Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Youth cinema'

Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses
O presente trabalho propõe-se examinar diferentes representações da adolescência no cinema de Hollywood, particularmente na década de 80. Esta dissertação inicia a sua análise debruçando-se sobre as representações da adolescência no cinema de Hollywood, no período após a II Guerra Mundial, numa tentativa de determinar alguns acontecimento que afectaram a forma como essas representações evoluíram até ao final da década de 80. Finalmente, uma reflexão sobre os aspectos mais relevantes das representações da adolescência no cinema na época conservadora de Ronald Reagan. ABSTRACT: This present study aims to examine different representations of American youth in Hollywood film, particularly in the 1980s. This dissertation begins with an examination of some representations of American youth after World War II in an attempt to investigate the trends which affected its representations and how they have evolved from then until the end of the 1980s. Finally, it offers some detailed reflections on depictions of adolescence in Hollywood film during the Reagan years.

Beyond the Pink: (Post) Youth Iconography in Cinema is a project in cultural time travel. It cuts up linear cinematic narratives to develop a hop-scotched history of youth, Generation X and (post) youth culture. I focus upon the pleasures, pedagogies and (un)popular politics of a filmic genre that continues to be dismissed as unworthy of intellectual debate. Accelerated culture and the discourse of celebrity have blurred the crisp divisions between fine art and crude commodity, the meaningful and meaningless, and real and fictive, unsettling the binary logic that assigns importance to certain texts and not others. This research project prises open that awkward space between representation and experience. Analysts require methods and structures through which to manage historical change and textual movement. Through cinema, macro-politics of identity emerge from the micro-politics of the narrative. Prom politics and mallrat musings become imbued with social significance that speak in the literacies available to youth. It grants the ephemerality and liminality of an experience a tactile trace. I select moments of experience for Generation X youth and specific icons – Happy Harry Hardon, Molly Ringwald, the Spice Girls, the Bitch, the invisible raver, teen time travellers Marty McFly and Donnie Darko, and the slacker – to reveal the archetypes and ideologies that punctuate the cinematic landscape. The tracked figures do not configure a smooth historical arc. It is in the rifts and conflicts of diverse narratives and subjectivities where attention is focused. This research imperative necessitates the presentation of a series of essays arranged in a tripartite framework. The first section proposes theoretical paradigms for a tethered analysis of filmic texts and Generation X. The second segment explores sites of struggle in public spaces and time. The final section leaves the landscape of post-Generation X to forge the relationship between history, power and youth identity. I particularly focus on the iconography, ideologies and imaginings of young women to lead the discussion of the shifts in the experience and representations of youth. By reinserting women into studies of film, it is imperative to stress that this is not a dissertation in, and of, women’s cinema. Rather, it serves as an historical corrective to the filmic database. The existing literature on youth cinema is disappointing and narrow in its trajectories. Timothy Shary’s Generation Multiplex: The Image of Youth in Contemporary American Cinema and Jon Lewis’ The Road to Romance and Ruin: Teen Films and Youth Culture exemplify the difficulties of capturing the complexities of individual films when they are collated in artificial and stifling categories. At one end of the analytical spectrum is the critique that comes with the caveat of ‘it’s just another teen movie’. Jonathon Bernstein’s monograph Pretty in Pink: The Golden Age of Teenage Movies is one such example which derails into acerbic diatribes and intellectual dismissal. The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study by Peter Hanson is a more successful project that is interested in the influences that inform a community of filmmakers than arriving at a catalogue of generic themes and narratives. There is an emphasis on the synergy between text, producer and readership. I continue this relationship explored by Hanson, but further accent the politics of film. The original contribution to knowledge offered by this doctoral thesis is a detailed study of (post) youth popular culture, building into a model for Generation X cinema, activating the interdisciplinary perspectives from film and cultural studies. With its adaptability into diverse media forms, cultural studies paradigms allow navigation through the expansive landscape of popular culture. It traverses beyond simple textual analyses to consider a text’s cultural currency. As an important carrier of meaning and sensory memories, cinema allows for alternative accounts that are denied in authorised history. As a unique form with its own visual literacy, screen theory is needed to refine observations. This unique melding of screen and cultural studies underscores the convergent relationship between text, readership, production and politics. This doctoral thesis activates concepts and methods of generationalism, nationalism, social history and cultural practice. There is a dialogue between the chapters that crosses over text and time. The 1980s of Molly Ringwald shadows the dystopia of Donnie Darko. The celebrity status of the Spice Girls clashes with the frustrated invisibility of the female raver. Douglas Coupland’s vision of Generation X in 1991 has evolved into Richard Linklater’s documentation of post-youth in the new millenium. Leaping between decades through time travel in cinema, I argue that the nostalgic past and projections for the future evoke the preoccupations and anxieties of the present.

Beyond the Pink: (Post) Youth Iconography in Cinema is a project in cultural time travel. It cuts up linear cinematic narratives to develop a hop-scotched history of youth, Generation X and (post) youth culture. I focus upon the pleasures, pedagogies and (un)popular politics of a filmic genre that continues to be dismissed as unworthy of intellectual debate. Accelerated culture and the discourse of celebrity have blurred the crisp divisions between fine art and crude commodity, the meaningful and meaningless, and real and fictive, unsettling the binary logic that assigns importance to certain texts and not others. This research project prises open that awkward space between representation and experience. Analysts require methods and structures through which to manage historical change and textual movement. Through cinema, macro-politics of identity emerge from the micro-politics of the narrative. Prom politics and mallrat musings become imbued with social significance that speak in the literacies available to youth. It grants the ephemerality and liminality of an experience a tactile trace. I select moments of experience for Generation X youth and specific icons - Happy Harry Hardon, Molly Ringwald, the Spice Girls, the Bitch, the invisible raver, teen time travellers Marty McFly and Donnie Darko, and the slacker - to reveal the archetypes and ideologies that punctuate the cinematic landscape. The tracked figures do not configure a smooth historical arc. It is in the rifts and conflicts of diverse narratives and subjectivities where attention is focused. This research imperative necessitates the presentation of a series of essays arranged in a tripartite framework. The first section proposes theoretical paradigms for a tethered analysis of filmic texts and Generation X. The second segment explores sites of struggle in public spaces and time. The final section leaves the landscape of post-Generation X to forge the relationship between history, power and youth identity. I particularly focus on the iconography, ideologies and imaginings of young women to lead the discussion of the shifts in the experience and representations of youth. By reinserting women into studies of film, it is imperative to stress that this is not a dissertation in, and of, women's cinema. Rather, it serves as an historical corrective to the filmic database. The existing literature on youth cinema is disappointing and narrow in its trajectories. Timothy Shary's Generation Multiplex: The Image of Youth in Contemporary American Cinema and Jon Lewis' The Road to Romance and Ruin: Teen Films and Youth Culture exemplify the difficulties of capturing the complexities of individual films when they are collated in artificial and stifling categories. At one end of the analytical spectrum is the critique that comes with the caveat of 'it's just another teen movie'. Jonathon Bernstein's monograph Pretty in Pink: The Golden Age of Teenage Movies is one such example which derails into acerbic diatribes and intellectual dismissal. The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study by Peter Hanson is a more successful project that is interested in the influences that inform a community of filmmakers than arriving at a catalogue of generic themes and narratives. There is an emphasis on the synergy between text, producer and readership. I continue this relationship explored by Hanson, but further accent the politics of film. The original contribution to knowledge offered by this doctoral thesis is a detailed study of (post) youth popular culture, building into a model for Generation X cinema, activating the interdisciplinary perspectives from film and cultural studies. With its adaptability into diverse media forms, cultural studies paradigms allow navigation through the expansive landscape of popular culture. It traverses beyond simple textual analyses to consider a text's cultural currency. As an important carrier of meaning and sensory memories, cinema allows for alternative accounts that are denied in authorised history. As a unique form with its own visual literacy, screen theory is needed to refine observations. This unique melding of screen and cultural studies underscores the convergent relationship between text, readership, production and politics. This doctoral thesis activates concepts and methods of generationalism, nationalism, social history and cultural practice. There is a dialogue between the chapters that crosses over text and time. The 1980s of Molly Ringwald shadows the dystopia of Donnie Darko. The celebrity status of the Spice Girls clashes with the frustrated invisibility of the female raver. Douglas Coupland's vision of Generation X in 1991 has evolved into Richard Linklater's documentation of post-youth in the new millenium. Leaping between decades through time travel in cinema, I argue that the nostalgic past and projections for the future evoke the preoccupations and anxieties of the present.

