross domestic product (in the different programmes) and participation stocks and entries by type of intervention. Practical implications The different effects found for the 15–19 year olds, who seem to benefit from wage subsidies, compared to the effect of job creations benefitting the 20–24 year olds, might relate to the different barriers for both groups to find employment. Job creation programmes seem to offer this group an alternative mechanism to gain valuable work experience outside the commercial sector, which could help form a narrative of positive labour market experience. In this way, job creation should be looked more positively at when further developing ALMP provision, especially for young people relatively more distant to engagement in regular employment. Social implications Improving the situation of many millions of young Europeans failing to find gainful employment, and more generally suffering from deprivation and social exclusion, has been identified as a clear priority for policy both at the national level of EU-Member States and for EU-wide initiatives. With this study, the authors attempt to contribute to the debate about the effectiveness of policies which combat youth unemployment by estimating the quantitative relationship of ALMP and other institutional features and youth unemployment. Originality/value To research the relationship between youth unemployment and ALMP, the authors created a macroeconomic database with repeated observations for all EU-Member States for a time series (1998–2012). The authors include variables on country demographics and the state of the economy as well as variables describing the labour market regimes from Eurostat, i.e. the flexibility of the labour market (part-time work and fixed-term employment as a percentage of total employment) and the wage setting system (level and coordination of bargaining and government intervention in wage bargaining).
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Dhakal, Subas P., Julia Connell, and John Burgess. "Inclusion and work: addressing the global challenges for youth employment." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 37, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-12-2017-0290.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the key global challenges relating to youth employment and consider some ways that they may be addressed to allow their inclusion in the contemporary workplace. Also, the paper provides a brief introduction and rationale for the other five articles comprising this special issue volume. Design/methodology/approach The approach concerns a review of the relevant literature and reports on the topic. Findings The challenges outlined in this paper and the others in this special issue volume emphasise the need for much more work to be done to address the current global challenges relating to youth unemployment. It points to: the difficulties many young workers face in taking the first step towards gaining employment; the need for stakeholder collaboration towards future policy investment as well as strategy implementation and integration. Originality/value To date, much of the research that has been conducted on the challenges of youth employment and inclusion appears to have focussed on Europe and the USA. This special issue volume includes countries that have been less researched to date: Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates, thus adding to current understanding of the topic in those contexts.
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Barszcz, Patryk. "NEET- social group of young people, who is at risk of social and professional exclusion." Studia z Teorii Wychowania X, no. 2 (27) (June 30, 2019): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5750.
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In this article was presented casus of NEET in youth in current Polish society. This term is used when we say about Youth at the age of 15 to 29, who is not active in labour market. NEETs are not in employment, education or training. The main aim of this work was to present the phenomenon of NEET in reference to social exlusion. It was made an analysis of NEET in Europe in last dacade 2007-2017. This article also presented the causes and effects of this style of live in Youth people. The main bibliography was reports from Eurostat, which informed about situation of Youth in labour market and periodical of social exclusion.
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O.G., Honcharenko, and Sirenko K. Yu. "Current trends in youth employment in Ukraine." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences 2020, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjeducation.2020.02.038.
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The relevance of the scientific article topic is due to the growing importance of human capital as a major factor in economic growth, so higher education is becoming an important means of forming a new generation of qualified personnel and the development of intellectual capital. As a basis for the formation of human capital, education is related to the functioning of the labor market. The imbalance in the development of higher education and the labor market causes both a surplus of specialists in certain areas of training and a shortage of highly qualified personnel in some specialties. Scientists consider human capital from the standpoint of economic asset, which is formed by investing in education and training of the worker, and contributes to the specific effect associated with the involvement in material production of economically active labor. The purpose of the article is to assess the state of the national labor market and study the share of economically active population by level of education, identify existing problems and the ways of their solving. The results of the study. The training of skilled labor in Ukraine is suboptimal and does not meet the needs of the domestic labor market, which requires their synchronization. Despite the decline in the main quantitative indicators of higher education coverage, over the last ten years about 70% of students have become students of higher educational institutions and Ukraine ranks fifth position in Europe and twelfth position in the world in terms of higher education coverage. It is established that the shortage of personnel trained to work in the new socio-economic conditions is an objective reason for changing the structure of specialties for which training is carried out, and the chronic lack of funding for higher education forces to expand enrollment in social sciences and humanities disciplines which attract students. The main reasons for informal employment are the imperfection of organizational, managerial and regulatory mechanisms of the labor market, employment, imbalance in the labor market and educational services, which do result in changes in the quantitative and qualitative structure of the labor market and personnel skills mismatch. In this context, the optimization of public procurement and funding of training in higher education institutions remains relevant. It is investigated that in addition to the formal signal of professional competencies in the form of a diploma, the employer considers the presence of job applicants “soft skills”, which are considered non-specialized, between professional skills that allow professionals to adapt to new conditions, perform non-standard tasks to change the field of employment. Conclusions. Ukraine’s national economy could be more productive if the state focused on ensuring the productive potential of young people. “The positive effects of public investment in youth employment can be enhanced by ensuring that young workers have the necessary skills. In this sense, linking infrastructure investment to labor market policies will help increase the number and quality of jobs for young people” [10]. The research shows that in Ukraine the quality of training in the system of higher educational institutions does not fully meet the needs of the national labor market, which causes a high level of unemployment of their graduates. As a result, Ukraine is losing the factors of economic growth – human and intellectual capital, which migrates abroad not realizing itself in the country. Thus, it requires new approaches to the development of the higher education system and in modern conditions higher educational institutions should intensify activities aimed at strengthening cooperation between business and employers in maximizing the adaptation of educational programs to the needs of the national economy which are extremely popular with domestic experts. Key words: labor market, human capital, labor resources, unemployment.
