Journal articles on the topic 'Young’s modulu'
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1
Zhao, Bin, Zhi Yin Wang, and Jin Peng Wu. "Determining Young's Modulus of Fractured Coal Rock Mass through a Homogenization Method." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.496.
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Three main fractures exist in coal rock mass, including face cleats, butt cleats, and major fractures. The distribution of cleats and beddings in coal rock mass likes a regular reticular. A geological model was established without considering the major fractures. Young's moduli of fractured coal rock mass were gained through a homogenization method monolayer composite micromechanics analysis method. The relations between volume fraction or Young's moduli of cleat and Young's moduli of coal rock mass were investigated by calculation. Results shown that Youngs moduli of coal rock mass have the same change trends with the increase of volume fraction of cleat in the interval of 0.0018mm of width of cleat. And the width of cleat of 0.5mm is a critical point. Youngs moduli of coal rock mass monotonically increase with the increase of Youngs modulus of cleat in the interval of 0.0010.008GPa. Volume fraction and Young's moduli of cleats have notable effects on Young's moduli of coal rock mass.
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Du, Zhongyao, and Pengjie Wang. "Gelatin Hydrolysate Hybrid Nanoparticles as Soft Edible Pickering Stabilizers for Oil-In-Water Emulsions." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020393.
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The aim of this study was to fabricate edible gelatin enzymic digest (GED) based gel particles that can stabilize oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions. The gel particles were generated by covalent crosslinking, with genipin, the individual protein molecules within tannic acid-induced gelatin hydrolysate (GED-TA) particles. The ability of the genipin-treated GED-TA (GP-GED-TA) to stabilize emulsions was evaluated by Turbiscan analysis and droplet-size changes. For comparison, gelatin hydrolysate (GE) and tannic acid-induced gelatin hydrolysate particles (GED-TA) were used as controls. The mean diameters of GED, GED-TA, and GP-GED-TA particles were 0.68 ± 0.1 nm, 66.2 ± 8.4 nm, and 66.9 ± 7.2 nm, respectively. Nanomechanic analysis using atomic force microscopy(AFM) indicated the average Young’s modulu of the GP-GED-TA particles was 760.8 ± 112.0 Mpa, indicating the GP-GED-TA were soft particles. The Turbiscan stability indexes (lower values indicate a more stable emulsion) of the emulsions stabilized with GED, GED-TA, and GP-GED-TA, after storage for three days, were 28.6 ± 1.5, 19.3 ± 4.8, and 4.4 ± 1.3, respectively. After one, or 60 days of storage, the volume-weighted mean diameters (D[4,3]) of oil droplets stabilized by GP-GED-TA were 1.19 ± 0.11 μm and 1.18 ± 0.1 µm, respectively. The D[4,3] of oil droplets stabilized by GED-TA, however, increased from 108.3 ± 5.1 μm to 164.3 ± 19.1 μm during the storage. Overall, the GP-GED-TA gel particles have considerable potential for stabilization of O/W emulsions in food products.
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Liu, Hui Hong, Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, Junko Hieda, and Ken Cho. "Development of Changeable Young's Modulus with Good Mechanical Properties in β-Type Ti-Cr-O Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.453.
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A novel β-type titanium alloy with a changeable Youngs modulus, that is, with a low Young's modulus to prevent the stress-shielding effect for patients and a high Young's modulus to suppress springback for surgeons, should be developed in order to satisfy the conflicting requirements of both the patients and surgeons in spinal fixation operations. In this study, the oxygen content in ternary Ti-11Cr-O alloys was optimized in order to achieve a large changeable Young's modulus with good mechanical properties for spinal fixation applications. The increase in Youngs moduli of all the examined alloys by cold rolling is attributed to the deformation-induced ω-phase transformation which is suppressed by oxygen. Among the examined alloys, the Ti-11Cr-0.2O alloy exhibits the largest changeable Youngs modulus and a high tensile strength with an acceptable plasticity under both solution-treated (ST) and cold-rolled (CR) conditions. Therefore, the Ti-11Cr-0.2O alloy, which shows a good balance among a changeable Youngs modulus, high tensile strength and good plasticity, is considered a potential candidate for spinal fixation applications.
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Olsen, Casper, Helle Foged Christensen, and Ida L. Fabricius. "Static and dynamic Young’s moduli of chalk from the North Sea." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 2 (March 2008): E41—E50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2821819.
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We present results from a study of dynamic and static Young’s moduli of North Sea chalk based on laboratory tests on both dry and water-saturated chalk. We obtained static moduli by using both strain gauge and linear voltage displacement transducer (LVDT) measurements. We investigated the influence of pore fluid on static and dynamic Young’s moduli and evaluated the two methods for obtaining static Young’s modulus. We obtained good agreement between dynamic and static Young’s moduli from strain gauge measurements on dry chalk, but for water-saturated chalk the dynamic Young’s modulus was larger than the measured static Young’s modulus. This difference may be caused in part by the influence of the difference in frequencies of static and dynamic measurements. Another reason for the observed difference may be a practical experimental problem that causes the measured static Young’s modulus for water-saturated chalk to be lower than the true modulus. When we compared dynamic Young’s modulus for dry chalk with that for water-saturated chalk, the dry modulus was larger than the water-saturated modulus, probably owing to shear weakening of the chalk. Young’s modulus from LVDT measurements does not relate to dynamic Young’s modulus for dry or water-saturated rock because the LVDT is not able to accurately measure the small deformations of the samples during loading at relatively low stresses.
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Akahori, Toshikazu, Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, Harumi Tsutsumi, Tomokazu Hattori, and Hisao Fukui. "Mechanical Performance of Newly Developed Titanium and Zirconium System Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.495.
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A new -type Ti alloy composed of non-toxic and allergy-free elements like Nb, Ta, and Zr, Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr alloy (TNTZ) proposed by present authors, has been developed in order to achieve relatively low Young’s modulus and excellent mechanical performance. On the other hand, Zr has been also paid attention as metallic biomaterial for the next generation because of good biocompatibility nearly equal to Ti or a few GPa smaller Young’s modulus as compared to one. In this study, mechanical performances such as tensile properties and Young's modulus of TNTZ subjected to thermo-mechanical treatments or severe deformation, and the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of Zr-Nb system alloys were investigated in order to judge their potential for biomedical applications. Young’s modulus of as-solutionized TNTZ, which is around 63 GPa, is pretty similar to that of as-cold-rolled TNTZ. The Young’s moduli of hot-rolled Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy are respective around 110 GPa. The Young’s moduli of as-solutionized and as-cold-rolled TNTZ are around a half of those, and are twice as large as that of the cortical bone. The tensile strengths of TNTZ aged after solution treatment and those aged after cold rolling decrease with an increase in the aging temperature, although the elongation shows the reverse trend. The tensile strength of as-cold-rolled TNTZ is improved drastically through severe deformation such as high pressure torsion and shows more than 1000 MPa. Zr-XNb system alloy (X: 5-30mass%) shows the smallest value of Young’s modulus (around 58 GPa) at Nb content of 20mass%. In the case of implantation of the bars made of Zr-XNb system alloys into the lateral femoral condyles of Japanese white rabbits, the tendency of contact between the cancellous bone and the bar becomes remarkably at 24 weeks after the implantation according to increasing with Nb content.
