Journal articles: 'Young Schema Questionnaire'

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Lachenal-Chevallet, Karine, Pierre Mauchand, Jean Cottraux, Martine Bouvard, and Robert Martin. "Factor Analysis of the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Nonclinical Sample." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.3.311.

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The original version of the Schema Questionnaire (205 items) was developed by Young to measure early maladaptive schemas. The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF) was designed (Young, 1998) to measure 15 maladaptive schemas and is a shorter instrument (75 items). Factor analytic research with the SQ-SF has supported the schemas proposed by Young (Welburn, Coristine, Dagg, Pontrefact, & Jordan, 2002). The present study examined the psychometric properties of the French version of the SQ-SF in a nonclinical sample (N = 263). The results of the factor analysis revealed 14 interpretable factors, including 13 of the 15 schema subscales proposed by Young. These 14 subscales demonstrated moderate to good internal consistency. These results are in part consistent with previous results based on the English version of the SQ-SF and provided support for the cross-cultural validity of the SQ-SF.

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Bach, Bo, Erik Simonsen, Peter Christoffersen, and Levente Kriston. "The Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form (YSQ-S3)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 2 (March 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000272.

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Abstract. Early Maladaptive Schemas, as measured with the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), are proposed to underlie a variety of mental health problems, in particular Personality Disorders. The latest short version of the instrument measuring all 18 schemas, the YSQ-S3, has only been examined to a limited extent, and its associations with Personality Disorders have not yet been tested in a psychiatric setting. We investigated psychometric properties of the Danish YSQ-S3 including its associations with Personality Disorders. A mixed Danish sample of clinical and nonclinical participants (N = 567) completed the YSQ-S3, whereas a clinical subsample (n = 142) was also assessed with a diagnostic interview for Personality Disorders. We performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and tested for group differences using analysis of variance. The Danish YSQ-S3 proved to be a reliable and valid measure. Its theoretical factorial structure was weakly but sufficiently supported. Its scales were meaningfully associated with specific Personality Disorders and discriminated between relevant groups. We conclude that the YSQ-S3 is a psychometrically valuable instrument for the assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in both clinical and research settings. Findings are discussed in relation to Personality Disorders and the Schema Therapy model.

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Calvete, Esther, Ana Estévez, Elena López de Arroyabe, and Pilar Ruiz. "The Schema Questionnaire - Short Form." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 21, no. 2 (January 2005): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90.

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Abstract. This research studied the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (SQ-SF; Young & Brown, 1994 ). The participants (407 undergraduate students) completed the SQ-SF together with the following scales to measure symptoms of affective disorders and automatic thoughts: the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised (ATQ-R), the Anxious Self-Statements Questionnaire (ASSQ), and the Self-Talk Inventory (STI). The confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesized structure of 15 first-order factors for the SQ-SF. However, the results were mixed with regard to the hierarchical arrangement of schemas. On the other hand, the results revealed several clinically relevant associations among cognitive schemas, symptoms of affective disorders (depression, anxiety, and anger) and automatic thoughts (positive thoughts, depressive thoughts, anxious thoughts, and angry thoughts).

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Londoño Arredondo, Nora Helena, Esther Calvete, Alberto Ferrer, Liliana Chaves, Diego Castrillón, Mónica Schnitter, Carlos Marín, and Katherine Maestre. "Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form, Validación en Colombia." Universitas Psychologica 11, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-1.ysqv.

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La terapia cognitiva centrada en los esquemas fue propuesta por Young (1990). El concepto de esquemas maladaptativos tempranos (EMT) es central para esta terapia, se refiere a temas extremadamente estables y duraderos que se desarrollan durante la infancia, se elaboran a lo largo de la vida de un individuo y son significativamente disfuncionales, y sirven como marcos para el procesamiento de experiencia posterior (Young, 1999). En 1990 el autor desarrolla el cuestionario de Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos (Young Schema Questionnaire - YSQ) y en 1998 su versión corta (YSQ-SF). El presente estudio realizado en Colombia con 1392 estudiantes universitarios (541 hombres y 851 mujeres) tuvo como propósito analizar las propiedades psicométricas del YSQ-SF. Se realizó el análisis confirmatorio, obteniendo una estructura bastante favorable para los 15 factores y los 75 ítems y también para la de segundo orden propuesta por Young. Los coeficientes alpha de Cronbach oscilaron entre 0.74 y 0.89.

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Stallard, Paul, and Helen Rayner. "The Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Schema Questionnaire for Children (SQC)." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, no. 2 (December 16, 2004): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465804001912.