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I Mostra de Juiz de Fora do Cinema Super 8, de 1979, como síntese de um momento de ruptura no país, em que havia: abertura política, que levou ao fim da ditadura civil-militar; nova tecnologia do Super 8 (a indústria cria um equipamento que permite mudança na linguagem cinematográfica); e emergência do jovem como sujeito contestador e, portanto, provocador de mudanças sociais. Foi desenvolvida uma análise dos filmes apresentados no evento e as respectivas influências na construção das narrativas cinematográficas amadoras idealizadas por esses jovens, no final dos anos 1970. A pesquisa bibliográfica compreende estudos sobre memória e arquivo, com autores como Michael Pollak, Andreas Huyssen, Paul Thompson, Pierre Nora, Jacques Le Goff e Verena Alberti. Sobre o movimento superoitista, Flávio Rogério Rocha, John David Beal, P. Dargy e N. Bau foram essenciais. A pesquisa utiliza a metodologia da história oral, e, por meio do depoimento de cinco participantes da mostra, busca reconstituir o clima da época e a relação dos realizadores com o cinema. Tais relatos são complementados pela pesquisa documental, executada em acervos públicos e pessoais, e que se constitui em matérias jornalísticas, documentos da época e os filmes (poucos deles digitalizados atualmente) exibidos durante o evento. Entre os diretores, foi possível perceber que muitos começaram a filmar pela necessidade de expor suas ideias, e o Super 8, mais barato e de fácil manuseio, mostrou-se o formato ideal para tal fim.
The I Mostra de Juiz de Fora do Cinema Super 8, from 1979, as a synthesis of a moment of rupture in the country, where there was: political opening, which led to the end of the civilmilitary dictatorship; new technology from the Super 8 (the industry creates a device that allows to change the cinematographic language); the emergency of the youth as an answering subject and therefore a provocateur of social change. Analysis of the films in the event and the respective influences in the construction of amateur cinematographic narratives idealized by these young people in the late 1970s. The bibliographic research includes studies on memory and archives, with authors such as Michael Pollak, Andreas Huyssen, Paul Thompson, Pierre Nora, Jacques Le Goff and Verena Alberti. On the superoitist movement, Flávio Rogério Rocha, John David Beal, P. Dargy and N. Bau were essential. The research uses oral history methodology, and, through testimonial of five participants of the festival, seeks to reconstitute the climate of the time and the relationship of filmmakers with cinema. These reports are complemented by the documentary research, executed in public and personal collections, and that are constituted in journalistic matters, documents of the time and the films exhibited during the event. Between the directors, it was possible to realize that many of them became to film to expose their ideas, and the Super 8, cheaper and easy handling, proved to be the ideal format for that purpose.

Depuis la fin de la guerre la société japonaise connaît d’importants changements, le cinéma japonais traitant de son époque est on pourrait dire comme d’autres formes d’expressions artistiques un indicateur des mœurs, des fluctuations de la société, par le regard personnel d’un auteur. Nous verrons dans notre développement dans lequel nous nous arrêterons plus spécialement sur des œuvres « clé » comment par le prisme du personnage du « mauvais garçon », la vision d’un artiste, en l’occurrence un cinéaste prend le plus souvent racine dans une réalité sociale et générationnelle ; et dans le cas du Japon si elle est révélatrice ou non d’une « spécificité » japonaise dans le traitement du récit. Nous avons choisi une approche socio-historique pour notre travail, ainsi les deux parties de cette thèse sont divisées de la sorte : Les diverses formes de représentation des différents groupes de sous culture de la jeunesse japonaise, puis L’évocation de personnages écartés du groupe par ostracisme ou par leur propre volonté. Au cours de la première partie nous étudierons les films dits du Taiyôzoku (la tribu du soleil) tirés des écrits d’Ishihara Shintarô. Puis certains films de la nouvelle vague japonaise, la nouvelle vague dite Shôchiku (du studio du même nom). Dans un deuxième temps nous traiterons des films qui mettent en scène des jeunes appartenant aux sous cultures futenzoku (les hippies) et Bôsôzoku (les gangs de motards). Dans la seconde partie, nous analyserons les films d’Oshima Nagisa et Suzuki Seijun ayant pour sujet des « mauvais garçons ». Nous avons ensuite étudié le yakuza eiga (film de gangsters), plus particulièrement Jingi no hakaba de Fukasaku Kinji réalisé en 1965. Nous terminons notre étude avec l’évocation et les analyses de films des années 1990-2000, ceux d'Iwai shunji, Toyada Toshiaki ou encore Kitano Takeshi
Since the end of the War, Japanese society has gone through important changes; Japanese cinema dealing with its history is, we could say, as other forms of artistic expression, an indicator of customs, fluctuations in society, through the eyes of an author.We shall see in our development, in which we will focus in particular on «key» works, how, by the means of the «bad boy» character, the vision of an artist, here a film-maker, usually takes root in a social and generational reality, and in the case of Japan, whether it is revealing or not of a specific Japanese narrative process.We have chosen a socio-historical approach to our work, thus the two parts of this thesis can be divided as follows:The various forms of representation of the different groups of Japanese youth sub-culture, and then identifying the characters ruled out by the group, either by ostracism or by their own will.First, we shall study the so-called Taiyôzoku (tribe of the sun) films, based on Ishihara Shintarô’s written works. Next, some Japanese new wave films, notably of Shôchiku genre (from the studio of the same name). Then we shall deal with films featuring young people from Futenzoku (hippies) and Bôsôzoku (biker gangs) sub-cultures.In the second part, we shall study Oshima Nagisa and Suzuki Seijun films profiling «bad boys». To end, we have studied the yakuza eiga (ganster films), in particular Jingi no hakaba (Graveyard of Honor) directed by Fukasaku Kinji in 1965.We conclude our research by reviewing and analysing 1990-2000 films, those of Iwai Shunji, Toyada Toshiaki or Kitano Takeshi

Thesis advisor: Christina Klein
The cultural face of modern China is constantly changing, whether through economic reforms, political campaigns, or social values. The ultimate inheritors and current carriers of this society in flux is the current post socialist, post 1989 youth generation. This paper examines the cultural changes that are occurring in China through six documentary films made in the 21st century that focus on youth and young adults as the representatives of the issues that the directors explore. In two films, the issue of the Single Child Policy will be examined in terms of the social repercussions the policy has created for modern youth, including gender, ethnic, and class inequalities. In the next two films, the economic conditions that have produced millions of migrant examined as it relates to the changing family values in much of China. The last two films explore the consumer culture of today’s modern youth, and how this culture impacts the expressive output of this generation. I conclude through these films that although the youth of today have been irrevocably shaped by these, and other, cultural changes that have occurred during their lifetime, they are still most fundamentally influenced by the traditional values of Chinese culture including relationships, family, and collective expression
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies Honors Program
Discipline: International Studies