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Ball, Vincent. "Crosslinking of Bovine Gelatin Gels by Genipin Revisited Using Ferrule-Top Micro-Indentation." Gels 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020149.
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(1) Background: Gelatin is widely used in food science, bioengineering, and as a sealant. However, for most of those applications, the mechanical properties of gelatin gels need to be improved by means of physical or chemical crosslinking. Among the used chemical agents, genipin allows low cytotoxicity in addition to improved Young’s modulus. However, the mechanical properties of gelatin–genipin gels have only been investigated at the macroscale, and there is no knowledge of the influence of the genipin concentration on the surface homogeneity of Young’s modulus. (2) Methods: To this aim, the influence of genipin concentration on Young’s modulus of gelatin gels was investigated by means of ferrule-top micro-indentation. The data were compared with storage moduli obtained by shear rheology data. (3) Results: Ferrule-top indentation measurements allowed us to show that Young’s moduli of gelatin–genipin gels increase up to a plateau value after approximately 12 mg/mL in genipin and 4 h of crosslinking. Young’s moduli distribute with high homogeneity over 80 µm × 80 µm surface areas and are consistent with the storage moduli obtained by shear rheology. (4) Conclusions: It has been shown that ferrule-top indentation data fitted with the Hertz model yield Young’s moduli of gelatin–genipin gels which are consistent with the storage moduli obtained by characterization at the macroscale using shear rheometry. In addition, Young’s moduli are homogenously distributed (with some irregularities at the highest genipin concentrations) and can be increased by two orders of magnitude with respect to the uncrosslinked gel.
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Kumar, Vikas, Carl Sondergeld, and Chandra S. Rai. "Effect of mineralogy and organic matter on mechanical properties of shale." Interpretation 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): SV9—SV15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0238.1.
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We report a nanoindentation study of shales on 144 samples from Barnett, Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Kimmeridge, Ordovician, and Woodford plays. Mineralogy is found to play an important role in controlling mechanical properties of shales: An increase in carbonate and quartz content is correlated with an increase in Young’s modulus, whereas an increase in total organic content, clay content, and porosity decreases Young’s modulus. We had a close agreement between indentation moduli measured on small samples (millimeter scale) and dynamic moduli calculated from velocity and density measurements made on larger samples (centimeter scale). By taking an average of a large number of indentation Young’s moduli, 100 indentations in our case, and using an appropriate penetration force, nanoindentation technology measured an acceptable average Young’s modulus even for heterogeneous samples such as shale highlighting the potential of applying this technology to plug and perhaps field-scale problems.
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Kang, Chang Seog, and Sung Kil Hong. "Anelastic Properties of Polycrystalline Copper." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.673.
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An attempt has been made to measure the temperature dependence of dynamic Young's modulus together with the related variation of internal friction in polycrystalline copper. A mechanical spectroscopy study was used a standard servo hydraulic fatigue testing machine equipped with a scanning laser extensometer. Dynamic Young’s modulus and internal friction are measured over a temperature range of 298 to 873K at very low frequencies of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01Hz. One internal friction peak was observed over the ranges 450K to 700K, together with marked decreases in the dynamic Young.s modulus in the same temperature ranges. From a quantitative analysis of the experimental data with the relaxation strength, relaxation time and activation energy, it is concluded that the peak phenomenon is due to grain-boundary sliding relaxation.
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Yoshitake, Isamu, Farshad Rajabipour, Yoichi Mimura, and Andrew Scanlon. "A Prediction Method of Tensile Young's Modulus of Concrete at Early Age." Advances in Civil Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/391214.
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Knowledge of the tensile Young's modulus of concrete at early ages is important for estimating the risk of cracking due to restrained shrinkage and thermal contraction. However, most often, the tensile modulus is considered equal to the compressive modulus and is estimated empirically based on the measurements of compressive strength. To evaluate the validity of this approach, the tensile Young's moduli of 6 concrete and mortar mixtures are measured using a direct tension test. The results show that the tensile moduli are approximately 1.0–1.3-times larger than the compressive moduli within the material's first week of age. To enable a direct estimation of the tensile modulus of concrete, a simple three-phase composite model is developed based on random distributions of coarse aggregate, mortar, and air void phases. The model predictions show good agreement with experimental measurements of tensile modulus at early age.
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He, Chang Jun, Hui Jian Li, Wei Yu, Xi Liang, and Hai Yan Peng. "Effective Young’s Modulus of Syntactic Foams with Hollow Glass Microspheres." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.607.
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. The Young’s modulus of syntactic foams were studied both the experiment and the theory. The compressive test and dynamic mechanical analysis were progressed for a few of specimens, which were made of the syntactic foams with the epoxy resin and hollow glass microspheres (HGMs). the equations for Young’s modulus of concentrated particulate composites were derived using a differential scheme of an infinitely dilute system, and were employed to prediction the Young’s modulus of syntactic foams. The computed effective Young’s moduli were compared with the experimental results, the prediction values were between the lower and upper bounds of the experimental data, and the prediction model was acceptable and can estimate the Young’s modulus of syntactic foams.
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Fan, Tao. "Surface Effects on Effective Young’s Modulus of Nanoporous Structures." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 07 (July 2020): 2050073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945542050073x.
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Nanoporous materials and structures have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent mechanical properties. Based on the surface elasticity, the effective Young’s moduli are derived for four typical nanoporous structures with periodic unit cells. When the cross-sectional size reduces to nanoscale, the effective Young’s modulus is revealed to be strongly size-dependent. Both the effects of residual surface stress and effective-surface Young’s modulus are examined. The results indicate that negative effective Young’s modulus can be achieved when the residual surface stress is less than zero. The influences of the cross-sectional shape on the relationship between the overall deformation and applied loads are examined. The relative density also plays an important role to the mechanical characteristics not only at macroscales, but also at nanoscales.
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Meng, Qing Chang, Hai Bo Feng, De Chang Jia, and Yu Zhou. "Young’s Modulus of In Situ TiB Whiskers in Ti Metal Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.365.