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This study describes the development and initial evaluation of a cognitive schema questionnaire for children. The Schema Questionnaire for Children (SQC) was designed to capture the 15 early maladaptive schemas proposed by Young (1990). Face validity of the questionnaire items as assessed by a group of CBT experts (n=16) was good. Concurrent validity was assessed by asking 47 school children aged 11–16 years of age to complete both the (SQC) and a British version of the 75 item Young's Schema Questionnaire short form (YSC-S). Significant correlations were obtained for 10 of the 15 schemas, with a further two approaching statistical significance. Although some of the correlations were modest, these initial results suggest that the SQC may be a valid quick and developmentally appropriate way of assessing Young's maladaptive schema in children.

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Oei, Tian P. S., and John Baranoff. "Young Schema Questionnaire: Review of psychometric and measurement issues*." Australian Journal of Psychology 59, no. 2 (September 2007): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530601148397.

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Pauwels, Els, Laurence Claes, Eva Dierckx, Inge Debast, S. P. J. (Bas) Van Alphen, Gina Rossi, Chris Schotte, Els Santens, and Hendrik Peuskens. "Age neutrality of the Young Schema Questionnaire in patients with a substance use disorder." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 8 (April 3, 2014): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214000519.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Young's Schema Focused Therapy (SFT) is gaining popularity in the treatment of older adults. In the context of this therapy, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) was developed to assess the early maladaptive schemas (EMS). EMS are considered to be relatively stable over time, but research shows that questionnaires often lack face validity in older adults, which makes it difficult to investigate EMS in older adults and their stability across the lifespan.Methods:In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated the age neutrality of the Young Schema Questionnaire – Long Form in young (aged 18–34 years), middle-aged (aged 35–59 years), and older (aged 60–75 years) adults in a clinical sample of substance use disorders (N= 321) by examining potential differential item functioning (DIF). While investigating the stability of the schemas, we controlled for substance dependency and clinical symptoms by means of, respectively, the Drug Use Screening Inventory – Revised and the Symptom Checklist-90-R.Results:The Bonferroni-adjusted Liu–Agresti Cumulative Common Log-Odds Ratio confirmed large DIF for six items, divided across five schema scales (Mistrust/Abuse, Subjugation, Entitlement, Enmeshment and Self-sacrifice). Of the six items that presented DIF, only one item showed differential test functioning (Entitlement). Overall results show only 3% DIF, implying age neutrality of the questionnaire.Conclusions:Current results corroborate that most EMS scales are equally measured across age, and reliable comparisons can be made across the lifespan, allowing for good clinical practice and further research on SFT in older adults. Only for Entitlement, Enmeshment, and Insufficient Self-control, caution is needed when comparing mean scores across the age groups.

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Louis, John P., Alex M. Wood, George Lockwood, Moon-Ho Ringo Ho, and Eamonn Ferguson. "Positive clinical psychology and Schema Therapy (ST): The development of the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) to complement the Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form (YSQ-S3)." Psychological Assessment 30, no. 9 (September 2018): 1199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000567.

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Calvete, Esther, Izaskun Orue, and Zahira González-Diez. "An Examination of the Structure and Stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas by Means of the Young Schema Questionnaire-3." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 29, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000158.

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The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) assesses early maladaptive schemas (EMS) that underlie a variety of psychological disorders. Since its creation by Young, several versions of this questionnaire have been developed. The Young Schema Questionnaire-3 (YSQ-3; Young, 2006 ) adds three new schemas (approval-seeking, punitiveness, and pessimism/negativity) in addition to the previous versions. This study examines the structure, consistency, stability, and concurrent validity of the YSQ-3 in a sample of Spanish students (n = 971, 54% females). The participants completed the YSQ-3 together with measures of depression, social anxiety, and hostility. A subsample of 351 was followed up 6 months later. The results support the structure of 18 EMS for the YSQ-3. However, the results for the second-order structure are mixed. Whereas the disconnection and rejection and the impaired autonomy domains are well supported, evidence for the other domains is limited, and results suggest that these domains may be integrated into one common domain. Finally, consistent with their content, EMS were associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hostility, and showed relative stability over time.

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Yalcin, Ozgur, Christopher Lee, and Helen Correia. "Factor Structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Long Form‐3)." Australian Psychologist 55, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12458.

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Sperb, William, Jandilson A. da Silva, Hugo Cogo-Moreira, Diogo R. Lara, and Hudson W. de Carvalho. "The latent structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form." Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (December 2019): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0261.

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Shin, Moon-Hyea, and Jee-Yon Lee. "Validation of the Korean Version of the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire." KOREAN JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 32, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 1125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2020.08.32.3.1125.

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Fitzsimmons, Kathy, Sheila Gallagher, Sandra Blayone, Debbie Chan, Wendy Leaitch, Nancy Veals, and Nancy Wilkinson. "The Young Schema Questionnaire in Group Therapy: A Client-Focused Approach." Social Work in Mental Health 7, no. 1-3 (June 3, 2008): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332980802072538.