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Karabchuk, Tatiana. "Job Instability and Fertility Intentions of Young Adults in Europe: Does Labor Market Legislation Matter?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220910419.
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Total birth rates have fallen dramatically in many European countries during the last 40 years. Job and income instability caused by labor market polarization are significant drivers of declining birth rates because employment certainty and stability are crucial to childbirth planning among young adults. This article investigates the impact of job instability on the fertility intentions of young adults in Europe, focusing on employment protection legislation (EPL) in European countries. I use data from twenty-seven countries that participated in the European Social Survey in 2004 and 2010 to show that job instability measured as temporary employment, informal work, and unemployment decreases fertility intentions among European youth regardless of the EPL in the country. Unemployed young adults tend to plan less for having their first child in the countries with high EPL. Contrary to the hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that young people in temporary or informal employment in countries with low EPL show decreases in their fertility intentions.
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Thomas, Kevin J. A., and Christopher Inkpen. "Foreign Student Emigration to the United States: Pathways of Entry, Demographic Antecedents, and Origin-Country Contexts." International Migration Review 51, no. 3 (September 2017): 789–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12265.
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This study uses data from various sources to examine the determinants of trends in international student migration to the United States. Our results highlight the differential contributions to these trends made by various entry pathways. For example, we find that the overall growth was driven by students using visas that offered the least possibility of US employment following the completion of their studies. We also find that overall student migration trends were significantly affected by global demographic changes. For example, student emigration from Europe was negatively affected by declining fertility trends, percentage of youths, and youth population size. In Asia and Africa, contrasting demographic trends explained the substantial student migration increases observed from these regions. Increases in youth population size had a particularly positive effect on student migration in contexts of economic growth. Finally, the analysis finds a declining significance of English language contexts for fueling overall student migration trends.
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Samuk Carignani, Sahizer, Emilia Kmiotek-Meier, Birte Nienaber, and Volha Vysotskaya. "Introduction to Special Issue on Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative Perspectives." Migration Letters 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.641.
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Where does youth mobility stand in the complex picture of diverse types of inequalities that affect youth and the content of their mobilities? In the light of this question, with this special issue, we look at the hindering and fostering factors in the mobility of young people, and examine different facets of mobility (social networks, transnational activities, agency, gender, household decisions) in different types of mobility (considering mobility for volunteering, vocational education and training, higher education including both credit and degree mobility, and employment). The analysis presented in the papers of this special issue will enable the identification of inequalities accompanying youth mobility at different levels. The articles in this issue reveal that when it comes to possibilities for becoming mobile, many other types of inequalities apart from the solely economic ones must be considered (Oxfam, 2016, p. 7; Hargittai and Hinnant 2008), including legal, political, social, moral inequalities (White, 2007) together with gender inequality. This special issue on “Inequalities and Youth Mobilities in Europe from Comparative Perspectives” serves the purpose of revealing how diverse types of inequalities can exist within seemingly equal societies.
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Oţoiu, Adrian, and Emilia Țiţan. "How do Romanian Youths Fare in Their Journey from School to Work?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0033.
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Abstract The paper attempts to present a comprehensive picture of the main characteristics of Romanian university-educated youths in their journey to employment. The persisting demographic decline and significant labor shortages point out to the importance of having an effective transition from school to work (as reflected in several Europe 2020 policy targets) so that youth and young adult cohorts are able to contribute to the Romanian economy to the full extent of their abilities. Analysis of the latest data available reveals that Romanian university graduates’ path to employment often involves a complete switch from study to work. Despite a lack of previous work experience, they enjoy high employment rates, relatively long job tenure that starts on, or shortly after, graduation, and have jobs that match their education. They also tend to be proactive in their job search and over 90% are not willing to change residence in order to start employment. Inactivity patterns that consider both work and education, and early leavers from education show significant fluctuations during the economic cycle. Results indicate the strong and weak areas with respect to labor market integration of youths and young adults, and can provide a starting point for policies to optimize their successful integration. It also points out to potential research areas to address key aspects of transitions from school to work that may clarify unsolved issues and guide effective policy interventions.
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Kalleberg, Arne L. "Labor Market Uncertainties and Youth Labor Force Experiences: Lessons Learned." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220913861.
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Labor market uncertainties have plagued all countries in recent years, but young workers have borne the brunt of these uncertainties. Liberalization of labor markets has transformed work, creating a variety of nonstandard employment relations as well as increasing the number of people who do not have traditional employers. Macro social, political, and economic forces have also made it harder for young adults to gain solid footholds in the labor market. The articles in this issue of The ANNALS present empirical evidence about labor market uncertainties and youth labor force experiences from diverse regions of the world, both in the Global North and Global South: Asia (China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Caucasus and Central Asia); Latin/South America (Mexico, Brazil); Eastern Europe (Lithuania); Western Europe; and the United States. In this epilogue, I summarize the main insights from the articles and draw some broader conclusions about the future of labor market policies to address concerns related to workers’ insecurities and uncertainties.
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Assmann, Marie-Luise, and Sven Broschinski. "Mapping Young NEETs Across Europe: Exploring the Institutional Configurations Promoting Youth Disengagement from Education and Employment." Journal of Applied Youth Studies 4, no. 2 (April 2021): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43151-021-00040-w.