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The concept of teenager, which during the first half of the 20th century was being discussed in the United States, received importance since 1950, when it was definitely noticed that the adolescence constituted a huge cultural and social phenomenon on the American society. A noticeable characteristic from that generation was the contest of some determined social values. This phenomenon got much bigger during the 1960 s with the counter culture, that took the rebel youth as the main character of its manifestations. The cinema produced by Hollywood also influenced and at the same tame influenced these manifestations. Trough a process called juvenilization of the cinema, the cinematography industry of the United States started to produce a lot of work that were bringing a diversity of representations of the issues related to the youth theme during the 1950 s, and the rebel characteristic of a significant part of those young people was used as an argument for a lot of these films, the same happened during the 1960 s during the XXX. Trough the analyses of the movies The Wild One (1954), Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and Easy Rider (1969), we intend to comprehend the social imaginary and the behavior of some determined youth groups of the 1950 s and 1960 s, as well as highlight important elements of the American society from the times they were being contested.
O conceito de adolescente, que durante toda a primeira metade do século XX vinha sendo discutido nos Estados Unidos, ganhou em importância a partir dos anos 1950, quando se percebeu definitivamente que a adolescência se constituía em um amplo fenômeno cultural e social da sociedade estadunidense. Característica marcante daquela geração era a contestação a determinados valores da sociedade. Esse fenômeno ampliou-se ainda mais durante os anos 1960 com a contracultura, que teve a juventude rebelde como a principal protagonista de suas manifestações. O cinema produzido por Hollywood também acabou influenciado e ao mesmo tempo influenciou essas manifestações. Através de um processo denominado de juvenilização do cinema, a indústria cinematográfica dos Estados Unidos passou a produzir diversas obras que traziam as mais diversas representações das questões ligadas ao tema da juventude durante a década de 1950, sendo que a rebeldia característica de parte significativa daqueles jovens serviu de argumento para muitos desses filmes, o mesmo acontecendo durante a década de 1960 durante a contracultura. Através da análise dos filmes O Selvagem (1954), Juventude Transviada (1955) e Easy Rider Sem Destino (1969), pretende-se compreender o imaginário social e os comportamentos de determinados grupos de jovens das décadas de 1950 e 1960, bem como destacar elementos importantes da sociedade estadunidense da época que estavam sendo contestados.

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This investigation have as principal object the reflection through filmic narratives and receivers narratives about the imaginary of today's youth, the 2010s, comparing it with readings of other times, for example, the 1960s and the 1980s, that is, comparing different generational moments. The questions that guide the research are: how movies Somos tão Jovens (2011) and Confissões de Adolescentes (2013) conceive youth? Moreover, how the young receivers equate their own narratives based on film and on their experiences of everyday life? The methodology consists of the study of cinematographic reception, of reading the filmic narratives, cinema as mediation, and of mediations situational, media and generational. The generational mediation sews the dissertation as a whole, especially in view of the comparison between the two filmic narratives analyzed, Somos tão jovens and Confissões de Adolescentes, which are in different generational times. Briefly, the theoretical and methodological foundations that inspired this dissertation consist of reflections on mass culture and imaginary (Edgar Morin), of Latin-Americans Cultural Studies, of the great methodological key Jesús Martín-Barbero, mediation, and of the British Cultural Studies, especially Raymond Williams, emphasizing the reading of uses, and putting in relief the appropriation forms, contemplated in the study of reception. The dissertation divides into three chapters. The first present a general picture of Brazilian cinema and youth debate; more than that, about how the youth has been designed by cinema in recent decades. The second chapter will cover some of the pictures of youth made possible by reading the movies. The third chapter focuses primarily on the receivers narratives and young people themselves narratives of your condition projected on the screen
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central a reflexão por meio de narrativas fílmicas e de narrativas dos receptores sobre o imaginário acerca da juventude atual, da década de 2010, comparando-a com leituras de outros momentos como, por exemplo, a da década de 1960 e a da década de 1980, ou seja, comparando diferentes momentos geracionais. As perguntas que norteiam a pesquisa são: como os filmes Somos tão Jovens (2011) e Confissões de Adolescentes (2013) concebem juventude? E, como os jovens receptores equacionam suas próprias narrativas baseadas no filme e em suas experiências de vida cotidiana? A metodologia é composta pelo estudo de recepção cinematográfica, pela leitura das narrativas fílmicas, o cinema como mediação, e pelas mediações situacionais, midiáticas e geracional, sendo, esta última, a mediação que irá costurar o trabalho como um todo, principalmente, tendo em vista a comparação das duas narrativas fílmicas abordadas, Somos tão jovens e Confissões de Adolescentes, que se passam em momentos geracionais distintos. De maneira resumida, os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos que inspiraram esta dissertação transitam das reflexões sobre cultura de massa e imaginário, de Edgar Morin, aos Estudos Culturais Latino-americanos e à grande chave metodológica de Jesús Martín-Barbero, a mediação, passando pelos Estudos Culturais Ingleses, em especial Raymond Willians, com destaque para a leitura dos usos, ou seja, colocando em relevo as formas de apropriação, contempladas no estudo de recepção. A dissertação divide-se em três capítulos. O primeiro apresentará um cenário geral do cinema brasileiro e do debate sobre juventude; mais do que isso, sobre como a juventude vem sendo pensada pelo cinema nas últimas décadas. O segundo capítulo abrangerá algumas das imagens de juventude possibilitadas pela leitura dos filmes. E o terceiro capítulo tem como foco principal a narrativa dos receptores e dos próprios jovens sobre sua condição projetada na tela

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This work analyzes the representations of the black youth on the contemporary Brazilian cinema from the movie Bróder! (Jeferson De, 2010), considering that racial tensions that have marked the Brazilian society can be understood from film representations. Reviewing the 2000 s productions, the context of the movie production as a place of its director on the field of national cinema can be highlighted. Through film analysis we could identify the portraits of how it is to be young, black and a resident of the outskirts, exploring the racial tensions present on the work as own aspects of the cinematographic device. This way, the work assumes a perspective that racial relations of a society are also expressed in their cultural productions. This way, cinema is understood as an important way of spreading representations of and about social groups.
Este trabalho analisa as representações da juventude negra no cinema brasileiro contemporâneo a partir do filme Bróder! (Jeferson De, 2010), considerando que a tensões raciais que marcam a sociedade brasileira podem ser compreendidas a partir das representações fílmicas. Revisando as produções dos anos 2000, destacamos o contexto de produção do filme assim como o lugar de seu diretor no campo do cinema nacional. Por meio de análise fílmica identificamos os retratos de como é ser jovem, negro/a e morador da periferia, explorando as tensões raciais presentes na obra assim como os aspectos próprios ao dispositivo cinematográfico. O trabalho assume, assim, a perspectiva que as relações raciais de uma sociedade também são expressas em suas produções culturais. Desse modo, o cinema é entendido como um importante meio de difusão de representações de e sobre os grupos sociais.

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The objective of this work is to study the youth, for what it means to pass the family to the social world, and therefore show traces of social change. Our reflections on youth were located in the reading of social scientists, historians, psychoanalysts, and other authors, books, theses and scientific journals in psychology, social sciences and humanities. These readings allowed the path of reflection on the issue of youth in post-modernity and the implications of studies about the decline of the paternal imago, the image that is made of youth. We asked: Is it possible to observe through a historical survey, the decline of paternal authority as to how this idea is presented in the thesis of Jacques Lacan? My hypothesis is that these remains on the decline of paternal authority are recorded in the images of fiction films that demonstrate the social portrait of youth to the present day. To this end, we conducted a film looks back to youth culture between the years 1950 to 2008. It is understood that film is a cultural product registered in a particular historical time partner, is through him that support my thesis. Our hypothesis that the traces on the decline of paternal authority are recorded in the images of fiction films has been confirmed, but not confirmed that there would be a loss of the paternal role, the way Lacan theorized after 1953. What we found in our research is that the decline of symbolic efficacy of the paternal function does not necessarily involve, the decline of paternal authority. We can say that the crisis of legitimacy of authority is no place, because the referential postmodern, as the organizer of great symbolic narrative of this period in capitalism has been the market
O objetivo deste trabalho é o de estudar a juventude, pelo que ela implica de passagem do mundo familiar ao social, e pelo que mostra de vestígio das mutações sociais. Nossas reflexões sobre a juventude foram localizadas na leitura de cientistas sociais, historiadores, psicanalistas e outros autores, em livros, teses, e revistas cientificas em psicologia, ciências sociais e humanas. Tais leituras possibilitaram o caminho de reflexão sobre a questão da juventude na pós-modernidade e as implicações dos estudos sobre o declínio da imago paterna, na imagem que se faz da juventude. Perguntamos: é possível observar, por meio de um levantamento histórico, o declínio da autoridade paterna da forma como essa ideia se apresenta na tese de Jacques Lacan? Minha hipótese é a de que esses vestígios sobre o declínio da autoridade paterna estão registrados nas imagens dos filmes de ficção que demonstram os retratos sociais da juventude dos anos 1950 aos dias presentes. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise de filmes voltando os olhares para a cultura jovem entre os anos 1950 a 2008. Entende-se que um filme é produto cultural inscrito em um determinado momento sócio histórico, é por meio dele que amparo a minha tese. Nossa hipótese de que os vestígios sobre o declínio da autoridade paterna estão registrados nas imagens dos filmes de ficção se confirmou, mas não se confirmou que haveria um desaparecimento da função paterna, da forma como Lacan a teorizou após 1953. O que encontramos em nossa pesquisa é que o declínio da eficácia simbólica da função paterna não envolve necessariamente, a decadência da autoridade paterna. Podemos dizer que a crise de legitimidade de autoridade se encontra sem lugar, pois o referencial pós-moderno, o organizador como grande narrativa simbólica desse período no capitalismo tem sido o Mercado

