Relevant bibliographies by topics / Young’s modulu

Academic literature on the topic 'Young’s modulu'

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Published: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Young’s modulu"

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Zhao, Bin, Zhi Yin Wang, and Jin Peng Wu. "Determining Young's Modulus of Fractured Coal Rock Mass through a Homogenization Method." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.496.

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Three main fractures exist in coal rock mass, including face cleats, butt cleats, and major fractures. The distribution of cleats and beddings in coal rock mass likes a regular reticular. A geological model was established without considering the major fractures. Young's moduli of fractured coal rock mass were gained through a homogenization method monolayer composite micromechanics analysis method. The relations between volume fraction or Young's moduli of cleat and Young's moduli of coal rock mass were investigated by calculation. Results shown that Youngs moduli of coal rock mass have the same change trends with the increase of volume fraction of cleat in the interval of 0.0018mm of width of cleat. And the width of cleat of 0.5mm is a critical point. Youngs moduli of coal rock mass monotonically increase with the increase of Youngs modulus of cleat in the interval of 0.0010.008GPa. Volume fraction and Young's moduli of cleats have notable effects on Young's moduli of coal rock mass.
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Du, Zhongyao, and Pengjie Wang. "Gelatin Hydrolysate Hybrid Nanoparticles as Soft Edible Pickering Stabilizers for Oil-In-Water Emulsions." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020393.

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The aim of this study was to fabricate edible gelatin enzymic digest (GED) based gel particles that can stabilize oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions. The gel particles were generated by covalent crosslinking, with genipin, the individual protein molecules within tannic acid-induced gelatin hydrolysate (GED-TA) particles. The ability of the genipin-treated GED-TA (GP-GED-TA) to stabilize emulsions was evaluated by Turbiscan analysis and droplet-size changes. For comparison, gelatin hydrolysate (GE) and tannic acid-induced gelatin hydrolysate particles (GED-TA) were used as controls. The mean diameters of GED, GED-TA, and GP-GED-TA particles were 0.68 ± 0.1 nm, 66.2 ± 8.4 nm, and 66.9 ± 7.2 nm, respectively. Nanomechanic analysis using atomic force microscopy(AFM) indicated the average Young’s modulu of the GP-GED-TA particles was 760.8 ± 112.0 Mpa, indicating the GP-GED-TA were soft particles. The Turbiscan stability indexes (lower values indicate a more stable emulsion) of the emulsions stabilized with GED, GED-TA, and GP-GED-TA, after storage for three days, were 28.6 ± 1.5, 19.3 ± 4.8, and 4.4 ± 1.3, respectively. After one, or 60 days of storage, the volume-weighted mean diameters (D[4,3]) of oil droplets stabilized by GP-GED-TA were 1.19 ± 0.11 μm and 1.18 ± 0.1 µm, respectively. The D[4,3] of oil droplets stabilized by GED-TA, however, increased from 108.3 ± 5.1 μm to 164.3 ± 19.1 μm during the storage. Overall, the GP-GED-TA gel particles have considerable potential for stabilization of O/W emulsions in food products.
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Liu, Hui Hong, Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, Junko Hieda, and Ken Cho. "Development of Changeable Young's Modulus with Good Mechanical Properties in β-Type Ti-Cr-O Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.453.

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A novel β-type titanium alloy with a changeable Youngs modulus, that is, with a low Young's modulus to prevent the stress-shielding effect for patients and a high Young's modulus to suppress springback for surgeons, should be developed in order to satisfy the conflicting requirements of both the patients and surgeons in spinal fixation operations. In this study, the oxygen content in ternary Ti-11Cr-O alloys was optimized in order to achieve a large changeable Young's modulus with good mechanical properties for spinal fixation applications. The increase in Youngs moduli of all the examined alloys by cold rolling is attributed to the deformation-induced ω-phase transformation which is suppressed by oxygen. Among the examined alloys, the Ti-11Cr-0.2O alloy exhibits the largest changeable Youngs modulus and a high tensile strength with an acceptable plasticity under both solution-treated (ST) and cold-rolled (CR) conditions. Therefore, the Ti-11Cr-0.2O alloy, which shows a good balance among a changeable Youngs modulus, high tensile strength and good plasticity, is considered a potential candidate for spinal fixation applications.
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Olsen, Casper, Helle Foged Christensen, and Ida L. Fabricius. "Static and dynamic Young’s moduli of chalk from the North Sea." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 2 (March 2008): E41—E50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2821819.