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Brenning, Katrijn, Guy Bosmans, Caroline Braet, and Lotte Theuwis. "Gender Differences in Cognitive Schema Vulnerability and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents." Behaviour Change 29, no. 3 (September 2012): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.15.

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This study aims to investigate whether gender differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with girls reporting more depressive symptoms than boys, are related to gender differences in cognitive schema vulnerability. A cross-sectional study investigating adolescents from both clinical (N = 110) and non-clinical samples (N = 118) was conducted, using the Young Schema Questionnaire — Short Form (YSQ-SF) as a measure of cognitive schema vulnerability. Results show that adolescent girls tend to score higher on several maladaptive cognitive schemas, and that these schemas tend to be more highly correlated with depressive symptoms compared to adolescent boys. Further, cognitive schema vulnerability mediated the relationship between life-stress and depressive symptoms in girls but not in boys.

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Jain, Anjali, and Kamlesh Singh. "Validation of the Young Schema Questionnaire: Short Form 3 in Indian Population." Psychological Studies 64, no. 2 (June 2019): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-019-00493-3.

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Kriston, Levente, Janina Schäfer, Gitta A. Jacob, Martin Härter, and Lars P. Hölzel. "Reliability and Validity of the German Version of the Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 29, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000143.

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To date, the psychometric properties of the German version of the Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3) have not yet been examined. We investigated the reliability and validity of the German version of the YSQ-S3. In a community sample of 1,150 participants and a clinical sample of 30 psychiatric inpatients, we performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analyses, and tested for group differences using analysis of variance. The YSQ-S3 proved to be reliable and corresponded to the theoretically proposed 18-dimensional structure. Schema scores were positively associated with measures of psychopathology and personality disorder, indicating convergent validity. Furthermore, the YSQ-S3 differentiated between participant subgroups defined by level of health-care utilization, supporting discriminant validity. We conclude that the YSQ-S3 is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be used in German-speaking countries in research on early maladaptive schemas. Further research is necessary particularly in larger clinical samples.

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Oetingen, Justyna, Jan Chodkiewicz, Dorota Mącik, and Ewa Gruszczyńska. "Polish adaptation of the The Young Schema Questionnaire 3 Short Form (YSQ-S3-PL)." Psychiatria Polska 52, no. 4 (August 24, 2018): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/76541.

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Rezaei, F., and N. Shams Alizadeh. "Early maladaptive schemas in methamphetamine and opioid addicts." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71804-1.

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IntroductionAccording to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.ObjectivesExamining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.AimsTo determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.MethodsParticipants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.ResultsThe results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.ConclusionPeople with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.

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Pauwels, Els, Eva Dierckx, Dirk Smits, Rianne Janssen, and Laurence Claes. "Validation of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Flemish Community Sample." Psychologica Belgica 58, no. 1 (2018): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.406.

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Stopa, Lusia, and Anne Waters. "The effect of mood on responses to the Young Schema Questionnaire: Short form." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 78, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/147608304x21383.

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Sakulsriprasert, Chaiyun, Darunee Phukao, Suree Kanjanawong, and Natthani Meemon. "The reliability and factor structure of Thai Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 24 (December 2016): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.09.011.

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Rodriguez, Adrian, Paul Ratanasiripong, Kimberly Hardaway, Leslie Barron, and Shiho Toyama. "Latinx College Students: How Schemas and Attachments Impact Depression and Relationship Satisfaction." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986320910165.

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Latinx college students face challenges regarding depression. The relationships between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and attachment style on depression and relationship satisfaction were investigated among 236 Latinx college student participants. The Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (YSQ-S3) total score was utilized to identify overall schema. Significant correlations were found. Overall schema, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and depression were all positively correlated, while attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and depression were negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. In multiple regression analyses, Model 1, overall schema and attachment anxiety significantly predicted depression. In Model 2, overall schema, attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance significantly predicted relationship satisfaction, with EMS acting as a positive predictor. Results suggest that Latinx college students with EMS and anxious attachment style endorse more depression, while the influence of EMS and attachment style on relationship satisfaction needs to be further investigated. Considerations for the use of schema therapy and future research are discussed.

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Videler, Arjan C., Rita J. J. van Royen, Marjolein J. H. Legra, and Machteld A. Ouwens. "Positive schemas in schema therapy with older adults: clinical implications and research suggestions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 4 (March 10, 2020): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465820000077.