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AbstractOver the past decade, the number of young people neither in employment, education, or training (NEET) has reached a seriously high level in many European countries. Previous studies have illustrated the heterogeneity of this group and that they differ considerably across Europe. However, the reasons of these cross-country differences have hardly been investigated so far. This study explores how the rates of different NEET subgroups are conditioned by various institutional configurations by applying fuzzy-set Quantitative Comparative Analysis for 26 European countries using aggregated EU Labour Force Survey data from 2018. The analysis reveals that institutional causes of being NEET are as diverse as the group itself. Thus, high levels of young NEETs with care responsibilities are found in countries with a lack of family-related services in conjunction with weak formalised long-term care as it is true in mostly Central Eastern European countries. In contrast, high rates of NEETs with a disability are prevalent mainly in Northern European countries where generous and inefficient disability benefit schemes exist that create false incentives to stay away from the labour market. Finally, high proportions of unemployed and discouraged young NEETs are found in those countries hit hardest by the crisis and with high labour market rigidities, low vocational specificity, and a lack of active labour market policies like in the Southern and some Central Eastern European countries. The results illustrate that young people face very different barriers across Europe and that country-specific measures must be taken to reduce the number of NEETs in Europe.
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Bartosh, Olena P., Bohdanna G. Hvozdetska, Nataliia I. Varha, Yana V. Zoska, and Nataliia A. Nikon. "Professional socialization of youth in Central and Eastern Europe." Perspectives of Science and Education 48, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32744/pse.2020.6.9.
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Professional orientation of young people, the formation of their interests and needs is an important component of the socialization process. Crisis phenomena are manifested in the contradiction between organized and spontaneous processes of professional socialization, an increase in the rate of unemployment among young people, modern demands of young people and the real level of career guidance work, vocational training and employment of young people, which became the basis for researching the processes of professional socialization of young people. The sample consisted of 2315 respondents, of which 934 respondents were interviewed in Hungary according to the quota sample, 1381 respondents according to the probabilistic sample in Slovakia, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. The research was carried out using a student survey (in cooperation with the Center for Research and Development of Higher Education, University of Debrecen (CHERD-Hungary)). The results of the study indicate that young people come to a situation of choosing a profession without a certain motivation, knowledge about the world of professions, having vague ideas about their future profession. Graduates rely on the opinions of others, are influenced by parents or teachers. The result is often a false choice of a future profession. Hungarian (77,5%), Romanian (75,7%) and Serbian (76,3%) students are the most independent in making decisions about studying in higher education; Ukrainian students (50,8%) who are guided by on the opinion of parents and teachers. A common feature for Ukrainian, Hungarian, Serbian and Romanian students is the enrichment of their knowledge (average score 3,28) and a prestigious, well-paid job (average score 3,05), for Slovak students the most characteristic motive for getting an education is budget funding (2,94 points) and the requirement of graduates by employers (2,0 points). It has been determined that young people have a high willingness to work to ensure their own material well-being. The prospect of further research is the development of recommendations for strengthening work in the field of vocational guidance for young people, contributing to the solution of the issue of devaluation of professional values.
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Holleran, Max. "The ‘lost generation’ of the 2008 crisis: Generational memory and conflict in Spain." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318817907.
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Since the 2008 crisis, youth unemployment in Southern Europe has hindered a return to social and economic stability: in Spain, the young and unemployed are sometimes referred to as a ‘lost generation’. This article investigates how rampant youth unemployment in Spain has darkened expectations for the country’s future inside the European Union (EU) as well as altered views of the past. Using interviews with jobless young people, the article argues that the severity and duration of the 2008 crisis has prompted historical revisionism. Age cohorts often organise around pivotal events and the article shows how young people have questioned the success of democratisation (1980s) and European integration (1990s), causing a growing rift with their parents’ generation. Finally, it explores generational conflict in Spain through three interconnected experiences of unemployment: returning to live with parents, urban to rural migration for a lower cost of living, and emigration to Northern Europe for employment.
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Dunsch, Sophie. "Okun’s Law and Youth Unemployment in Germany and Poland." International Journal of Management and Economics 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0003.
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Abstract Unemployment rates, especially among youth, have increased in various countries of Europe over the last years. This paper examines changes in youth unemployment in Germany and Poland with Okun’s law, testing that young employees are more vulnerable to the business cycle. I estimate country specific Okun coefficients for five different age cohorts. The results show that youth in Poland is more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations than adults, while in Germany the difference between the age cohorts is not that distinctive. In addition, cohort differences in Germany are not statistically significant, while they are significant in Poland but only with regard to the two oldest age cohorts. A further examination of the different labor market institutions affecting youth employment suggests long-term policy recommendations extending beyond GDP growth, such as structural reforms in education, as well as job-search assistance as short-term recommendation.
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Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia, Jan Skrobanek, Birte Nienaber, Volha Vysotskaya, Sahizer Samuk, Tuba Ardic, Irina Pavlova, et al. "Why is it so hard? And for whom? Obstacles to intra-European mobility." Migration Letters 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.627.
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Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed broadly, less attention has been paid to the obstacles for the youth who are already on the move. We offer this rare perspective in regard to intra-European mobility. We focus on youth in four types: pupil mobility, vocational (education and training) mobility, higher education student (degree and credit) mobility and employment mobility, in six countries: Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Spain. Our analysis, based on qualitative (140 interviews) and quantitative (N=1.682) data, reveals that the perceived obstacles vary between the mobility types, with the greatest divergence between the educational and work-related mobilities. Obstacles such as lack of financial resources and guidance, the perceived incompatibility of institutional regulations within Europe, are shared by all mobile youth.
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Riabovolyk, Tetiana, Ilona Androshchuk, and Nataliia Pitel. "EMPLOYMENT OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE DURING THE WAR: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS." Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, no. 3 (December 2, 2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2022-3-9.