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We present results from a study of dynamic and static Young’s moduli of North Sea chalk based on laboratory tests on both dry and water-saturated chalk. We obtained static moduli by using both strain gauge and linear voltage displacement transducer (LVDT) measurements. We investigated the influence of pore fluid on static and dynamic Young’s moduli and evaluated the two methods for obtaining static Young’s modulus. We obtained good agreement between dynamic and static Young’s moduli from strain gauge measurements on dry chalk, but for water-saturated chalk the dynamic Young’s modulus was larger than the measured static Young’s modulus. This difference may be caused in part by the influence of the difference in frequencies of static and dynamic measurements. Another reason for the observed difference may be a practical experimental problem that causes the measured static Young’s modulus for water-saturated chalk to be lower than the true modulus. When we compared dynamic Young’s modulus for dry chalk with that for water-saturated chalk, the dry modulus was larger than the water-saturated modulus, probably owing to shear weakening of the chalk. Young’s modulus from LVDT measurements does not relate to dynamic Young’s modulus for dry or water-saturated rock because the LVDT is not able to accurately measure the small deformations of the samples during loading at relatively low stresses.
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Akahori, Toshikazu, Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, Harumi Tsutsumi, Tomokazu Hattori, and Hisao Fukui. "Mechanical Performance of Newly Developed Titanium and Zirconium System Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.495.

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A new -type Ti alloy composed of non-toxic and allergy-free elements like Nb, Ta, and Zr, Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr alloy (TNTZ) proposed by present authors, has been developed in order to achieve relatively low Young’s modulus and excellent mechanical performance. On the other hand, Zr has been also paid attention as metallic biomaterial for the next generation because of good biocompatibility nearly equal to Ti or a few GPa smaller Young’s modulus as compared to one. In this study, mechanical performances such as tensile properties and Young's modulus of TNTZ subjected to thermo-mechanical treatments or severe deformation, and the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of Zr-Nb system alloys were investigated in order to judge their potential for biomedical applications. Young’s modulus of as-solutionized TNTZ, which is around 63 GPa, is pretty similar to that of as-cold-rolled TNTZ. The Young’s moduli of hot-rolled Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy are respective around 110 GPa. The Young’s moduli of as-solutionized and as-cold-rolled TNTZ are around a half of those, and are twice as large as that of the cortical bone. The tensile strengths of TNTZ aged after solution treatment and those aged after cold rolling decrease with an increase in the aging temperature, although the elongation shows the reverse trend. The tensile strength of as-cold-rolled TNTZ is improved drastically through severe deformation such as high pressure torsion and shows more than 1000 MPa. Zr-XNb system alloy (X: 5-30mass%) shows the smallest value of Young’s modulus (around 58 GPa) at Nb content of 20mass%. In the case of implantation of the bars made of Zr-XNb system alloys into the lateral femoral condyles of Japanese white rabbits, the tendency of contact between the cancellous bone and the bar becomes remarkably at 24 weeks after the implantation according to increasing with Nb content.
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Ball, Vincent. "Crosslinking of Bovine Gelatin Gels by Genipin Revisited Using Ferrule-Top Micro-Indentation." Gels 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020149.