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The TiB/Ti metal matrix composites (MMCs) with different volume fractions of in situ TiB reinforcements were spark plasma sintered at 1000 °C with a pressure of 20 MPa for 5 minutes in vacuum. The in situ synthesized TiB is whisker shape with a hexagonal transverse section and distributes uniformly and randomly in the Ti matrix. The Young’s modulus of TiB was back-calculated from the elastic properties of the composites using the Halpin-Tsai model. The Young’s moduli of all the composites were found to increase with the increase of TiB volume fraction. The calculated value of TiB Young’s modulus is about 489±83GPa. Values of Young’s moduli of TiB whisker obtained according to different methods were compared and discussed.
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Yoon, Ji-Young, Seong-Woo Hong, Yu-Jin Park, Seong-Hwan Kim, Gi-Woo Kim, and Seung-Bok Choi. "Tunable Young’s Moduli of Soft Composites Fabricated from Magnetorheological Materials Containing Microsized Iron Particles." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153378.
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This study experimentally investigates the field-dependent Young’s moduli of soft composites, which are fabricated from two different magnetic-responsive materials; magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) and magnetorheological fluid (MRF). Four factors are selected as the main factors affecting Young’s modulus of soft composites: the amount of MRF, the channel pattern, shore hardness and carbonyl iron particle (CIP) concentration of the MRE layer. Five specimens are manufactured to meet the investigation of four factors. Prior to testing, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image is taken to check the uniform dispersion of the carbonyl iron particle (CIP) concentration of the MRE layer, and a magnetic circuit is constructed to generate the effective magnetic field to the specimen fixed at the universal tensile test machine. The force–displacement curve is directly measured from the machine and converted to the stress–strain relationship. Thereafter, the Young’s modulus is determined from this curve by performing linear regression analysis with respect to the considered factors. The tunability of the Young’s moduli of the specimens is calculated based on the experimental results in terms of two performance indicators: the relative percentage difference of Young’s modulus according to the magnetic field, and the normalized index independent of the zero-field modulus. In the case of the relative percentage difference, the specimens without MRF are the smallest, and the ones with the highest CIP concentration are the largest. As a result of comparing the normalized index of each factor, the change in shore hardness and channel pattern have little effect on the tunability of Young’s moduli, and the amount of MRF injected and CIP concentration of MRE have a large effect. The results of this study are expected to provide basic guidelines for fabricating soft composites whose field-dependent Young’s moduli can be tuned by several factors with different effects.
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Luo, Dong Mei, Hong Yang, Qiu Yan Chen, and Ying Long Zhou. "Comparison of the Models to Predict the Effective Young's Modulus of Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Multi-Shape Inclusions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 290 (February 2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.290.15.
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In this paper, two kinds of micro-mechanical models are utilized to predict the effective Young's modulus for hybrid composites including fiber-like, spherical and needle inclusions in an isotropic matrix. The two models of Multi-Phase Mori-Tanaka Model (MP model) and Multi-Step Mori-Tanaka Model (MS model) are proposed by the authors in a series of interrelated research. The results show that the shape and the Young’s modulus of inclusion, aspect ratio of fiber-like inclusion are the controlling factors to influence the Young's modulus, and MP model is more rational to predict the effective Young’s modulus of hybrid composites reinforced with multi-shape inclusions.
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Silva, Miguel R., João A. Dias-de-Oliveira, António M. Pereira, Nuno M. Alves, Álvaro M. Sampaio, and António J. Pontes. "Design of Kinematic Connectors for Microstructured Materials Produced by Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091500.
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The main characteristic of materials with a functional gradient is the progressive composition or the structure variation across its geometry. This results in the properties variation in one or more specific directions, according to the functional application requirements. Cellular structure flexibility in tailoring properties is employed frequently to design functionally-graded materials. Topology optimisation methods are powerful tools to functionally graded materials design with cellular structure geometry, although continuity between adjacent unit-cells in gradient directions remains a restriction. It is mandatory to attain a manufacturable part to guarantee the connectedness between adjoining microstructures, namely by ensuring that the solid regions on the microstructure’s borders i.e., kinematic connectors) match the neighboring cells that share the same boundary. This study assesses the kinematic connectors generated by imposing local density restrictions in the initial design domain (i.e., nucleation) between topologically optimised representative unit-cells. Several kinematic connector examples are presented for two representatives unit-cells topology optimised for maximum bulk and shear moduli with different volume fractions restrictions and graduated Young’s modulus. Experimental mechanical tests (compression) were performed, and comparison studies were carried out between experimental and numerical Young’s modulus. The results for the single maximum bulk for the mean values for experimental compressive Young’s modulus (Ex¯) with 60%Vf show a deviation of 9.15%. The single maximum shear for the experimental compressive Young’s modulus mean values (Ex¯) with 60%Vf, exhibit a deviation of 11.73%. For graded structures, the experimental mean values of compressive Young’s moduli (Ex¯), compared with predicted total Young’s moduli (ESe), show a deviation of 6.96 for the bulk graded structure. The main results show that the single type representative unit-cell experimental Young’s modulus with higher volume fraction presents a minor deviation compared with homogenized data. Both (i.e., bulk and shear moduli) graded microstructures show continuity between adjacent cells. The proposed method proved to be suitable for generating kinematic connections for the design of shear and bulk graduated microstructured materials.
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Zong, Zhaoyun, Qianhao Sun, Chunpeng Li, and Xingyao Yin. "Young’s modulus variation with azimuth for fracture-orientation estimation." Interpretation 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): T809—T818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0101.1.
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This study focuses on developing a pragmatic and robust method in the estimation of fracture orientation assuming a single set of aligned fractures. The Young’s modulus in the direction of fracture orientation is larger than that in the perpendicular direction that helps to solve the problem of the ambiguity in fracture-orientation estimation existing in the method of using the variation of amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) gradients with azimuth. First, the relationship between the Young’s modulus and fracture density and orientation is analyzed. The Young’s modulus changes regularly with the variation of incident angles and azimuth, and the changing track is a cosine curve when the incident angle is fixed. The variation of the Young’s modulus increases with the increase of fracture density. Second, we use the Young’s modulus variation with azimuth to predict the fracture orientation. The Young’s modulus inversion algorithm for different azimuths of prestack seismic data and the ellipse fitting of the Young’s moduli in different azimuth with the least-squares algorithm are included in this proposed approach. Finally, we determine the advantage and robustness of our method in fracture-orientation estimation with synthetic and real-data examples. Compared with the conventional methods using AVO gradients, the direction of longer axis of the fitting ellipse of the Young’s modulus in different azimuth indicates the fracture orientation without ambiguity.