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This paper describes the pecularities of employment of refugees from Ukraine in the European countries during the war. The main directions of migration of refugees are analyzed. It is established that the most refugees are located in Poland. The main features of the employment of Ukrainian refugees in Poland, the fields of their employment, were studied. The main trends in the development of the labor market are analyzed, taking into account the forced migration of Ukrainians. The peculiarities of the rights of Ukrainians in Poland after their arrival on February 24, 2022 were studied. The results of a survey of Ukrainians regarding the conditions of their stay in Poland, impressions of the key areas of life are presented. It was established that the influx of refugees from Ukraine to Europe is the largest wave of migration since the Second World War. It has been established that the level of education and qualifications of Ukrainian refugees is quite high, and that is why they quickly find work in Europe. As a result, this wave of migration could have a negative effect on the labour potential of Ukraine, given the high probability of non-return of Ukrainain refugees, especially for youth.
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Sardak, Sergii E., Kateryna V. Shymanska, Alla P. Girman, and Oleksandr P. Krupskyi. "International youth migration: features, tendencies, regulation prospects." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 2 (July 18, 2021): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112133.
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The article examines the global and regional issues of international youth migration. The obtained results are most interesting for those regions where the population is shrinking and aging with a rising need to involve youth for educational services and local labor markets, or vice versa, for those losing youth due to their emigration. It is emphasized that youth create an economically active social group, which volume and quality significantly affect the country’s development. During the global migration trends identification, the authors identified the international youth migration flows’ differences and features. The paper notes that the global trends in the international youth migration development include: increase in volume and percentage of youth in the overall number of migrants and the local population; growth of youth migrants in more developed regions and high-income countries; the dominance of migratory centers for youth in Oceania, North America, and Europe; formation of powerful centers of migration of intellectual young labor resources in the UAE, Canada, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The available formational policy in youth migration regulation, on the example of India, China, Taiwan, Japan, USA, and Western Europe, is studied. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration flows is considered, including changes in international migration in 2020. Based on the UN data analysis on age groups of migrants within geographical regions, it was determined that the prerequisite for such a structure of migration centers is a high level of migratory attractiveness. Such migration-center structure is also explained by the significant level of cross-regional migration, as in the localized regions, their factors of «attraction-repulsion» are formed. It is stressed out that increas- ing military and political instability has led to the uphill of forced youth migrants. The paper proposes the flow optimization directions of international youth migration by formulating the link between migration policy and elements of other integration policies on migrant youth (employment policy, social, educational, information and security policies).
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Goglio, Valentina, and Roberto Rizza. "Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe: does gender matter?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 1/2 (March 12, 2018): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2017-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labour market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries – Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and Norway – that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis, the authors investigate the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and the effect of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status. Findings Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition. Originality/value The paper contributes to existing literature by: focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognised as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women.
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Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean, and Yi Yang. "Labor Market Uncertainties for Youth and Young Adults: An International Perspective." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220913487.
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A crisis for youth labor market conditions has been building globally for more than two decades, reflected in the persistently high rates of youth unemployment around the world, which is about three times as high as that for adults. About one in five young people are not in education, employment, or training, and a large share of young adults are working in the informal economy or in precarious conditions. This volume includes a collection of thirteen articles that examine the causes, patterns, and consequences of labor market uncertainties for youth and young adults in Europe, Latin/South America, the United States, and Asia, as well as a concluding article. They reveal vast inequalities among young people, with those having the least education and lowest skills, females, those with low family socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic minorities, and migrants being the most vulnerable. In this introduction, we describe the global trends and regional variation in labor market conditions for young people, explicate the importance of integrating young people into labor markets, and summarize the findings and policy implications of these articles.
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DRUZHYNINA, Viktoriia, Yuliia VIEDIENINA, Lesia SAKUN, and Ganna LIKHONOSOVA. "Creative Analysis of Innovation as a Catalizer of Socialization of Structural Change." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n2p349.
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The multiple analysis of rate of dependency between innovative processes and structural labour market changes in the form of evolution in sector of employment was exposed in the article. It has been proved that the impact of innovations on the labour market can be considered, on the one hand, as a part of multi-factor socio-economic macro-, meso-, micro-level systems, which makes a direct or indirect impact on state of other elements of system and which is under its influence at this time; on the other hand, as an open, dynamic, flexible system, functioning of which leads to socio-economic resources development. The definition of labour market has been suggested as a system of socio-economic relations between workers, employers and society (organizations and institutes) for realization of ability to work, supporting social guarantees, approximation of parties’ interests of labour relations, state`s interests, legal control of terms of employment etc. The analysis of structural changes, which take place in the labour market of different levels administrative territorial state`s structure by means of innovations, covers the period 2012-2017. The impact of innovations on employment is associated with `creative destruction` where innovations, on the one hand, ruin current workplaces and, on the other hand, create new ones. Analysis has demonstrated that employment increasing and related structural improvements are determined by kind of incorporated innovations. Organizational innovations have more impact on size and structure of employment, than technological ones. The practical importance of the research involves developing of methodological and practical aspects of choosing multiple approach in relation to innovation analysis as a determinant of structural labour market changes. The originality of the research is reflected in the comprehensive creative analysis of innovations from the point of view of activation of the youth labour market in Ukraine. The key factors of the low level of involvement of young citizens in the country's economy and society are identified. The authors have suggested the prospects for the development of the youth labour market, the elimination of youth unemployment, which are conditioned by the peculiarities of the social condition and employment behaviour of young people. The need to study the experience of European countries is emphasized, where training in the working professions is well organized and the youth unemployment rate is the lowest in Europe. Distinctiveness. Conducted researches let to confirm attained results in relation to choosing implements for coping with current troubles and disproportions in society. Implementation of multiply approach of analysis and diagnostics of correlation of innovations and employment will make a direct impact on supporting living standards and progressive socio-economic state`s development. The monitoring of solidarity of actions of public communities, government agencies, enterprise structures will ensure attainment of active increasing of innovation technologies, high living standards level, that will offer some new opportunities for business environment in relation to labour productiveness maintaining method and equivalent income level from enterprise activity, will solve the unemployment and labour migration issues, create some new flexible forms of employment, increase the level of state`s competitiveness in global economy facilities. Key Words: creative analysing, diagnostics, employment of population, innovations, multiple approach
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Bojadjieva, Daniela Mamucevska, Marijana Cvetanoska, Kristijan Kozheski, Alen Mujčinović, and Slaven Gašparović. "The Impact of Education on Youth Employability: The Case of Selected Southeastern European Countries." Youth & Society 54, no. 2_suppl (January 6, 2022): 29S—51S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x211069403.