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AbstractBackground:Schema therapy is an effective treatment for borderline personality disorder and other complex disorders. Schema therapy is feasible in older adults, and the first empirical support for its effectiveness in later life was provided in older patients with a cluster C personality disorder. The central concept of the schema therapy model is the early maladaptive schema (EMS). Early adaptive schemas (EAS) give rise to adaptive behaviour, and they also emerge during childhood, when core emotional needs are adequately met by primary caregivers.Aims:To examine the concept of EAS and its application in schema therapy with older adults.Method:Literature review and case example: the role of EAS in schema therapy with older adults is discussed and suggestions for integrating EAS in schema therapy in later life are proposed.Results:Directing attention in therapy to EAS may help strengthen the healthy adult mode, and it might also help change a negative life review. Working with positive schemas may be an important avenue for re-awakening positive aspects of patients, reinforcing the therapeutic relationship, creating a positive working atmosphere, and also for facilitating the introduction of experiential schema therapy techniques.Conclusions:This review suggests that positive schemas may be important vehicles of therapeutic change when working with older people. There is a need for validating the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) in older adults, and for examining whether integrating EAS in schema therapy with older adults indeed has a positive effect on therapy outcome.

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Davoood, R., S. Ghahari, and M. R. Pirmoradi. "The compare of early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and general health in offender prisoner men and normal group men." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1173.

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ObjectThe aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and general health in offender prisoner men and normal group men.MethodsThe study method was causal – comparative (ex post facto). Participants included two groups: (1) all of offender prisoner men (n = 47) in Fooman jail and (2) normal group men (n = 47) in Fooman. Both groups were matched for age, occupation and education. All of the participants completed Young maladaptive schema questionnaire (Y MSQ), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ-P) and general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) individually. Data were analysed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).FindingThere was significant difference between two groups in total score of early maladaptive schema questionnaire and also in its subscales included abandonment, impaired autonomy/performance, impaired limits, other – directedness, over vigilance/inhibition, emotional inhibition (P < 0/01). The general health was different between groups, too. In addition, while groups showed significant difference in total score of emotion regulation and one of the subscales (rumination), no significant difference was explored between groups in self-blame, acceptance, positive refocusing, planning refocusing, positive re-evaluation, perspective taking, catastrophizing and others blame.ConclusionSignificant differences between the two groups in terms of general health, schema dimensions and emotional regulation dimensions suggest that dysfunctional schemas, maladaptive emotional strategies and low general health could be involved in criminal behaviour.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Rijkeboer, Marleen M., Huub van den Bergh, and Jan van den Bout. "Item Bias Analysis of the Young Schema-Questionnaire for Psychopathology, Gender, and Educational Level." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 27, no. 1 (January 2011): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000044.

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This study examines the construct validity of the Young Schema-Questionnaire at the item level in a Dutch population. Possible bias of items in relation to the presence or absence of psychopathology, gender, and educational level was analyzed, using a cross-validation design. None of the items of the YSQ exhibited differential item functioning (DIF) for gender, and only one item showed DIF for educational level. Furthermore, item bias analysis did not identify DIF for the presence or absence of psychopathology in as much as 195 of the 205 items comprising the YSQ. Ten items, however, spread over the questionnaire, were found to yield relatively inconsistent response patterns for patients and nonclinical participants.

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Phillips, Katelyn, Robert Brockman, Phoebe E. Bailey, and Ian I. Kneebone. "Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form Version 3 (YSQ-S3): Preliminary validation in older adults." Aging & Mental Health 23, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1396579.

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Yan, Yulei, Jianping Wang, Wei Yu, Li He, and Tian P. S. Oei. "Young Schema Questionnaire: Factor Structure and Specificity in Relation to Anxiety in Chinese Adolescents." Psychiatry Investigation 15, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2018.15.1.41.

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Shyroka, A., and I. Brukh. "EMOTIONAL DEPENDENCE IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS: THE ROLE OF ADVERSE CHILDREN’S EXPERIENCE AND EARLY DYSFUNCTION SCHEMES." Psychology and Personality, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4078.2021.2.239976.

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Emotional dependency is a persistent pattern of unsatisfied emotional needs, that the individual tries to fulfill in close intimate relationship in particular romantic relationship. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are often identified as a cause of emotional dependency. However, there is plenty of evidence that many psychosocial problems are more strongly associated with early maladaptive schemas (EMS), than directly with ACEs. ACEs and EMS both can have effect on emotional dependency. Such assumption has strong theoretical reasoning, but there is still lack of empirical evidence about the exact role ACEs and EMS can play in emotional dependency. The present study examined early maladaptive schemas as mediators of the adverse childhood experiences – emotional dependency in romantic relationship. The study has cross-sectional design. Questionnaires completed by 128 individuals (78% females) (Mage=26; SD=9), who currently or in the past were involved in romantic relationship. There were assessed 10 types of childhood trauma (The Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire), early maladaptive schemas (Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form) and emotional dependency (Emotional Dependency Questionnaire). The mediation role of EMS was tested by Baron and Kenny (1986) analysis strategy using hierarchical multiple regression procedures. The findings showed that ACEs didn’t predict, but such EMS as abandonment / instability, mistrust / abuse and failure to achieve did predict emotional dependency in romantic relations (R2=0,44). The experience of emotional neglect mildly predicted schema of mistrust / abuse (R2=0,16). Such results discussed in the context of previous research, limitations that restricted the study’s conclusions and future research recommendation.