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(1) Background: Gelatin is widely used in food science, bioengineering, and as a sealant. However, for most of those applications, the mechanical properties of gelatin gels need to be improved by means of physical or chemical crosslinking. Among the used chemical agents, genipin allows low cytotoxicity in addition to improved Young’s modulus. However, the mechanical properties of gelatin–genipin gels have only been investigated at the macroscale, and there is no knowledge of the influence of the genipin concentration on the surface homogeneity of Young’s modulus. (2) Methods: To this aim, the influence of genipin concentration on Young’s modulus of gelatin gels was investigated by means of ferrule-top micro-indentation. The data were compared with storage moduli obtained by shear rheology data. (3) Results: Ferrule-top indentation measurements allowed us to show that Young’s moduli of gelatin–genipin gels increase up to a plateau value after approximately 12 mg/mL in genipin and 4 h of crosslinking. Young’s moduli distribute with high homogeneity over 80 µm × 80 µm surface areas and are consistent with the storage moduli obtained by shear rheology. (4) Conclusions: It has been shown that ferrule-top indentation data fitted with the Hertz model yield Young’s moduli of gelatin–genipin gels which are consistent with the storage moduli obtained by characterization at the macroscale using shear rheometry. In addition, Young’s moduli are homogenously distributed (with some irregularities at the highest genipin concentrations) and can be increased by two orders of magnitude with respect to the uncrosslinked gel.
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Kumar, Vikas, Carl Sondergeld, and Chandra S. Rai. "Effect of mineralogy and organic matter on mechanical properties of shale." Interpretation 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): SV9—SV15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0238.1.

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We report a nanoindentation study of shales on 144 samples from Barnett, Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Kimmeridge, Ordovician, and Woodford plays. Mineralogy is found to play an important role in controlling mechanical properties of shales: An increase in carbonate and quartz content is correlated with an increase in Young’s modulus, whereas an increase in total organic content, clay content, and porosity decreases Young’s modulus. We had a close agreement between indentation moduli measured on small samples (millimeter scale) and dynamic moduli calculated from velocity and density measurements made on larger samples (centimeter scale). By taking an average of a large number of indentation Young’s moduli, 100 indentations in our case, and using an appropriate penetration force, nanoindentation technology measured an acceptable average Young’s modulus even for heterogeneous samples such as shale highlighting the potential of applying this technology to plug and perhaps field-scale problems.
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Kang, Chang Seog, and Sung Kil Hong. "Anelastic Properties of Polycrystalline Copper." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.673.

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An attempt has been made to measure the temperature dependence of dynamic Young's modulus together with the related variation of internal friction in polycrystalline copper. A mechanical spectroscopy study was used a standard servo hydraulic fatigue testing machine equipped with a scanning laser extensometer. Dynamic Young’s modulus and internal friction are measured over a temperature range of 298 to 873K at very low frequencies of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01Hz. One internal friction peak was observed over the ranges 450K to 700K, together with marked decreases in the dynamic Young.s modulus in the same temperature ranges. From a quantitative analysis of the experimental data with the relaxation strength, relaxation time and activation energy, it is concluded that the peak phenomenon is due to grain-boundary sliding relaxation.
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Yoshitake, Isamu, Farshad Rajabipour, Yoichi Mimura, and Andrew Scanlon. "A Prediction Method of Tensile Young's Modulus of Concrete at Early Age." Advances in Civil Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/391214.

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Knowledge of the tensile Young's modulus of concrete at early ages is important for estimating the risk of cracking due to restrained shrinkage and thermal contraction. However, most often, the tensile modulus is considered equal to the compressive modulus and is estimated empirically based on the measurements of compressive strength. To evaluate the validity of this approach, the tensile Young's moduli of 6 concrete and mortar mixtures are measured using a direct tension test. The results show that the tensile moduli are approximately 1.0–1.3-times larger than the compressive moduli within the material's first week of age. To enable a direct estimation of the tensile modulus of concrete, a simple three-phase composite model is developed based on random distributions of coarse aggregate, mortar, and air void phases. The model predictions show good agreement with experimental measurements of tensile modulus at early age.
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He, Chang Jun, Hui Jian Li, Wei Yu, Xi Liang, and Hai Yan Peng. "Effective Young’s Modulus of Syntactic Foams with Hollow Glass Microspheres." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.607.