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This paper focuses on the processes of school-to-work transitions in a selected group of countries from South-eastern Europe (SEE), namely: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Montenegro; North Macedonia; Serbia; and, Slovenia. Each of these countries display the same roots of development in their educational systems: however, due to their transition and integration processes within the European Union, they implemented different concepts of reforms within their educational systems. In addition, the challenges of youth employability are a common problem for each of the selected countries, and the effectiveness of the processes of school-to-work-transition varies across the countries. By using panel data and multiple linear regression models, this paper estimates the impact of different educational levels on youth employability and changes in the rates of NEET population (aged 15–24) in the selected group of countries over the period 2009 to 2019. The results suggest that the impact of the attained level of education has an ambiguous effect on the rates of youth employment; moreover, the relationship with changes in NEET rates are statistically significant and negative in most of the selected group of countries.
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Kirschner, Paul A., and Slavi Stoyanov. "Educating Youth for Nonexistent/Not Yet Existing Professions." Educational Policy 34, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 477–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802086.
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In today’s and tomorrow’s world, people will be required to work longer. At the same time, their employment future will become increasingly insecure due to technological advances and obsolescence of acquired knowledge and skills. This means that something needs to happen in the education and training of our youth. Using a group concept mapping (GCM) procedure, experts in different fields (educators, educational researchers, human resource professionals, etc.) from primarily Europe and North America generated 239 ideas with regard to the trigger statement: “One specific way to prepare youth to make effective and efficient use of information skills to optimally function in tomorrow’s labour market is . . . .” The generated ideas were sorted into 15 thematic clusters (i.e., Critical Thinking, Skills Transfer, High-Level Thinking, Competences, Metacognition and Reflection, Efficacy [Self-Image] Building, Learn in Authentic Situations, Integrate School and Profession, Collaboration, Teacher Professionalization, Information Literacy, Redesign the School, Literacy, and Numeracy, Information Skills, and Learn for the Future) and then rated with respect to their importance and ease/difficulty of implementation. The results showed a disconnect between what was important and ease of implementation with highly important clusters judged to be difficult to implement and vice versa. This led to the definition of a 3-stage approach to adapting education to prepare youth for shortly nonexistent/not yet existing professions.
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Çelikaksoy, Aycan, and Eskil Wadensjö. "Refugee Youth in Sweden Who Arrived as Unaccompanied Minors and Separated Children." Journal of Refugee Studies 30, no. 4 (May 9, 2017): 530–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few042.
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Abstract The number of children fleeing and/or seeking asylum alone without parents or guardians has been increasing during the last decade worldwide, where Sweden has been receiving the largest number of asylum claims by unaccompanied minors in Europe. Despite the growing interest in the situation of this group in destination countries, there is a lack of research articles that address this group with nationwide comprehensive data. This study examines the labour-market situation of the whole population of the refugee youth who entered Sweden as unaccompanied minors or separated children and were registered during the years 2003–12. We investigate whether this group is in a disadvantageous situation regarding labour-market incorporation compared to their counterparts who arrived with their families due to their specific marginalized and vulnerable position within society. The results show that this group exhibits capacity and resilience in terms of finding employment and willingness to work. The results are discussed with a structural incorporation framework from a reception and integration policy perspective as well as from an immigrant wellbeing and a ‘whole-child’ approach.
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Faustmann, Sam. "Book Review: Youth on Globalised Labour Markets: Rising Uncertainty and its Effects on Early Employment and Family Lives in Europe." Acta Sociologica 55, no. 4 (October 31, 2012): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699312445676.
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Roberts, Ken. "Integrating Young People into the Workforce: England’s Twenty-First Century Solutions." Societies 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12020038.
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This paper uses the transition regime concept in a case study of how the regime in England has been reconstructed since the 1980s. It explains how the former transition regime evolved gradually up to the 1970s. Thereafter the regime proved unable to cope with an acceleration of de-industrialisation and the government’s switch to neo-liberal social and economic policies. These changes destroyed many working-class routes into employment. The resultant push onto academic routes, which had the attraction of continuing to lead to jobs, meant that the enlarged numbers exiting the routes could no longer rely on employment that offered secure middle-class futures. The paper explains how the next 30 years became a period of radical regime reconstruction. Government education, training and welfare policies and changes in the economy and occupational structure, were the context in which schools, colleges and higher education institutions, employers and other training providers, together with young people, ‘negotiated’ new routes from points to entry to exits into different classes of employment. At the beginning of the 2020s, the reconstructed regime was delivering the fastest education-to-work transitions in Europe, with lower than average rates of youth unemployment and NEET. Then came the challenges of COVID-19, lockdowns and Brexit.
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Bulanova, M. B., and E. A. Artamonova. "NEET youth: Consumer behavior in the new reality." RUDN Journal of Sociology 22, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2022-22-1-113-125.