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Huang, Tseng-Lung, and Yi-Mu Chen. "Young audiences’ emotional experience on smartphone film: an application of dual-coding theory." Young Consumers 15, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-07-2013-00384.

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Purpose – This study aims to determine whether smartphones create the best communication fit with a young audience. Design/methodology/approach – To validate the hypotheses, a task-based laboratory study was conducted. And smartphone film and television (TV) film were provided in the laboratory. Young respondents were recruited in the classroom and brief introduction and film were broadcasted. After watching the film, levels of respondent’s emotional experience was measured via questionnaire. Findings – The results indicate that when the text of the film matches the young audience’s schema, the young audience uses, mainly, imagery coding to interpret the text and achieve an emotional experience. Conversely, when the text and schema do not match, the young audience uses both proposition coding and imagery coding. Practical implications – Based on the results found in this study, companies should use different texts to match the different schema of young audiences to ensure that audiences can process coding and enjoy emotional experiences when using smartphone. Originality/value – Dual-coding theory is applied to determine which coding system the audience use to interpret the new-media text, such as smartphone films.

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Aloi, Matteo, Marianna Rania, Raffaella Sacco, Barbara Basile, and Cristina Segura-Garcia. "The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3): does the new four-domains model show the best fit?" Anales de Psicología 36, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.343461.

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La existencia de esquemas maladaptativos tempranos (EMTs) es el concepto central de Schema Therapy (ST). Varios estudios han demostrado que los EMS están involucrados en muchos trastornos psiquiátricos. El Young Schema Questionnaire es una medida de autoinforme desarrollada para evaluar los 18 EMTs y tiene versiones de forma larga (YSQ-L) y forma corta (YSQ-S). Actualmente se encuentra en su tercera versión (YSQ-S3). Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que tiene como objetivo validar el YSQ-S3 de acuerdo con la nueva organización propuesta de EMTs en cuatro dominios. Una muestra no clínica de 1372 estudiantes italianos participó en esta investigación. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) se realizó para examinar la estructura latente del YSQ-S3, incluidas las estructuras de primer y segundo orden. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación alfa e intraclase de Cronbach para evaluar la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad test-retest. Las correlaciones entre el YSQ-S3 y la ansiedad y los síntomas del estado de ánimo se calcularon para medir la validez de constructo. El alfa de Cronbach de casi todos los EMTs fue superior a 0.7, lo que indicó una buena confiabilidad interna, y la confiabilidad test-retest fue excelente. CFA apoya la nueva organización propuesta de EMS en cuatro dominios. Con respecto a la validez concurrente, cada esquema en el YSQ-S3 estaba altamente correlacionado con la ansiedad y los síntomas del estado de ánimo. El nuevo modelo de cuatro dominios del YSQ-S3 ha demostrado que puede ser una herramienta útil y válida para los médicos e investigadores en la medición del autoinforme de los EMTs. The existence of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) is the core concept of Schema Therapy (ST). Several studies have demonstrated that EMSs are involved in many psychiatric disorders. The Young Schema Questionnaire is a self-report measure developed to assess the 18 EMSs and has long form (YSQ-L) and short form (YSQ-S) versions. It is currently in its third version (YSQ-S3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that aims to validate the YSQ-S3 according to the new proposed organization of EMSs into four domains. A non clinical sample of 1372 Italian population was involved in this research. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the latent structure of the YSQ-S3, including both first- and second-order structures. Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations between the YSQ-S3 and anxiety and mood symptoms were calculated to measure construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha of almost all EMSs were higher than 0.7, which indicated good internal reliability, and test-retest reliability was excellent. CFA supports the new proposed organization of EMSs into four domains. Regarding concurrent validity, each schema in the YSQ-S3 was highly correlated with anxiety and mood symptoms. The new four-domains model of the YSQ-S3 has demonstrated that it can be a useful and valid tool for clinicians and researchers in the self-report measurement of EMSs.

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Calvete, Esther. "El Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young: Adaptación de una Versión Breve a Adolescentes y Jóvenes Españoles." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 25, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.29013.