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Watanabe, Ugai, Misato Norimoto, Toshimasa Ohgama, and Minoru Fujita. "Tangential Youngs Modulus of Coniferous Early Wood Investigated Using Cell Models." Holzforschung 53, no. 2 (March 1, 1999): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.035.
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Summary The relationship between the tangential Young's modulus and the transverse cell shape in coniferous early wood was investigated by using cell models constructed by power spectrum analysis. The calculated Young's moduli of the cell models explained qualitatively the change of the experimental Young's moduli with density as well as the difference in the experimental values among species. The calculated Young's moduli differed significantly among species depending on the cell model shapes when compared at the same density. With increasing element angle in the model, the Young's modulus greatly increased without a significant change in the density, especially at the larger ratios of the axial length of the tangential cell wall to that of the radial cell wall.
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Wang, Yang, De-Hua Han, Hui Li, Luanxiao Zhao, Jiali Ren, and Yonghao Zhang. "A comparative study of the stress-dependence of dynamic and static moduli for sandstones." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): MR179—MR190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0335.1.
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Understanding the differences between the static and dynamic elastic moduli of reservoir rocks is essential for the successful exploration and production of hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, the controlling factors on the dynamic-static discrepancy for sandstones remain ambiguous. Consequently, we have purposely selected three outcrop sandstone samples with large porosity contrast to investigate the effects of the stress state, magnitude, and load-unload history on the dynamic and static moduli through laboratory measurements. The results suggest that the dynamic moduli are systematically larger than the static moduli at almost any hydrostatic or deviatoric stress magnitude. In contrast, the static moduli are much more sensitive to the stress variations than the dynamic ones, leading to the decreasing dynamic-static difference upon hydrostatic loading and the increasing dynamic-static difference upon deviatoric loading. When the maximum stress in a cycle is initially reversed, the dynamic-static ratio tends to approach one, whatever the bulk modulus under hydrostatic pressure condition or the Young’s modulus under triaxial stress condition. Under the subsequent unloading process, the static bulk modulus is always higher than that derived during loading. However, the unloading static Young’s modulus is larger than the loading Young’s modulus only at a relatively high deviatoric stress magnitude greater than 30 MPa, while showing an opposite trend at a low-stress condition of less than 25 MPa. From the microstructural viewpoint, it is believed that the static tests accumulate the elastic, viscoelastic, and nonelastic properties within a certain stress or strain range. In contrast to the dynamic modulus, the static modulus exhibits greater sensitivity to the pressure or stress changes under hydrostatic and deviatoric stress conditions. The strong stress dependence makes it important to consider the in situ stress conditions when establishing dynamic-static modulus relations.
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Kizuka, Tokushi, Kun'ichi Miyazawa, and Takayuki Tokumine. "Solvation-Assisted Young’s Modulus Control of Single-Crystal Fullerene Nanowhiskers." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/583817.
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Single-crystal nanowhiskers (NWs) composed of fullerene C70molecules were synthesized by the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method that usedm-xylene as a saturated solution of C70molecules. Bending behavior of the individual NWs was observed byin situtransmission electron microscopy equipped with nanonewton force measurements using an optical deflection method. The Young’s modulus of the NWs was estimated to be 0.3–1.9 GPa, which was 2–7% of the moduli of fullerene NWs with similar diameters synthesized using other solvents, that is, toluene and pyridine. The influence of the solvent used in the precipitation method on Young’s modulus is discussed.
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Bagerman, A., A. Troitsky, and I. Leonova. "Young’s modulus of iron and nickel in steels and alloys." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, no. 396 (May 21, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-2-396-67-72.
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Object and purpose of research. The object is steels and alloys for high-temperature applications. The purpose of the study is to obtain the necessary data for predicting the Young’s modulus of steels and alloys before their full-scale tests. Materials and methods. The data on the Young’s modulus of pure metals and reference data on the Young’s modulus of steels and alloys for high-temperature applications are the materials used in this study. The study uses the concept of "constraint" parameter to rank steels and alloys. Main results. The Young’s moduli of iron and nickel were determined during their operation as a part of steels and alloys, an algorithm for the predictive assessment of the Young’s modulus of steels and alloys was compiled in the temperature range 20–800 °С. Conclusion. It is shown that in the absence of experimental data, the Young’s modulus of steels and alloys can be estimated by the value of the "available" Young’s modulus, determined by the value of the Young’s modulus of pure metals. The results of the study showed the possibility of changing the Young’s modulus of pure metals during their operation as a part of steels and alloys, the characteristics of the Young’s modulus of iron and nickel during their operation as a part of steels and alloys and the algorithm for predicting the Young’s modulus of steels and alloys based on these metals in the temperature range of 20–800 °C were obtained.
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Tang, Xing Ling, Abdelkhalak El Hami, and Khalil El-Hami. "Mechanical Properties Investigation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Using Finite Element Method." Key Engineering Materials 550 (April 2013): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.550.179.
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This paper presents a three dimensional finite element model for armchair, zigzag and chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The influences of diameter, chirality and length on the elastic moduli (Young’s modulus and shear modulus) of SWCNTs are investigated. The formulation presented is based on the assumption of viewing the construction of SWCNTs as a geometric frame-like structure. The interatomic interactions of bond length, bond angle, bond torsion and non-bonded interactions are equivalent to corresponding structure features straightforwardly. The models of SWCNTs are developed according to the atomistic structure network of nanotubes. The interatomic interactions of C- C atoms are simulated via appropriate straight spring and torsional spring elements. The computational results indicate that both diameter and chirality have a significant effect on the Young’s and shear moduli of SWCNTs, while the elastic moduli are not very sensitive to the variation of length. It is also shown that with a similar radius, armchair SWCNT has a slight higher value of Young’s modulus than zigzag and chiral SWCNTs. While zigzag SWCNT has a slight higher value of shear modulus than armchair and chiral SWCNTs.
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Kettler, James E. "Listening for young’s modulus." Physics Teacher 29, no. 8 (November 1991): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2343414.
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Bonser, R., and P. Purslow. "The Young's modulus of feather keratin." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.4.1029.
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The flexural stiffness of the rachis varies along the length of a primary feather, between primaries and between species; the possible contribution of variations in the longitudinal Young's modulus of feather keratin to this was assessed. Tensile tests on compact keratin from eight species of birds belonging to different orders showed similar moduli (mean E=2.50 GPa) in all species apart from the grey heron (E=1.78 GPa). No significant differences were seen in the modulus of keratin from primaries 7­10 in any species. There was a systematic increase in the modulus distally along the length of the rachis from swan primary feathers. Dynamic bending tests on swan primary feather rachises also showed that the longitudinal elastic modulus increases with increasing frequency of bending over the range 0.1­10 Hz and decreases monotonically with increasing temperature over the range -50 to +50 °C. The position-, frequency- and temperature-dependent variations in the modulus are, however, relatively small. It is concluded that, in the species studied, the flexural stiffness of the whole rachis is principally controlled by its cross-sectional morphology rather than by the material properties of the keratin.