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This master's degree dissertation project faces the challenge of developing a critical view on cultural projects in modern life, encompassing productions and cultural practices, more precisely the movies and the imagination of youth in their cultural and historical relevance. Its purpose is to observe the presence of young trespassers in nowadays society under the scrutiny of 2 Brazilian movie productions made decades apart: Hector Babenco's PIXOTE: A LEI DO MAIS FRACO (1980) and Mauro Lima's MEU NOME NÃO É JOHNNY (2008). On the foreground, this reflection aims to identify the movie genres of those 2 Brazilian productions and pose questions on the adventure, drama and action related to the protagonists induced to act like heros. As well as the relationship between myth and society. It is an attempt to measure up those 2 films against similar productions specially researched for within this context. Subsequently, as in the two aforetold movies there is emphasis on juvenile characters and their keen relationship with the metropolis 30 years apart, we shall seek to understand the bonds between adolescence/youth at that time and its dialogue with the metropolis, as a public space for social politics. And to justify the presence of vulnerabilities and breach of patterns caused by those protagonists in such films
A presente dissertação de Mestrado enfrenta o desafio de desenvolver uma visão crítica sobre processos culturais na vida moderna que envolvem produções e práticas culturais, mais precisamente o cinema e o imaginário das juventudes em sua relevância cultural e histórica. Visa observar a presença de jovens transgressores na sociedade contemporânea, sob a ótica do cinema nacional, em duas produções realizadas em épocas distintas Pixote: a lei do mais fraco (Hector Babenco, 1980) e Meu nome não é Johnny (Mauro Lima, 2008). Como primeiro plano, esta reflexão propõe-se a identificar os gêneros cinematográficos nas produções cinematográficas nacionais selecionadas e a elencar questões sobre a aventura, o drama e a ação relacionadas com a presença do protagonista instado como propenso herói, bem como analisar a relação entre mito e sociedade, buscando correlacioná-la a produções similares, especialmente pesquisadas para este contexto. Posteriormente, como nos dois filmes citados há destaque para personagens juvenis em incisiva relação com o ambiente urbano separados por um espaço de tempo de quase 30 anos buscar-se-á compreender a relação entre as noções de adolescência e juventude nesse período e a seu diálogo com a metrópole, enquanto espaço público de políticas relacionais, e justificar a presença de vulnerabilidades e rompimentos de padrões cometidos pelos protagonistas nos filmes em questão

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A década de 1980 foi um período de transformações e reconfigurações da vida em sociedade, após um longo tempo de cerceamento das liberdades individuais. Os desafios impostos pela nova realidade questionavam os papéis sexuais, os valores morais, o comportamento, a participação política e traziam para o centro das questões do país, os grupos juvenis, ávidos por expressarem suas práticas culturais. Nesse cenário, o rock se manifestou em diversos pontos do Brasil, atingindo um grande sucesso comercial e aumentando o interesse da indústria fonográfica sobre essa produção. O cinema, apoiado pela emergência das culturas juvenis, encontrou no rock um elo fundamental para a expressão de uma nova safra de filmes, ancorados no gênero juvenil. Livros, revistas e publicações, em geral, confluíam em meio a essa efervescência juvenil em voga nos anos 1980. O cinema brasileiro desse período celebrou o encontro entre a juventude e o rock, seguindo uma tendência já tradicional no cinema internacional e experimentado em décadas anteriores pela produção nacional. Como síntese dessa experiência, a filmografia do diretor Lael Rodrigues é levantada como o eixo da incorporação de questões e problemáticas daquele tempo, através dos seus longas-metragens produzidos e lançados nos anos 1980: ―Bete Balanço‖ (1984), ―Rock Estrela‖ (1985) e ―Rádio Pirata‖ (1987). As trilhas sonoras, os videoclipes e os diferentes usos dos sons são marcas dessa produção que, apesar de pouco duradoura, escreveu suas linhas na história do cinema brasileiro.
The 1980’s decade was a period of transformation and reconfiguration of the society, after a long time of curtailment of individual liberties. The challenges posed by the new reality questioned gender roles, moral values, behavior, political participation and brought the youth groups, eager to express their cultural practices, to the center of the matters of the country. In this scenario, rock manifestations appeared in various parts of Brazil, obtaining a huge commercial success and increasing the interest of the music industry on this type of production. The cinema, supported by the emergence of youth cultures, discovered in rock music a key link for the expression of a new crop of films, anchored in teenpictures. Books, magazines and general publications coalesced amongst this youthful effervescence in vogue in the 1980’s. Brazilian cinema from that period celebrated the encounter between youth and rock, following a trend that was already traditional in international cinema, and experienced in previous decades by national production. As a summary of this experience, the filmography of director Lael Rodrigues is raised as the axis of the incorporation of issues and problems that time, through his feature films produced and realesed in the 1908’s: “Bete Balanço” (1984), “Rock Estrela” (1985) and “Radio Pirata” (1987). Sound tracks, video clips and different uses of sounds are trademarks of this production that, although short-lived, wrote its lines in the history of Brazilian cinema.

This study analyzes the depiction of drug usage, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in movies in terms of character stereotyping and typecasting. Because movies are focused on making money they are being used as marketing tools by alcohol and cigarette conglomerates (Grube, 2004). The study also explores youth perception of such content and tries to determine the behavioral implications or influence of such content on young children. The goal of this research is to analyze the social cognitive influence of movies on the youth and the effects of censorship in movies today. The research compares this effect in the two largest movie markets - the American market (Hollywood) and the Indian market (Bollywood) and the effect of these depictions on the youth to see whether this issue warrants a global understanding and awareness. The aim of this study is to understand the nature of the movie markets and the depiction of such content in movies. It analyses the issue solely from the perspective of a youth audience to better understand how the youth today perceive movies and to see if depiction of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and drug usage has a positive or negative effect on the youth audience. A part of the analysis of the study is to also better understand censorship techniques employed for both movie markets to see if they are effective or need to be improved upon. Finally the study asks the question of social responsibility and whether movies and movie stars have a responsibility to maintain higher censorship standards or they are merely depiction art through the medium and should not be held accountable for their depictions on screen.