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The Young Schema Questionnaire: Adaptation of a short version to Spanish adolescents and young adults Abstract: This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a brief version of the Young-3 Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-3), which assesses early maladaptive schemas, in Spanish adolescents and young adults. The sample consisted of 1,455 adolescents and young students (54.5% girls, 15-25 years old). They answered the schemas questionnaire and measures of depression, anxiety, hostility, and non-suicidal self-injury. In addition, a subsample of 842 participants completed the schemas questionnaire again six months later. The results confirm the structure consisting of 18 schemas and support the organization of these schemas in five broader domains. The internal consistency of some subscales was low while satisfactory for the domains. The schemas were stable over time and were significantly associated with several psychological problems. The results allow establishing recommendations for the assessment of maladaptive schemas in future research in the field of clinical psychology. Key words: Early maladaptive schemas; depression; anxiety; hostility; non-suicidal self-injury.Resumen: Este estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de una versión breve del Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young-3, que evalúa los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos, en adolescentes y jóvenes españoles. La muestra consistió en 1.455 adolescentes y jóvenes estudiantes (54.5% chicas, 15-25 años). Contestaron el cuestionario de esquemas y medidas de depresión, ansiedad, hostilidad y autolesiones no suicidas. Además, una submuestra de 842 participantes volvió a completar el cuestionario de esquemas breve seis meses más tarde. Los resultados confirman la estructura de 18 esquemas y apoyan la organización de estos en cinco dominios. La consistencia interna de algunas subescalas fue baja mientras que para los dominios fue satisfactoria. Los esquemas fueron estables a lo largo del tiempo y se asociaron significativamente con numerosos problemas psicológicos. Los resultados permiten establecer recomendaciones para la evaluación de los esquemas desadaptativos en la investigación futura en el ámbito de la psicología clínica.Palabras clave: Esquemas desadaptativos tempranos; depresión, ansiedad; hostilidad; autolesiones no suicidas.

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Lee, Seung Jae, Young Hee Choi, Hyo Deog Rim, Seung Hee Won, and Dong-Woo Lee. "Reliability and Validity of the Korean Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 in Medical Students." Psychiatry Investigation 12, no. 3 (2015): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.295.

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Borges, Jeane Lessinger, Paula Vagos, Débora Dalbosco Dell’Aglio, and Daniel Rijo. "Cross-cultural Validation of the Young Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents in Portuguese and Brazilian Samples." International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41811-020-00067-6.

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Santos, Laura, Paula Vagos, and Daniel Rijo. "Dimensionality and Measurement Invariance of a Brief Form of the Young Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents." Journal of Child and Family Studies 27, no. 7 (March 15, 2018): 2100–2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1050-3.

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Stopa, Lusia, Peter Thorne, Anne Waters, and Jackie Preston. "Are the Short and Long Forms of the Young Schema Questionnaire Comparable and How Well Does Each Version Predict Psychopathology Scores?" Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 3 (January 2001): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.3.253.

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Young’s Schema Questionnaire (YSQ; Young & Brown, 1994) was developed to measure schemas that may need to be modified during therapy. This study examines whether the long and short forms of the YSQ produce comparable scores in a heterogenous group of psychiatric outpatients. The study also looks at how well each version predicts psychopathology measured by the SCL-90 -R (Derogatis, 1977). The results of this study show that the two versions of the YSQ have similar levels of internal consistency, parallel forms reliability and concurrent validity, and indicate that the short from can be used with reasonable confidence by the clinician and researcher. Both versions of the YSQ were modest predictors of psychopathology scores and each version produced slightly different patterns of predictions although there was overlap between the predicted schemas in each version.

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Mirucka, Beata. "The meaning of the body schema in reaching maturity during late adolescence." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0017.

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Abstract The objective of the research presented in this paper was to investigate whether an association existed between the activation of the body schema and reaching adulthood among people in late adolescence. Three activities that are known to enjoy popularity among young people were analysed, namely: dancing, playing computer games that require motor involvement (e.g. Kinect), and playing computer games of an educational and entertaining character. It was assumed that the chosen forms of activity correspond to three levels of activation of the body schema. The following research methods have been applied to this study: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ), and the Bodily Self Representation Questionnaire. The study has proven that the activation of body schema through dance is significantly related to high self-esteem and the use of mainly mature and neurotic defence mechanisms in threat situations.

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Kopcsó, Krisztina, and András Láng. "Relationship between early maladaptive schemas, attachment quality and fear of darkness." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 49 (December 2014): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.30045.

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Introduction: Although fear of darkness is most common in childhood, it is also a remarkable phenomenon in young adulthood. Aim: To examine the relationship between fear of darkness, early maladaptive schemas and attachment quality in young adults and assess fear related sex differences. Method: A self-developed scale was used to measure fear of darkness’ intensity and frequency. Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form and two scales that measure attachment dimensions were also applied. 120 university students (68 women, 52 men) filled in the tests. Results: Fear of darkness’ frequency correlated with avoidant attachment, and intensity with independent and anxious attachment. Fear of darkness variables correlated with several early maladaptive schemas. Women reported more frequent and intensive fear of darkness than men. Conclusions: These results indicated that the elevated level of fear of darkness is related to specific cognitive style and attachment quality. This highlights the potential clinical relevance of fear of darkness. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(49), 1967–1972.