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The article considers the features of the consumer behavior of the NEET youth. Being a part of the generation Z, this group is known for its refusal to work and study, to look for some forms of employment or training. According to the European statistical data, since 2020, there has been an uneven distribution of NEETs by country, and their average share is 14%. According to the Russian data, in recent years there has been a sharp increase in NEETs share (28%) due to the instability of the labor and education markets under the coronavirus pandemic. In Europe, the majority of NEETs are non-working (unemployed) youth; in Russia, NEETs are mainly economically inactive youth with an inadequate level or quality of training. Despite some difference in the structure of the European and Russian NEETs, their consumer behavior has common features determined by their belonging to the generation Z, whose lifestyle is based on the delay in growing up and on the development of digital space and new technologies. However, unlike other groups of the youth, NEETs do not reduce alcohol consumption, do not choose a healthy lifestyle and do not have a sense of subjective well-being. The authors identify the main strategies of the NEET consumer behavior, and the most common are basic, demonstrative and symbolic consumption mainly supported by parents, state and charity organizations. Under the pandemic, the NEETs attempt to keep habitual life and consumption practices was unsuccessful due to the change in the family and social support. Therefore, the NEET group was forced to leave its social niche, which allowed it to partially restore its social connections.
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Voronov, Viktor V., and Oksana P. Ruza. "Youth unemployment in the Latgale region of Latvia: causes and consequences." Baltic Region 10, no. 4 (2018): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-6.
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Youth unemployment is a serious problem in Latvia, as unemployed young people make up 16.3 % of the total number of unemployed in the country, while in the Latgale region the number of unemployed young people aged 15—24 years was 18.8 % of the total number of unemployed in the country in 2015. The purpose of this study is to identify the main current causes of high unemployment amongst young people in the Latgale region of Latvia aged 15—24 years. This age group of young people acted as a target group for sociological research based on a quota sample (by sex and age) in an online survey of respondents in 2016. The results of the study were processed using the Statistika program. The transformation of social and economic processes in the world, Europe and the post- Soviet space has led to changes in the labor market of young people, which are objective and subjective, contradictory, which continue to this day. It is established that the behavioral rationalism of young people (labor mobility, vocational education, etc.) in the regional labor market is combined with its behavioral irrationalism (lack of desire to work for various reasons, the need for contact with family and friends, etc.). This is due to the growing uncertainty in the youth labor market due to the growth of competition, the emergence and growth of flexible forms of employment, depriving young people of the clarity of career and confidence in the future. The survey results also show that the majority of unemployed youth in the Latgale region deliberately refuses to emigrate outside Latvia and would like to link their future with the region and the country.
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Baschiera, Barbara, Sara Santini, and Marco Socci. "INTERGENERATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: OLDER ENTREPRENEURS REDUCING YOUNGSTERS’ SOCIAL AND WORK DISENGAGEMENT." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 76, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.07.
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The current generation of young Italians leaving education have never entered the labour market with more years of schooling and higher levels of academic certifications as now. Nevertheless, they are losing out in the struggle for employment. It is a paradox experienced not only across Europe and poses questions about whether young people are being trained efficiently for twenty-first century employment. Nowadays employers require that young people possess skills-oriented learning that emphasises adaptability and preparedness for change. Italian Education systems, however, have not been responsive in this way. The intergenerational education approach may be an effective method for covering the mismatch between provided education and competences required on the labour market. Experienced older entrepreneurs may give young people Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEETs) the confidence and intellectual resources to deal with the problems they will encounter through professional life, creating new spaces of autonomy and responsibility. Two focus-groups and questionnaires with 15 NEETs and 15 qualitative interviews and questionnaires to 50+ entrepreneurs were carried out in five European countries, Italy included, to understand how an entrepreneur could help youth to start their own business. Results from Italy demonstrate that to spread a culture of entrepreneurship, senior entrepreneurs are required to strengthen NEETs’ confidence, initiative and courage, the ability to take risks and to invest in the future. Considering Lev Vygotsky’s cognitive and social development theory as applied to intergenerational learning seniors need to act as a trigger to promote NEETs’ entrepreneurial attitudes, capabilities and aspirations for life. Keywords: active participation, intergenerational entrepreneurship education, NEETs, senior entrepreneurs, social inclusion.
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Li, Tim MH, Lucia Liu, and Paul WC Wong. "Withdrawal experience and possible way-outs from withdrawal behavior in young people." Qualitative Social Work 17, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325016688369.
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The term NEET (not in employment, education, or training) has been increasingly applied to young people in Europe not engaged in the three systems mentioned. Young people who seclude themselves at home and progress to social withdrawal can be considered a NEET subgroup—the “disengaged.” This phenomenon was first identified in Japan, where such reclusive individuals are referred to as hikikomori, but youth social withdrawal has also been reported in other countries, including South Korea and Hong Kong. Research on youth social withdrawal has mainly focused on describing and identifying contributing factors to this withdrawal behavior. Very few studies have examined the transitional processes from the initial self-seclusion to later help-seeking. Examining the mechanisms behind the engagement process for helping professionals is important to guide social work services for this unique group of young people. We conducted a qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 30 socially withdrawn young people in Hong Kong. Thematic analysis conceptualized their social withdrawal processes into three subthemes: private status, de-friending spiral, and suspension of experiences. Three reasons for changing their withdrawal behavior were also identified: rebalancing one’s ideal self with reality, reconnecting with tuned-in people, and regaining momentum in life. This study provides practical implications for social workers to develop approaches to engage withdrawn young people.
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Michalska, Alicja. "Rynek pracy i system edukacyjny. Zarys problematyki." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.3.9.