In this work I analyze the representations about youth from the corresponding period of the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) in the narratives of contemporary Brazilian cinema, from an ethnography of the films O que é isso Companheiro? (Bruno Barreto, 1997) and Batismo de Sangue (Helvécio Ratton, 2007). I introduce the discussion between fiction and reality in cinema, which can create, modify or reinforce the imaginary about who were that youth, and still build imaginative discourses about the nation in the dictatorial period, and thus reformulate the social memory of that period. I understand cinema as language, which bears a complex relationship between author and audience with several possibilities for analysis and interpretation. In this sense, I consider the links between art and life, and thus between language and speech, and also as representations of memory and nation
Neste trabalho, analiso as representações sobre as juventudes do período correspondente à ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985) nas narrativas do cinema brasileiro contemporâneo, a partir de uma etnografia dos filmes O que é isso, companheiro? (Bruno Barreto, 1997) e Batismo de Sangue (Helvécio Ratton, 2007). Parto da discussão entre realidade e ficção existente em torno do tema, que pode criar, reforçar ou modificar o imaginário sobre quem foram aqueles jovens, e ainda atuar na construção de discursos imaginativos sobre a nação no período ditatorial e, assim, reformular a memória social sobre o período. Entendo o cinema como linguagem, que carrega uma complexa relação entre autor e espectador, e possui diversas possibilidades de análise e interpretação. Neste sentido, levo em consideração os vínculos existentes entre arte e vida e entre linguagem e discurso, além das representações sobre memória e nação

This dissertation examines the representations of Casablanca in Moroccan cinema and their articulation of postcolonial subjectivity since the 1990s. To overcome a deep economic recession and simmering social unrest in the early 1980s, Morocco embarked on a comprehensive programme of structural adjustment policies under the aegis of the International Monetary Fund. Market reforms ushered in novel forms of spatial development and social relations in Moroccan cities over the next decades. In the cultural field, a popular cinema emerged in the early 1990s and has projected the complex structures of everyday life in urban space. The New Urban Cinema (NUC) has anchored national cinema in the everyday life and affective economy of a society in transition. The country’s largest city, Casablanca, is the setting for some of NUC’s most original portrayals of the Moroccan subject under globalisation. Taking space, affect and violence as intertwined sites of film analysis, my research project closely examines the new forms of postcolonial subjectivity that have evolved in Morocco through this cinema. Twenty films are read against the backdrop of neoliberal Casablanca and the social, economic as well as political transformation of Morocco and the world under globalisation. The dissertation combines close textual analysis with a cultural studies perspective, which situates films in their historical contexts of production and reception in Morocco and beyond. Drawing on postcolonial, film and urban studies, my aim is to contribute to interdisciplinary scholarship on cinematic responses to neoliberal globalisation, and to a social history of contemporary Morocco.

The film productions related to themes that set the present direct ways or more contained intolerance, were commonplace in the scenario of world cinema. So, the research analyzes the representations of intolerance and fascist practices through cultural production in the 21st century. For this paper were chosen Hooligans (Green Street Hooligans - 2005) by Lexis Alexander and This is England (2006) by Shane Meadows as empirical objects. Given this, awakens our attention the frequency of films produced, which possessed as urban tribes related to theme clearly marked by fascist postures, in addition to these groups being involved in violent acts against numerous minorities, including Jews, blacks, homosexuals and especially immigrants. Thereby, the research questions the possibility of cinema as a vehicle able to explain this increasingly urban phenomenon in large cities.
As produções cinematográficas ligadas a temas que, de formas diretas ou mais contidas, se propuseram a apresentar a intolerância, foram lugar - comum no cenário do cinema mundial. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa analisa as representações de intolerância e de práticas fascistas através da produção cultural - filmográfica pertencente ao século XXI. Para isso, foram escolhidas como objetos empíricos do trabalho as obras Hooligans (Green Street Hooligans - 2005), de Lexis Alexander, e This is England (2006), de Shane Meadows. Diante disso, desperta a nossa atenção a frequência de filmes produzidos que possuíram como temática tribos urbanas relacionadas a comportamentos nitidamente marcados por posturas fascistas, além do fato de esses grupos estarem envolvidos em atos violentos contra inúmeras minorias, dentre elas, judeus, negros, homossexuais e, especialmente, imigrantes. Desse modo, a pesquisa questiona a possibilidade do cinema como veículo capaz de explicar esse fenômeno urbano cada vez mais frequente nas grandes metrópoles.

La juventud no sólo es una categoría sociológica sino también histórica. A mediados del siglo veinte, cuando la sociedad y la cultura se consolidaron como fenómenos de masas, la juventud quedó establecida como un grupo social particular. En los últimos sesenta años, los cambios en las actitudes y conductas típicas de los jóvenes han sido muy marcados. Se ha producido el tránsito desde un conformismo casi automático (en los años 40 y 50 del siglo pasado), a una rebeldía casi natural (en los 60), para volver a las escenas de apatía y desencanto (en los 80), o al cinismo (en los 90), hasta llegar a la opacidad y la incertidumbre del mundo virtual actual. La tesis se propone estudiar a la juventud y sus diferentes modos de configurarse durante este período a partir de su representación artística a través del cine.
Youth is not only a sociological category but also a historical one. By mid twentieth century, when society and culture were consolidated as phenomenons of masses, the youth was established as a particular social group. In the last sixty years the conducts and attitudes most typical of the youth have shown significant changes. It has transitioned from an almost automatic conformism (in the 40s and 50s of the past century), to an almost natural state of rebellion (in the 60s), only to return to scenes of apathy and disenchantment (in the 80s), or cynicism (in the 90s), until reaching the opacity and uncertainty characteristic of today’s virtual world. The present thesis aims to study the youth and its different modes of configuration during that time, looking at its artistic representation through cinema.

Ma thèse s’intitule « Des âges au cinéma : la culture cinématographique des jeunes spectateurs ». Elle se consacre à l’étude de la socialisation au septième art sous la perspective privilégiée de l’âge, variable déterminante, sans néanmoins réduire la recherche à une analyse uni-factorielle.Pour mieux comprendre l’action de la variable d’âge, nous la décomposons dans une première partie en traitant de notions connexes essentielles ; l’individu, la mémoire, les interrelations sociales, le temps et le corps. L’âge n’est plus entrevu au singulier : il laisse place à une pluralité d’âges que l’on décompose en quatre échelles distinctes : l’âge que j’ai, l’âge des autruis matérialisés, l’âge de société, l’âge des objets. Preuve est faite que tout acteur et a fortiori tout spectateur croise ces échelles au quotidien pour se construire et pour construire le monde qui l’entoure. De fait, les façons dont nous appréhendons l’art en sont un exemple flagrant. Par entrecroisements constants d’échelles mis au jour grâce aux jugements, positions, réflexions émises en situation, les âges, leur conception et leur prise en compte se révèlent comme formateurs particuliers de goûts. Dans l’absolu, ces échelles peuvent se lire comme espace virtuel déployant tous les possibles. Néanmoins et en situation, leur entrecroisement est lié à une construction individuelle et collective, toujours parcellaire, et le croisement des échelles qu’exercent chaque acteur selon la mesure qu’il en fait, aboutissent finalement à des positions, des dispositions et des postures spectatorielles.La seconde partie de ma thèse est alimentée de cet état de fait et se focalise sur les structures socio-politiques de la socialisation au septième art. Elle dresse en premier lieu une étude approfondie de la réception du cinéma d’animation qui est l’un des genres initiatiques principaux de l’enfance, cela depuis des décennies. Cette partie s’attache ensuite à suivre l’avancée en âge, les interrelations qui lui sont corrélatives et significatives dans la socialisation au cinéma. Elle rend également compte de la mémoire que l’on garde de sa prime enfance ainsi que de ce que ce passé implique dans la socialisation actuelle de la jeunesse. Vers 11-12 ans, le cinéma est marqué par l’encadrement d’une censure qui va decrescendo avec l’avancée en âge. Dès lors qu’on grandit, non seulement nous dépassons progressivement des seuils, étant ipso facto amené à découvrir de nouveaux genres, mais nous les appréhendons à travers de nouveaux cercles sociaux : sont donc abordés les changements de structures relationnelles qui participent de cette socialisation et leurs implications. En termes génériques, l’initiation aux scènes de volupté cinématographique et au cinéma d’horreur nous sont apparus comme deux moments décisifs, déployant sous les yeux de la jeunesse de nouvelles épreuves amenant conjointement à de nouvelles réflexions sur le social. S’ensuit les derniers chapitres de la thèse où j’expose, à l’aide de mes enquêtes, comment se construit le goût à travers le discours, quels sont les critères pertinents de mesure de la qualité cinématographique à cet âge, mais également comment le cinéma s’avère un laboratoire social, mieux : un des laboratoires de la construction de soi et du monde.Cette thèse s’appuie sur les données d’une enquête qualitative. Elle déploie des méthodes variées : entretiens individuels, ateliers collectifs en collège et dans des locaux associatifs regroupant au total une soixantaine d’informateurs issus de France, de Belgique, du Luxembourg, de Hollande, d’Allemagne et du Maghreb. Mes informateurs privilégiés ont d’abord été les jeunes, suivis de près par leurs parents. Cette recherche et la construction de ses axes sont le fruit d’un mouvement ascendant – proche en cela de la méthodologie par induction d’Howard Becker –, c’est-à-dire partant des informateurs pour remonter vers la construction de concepts grâce au traitement progressif des données recueillies
My thesis title is « ages and cinema : the cinematographic culture of young spectators ». This work deals with the seventh art socialization among youth and focus on the determinations of age – known as one of the most important sociological variable to understand societies – to select, taste and appreciate feature movies and series.In order to understand better its action, we decompose age between four different scales in the first part : individual age, socio-collective age, historical age and age of the objets surround us. This categories aren’t closed on themselves : they are combined by the actors to analyse and interprete arts and situations. Each temporality fragment known or imagined on each scale, lived or remembered by the actor can be mobilised as an appreciation’s tool. Theorising each age is a long work which necessits a better comprehension of individuality, memory, social interrelations, time, histories and body growth. We demonstrate that everybody embodies and crosses different fragments of different scales in everyday life to understand himself, the world surrounding and ultimately, the feature films content. Ways to understand, judge and appreciate art are a good field for studying temporal relations because arts objects are relatively preserved in time and tell about societies of the past. Each situation, person, object is structured by different kind of virtual or lived temporalities. When they are crossed according to the actor’s knowledge and his society position, they bring to different ways of art’s pleasure.The second part of my thesis shapes the first theorical one. It analyses the youth cinematographic culture. Thirty-four young spectators contributed to my sociological survey. They were aged from eight to fourteen years old. I studied the present socio-political structures in France and Europe leading to different forms of cinematographic socialisation. This part copes with the first feature movies rememberances – which are almost always composed by animation movies passed on by the parents – and their role in present art appreciation. At the age of the participants, the cinematography faces a global censure agreement : violent features are banished. Nevertheless, growing means to socialized with, that’s why two chapters of my thesis are consacred to the reception of more violent types of show at this ages, like the horrific gender for example which is often enjoyed by the youth. I try to understand how young people assimilate, step by step, the dark side of the world, the one which was previously hidded for their own safety. However, it is now a requirement of growth to mix with this forbidden shows. Peer reinforcement and autonomy help this initiation. They also bring to new cinematographic cultures as much as new social considerations. All this studies help us to understand how children and teenagers develop series and feature films’ taste by sharing it with friends or parents, depending on the content. This tell us about the developpment of quality classifications based on aesthetic, tales, relations, peers conversations, art memory, emotions and feelings. Finally, cinematographic culture appears to be a large social and aesthetical laboratory for the youth.This thesis is based on a qualitative survey. More specifically, I used a bottom-up method (Becker : 1988). The theories and the demonstrations are no less than the result of five years of several investigations’ technics on the field study. I began with individual consultations in France, Luxembourg and Belgium, then made collective groups in associations and schools. I created different questionnaires for the parents and the teenagers in aim to observe connections between their cinematographic cultures. This thesis claims interdisciplinarity