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Hawke, Lisa D., and Martin D. Provencher. "The Canadian French Young Schema Questionnaire: Confirmatory factor analysis and validation in clinical and nonclinical samples." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 44, no. 1 (January 2012): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026197.

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Cui, Lixia, Wenwen Lin, and Tian P. S. Oei. "Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Chinese Undergraduate Students." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 9, no. 6 (September 15, 2010): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9283-4.

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Khosravani, Vahid, Mahmoud Najafi, and Ali Mohammadzadeh. "The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a Persian Version Among a Large Sample of Psychiatric Patients." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9997-2.

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Kazemi, Amir Pasha, Alireza Kakavand, and Rokhsareh Fazli. "The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and mental skills with goal orientation of footballers." Environment Conservation Journal 16, SE (December 5, 2015): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2015.se1651.

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This study aims to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and mental skills by interpreting the footballer's competitive anxiety and goal orientation. The research methodology is descriptive using correlational models. According to the predictor variables of early maladaptive schemas and mental skills, goal orientation and competitive anxiety are predicted in a sample of footballers in the Premier League and Azadegan League. The research population consisted of all footballers in the Premier League and Azadegan League. Considering the formula, the sample size was chosen 200 using convenience sampling method from Premier and Azadegan Leagues’ football teams. The measurement tools include Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF; Young, 1998), The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool 3 (OMSAT-3), Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In the statistical analysis of the data, descriptive and inferential indicators and methods were used. The research hypotheses were tested by standardized multiple regression analysis and finally, the conclusion based on the hypotheses was that there was a relationship between some components of early maladaptive schemas and mental skills with goal orientation of footballers.

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Rowe, Vikki. "Cross-gender influence: The effect of perceived male preference on female body image and self-esteem in a young adult group." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 23, no. 2 (2006): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200028984.

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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to explore the potential relationship between affect related to female perception of male preference for the female thin ideal (“Sensitivity to Male Preference”) and female body image and self-esteem. Ninety-three, heterosexual, female undergraduate students (M = 19.78, SD = 2.66) completed a series of questionnaires which tapped Body Image Dissatisfaction, Body Image Discrepancy, Appearance Schema and Self-Worth. The “Female Perception of Male Preference Questionnaire” (devised specifically for the purpose of the present study) assessed Sensitivity to Male Preference. Results indicated that females who expressed greater negative affect in relation to their perception of male preference for the female thin ideal also showed higher levels of body image dissatisfaction, appearance schema, discrepancy (between their perceived current and ideal figures), and lower levels of self-worth. Findings suggest that female perception of male preference may be an important variable when considering factors that influence female body image and self-esteem, and thus warrant further attention in research.

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SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad, Mehrzad MohsseniPour, Elahe Aghaei, Fariba Zarani, Jalil Fathabadi, and Mona Mohammadifirouzeh . "The Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Quality of Life and Self-care Behaviors in a Sample of Persons Living with HIV: The Potential Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies." Open AIDS Journal 14, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613602014010100.

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Introduction: People who are living with HIV often experience physical as well as psychological challenges. Therefore, the aim of this descriptive, correlational study was to explore the potential mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationships between early maladaptive schemas, quality of life, and self-care behavior in patients with HIV/AIDS. Methods: In the first half of 2017, patients with HIV/AIDS (N=240) were recruited from an HIV clinic in Tehran, Iran. A self-report questionnaire included the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQSF), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), short form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and a self-care behaviors questionnaire. The data analysis involved using advanced statistical techniques for structural equation modeling. Results: There were significant, inverse relationships between all five areas of early maladaptive schemas and positive cognitive emotional regulation strategies, self-care behaviors, and quality of life. Also, there were significant, positive relationships between all five areas of early maladaptive schemas and negative cognitive and emotional regulation strategies. Conclusion: The findings suggest that practical interventions to reduce maladaptive responses may result in healthier outcomes for persons living with HIV.

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Sardarzadeh, Soorena. "Reliability and Validity of the Ukrainian Version of the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3)." Advances in Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 4 (2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20180404.11.

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Rijkeboer, Marleen M., Huub van den Bergh, and Jan van den Bout. "Stability and discriminative power of the Young Schema-Questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus non-clinical population." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (June 2005): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.08.005.

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Baranoff, John, Tian P. S. Oei, Seong Ho Cho, and Seok-Man Kwon. "Factor structure and internal consistency of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Korean and Australian samples." Journal of Affective Disorders 93, no. 1-3 (July 2006): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.003.

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Staniszek, Karolina, and Agnieszka Popiel. "Development and validation of the Polish experimental short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-ES-PL) for the assessment of early maladaptive schemas." Roczniki Psychologiczne 20, no. 2 (2017): 401–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.2-5en.