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Yu, Jing, Yongmei Zhang, Yuhong Zhao, and Yue Ma. "Anisotropies in Elasticity, Sound Velocity, and Minimum Thermal Conductivity of Low Borides VxBy Compounds." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040577.
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Anisotropies in the elasticity, sound velocity, and minimum thermal conductivity of low borides VB, V5B6, V3B4, and V2B3 are discussed using the first-principles calculations. The various elastic anisotropic indexes (AU, Acomp, and Ashear), three-dimensional (3D) surface contours, and their planar projections among different crystallographic planes of bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young’s modulus are used to characterize elastic anisotropy. The bulk, shear, and Young’s moduli all show relatively strong degrees of anisotropy. With increased B content, the degree of anisotropy of the bulk modulus increases while those of the shear modulus and Young’s modulus decrease. The anisotropies of the sound velocity in the different planes show obvious differences. Meanwhile, the minimum thermal conductivity shows little dependence on crystallographic direction.
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Murayama, Yonosuke, Erdnechuluun Enkhjavkhlan, and Akihiko Chiba. "Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr Alloys Containing a Large Amount of Zr." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1344.
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The Young’s modulus of Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr alloy varies with the composition of Cr, Sn and Zr, in which the elements act as β stabilizers. Some Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr alloys show very low Young’s modulus under 50GPa. The amount of Zr in alloys with very low Young's modulus increases with the decrease of Cr. We investigated the Young’s modulus and deformation behavior of Ti-xCr-Sn-Zr (x=0~1mass%) alloys containing a large amount of Zr. The quenched microstructure of Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr alloys changes from martensitic structure to β single-phase structure if the amounts of β stabilized elements are increased. The Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr alloys with compositions close to the transitional composition of microstructure from martensite to β phase show minimum Young’s modulus. The clear microstructural transition disappears and the minimum Young’s modulus increases if the amount of Cr becomes too small. In Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr alloys containing a large amount of Zr, Young’s modulus depends on β phase that is intermingled with martensite.
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Omovie, Sheyore John, and John P. Castagna. "Relationships between Dynamic Elastic Moduli in Shale Reservoirs." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226001.
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Sonic log compressional and shear-wave velocities combined with logged bulk density can be used to calculate dynamic elastic moduli in organic shale reservoirs. We use linear multivariate regression to investigate modulus prediction when shear-wave velocities are not available in seven unconventional shale reservoirs. Using only P-wave modulus derived from logged compressional-wave velocity and density as a predictor of dynamic shear modulus in a single bivariate regression equation for all seven shale reservoirs results in prediction standard error of less than 1 GPa. By incorporating compositional variables in addition to P-wave modulus in the regression, the prediction standard error is reduced to less than 0.8 GPa with a single equation for all formations. Relationships between formation bulk and shear moduli are less well defined. Regressing against formation composition only, we find the two most important variables in predicting average formation moduli to be fractional volume of organic matter and volume of clay in that order. While average formation bulk modulus is found to be linearly related to volume fraction of total organic carbon, shear modulus is better predicted using the square of the volume fraction of total organic carbon. Both Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio decrease with increasing TOC while increasing clay volume decreases Young’s modulus and increases Poisson’s ratio.
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Iguchi, Fumitada, and Keisuke Hinata. "High-Temperature Elastic Properties of Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060968.
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The elastic properties of 0, 10, 15, and 20 mol% yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY0, BZY10, BZY15, and BZY20) at the operating temperatures of protonic ceramic fuel cells were evaluated. The proposed measurement method for low sinterability materials could accurately determine the sonic velocities of small-pellet-type samples, and the elastic properties were determined based on these velocities. The Young’s modulus of BZY10, BZY15, and BZY20 was 224, 218, and 209 GPa at 20 °C, respectively, and the values decreased as the yttrium concentration increased. At high temperatures (>20 °C), as the temperature increased, the Young’s and shear moduli decreased, whereas the bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio increased. The Young’s and shear moduli varied nonlinearly with the temperature: The values decreased rapidly from 100 to 300 °C and gradually at temperatures beyond 400 °C. The Young’s modulus of BZY10, BZY15, and BZY20 was 137, 159, and 122 GPa at 500 °C, respectively, 30–40% smaller than the values at 20 °C. The influence of the temperature was larger than that of the change in the yttrium concentration.
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Yu, H., C. Sun, W. W. Zhang, S. Y. Lei, and Q. A. Huang. "Study on Size-Dependent Young’s Modulus of a Silicon Nanobeam by Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/319302.
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Young’s modulus of a silicon nanobeam with a rectangular cross-section is studied by molecular dynamics method. Dynamic simulations are performed for doubly clamped silicon nanobeams with lengths ranging from 4.888 to 12.491 nm and cros-sections ranging from 1.22 nm × 1.22 nm to 3.39 nm × 3.39 nm. The results show that Young’s moduli of such small silicon nanobeams are much higher than the value of Young’s modulus for bulk silicon. Moreover, the resonant frequency and Young’s modulus of the Si nanobeam are strongly dependent not only on the size of the nanobeam but also on surface effects. Young’s modulus increases significantly with the decreasing of the thickness of the silicon nanobeam. This result qualitatively agrees with one of the conclusions based on a semicontinuum model, in which the surface relaxation and the surface tension were taken into consideration. The impacts of the surface reconstruction with (2 × 1) dimmers on the resonant frequency and Young’s modulus are studied in this paper too. It is shown that the surface reconstruction makes the silicon nanobeam stiffer than the one without the surface reconstruction, resulting in a higher resonant frequency and a larger Young’s modulus.
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Ahmad, M., X. Pelorson, I. A. Fernández, O. Guasch, and A. Van Hirtum. "Low-strain effective Young’s modulus model and validation for multi-layer vocal fold-based silicone specimens with inclusions." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 5 (February 7, 2022): 054701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080468.
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A model of the effective low-strain elastic Young’s modulus of multi-layer stacked composites is proposed, which is capable to account for an arbitrary stacked inclusion. Geometrical and discretization-based model results are validated against measured effective Young’s moduli (from 10 up to 40 kPa) on 14 molded silicone specimens embedding a stiff (298 kPa) inclusion with variable size, position, and stacking. Specimens without inclusion represent the muscle, superficial, and epithelium layers in a human vocal fold with Young’s moduli between 4 and 65 kPa. The proposed model allows to predict the influence of a stiff inclusion, mimicking a structural abnormality or pathology somewhere within the vocal fold, on the low-strain effective Young’s modulus. Quantifying the influence of an inclusion or local stiffening on the vocal fold bio-mechanics is a necessary step toward the understanding and mitigation of structural vocal fold pathologies and associated voice disorders.