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In Poland and other European Union member states, young people are disfavoured by employers in the labour market. This applies to the forms of employment (flexible and fixed- term contracts) and its financial conditions. In 2013, the unemployment rate among economically active population under the age of 25 in the EU was 23.1%, while in Poland it amounted to 27 %. The problems of the young people in the labour market include the mismatch of skills sought by employers and the ones mastered by potential employees, the limited number of new jobs, as well as the discriminatory practices of employers towards young people. Young people classified as NEET (not in employment, education, training) generate considerable social costs. In 2010, 16.5 % of individuals in the 18–24 group and 19.7 % in the 25 29 group in the EU were classified as NEETs. The EU supported the member states’ governments actions regarding young people via the Lisbon Strategy and the Europe 2020 Strategy. The EU also proposed a new model for flexible management of the labour market (the so-called flexicurity) to improve the efficiency of labour markets and to ensure more jobs while fostering social security of workers. In Poland, the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy implemented the government policy as well as the recommendations of the European Commission through the “Youth in the labour market” programme.
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Ceballos-Santamaria, Guillermo, and Juan Jose Villanueva Alvaro. "The Decision To Set Up Home Independently In Spain: Explanatory Factors." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 8 (January 13, 2015): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i8.9062.
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Young people today are leaving the parental home; i.e., living independently at increasingly later ages. In Mediterranean Europe in particular, most males, and a large portion of females, continue to live in their parents home until they are into their thirties.In the case of Spain, in recent years, a series of economic and social changes have led to a rise in young peoples uptake of non-compulsory stages of education, resulting in increasingly late arrival on the job market (with this extended education and also high youth unemployment), characterized by higher temporary employment rates and greater vulnerability in the process of joining the labor force than previous cohorts. As regards to living independently, despite a very large increase in housing stock over the past ten years, young Spaniards encounter increasing difficulties in gaining access to housing because of higher purchase prices and the structure of the rental market.This paper will study the socioeconomic factors that have influenced the young Spanish population when deciding to leave the family home (i.e., becoming autonomous).
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Ogbo, Ann I., Anthony Kifordu, and Wilfred Isioma Ukpere. "Employment generation through ICT: A case study of delta state of Nigeria ICT parks project." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 4 (2015): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i4csp5.
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Statistically, Nigeria has a youth population of about 67 million, aged between 15 and 35 years. 42.2% of these young people are not gainfully employed while only 20% have more than the secondary school certificate. In order to bridge this gap, the Delta State Government developed the Delta ICT parks, a growing 21st century business, service and technology facility equipped to train, educate and encourage an entrepreneurial culture with sound human resource, that would drive development of an ICT knowledge based economy. This initiative, borne out of the Delta beyond oil is already in steady progress, enjoying the partnership of System Application Product (SAP) under the platform of Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) that portends a global IT based future. The objective of this paper is to access the level of implementation and publicity, skill acquisition and degree of the impact of the initiative on employment generation in Delta State. The study, which adopted a survey design, applied three research questions and used oral interview and a Millennium Park Entrepreneurial Assessment Questionnaire (MPEAQ). The content validity was validated by experts from Entrepreneurial Skills Development and Human Resources Management of Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku (DESPOG) with a test, re-test reliability coefficient of 0.82. A Sample of 350 was drawn using stratified random sampling technique from an undeterminable growing population comprising of secondary, tertiary education students, trainees and graduates of the programme. The simple percentage was used for data analysis. The findings revealed the need for the establishment of ICT parks with adequate awareness campaign. Also, that ICT skill acquisition is a panacea for employment generation in most societies. Recommendations were made based on findings on this model of employment generation through ICT in Delta State of Nigeria.
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Musumeci, Rosy, and Chiara Ghislieri. "Some Voices from Italian Youth on Well-Being: How to Cope with Job Insecurity?" Social Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9040058.
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’Insecure’ jobs and alternating between periods of unemployment and periods of employment under fixed-term contracts are increasingly widespread among the youth in Europe. This phenomenon is an important risk factor for young people’s well-being. Despite the growing number of studies, some issues have still not been adequately addressed. Compared to the high number of quantitative studies, the number of qualitative researches is limited: in fact, few studies have tackled this topic from a qualitative standpoint, highlighting the dynamics and the subjective processes which operate in this relationship and considering the different functions that work can have for the individual. Another aspect that has not been adequately dealt with is represented by the coping strategies that young people put in place to deal with job insecurity, and which have consequences on their well-being. The present article on the Italian case is intended to give a contribution in these directions. In particular, it analyses the way in which a group of 40 unemployed or temporarily employed young people, in-depth interviewed, subjectively describe the relationship between job insecurity and well-being, and reflects on coping strategies to face job insecurity and related perceived consequences. In doing this, the authors consider the role of individual factors, as well as of meso and macro ones, given that—for example—the national contexts have a role in influencing the way in which job insecurity is perceived and managed by individuals. The results highlight the complexity of this relationship, in which the intertwining of factors at different levels plays a very important role in determining the coping strategies and the overall well-being of people: individually, like the functions and the subjective meanings of work for the youth, but also in meso and macro terms, such as the familial support and relationships, and the institutional and public resources available.
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Strel'tsova, Y. "Higher Education in France: Issues and Trends." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2015): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-5-52-64.
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Considering current problems of the higher education system in France, a number of problems can be identified. On one hand, the traditional high school encourages the intelligence, the elite formation, the deepening of existing social inequalities. On the other hand, the professional training largely focused on the labor market is expected. The contradiction between supply and demand (a demand for young professionals), the lack of opportunities for career growth at home force young Frenchmen to leave the country, which is the major issue in higher education and French society as a whole. At the same time, the educational immigration to France is increasing. The problems of coexistence of different cultures and worldviews in higher education remain actual. Such problems as "difficult" neighborhoods and employment among young people, their professional, cultural orientation, changing attitudes towards the teaching profession are important, too. The article contains the analysis of current trends and prospects of higher education, as well as of the policy being pursued by the government towards the young generation. The estimation of the present state of higher school by well known French sociologists – experts in the field of youth policy (Olivier Galland, François Dubet and others) is presented in the paper. The analogy with problems of the Russian higher education system, in particular higher commercial schools, is noticed. Fighting for youth remains the main theme in modern France. The social climate in the country may be improved by means of the young peoples' “remobilization”, using their dynamism, their knowledge and educational level which is one of the highest in Europe. The creation of prospects for self-realization at home (better conditions for an entrepreneurial activity and a political career etc.) may be considered as an alternative to the departure of young people abroad.