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Saariaho, Tom H. J., Anita S. I. Saariaho, Irma A. Karila, and Matti I. Joukamaa. "Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.09.003.

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AbstractBackground and aims of the studyThe connection between chronic pain and traumatic experiences in childhood has been established in several studies. The association of emotional maltreatment with chronic pain has been studied, but to a lesser degree. Schema therapy [24] is an extension of cognitive therapy and presents the early maladaptive schema (EMS) concept. EMSs reflect early, mainly emotional maltreatment. The aim of the present study was to examine the existence of EMSs, the association between EMSs and pain variables and EMS driven patterns.Patients and measuresThe study consisted of 271 first visit pain patients. Their socio-demographic data, pain variables and pain disability were assessed. The presence of EMSs was measured using the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form Extended. One hundred and three successive participants were also interviewed according to the cognitive case conceptualization.ResultsMore than half (58.3%) of the chronic pain patients scored EMSs as meaningful. The patients with meaningful EMSs had significantly higher pain intensity, duration of pain and pain disability. The two most frequently occurring EMSs in male pain patients were Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness (US) (36.2%) and Self-Sacrifice (SS) (23.6%) and in female pain patients SS (40.3%) and US (27.1%). The speech contents of five of the highest scoring US and SS male and female patients (n = 20) were analyzed. The analyses showed schema driven behavior which exacerbated the pain situation. US and SS schemas had a stronger motivational effect on their behavior than the pain itself. Regression analyses showed that Self-Sacrifice schema in women and Emotional Deprivation schema in the total sample predicted pain disability as did pain intensity and the number of pain locations.ConclusionsThis study suggested that a remarkable amount of chronic pain patients may suffer from early maladaptive schemas which have an effect on their current pain situation and may reflect underlying early emotional maltreatment.

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Videler, A. C., G. Rossi, M. Schoevaars, C. M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, and S. P. J. van Alphen. "Effects of schema group therapy in older outpatients: a proof of concept study." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 10 (July 3, 2014): 1709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214001264.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Short-term group schema cognitive behavior therapy (SCBT-g) showed improvements in overall symptomatology, early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema modes, both in adults and adolescents with personality disorder (PD) features and long-standing mood disorders. However, no research has yet been carried out on the effect in older adults. Therefore, in a proof of concept study, we explored the effect of SCBT-g in older outpatients with PD features and longstanding mood disorders.Method:Thirty-one older outpatients, aged 60–78 years with PD features and/or longstanding mood disorders were included in a proof of concept study with pre-mid-post design. Primary outcome was psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory) and intermediate outcomes were EMS (Young Schema Questionnaire) and schema modes (Schema Mode Inventory), assessed at baseline, mid-treatment and end-of-treatment. Paired samples t-tests were conducted, and Cohen's d effect sizes reported for pre mid- and post-treatment. As proof of concept analysis, hierarchical regression analyses with residual change scores were used to analyse whether early process changes in EMS (intermediate outcomes) predicted later outcome changes in symptoms.Results:SCBT-g led to significant improvement in all three measures of psychological symptoms, EMS and modes with medium effect sizes. Pre-treatment to mid-treatment changes in schema severity predicted symptom improvement from mid- to end-of-treatment.Conclusion:This proof of concept study shows that SCBT-g has potential to change EMS and to show significant effect at symptom level in older outpatients with PD features. A control condition in a randomized controlled trial is a necessary step for further research.

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Sundag, Johanna, Christine Zens, Leonie Ascone, Susanne Thome, and Tania M. Lincoln. "Are Schemas Passed on? A Study on the Association Between Early Maladaptive Schemas in Parents and Their Offspring and the Putative Translating Mechanisms." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 6 (March 7, 2018): 738–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000073.

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Background: According to Young's schema theory, Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) arise due to the violation of core emotional needs during childhood. It seems likely that parents have difficulties in satisfying their children's emotional needs if they have high levels of EMSs themselves. Aims: This study investigated whether the extent of EMSs in parents is associated with the extent of EMSs in their offspring. Moreover, we tested for two putative mechanisms that account for this association: parental coping styles and parenting behaviour. Methods: Sixty dyads of parents (mother or father) and their adult children (N = 120), recruited from the general population, completed the Young Schema Questionnaire. The parents rated their schema coping styles and the children retrospectively rated the parenting of the participating parent. Results: As expected, parents' EMSs were significantly associated with EMSs in their offspring. This association was accounted for by the parental coping style Overcompensation and the adverse parenting that the child remembered. The parental coping style Avoidance did not account for the association. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the notion that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next via parental coping and parenting. Our findings thus support the assumption of schema theory that EMSs are connected to the family environment in terms of adverse parenting. If further confirmed, this has relevant implications for family-based interventions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Young Schema Questionnaire'

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