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Wei, Nan, Hongling Ye, Xing Zhang, Jicheng Li, and Boshuai Yuan. "Directions Dependence Research on the Equivalent Young’s Moduli of An Octet-truss Lattice Materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2229, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2229/1/012004.
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Abstract An octet-truss lattice material offers promising potential alternatives for foams or honeycomb structures due to its high specific properties. However, previous studies mainly focused on the elastic properties in the principal directions. The equivalent Young’s moduli of an octet-truss lattice along arbitrary directions are studied systematically. Based on tensor transformations, the equivalent Young’s moduli are obtained along different loading directions, and they are intensively dependent on the directions of the load. And the loading direction of the maximum equivalent Young’s modulus is always in a flat surface perpendicular to the xy surface at α = (45+90n) deg, and β = ±35.26°. In addition, the equivalent Young’s moduli increase with the growth of the slender ratios along all directions.
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Rouhi, Saeed, Hamoon Pourmirzaagha, and Mostafa Omidi Bidgoli. "Molecular dynamics simulations of gallium nitride nanosheets under uniaxial and biaxial tensile loads." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 05 (February 2018): 1850051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218500510.
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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to study the elastic properties of gallium nitride (GaN) nanosheets. Young’s and bulk moduli of GaN nanosheets with different side lengths and height/width ratio are obtained. Besides, the configuration of the nanosheet at different strains is represented until the fracture initiation and final fracture are observed. It is seen that the zigzag nanosheets have larger elastic moduli than armchair ones with the same sizes. Moreover, increasing the length size of the nanosheets results in decreasing Young’s modulus. Bulk moduli of GaN nanosheets are also obtained by applying biaxial loading on all edges. It is seen that under the biaxial tensile force, the fracture is initiated at the nanosheet corners and is continued toward the nanosheet center. A nonlinear relation between the bulk modulus and nanosheet size is observed.
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Zhang, Shen Zhi, Hong Yu Qi, Hong Wei Yang, Cheng Cheng Zhang, and Jing Yun Gao. "Measurement of Young’s Modulus of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Suspended Coupled Flexural Resonance Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.436.
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Thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) has been extensively used on hot section components of gas turbine engine, especially turbine blades. Young’s modulus of TBCs is a significant mechanical parameter in life prediction research of turbine blades, but it is hard to measure the EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings by conventional tensile/compression method for its brittleness and porous microstructure. Therefore, Young’s modulus mathematical model of double-layer beam structure specimen was deduced on the basis of the first-order beam bending vibration equation and composite beam bending equation. An experimental platform with dynamic signal acquisition system was set up for measuring Young's modulus of thermal barrier coatings under high temperature. Young's modulus of ceramic coat was measured from ambient temperature to 1100°C to provide material data for subsequent research on life prediction of turbine blades with thermal barrier coatings.
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Djayaprabha, Herry Suryadi, Ta-Peng Chang, and Jeng-Ywan Shih. "Comparison Study of Dynamic Elastic Moduli of Cement Mortar and No-cement Slag Based Cementitious Mortar Activated with Calcined Dolomite with Impulse Excitation Technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 186 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818602004.
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This paper presents the comparison of an experimental investigation on compressive strength and dynamic elastic moduli of mortars made of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) incorporating with calcined dolomite. Dolomite powder calcined at temperature 900°C emerged as a GGBFS activator for producing cementitious mortar binder. In this study, no-cement mortar is made by activating GGBFS with calcined dolomite by a fixed amount of 20 wt%. The compressive strengths and dynamic elastic moduli were measured at 7 and 28 days. Comparing with cement mortar, the compressive strength of no-cement mortar was found about 54.4 and 46.9% lower at ages of 7 and 28 days, respectively. Non-destructive evaluation of the dynamic elastic moduli was investigated by impulse excitation technique (IET). It measures the resonant frequencies of induced vibration signal in the flexural and torsional mode for determining the dynamic Young's modulus and the dynamic shear modulus. The Poisson's ratio was calculated by the dynamic Young's modulus and the dynamic shear modulus relationship. The results showed that the 28-day dynamic Young's and shear moduli of cement mortar were 31.91 and 14.43 GPa, respectively. The dynamic Young's and shear moduli of no-cement mortar were lower by 23.3 and 15.2% than that of cement mortar at the age of 28 days. The obtained results showed that the 28-day Poisson's ratio of no-cement mortar had a wider range between 0.177 and 0.209 than that of cement mortar which ranged from 0.180 to 0.185.
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Gong, Fei, Bangrang Di, Jianxin Wei, Pinbo Ding, He Tian, and Jianqiang Han. "A study of the anisotropic static and dynamic elastic properties of transversely isotropic rocks." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): C281—C293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0590.1.
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The elastic properties of rock are major factors affecting hydraulic fracturing. Static elastic properties can be estimated using geomechanical laboratory tests, whereas dynamic properties can be estimated from elastic-wave velocity and rock density. We prepared two synthetic shales containing different clay minerals and one natural shale and focused on the elastic properties for the full tensor of elasticity and their anisotropy. The static and dynamic properties of these dry samples were obtained based on triaxial tests during loading and unloading. The results suggest that the synthetic and natural shale indicate high similarity in the static and dynamic properties. The dynamic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio increase with increasing axial stress during loading and unloading. For the static properties, the static Poisson’s ratio increases with axial stress during loading and unloading. However, differences exist between the static and dynamic Young’s moduli during loading, with the static Young’s modulus decreases with the increasing axial stress at a high stress level. In addition, the static Young’s modulus is consistently lower than the dynamic Young’s modulus during loading and unloading, but the static Poisson’s ratio is larger or smaller than the dynamic Poisson’s ratio. During loading and unloading, there could be approximately a 30% difference when estimating static elastic properties from the static-dynamic relations, depending on which static moduli are used. Furthermore, the static and dynamic properties of the samples are strongly anisotropic, and the anisotropy of elastic properties is sensitive to the axial stress and the clay minerals.
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Wang, Bo, Bin Liu, Lei An, Pinghua Tang, Haining Ji, and Yuliang Mao. "Laser Self-Mixing Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Young’s Modulus and Internal Friction." Photonics 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120550.