An examination of fictional feature films produced in the United States between the mid-1950s to the end of the 1990s. The author argues that youth films comprise a genre of late twentieth-century American cinema, and that they reconstitute significant narrative and thematic characteristics of the novelistic Bildungsroman and its modern literary variants, the childhood initiation tale and the coming-of-age or the rites-of-passage story. The genre of modern youth films includes not only teen entertainments but also social problem films and more personal, quasi-autobiographical works by modern directors. Overall, youth films commonly dramatize situations and events that bear upon the child's initiation into new domains of psychosocial experience and the adolescent's and postadolescent's encounters with the pleasures and perils of modern life, thereby taking up the leitmotif of identity formation that is typically associated with twentieth-century literary fiction, autobiography and stage drama. A further argument is that the genre of youth films reflects the culturally and aesthetically eclectic character of contemporary American cinema. As a mass medium the American cinema promotes the cultural fantasies of a commercialistic society; but as an art form it shares with modern fiction and drama a capacity for social criticism, irony, and self-reflexivity. The study explores these dual faces of contemporary cinema by analyzing it's representations of American youth as symbols of generational and social change. Three significant phases in the history of youth films are discussed: Its cultural origins in youth melodramas of the 1950s; the ideologically revisionist films of the American Film Renaissance made between 1967 and 1977; the expanding range of subjects and themes in the genre during the period of the American Independent Film Movement from 1987 through 2000. Special emphasis is given to the theme of memory in youth films; the genre's multi-ethnic subjects and perspectives; and the impact of modern film aesthetics on film genre theory.

An examination of the representation of young characters (aged 12 to 20) in fictional feature films made in the United States between 1981 and 1996. The author argues that youth films constitute a legitimate genre of cinema study, and that five subgenres of the youth genre have been prominent during the 1980s and 1990s: school, delinquency, horror, science, and love/sex films. These subgenres, through their various codes and motifs, engender particular images of youth over time and under certain circumstances, yielding a complex structure of teenage identities and styles. The character types within each subgenre are analyzed, as are the release patterns of the films and their connections to contemporary cinematic and cultural trends, such as: the proliferation of multiplex theaters in shopping malls, the introduction of the PG-13 movie rating, the increasing production of straight-to-video films, and the political-economic emergence of Generation X. A further argument is that genre study cannot properly be conducted without a widely inclusive frame of textual examples, and or addressed. Each film is studied within its relevant subgeneric category, and its narrative depiction of young characters is detailed. By placing these films in their social and historical contexts, and foregrounding the film industry's attempts to appeal to young audiences with these films, the dissertation concludes that most youth films present a complicated image of young people: conflicted yet stoical, hedonistic yet sensitive, naive yet insightful.

This dissertation investigates key similarities between l9th-century slave accounts and what I call "hip-hop captivity narratives." As a corrective to the negative attention accorded hip-hop, in general, my project identifies particular aspects of slave authors' literary strategies that urban hip-hop artists reinvent in their own music and filmmaking works. My primary goal is to position hip-hop texts as the most recent arrivals in a long-standing African American tradition of instructional, survivalist literature. Such a goal closes two gulfs: one, between "the literary academy" and "the street," and two, between hip-hop generationers' and their Black Civil Rights forbearers' perceptions of social and/or communal progress. The Introduction situates my work within African American Studies and argues a New Historicist approach for the study of hip-hop culture. Chapter One, "The Education of Hip-Hop," argues that more than a form of entertainment, hip-hop is an educational project. I delineate elements that contemporary rap music and film borrow from the slave narrative tradition. Chapter Two, "Sounds from the Underground: The Pedagogy of Survival in Rap Texts," argues that the music of underground and mainstream rappers publicly and privately demonstrates Black youth's cultural ties to one another and to their history, reinforcing the bonds of shared political objectives, such as unity and liberation. Examining Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing (1989) through the lens of DuBoisian double consciousness, Chapter Three, "Be a Man!, Get a Job! Stay Black: Dangerous Ghetto Manifestoes in Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing," provides a novel reading of some challenges young men experience as they attempt to simultaneously actualize manhood, Blackness, and socio-economic mobility in a post-modern, post-Civil Rights era still fraught with vestiges of the period of slavery. Finally, Chapter Four, "We Ride Together; We Die Together: Thug Misses, Gangsta Bytches, and 'Ryde-or-Die Chicks'," discusses the lyrics and images of female rappers and reads Black female characters in the hip-hop filmic text, Set it Off (1996). Such an exercise highlights key ways young urban women publicly support the actuation of Black manhood within the boundaries of male-dominated popular cultural forms.