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Bondarevska, K. V., V. O. Metlytska, and A. S. Bozhko. "The Standard of Living of the Population and the Directions of its Increase in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Business Inform 10, no. 525 (2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-10-221-226.
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The article considers the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on living standards in Ukraine and countries around the world. The status of the indicators of labor market development and the macro-economic indicators reflecting the standard of living of the population are evaluated. Negative tendencies of changes in unemployment rate during 2013–2020 and its exacerbation during the COVID-19 pandemic are determined. The authors analyzed changes in GDP levels in Ukraine and in Central and Eastern Europe, trends in the decline in the real wage index in Ukraine are highlighted. It is noted that the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictions have led to significant socio-economic consequences that have negatively affected the standard of living of the population of Ukraine. This is evidenced by the growth of unemployment of the population and a decrease in the level of real wages, the deterioration of macro-economic indicators, in particular gross domestic product. In order to increase the standard of living of the population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, measures have been identified that include: enhancing the amount of financial support for small and medium-sized businesses, providing tax benefits to enterprises that employ graduates of educational institutions; raising minimum social standards taking into account their corresponding level in the EU countries; development and implementation of the State-based social programs aimed at supporting socially vulnerable categories of the population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; improving the investment climate and attracting investments to the real sector of the economy; stimulating the development of youth entrepreneurship, introducing dual education, forming an effective dialogue in the spheres of education and business; use of reserves for the introduction of innovative forms of employment and self-employment of the population (freelance, part-time work, etc.).
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Chaikin, O. "Inclusive Growth Flagship Initiatives: EU vs Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(159) (November 24, 2020): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-159-2-106-114.
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Significant imbalances of existing development models are demonstrated by global economic growth, and outlines the need to move to a new more flexible and balanced model that is able to maintain the declared high and long-term growth rates together with the preservation of social equality and population general welfare. The purpose of the study is to identify EU comprehensive growth opportunities through of EU flagship initiatives achievement current EU situation in the field of poverty, unemployment, youth and women's unemployment and their involvement as labor force geographical aspects analysis; current state and prospects of EU inclusive development analysis; possibility of the sustainable development goals and inclusive growth based on the EU's flagship initiatives achievement substantiation. The object of the study is the process of inclusive economic growth within the EU through the EU flagship initiatives practical implementation. It is determined that along with traditional economic growth indicators it is necessary to take into account the human capital equality, ecological state of the environment, social protection, food security and social cohesion. Imperative knowledge on the interconnection of EU policy priorities and flagship initiatives, sustainable development goals and their compliance with inclusive economic development are systematized. The expediency of European inclusive economic growth model, declared in the “Europe 2020” strategy, design and implementation was grounded. Modern trends and geographical aspects of state of unemployment and poverty in the European region countries is determined. The level of women's participation in the European economy is analyzed. The level of women employment in comparison with men in the EU countries is analyzed, which made it possible to determine that this indicator is consistently lower, however, there is no significant disparity in most member states. It is substantiated that at the new cross-border economic order conditions, proposed by the EU, inclusive growth allows all member countries enjoy the progressive results of the union, economic integration and economic growth. Key words: inclusive growth, sustainable development, employment.
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DZHUS, OKSANA. "DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN SCHOOL AND EDUCATIONAL AFFAIR AS A BASIS OF PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION OF THE YOUTH OF UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX-TH CENTURY." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.1.97-106.
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The formation and development of the Ukrainian school and educational affair as the basis for the professional training of Ukrainian youth in the Western countries in the second half of the XX-th century is examined in the article. The emphasis was given to the complexity and multiplicity of this process, which was caused by the socioeconomic and educational policies of the states, which became a new homeland for the Ukrainians, geography and compactness of their resettlement, employment in the different branches of the economy, the presence in the diaspora of the professional intelligentsia, its national awareness, the state religious life, etc. Accordingly, in different countries (Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Canada, USA, Australia, Argentina), this process was different, more or less intense and had results, but it still remains an object of interest as an important support of native cultural heritage, an inexhaustible source of preserving its spirituality bearers.
The institutional forms and types of obtaining of pedagogical education by Ukrainians in the Western countries of the second half of the 20th century, the peculiarity of teaching and educational activities in different types of educational establishment and the main tendencies of the development of the Ukrainian school and educational affairs are presented. Among them: an expansion of the network of pre-school establishments, primary, secondary and high schools in connection with the arrival of emigrants to countries of Western Europe, America and Australia; public uniting efforts of leading Ukrainian public associations in preserving the national identity and spirituality of Ukrainians born outside Ukraine's native land; development of scientifically grounded, adapted to the needs and conditions of Ukrainians living in the diaspora of the theory of teaching and national education of younger generations; improving the content of studying and educational process in all types of schools, bringing it to the standards of the existing state education system and the increased requirements of economic and cultural life of the countries that have become a new homeland for Ukrainians.
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Gebel, Michael, and Johannes Giesecke. "Does Deregulation Help? The Impact of Employment Protection Reforms on Youths’ Unemployment and Temporary Employment Risks in Europe." European Sociological Review 32, no. 4 (June 5, 2016): 486–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw022.
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