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The Young’s modulus and internal friction are two important parameters of materials. Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) is an emerging non-destructive sensing method that has been employed for various applications because of its advantages of simple structure, ease of alignment and high resolution. Some recent works have proposed the use of SMI technology to measure the Young’s moduli and/or internal frictions by measuring the resonance frequencies and damping factors of specimen vibrations induced by impulse excitation. However, the measurement results may be affected by frequencies of SMI fringes, and the implementation requires extra signal processing on SMI fringes. In this work, we developed an all-fiber SMI system without SMI fringes to measure the Young’s modulus and internal friction simultaneously. Simulations and experiments were carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Two specimens of brass and aluminum were tested. The experimental results show that the standard deviations of Young’s moduli for brass and aluminum are 0.20 GPa and 0.14 GPa, and the standard deviations of internal frictions are 4.0×10−5 and 5.4×10−5, respectively. This method eliminates the influences of the SMI fringe frequency on the resonant frequency and requires no signal processing on SMI fringes, contributing to its simplicity as a method for the measurement of the Young’s modulus and internal friction.
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Jasulaneca, Liga, Raimonds Meija, Alexander I. Livshits, Juris Prikulis, Subhajit Biswas, Justin D. Holmes, and Donats Erts. "Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb2S3 nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (February 19, 2016): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.25.
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In this study we address the mechanical properties of Sb2S3 nanowires and determine their Young’s modulus using in situ electric-field-induced mechanical resonance and static bending tests on individual Sb2S3 nanowires with cross-sectional areas ranging from 1.1·104 nm2 to 7.8·104 nm2. Mutually orthogonal resonances are observed and their origin explained by asymmetric cross section of nanowires. The results obtained from the two methods are consistent and show that nanowires exhibit Young’s moduli comparable to the value for macroscopic material. An increasing trend of measured values of Young’s modulus is observed for smaller thickness samples.
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Goldstein, R. V., V. A. Gorodtsov, and D. S. Lisovenko. "Young’s modulus of cubic auxetics." Letters on Materials 1, no. 3 (2011): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2011-3-127-132.
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Zhou, Y., U. Erb, K. T. Aust, and G. Palumbo. "Young’s modulus in nanostructured metals." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0209.
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Abstract The interface effect on Young’s modulus was investigated in electro-deposited fully-dense Ni –P alloys with a relatively constant phosphorus content (2– 3 wt%), but with different grain sizes ranging from 4 to 29 nm. Essentially the same Young’s modulus was observed for grain sizes ≥ 18 nm. A noticeable decrease in Young’s modulus was found at grain sizes ≤ 17 nm. The reduction in Young’s modulus was found to correlate well with the increase in all interface contributions. These observations agree with various studies on other fully-dense metals for grain sizes between 5 and 80 nm. Previously reported large decreases in the Young’s modulus were likely caused by the significant amount of porosity in the microstructure.
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Mizubayashi, H., J. Matsuno, and H. Tanimoto. "Young’s modulus of silver films." Scripta Materialia 41, no. 4 (July 1999): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00175-x.
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Khan, Shah Haidar, and Peter Manfred Hoffmann. "Young’s modulus of nanoconfined liquids?" Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 473 (July 2016): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.034.
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Liu, Xingjun, Qinghua Peng, Shaobin Pan, Jingtao Du, Shuiyuan Yang, Jiajia Han, Yong Lu, Jinxin Yu, and Cuiping Wang. "Machine Learning Assisted Prediction of Microstructures and Young’s Modulus of Biomedical Multi-Component β-Ti Alloys." Metals 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050796.
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Recently, the development of β-titanium (Ti) alloys with a low Young’s modulus as human implants has been the trend of research in biomedical materials. However, designing β-titanium alloys by conventional experimental methods is too costly and inefficient. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a method that can efficiently and reliably predict the microstructures and the mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. In this study, a machine learning prediction method is proposed to accelerate the design of biomedical multi-component β-Ti alloys with low moduli. Prediction models of microstructures and Young’s moduli were built at first. The performances of the models were improved by introducing new experimental data. With the help of the models, a Ti–13Nb–12Ta–10Zr–4Sn (wt.%) alloy with a single β-phase microstructure and Young’s modulus of 69.91 GPa is successfully developed. This approach could also be used to design other advanced materials.
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Senseney, Christopher T., Jacob Grasmick, and Michael A. Mooney. "Sensitivity of lightweight deflectometer deflections to layer stiffness via finite element analysis." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 7 (July 2015): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0040.
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A dynamic finite element (FE) model of lightweight deflectometer (LWD) loading on a two-layer soil system, validated with an analytical solution and experimental data, is presented. Peak dynamic FE vertical deflections can be substantially different (almost always smaller) than FE static deflections. The numerically simulated measurement depth of the LWD center sensor is found to be 2–2.5 times the plate diameter, deeper than other experimental studies. Using the FE model, we conduct a sensitivity analysis of peak vertical deflections to the top layer Young’s modulus and underlying Young’s modulus of two-layer systems. Peak deflections from the center sensor are found to be more sensitive to the top layer Young’s modulus while peak deflections at radial offsets are found to be more sensitive to the underlying layer Young’s modulus. Sensitivities of layer moduli to FE deflections offer guidance in selecting weighting factors for the inverse solver in an LWD back-calculation procedure.
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Ren, Bao Sheng, Junji Noda, and Koichi Goda. "Effect of Fluctuation in Fiber Orientation on the Young’s Modulus of Green Composites." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 2163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2163.
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This paper describes an effect of fluctuation in fiber orientation on Young’s modulus of the so-called green composites. The composites were reinforced with slivers of high-strength natural fibers extracted from plants named curaua. Then a surface optical micrograph of the composites with the fiber fluctuation was obtained. The micrograph was divided into many fine segments, and the fiber orientation angle in each segment was measured. Then, a new concept which takes account of the fiber orientation angles as a probability distribution, was proposed for prediction of the Young’s modulus. The results showed that the predicted Young’s moduli were in a good agreement with the experimental results.
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Lei, Shuting, Qiang Cao, Xiao Geng, Yang Yang, Sheng Liu, and Qing Peng. "The Mechanical Properties of Defective Graphyne." Crystals 8, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120465.
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Graphyne is a two-dimensional carbon allotrope with superior one-dimensional electronic properties to the “wonder material” graphene. In this study, via molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the mechanical properties of α-, β-, δ-, and γ-graphynes with various type of point defects and cracks with regard to their promising applications in carbon-based electronic devices. The Young’s modulus and the tensile strength of the four kinds of graphyne were remarkably high, though still lower than graphene. Their Young’s moduli were insensitive to various types of point defects, in contrast to the tensile strength. When a crack slit was present, both the Young’s modulus and tensile strength dropped significantly. Furthermore, the Young’s modulus was hardly affected by the strain rate, indicating potential applications in some contexts where the strain rate is unstable, such as the installation of membranes.