This study examines the role of social media in maintaining interest in classic cinema in today’s media culture. Ethnographic analyses and case studies were performed within a robust classic cinema fan network on the social media blogging site Tumblr. The practices of these bloggers and their online platform are framed against the traditional structure of the curator and museum, indicating that they serve many of the cultural functions attributed to these institutions. This study further demonstrates that these Tumblr networks serve as a resource for young people to discover, share, and create communities relating to classic cinema. Due to the networking capabilities of Tumblr’s youth-oriented platform, these fan activities reach a broad range of individuals, exposing them to scenes and actors from classic cinema, stimulating interest in and acceptance of the cinematic framework of classic films. This content visibility and distribution potentially draws those outside the community into the extant fan network. These communities and practices represent previously unexplored methods by which classic cinema appreciation may develop and thrive within the fast-paced media culture of the 21st century.
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Cette recherche s’intéresse aux propriétés politiques du médium audiovisuel, et plus spécifiquement de la pratique cinématographique, devant un problème concret : la marginalisation de la jeunesse dans la société américaine contemporaine, symptomatique d’une perte d’espoir en l’avenir. Guidé par la théorie politique de Hannah Arendt, l’argumentaire consiste d’abord en deux analyses filmiques : une première de Kids (1995), réalisé par Larry Clark, porte sur l’invisibilité sociale de la jeunesse et la faculté du médium audiovisuel à confronter le spectateur. La seconde se penche sur le pouvoir systématisé auquel sont soumis les jeunes dans une institution scolaire bureaucratique, tel qu’il est mis en scène dans Elephant (2003) de Gus Van Sant, et interroge la capacité du médium à susciter la pensée chez le spectateur. Dans un troisième temps, une réflexion plus globale sur la situation actuelle de la culture cinématographique au sein du domaine audiovisuel dominé par le divertissement de masse explore la possibilité d’une polis audiovisuelle. Cette troisième et dernière partie reprend les thèmes soulevés dans les précédentes dans une perspective politique basée directement sur la pensée d’Arendt : ils donnent lieu aux questions de l’apparaître et de la durabilité du monde, qui sont les principales fonction de la polis, ainsi qu’à la question du rôle du spectateur.
This research is about the political properties of the audiovisual media, focusing on cinema as a specific practice, in front of a concrete problem: marginalized youth in contemporary American society, which is symptomatic of a loss of hope for the future. Guided by Hannah Arendt’s political theory, the arguments start with two film analyses: a first one of Larry Clark’s Kids (1995) concerns the social invisibility of youth, and audiovisual media’s faculty to confront the spectator. The second one takes a look at the systematized power to which youths are submitted in a bureaucratic educational establishment, as it is featured in Gus Van Sant’s Elephant (2003), and examines media’s capacity to bring the viewer to think. Third and last, a more overall reflection on the current situation of film culture within the audiovisual field dominated by mass entertainment explores the possibility of an audiovisual polis. This last part pursues the themes discussed in the two former ones in a politic perspective, directly based on Arendt’s thoughts: they lead to considerations on appearance and durability of the world, which are the main functions of the polis, as well as considerations on the spectator’s role.

碩士
國立交通大學
傳播研究所
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Taiwan New Cinema occupies an important cultural and historical status, which also fascinates the Western since 1986 when discovered by international film critics, festival directors, and film historians. Both film scholars at home and abroad tend to believe that Taiwan New Cinema associates with Taiwan’s democratization process by analyzing various aspects of politic, economy, and aesthetic of Taiwan New Cinema which represents the resistance to Hollywood movies and the struggling againt Kuomintang’s Chinese colonial attempts. However, regardless of specific historial, geographical, and cultural context, studies of Taiwan New Cinema often ignore the fact that theories accounting for Nouvelle Vague (French New Wave) or Third-World Cinema might not well-explicate the specific situation of Taiwan New Cinema, emerging or decaying. Therefore the present study is trying to develop new aspects to explore the reasons why a cinematic wave was aroused and eventually waned, and to outline its “anti-colonization-pro-canonizaion” dilemma. The study also attemps to escape from dualistic views and trys to delineate the often neglected historial context. The context is poised on three dimensions: “youth generation”, “film festival”, and “long take”, which are the integration of “timeliness”, “location”, “social networks”, and the basic “potical-economical-aesthetic” triad. This study proposes a dynamic view of “demand and multiplication” to re-examine the cultural tension against the power resistance and tradition following. In this aspect, either “New Wave” or “New Cinema” is seen as a cultural strategy in order to adapt to the environment and to meet the demand. On the other hand, cinephile development will also be an important issue for anticipating the next New Cinema generation.

O interesse político da EU pela literacia cinematográfica, a nova Lei do Cinema e Audiovisual e a criação do plano Nacional de Cinema (PNC) em Portugal, a nova Lei Cristovam Buarque de Cinema no Brasil juntamente com nossa experiencia no campo, contribuíram para identificarmos a necessidade de que fosse desenvolvida uma investigação mais profunda na área da literacia mediática, com o foco voltado para o campo do cinema e educação. Ao longo deste trabalho pesquisamos o campo do cinema e educação, levando em consideração as realidades de Brasil e Portugal, num esforço de sistematização, clarificação, identificação e compreensão dos seus elementos essenciais e das relações entre eles. Para isso, desenvolvemos um trabalho etnográfico no campo que teve a duração de 11 meses, cinco em Portugal e seis no Brasil. Este trabalho possibilitou conhecer diferentes projetos de cinema e educação, suas metodologias, pedagogias, com que frequência eles são implementados. Analisar o papel das politicas publicas existentes na área e compreender o que adultos (normalmente no papel de coordenadores e educadores), e jovens (normalmente no papel de educandos) pensam sobre os projetos em que participam, o que e desenvolvido e o que resulta da sua implementação. E possível identificar que a maior parte dos projetos de cinema e educação não permitem que os jovens se expressem livremente, e que os mantem presos a repetição da narrativa classica, através de mecanismos já conhecidos e utilizados pela pedagogia tradicional. Estes projetos também não estimulam uma participação plena dos jovens e há uma ausência de reflexão e dialogo com os jovens sobre o cinema enquanto uma arte imbuída de pensamentos e questões ideológicas (feita por pessoas e/ou grupos), ou sobre os dispositivos ideologicamente construídos ao longo dos anos. Reconhecemos que os projetos de cinema e educação exibem e trabalham tecnicamente filmes que os educandos não teriam oportunidade de assistir em outra ocasião. Por sua vez, os jovens educandos declararam gostar das aulas de cinema, e que se sentem contentes por estarem a participar destes projetos. De um modo geral, dizem que depois que começaram a participar das oficinas de cinema veem o cinema com mais atenção e com outros olhos.
EU’s political concern on media literacy, the new Law of Cinema and Audiovisual and the creation of the National Cinema Plan (PNC) in Portugal, the new Cristovam Buarque Cinema Law in Brazil, together with our experience in this field, all contributed for us to identify the need to develop a deeper research in this media literacy field, focusing particularly on the cinema and education field. Throughout this work we researched the field of cinema and education, taking into account the realities of Brazil and Portugal, in an effort to systematize, clarify, identify and understand their core elements and the relations between them. For that purpose, we developed an ethnographic field work that lasted 11 months, five of which in Portugal and six in Brazil. This work allowed us to know different projects on cinema and education, their methods, pedagogies, how often they are implemented. Also to analyze the role of existing public policies in this area and understand what adults (usually in the role of coordinators and educators), and young people (usually in the role of students) think about the projects in which they participate, what’s developed and what are the results from their implementation. It is possible to identify that most projects on cinema and education don’t allow young people to express themselves freely, keeping them stuck on the repetition of the classic narrative, through mechanisms already well known and used by traditional pedagogy. These projects also do not encourage full participation of young people and there is an absence of reflection and dialogue with young people about cinema as an art filled with thoughts and ideological issues (made by individuals and/or groups), or about the ideological devices built over the years. We acknowledge that cinema and education projects exhibit and work technically with films that the students would not have the opportunity to watch any other time or place. On their turn, young students stated having enjoyed cinema classes and that they feel happy for taking part on these projects. In general, they say that after they began participating in the cinema workshops they watch films more attentively and with different eyes.