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Zhao, Xing Feng, Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, and Junko Hieda. "Young's Modulus Changeable β-Type Binary Ti-Cr Alloys for Spinal Fixation Applications." Key Engineering Materials 508 (March 2012): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.117.
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Presently Metallic Rods that Are Used for Spinal Fixtures Cannot Meet the Requirements of both Surgeons and Patients; Surgeons Require the Material to Have a High Young’s Modulus to Suppress Springback during the Operation, whereas Patients Require the Material to Have a Low Young’s Modulus to Prevent the Stress-Shielding Effect. In Order to Develop a Novel Biomedical Titanium Alloy with a Changeable Young’s Modulus for Spinal Fixation Applications via Deformation-Induced ω Phase Transformation. The Effects of Deformation-Induced Phases on the Mechanical Properties of Metastable β-Type Ti-xCr Alloys Were Investigated. The Experimental Results Indicate that the Young’s Moduli, Tensile Strength, and Vickers Hardness of the Ti–(10–12)Cr Alloys Increase Remarkably by Cold Rolling. The Results of the Microstructural Observations of Ti–12Cr Alloys Using a Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Show that Deformation-Induced ω Phase Transformation Occurs during Cold Rolling. Therefore, the Increase in Young’s Modulus of the Alloys Is Attributed to the Deformation-Induced ω Phase, which Is Formed in the Alloy during Cold Rolling at Room Temperature.
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Song, Guang. "Bridging between material properties of proteins and the underlying molecular interactions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): e0247147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247147.
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In this work, we develop a novel method that bridges between material properties of proteins, particularly the modulus of elasticity, and the underlying molecular interactions. To this end, we employ both an all-atom normal mode analysis (NMA) model with the CHARMM force field and an elastic solid model for proteins and protein interfaces. And the “bridge” between the two models is a common physical property predictable by both models: the magnitude of thermal vibrations. This connection allows one to calibrate the Young’s moduli of proteins and protein interface regions. We find that the Young’s moduli of proteins are in the range of a few Gpa to 10 Gpa, while the Young’s moduli of the interface regions are several times smaller. The work is significant as it represents the first attempt to systematically compute the elastic moduli of proteins from molecular interactions.
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Hein, Maxwell, Nelson Filipe Lopes Dias, Sudipta Pramanik, Dominic Stangier, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Wolfgang Tillmann, and Mirko Schaper. "Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 3774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774.
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Titanium alloys, especially β alloys, are favorable as implant materials due to their promising combination of low Young’s modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In particular, the low Young’s moduli reduce the risk of stress shielding and implant loosening. The processing of Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn through laser powder bed fusion is presented. The specimens were heat-treated, and the microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined by hardness and tensile tests. The microstructures reveal a mainly β microstructure with α″ formation for high cooling rates and α precipitates after moderate cooling rates or aging. The as-built and α″ phase containing conditions exhibit a hardness around 225 HV5, yield strengths (YS) from 340 to 490 MPa, ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) around 706 MPa, fracture elongations around 20%, and Young’s moduli about 50 GPa. The α precipitates containing conditions reveal a hardness around 297 HV5, YS around 812 MPa, UTS from 871 to 931 MPa, fracture elongations around 12%, and Young’s moduli about 75 GPa. Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn exhibits, depending on the heat treatment, promising properties regarding the material behavior and the opportunity to tailor the mechanical performance as a low modulus, high strength implant material.
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Ud Din, Shahab, Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary, Bilal Ahmed, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Sandra Parker, Mangala Patel, and Muhammad Qasim Javed. "Comparison of the Hardness of Novel Experimental Vinyl Poly Siloxane (VPS) Impression Materials with Commercially Available Ones." BioMed Research International 2022 (February 9, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1703869.
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Purpose. To determine the hardness and Young’s moduli of both commercial and experimental vinyl poly siloxane (VPS). Methods. The purpose of this study was to develop a medium-bodied experimental (Exp-I, II, III, IV, and V) VPS impression materials and to analyse their effects on hardness and Young’s modulus and compare them with three commercial VPS materials (Aquasil, Elite, and Extrude) using Shore A hardness tester. Measurements were recorded after 1, 24, 72, and 168 hours of mixing. The results were analysed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test using the SPSS PASW statistical 22 software. Results. Commercial and experimental vinyl polysiloxane exhibited higher Shore A hardness values with time (i.e., 1 hour after mixing, 24 hours after mixing, 72 hours after mixing, and 1 week after mixing). All Comml and Exp VPS demonstrated a significant increase (ANOVA, p < 0.05 ) in hardness at increasing time points. Generally, all commercial VPS exhibited significantly higher values for Shore A hardness compared to all Exp formulations. For commercial products, Elt M presented significantly highest values at all-time points followed by Aq M then Extr M. Exp-I was significantly harder than all other Exp VPS at all-time points. Young’s modulus values were directly related to Shore A hardness; materials with higher Shore A hardness values had higher Young’s moduli. Conclusion. Continued polymerisation of elastomeric impression materials results in increased hardness over time. Hardness, Young’s moduli, and rigidity of the set commercial and experimental VPS materials were within the required limits. Shore A hardness and Young’s moduli were directly proportional to each other, and commercial and experimental materials had enough rigidity to contain the stone during pouring.
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Meng, Kai, and Zi Long Zhao. "Measurement and Validation of the Young’s Modulus of Loudspeaker Spider." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1555.
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This paper proposed a set of measurement system based on the method of stick vibration mode and LabVIEW virtual instrument technology, which is used for measuring the young's modulus of loudspeaker spider. The inherent frequency and young's modulus of a cotton spider are measured by this system. After the young’s modulus is obtained, modal analysis is conducted on the sample by using finite element simulation method. The measured results and the simulation results are compared. The difference between two results is 0.4% which verify the correctness of the system.
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Niinomi, M., and M. Nakai. "Titanium-Based Biomaterials for Preventing Stress Shielding between Implant Devices and Bone." International Journal of Biomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587.
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β-type titanium alloys with low Young's modulus are required to inhibit bone atrophy and enhance bone remodeling for implants used to substitute failed hard tissue. At the same time, these titanium alloys are required to have high static and dynamic strength. On the other hand, metallic biomaterials with variable Young's modulus are required to satisfy the needs of both patients and surgeons, namely, low and high Young's moduli, respectively. In this paper, we have discussed effective methods to improve the static and dynamic strength while maintaining low Young's modulus forβ-type titanium alloys used in biomedical applications. Then, the advantage of low Young's modulus ofβ-type titanium alloys in biomedical applications has been discussed from the perspective of inhibiting bone atrophy and enhancing bone remodeling. Further, we have discussed the development ofβ-type titanium alloys with a self-adjusting Young's modulus for use in removable implants.