Num contexto de fusão e dispersão das lógicas de funcionamento do cinema por todo um conjunto de dispositivos, realidades técnicas e diversos gestos de criação e manipulação, procuramos abordar a persistência do cinemático a partir da ambiguidade fundamental presente no quase-conceito de phármakon, trabalhado a partir de Platão e Jacques Derrida. Para uma melhor compreensão da natureza da ambiguidade de um phármakon cinemático, lançámos igualmente mão de alguns pontos fundamentais do trabalho sobre os objetos técnicos e o movimento de individuação de Gilbert Simondon. Numa segunda parte, e tendo como centro a nossa participação no projeto CinEd - European Cinema Education For Youth, o que se pretende é dar um contributo para uma hipótese de refundação parcial das lógicas pedagógicas e educativas no campo do cinema, direcionado aos mais jovens, no sentido de acomodar nas suas práticas o cinemático concebido a partir desta ideia de phármakon, que remete para um gesto de constante composição em movimento.
In a context of fusion and dispersion of the logics of cinema across many different dispositives, technical realities and creative and manipulation gestures, we aim to understand the persistence of cinematic. For this, we propose to depart from the fundamental ambiguity of the quasiconcept phármakon, worked from Plato and Jacques Derrida. To better comprehend the nature of the cinematic phármakon ambiguity, we convoke some points regarding technical objects and the movement of individuation in Gilbert Simondon’s work. Having as a center our participation in the project CinEd - European Cinema Education For Youth, we aim, in a second part, to contribute to an hypothesis of partial reformulation of the pedagogic and educative logics of cinema addressed to the young. And propose it in such a way to accommodate this notion of the cinematic seen through the prism of the phármakon, something that send us to a gesture of constant composition in movement.

This thesis examines representations of youth in the American “teen film”. As a critical category, the teen film is still developing, but it has been defined by a number of critics as being—ostensibly—about and for youth.¹ This thesis engages with teen film literature to test the meaning of these terms. As a genre that is precariously positioned between parent culture and youth audiences, teen film’s narratives are always negotiated and the degree to which it is about and for youth is debatable. I argue that rather than being about and for youth in simple terms, the teen film deploys narratives about a certain idea of youth that is distinctly American and historically contingent; in other words, while certainly consumed by youth and depicting narratives that feature youthful characters and themes, the teen film genre contributes to discourses that are about and for the idea of America. My argument contributes to the critical literature on teen film by exploring the ways the teen film functions as a representation of American ideology. It outlines how, in America, the category of “youth” has historically functioned as an important site of ideological inscription in which to construct an idealised future. In the early 20th century (via the discourse of adolescence), youth was specifically idealised as a frontier space, a site in which to symbolically reconcile troubling anxieties and contradictions left unresolved at the closure of the American frontier. Up to the end of World War II, Hollywood cinema functioned similarly, as a site in which the troubling contradiction between the national ideals of individualism and community might be mobilised and contained, via the “reconciliatory” narrative.² The teen film emerged in the period immediately after World War II, when Hollywood’s efforts to resolve the tensions inherent in frontier mythology were foundering. The teen film might have represented a convergence of the potential reconciliatory powers of cinema and youth, but rather than assisting in the resolution of American ideological crises, the teen film problematised them. Screening youth as an inherently rebellious space, a “frontier” space, facilitated the breakdown of the reconciliatory pattern. In the teen films of the 1950s, the conflict between the ideals of individualism and community proved irreconcilable. Subsequent teen film cycles stage and re-stage the conflict between individual and community, offering repeated takes on what those fundamentally “American” ideals mean in each generation. This thesis traces developments in the representation of the conflict between individual and community through four of the teen film’s dominant cycles—delinquency films from the 1950s, slasher films and animal comedies from the 1970s-to-mid-1980s, and makeover films from the late-1990s-to-early-2000s. Proceeding from the initial deliberation over the terms about and for youth, I include discussions of films like Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and Porky’s (1982) while excluding films like River’s Edge (1986) and Kids (1995), which certainly represent youth, but are typically not viewed by them. ¹ This definition is supported by the work of Catherine Driscoll and Stephen Tropiano. ² This thesis works from Robert B. Ray’s discussion of the “reconciliatory” narrative.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

Teen films from the 1980s are a part of the zeitgeist, but there is very little we actually understand about how they can be qualified and defined, and about the phenomenon of their prolific production, box office success, and cultural relevance. Gaining greater insights about these issues is essential for recognizing the significance of a specific group of films and the ways they address concerns of how teens come of age, but is also important for learning about the films’ historical and industrial contexts of production. Asking the questions why these kinds of films, why at this time, and what do they mean, leads to an awareness and identification of the phenomenon, but additionally, these lines of inquiry explore how the films and their success are tied to changing Hollywood industrial conditions, and to the shifting political, economic, social, and cultural climate of the U.S. in the 1980s. While previous scholars have studied the industrial context of production of teen films in the 1950s, and some have looked at the different types of films produced in the 1980s, the matter remains as to whether teen films actually constitute their own genre. Examining this question of genre is necessary for clarifying a number of issues: how the films relate to the culture at large; how representations of youth on screen can help us understand and reevaluate Generation X, the demographic group coming of age at the time; and how an assessment of these films contributes to a re-conceptualization of the ways films are produced, marketed, and categorized in the New Hollywood. Using primary data consisting of textual analysis and contextual analysis, and applying both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the study builds on and adds to previous approaches to genre. The contributions of this research are multifaceted. By gaining insights about these films, we can begin to appreciate more fully a maligned generation, the changing landscape of the entertainment industry, and a cultural phenomenon.
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Trabalho de projeto
Atualmente, verifica-se uma tendência para incitar o empreendedorismo cultural jovem e a criatividade, por serem considerados potenciais catalisadores do desenvolvimento socio-económico. No entanto, é necessário clarificar tais conceitos e suportar esta afirmação em diagnósticos prospetivos e estudos de casos ou comparativos. Nesse sentido, este trabalho pretendeu contribuir para o debate académico sobre a produção cultural jovem, em especial na indústria cinematográfica Portuguesa (atualmente caracterizada por projetos indie, i.e. alternativos, e com potencial de serem transmedia): pretendeu-se conduzir uma atividade experimental, determinando a sua viabilidade por meio dos respetivos benefícios ou obstáculos, para que possa vir a ser utilizada como base de comparação para estudos subsequentes e contribuindo para o património cultural português. Este projeto transmedia, com orçamento zero, materializar-se-ia numa curta-metragem e em narrativas nas redes sociais, com possibilidade de experimentação e colaboração na construção da narrativa. Em termos práticos e em suma; ainda que não tenha sido possível concluir integralmente o projeto e este tenha apresentado uma viabilidade baixa, o mesmo é ainda concretizável, face aos resultados observados: possibilitou-se a aprendizagem vital à atividade na indústria, num ambiente com riscos controlados, e a capitalização dos recursos disponíveis; não obstante a dificuldade em conciliar o projeto com outras responsabilidades laborais, em garantir o compromisso e cumprimento de acordos prévios com terceiros ou em trabalhar remotamente. Por fim, fica a dificuldade em extrapolar estas conclusões para outros projetos, já que se careceria de uma avaliação mais exaustiva e completa, assim como de outros estudos comparativos.
Currently, there is a tendency to incite youth cultural entrepreneurship and creativity, as they’ve been considered potential catalysts of socio-economic development. However, it’s necessary to fully grasp those concepts and support it with prospective diagnosis and comparative or other case studies. So, this project aimed to contribute to the academic debate about young cultural production, especially in the Portuguese film industry (characterized by indie and potentially transmedia projects), by conducting an experimental activity, which goal was to determine this project viability (based on its benefits or obstacles), so it could be used as a comparison basis for subsequent studies, and to develop Portuguese cultural heritage. The outcome of this zero-budget transmedia project would be a short-iv film and a social media narrative, including an experimental and a collaborative narrative development. Although the project goals were not fully achieved and its viability was considered low; the goals may be achieved in the future, as there were some positive results: this project was fundamental to learn film industry particularities, in an environment with controlled risks, while capitalizing on the available resources; despite the challenge of balancing the project with full-time job responsibilities, ensuring third parties’ commitment and agreement compliance and working remotely. However, some concerns remain, such as the difficulty of extrapolating the findings from this project to other projects, since it requires a more thorough and completed assessment, as well as other comparative studies.