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. The Young’s modulus of syntactic foams were studied both the experiment and the theory. The compressive test and dynamic mechanical analysis were progressed for a few of specimens, which were made of the syntactic foams with the epoxy resin and hollow glass microspheres (HGMs). the equations for Young’s modulus of concentrated particulate composites were derived using a differential scheme of an infinitely dilute system, and were employed to prediction the Young’s modulus of syntactic foams. The computed effective Young’s moduli were compared with the experimental results, the prediction values were between the lower and upper bounds of the experimental data, and the prediction model was acceptable and can estimate the Young’s modulus of syntactic foams.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Young’s modulu"

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Holzer, Jakub. "Měření mechanických vlastností tenkých vrstev metodou bulge test." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387730.

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Main objective of this diploma thesis is to finish a construction of the Bulge test apparatus for measurement of thin films, perform first tests on commercially available Si3N4 membranes and bilayer membrane with aluminium. First part of the thesis is focused mainly on literature review of current knowledge regarding this topic and other methods of thin films testing. Experimental part deals with construction of apparatus, methodology of data evaluation and results of the measurement. The thin films of interest are fabricated as amorphous silicon nitride or bilayer of mentioned nitride and either aluminium, titanium or Ta-B-C layer. The apparatus has been built in house in collaboration with Institute of Scientific Instruments of CAS. Both reliability and repeatability of this method has been tested on over 160 measurements of commercially available membrane. The results of measurements are compared with literature and nanoindentation test. More detailed data analysis is currently under development with colleagues at Institute of Physics of Materials. It has been proven beyond doubt that Bulge test method and constructed apparatus are suitable for the measurement of several mechanical properties of thin films.
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Valášek, Daniel. "Stanovení mechanických charakteristik povlaků impulsní excitační metodou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442844.

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This diploma thesis deals with the determination of the Young’s modulus of coatings using the impulse excitation technique (IET). The theoretical part of the thesis describes Cold and Thermal Spray technology, theoretical foundations of the impulse excitation technique and models of composite materials. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the determination of the tensile modulus of copper coating created by Cold Spray technology. The impulse excitation technique has been used to measure fifteen samples with coating thickness ranging approximately from 0,4 to 2 mm. Results from this measurement were evaluated using five composite models to establish the Young’s modulus of the applied coating. The best results were achieved by using the composite model based on rule of mixtures (ROM).
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POLITO, UMBERTO. "THE MENISCUS: BASIC SCIENCE TO IMPROVE KNOWLEDGE FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/707236.

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This thesis was thought with the intent to try to fill some lacunae in the knowledge of the anatomic-dependent features of the meniscus. In particular, the study of the effects of endogenous and exogenous factors upon the development of this structure will be outlined. Endogenous factors have been considered those factors that cannot be attributed to external or experimental factors: the effect of age and growth has been investigated focusing on the variation of the, matrix components (collagen types, GAGs and decorin), cellular phenotypic modifications and meniscal morpho-functional structure, with additional focus on possible differences presented in different animal models. On the other hand, exogenous factors have been considered those factors that are in any way attributable to the external interventions operated by the experimenter or by the application of forces upon meniscus. As exogenous factors, the effects of physiologic (compression and traction to which meniscus is naturally subjected) and non-physiologic (continuous compression without flexion) forces applied to meniscus during growth were evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of hypoxia in meniscal tissue-culture was also evaluated in a neonatal committed cell population in order to assess a faster maturation of the tissue. The importance of these investigations is linked to the possible application of these notions in the field of tissue engineering of the meniscus and may improve the current knowledge on the morpho-functional effect that external factors exercise on its structure.
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Fredriksson, Tore. "Carbon Nanotubes : A Theoretical study of Young's modulus." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32351.

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Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary mechanical, electrical, thermal andoptical properties. They are harder than diamond yet exible, have betterelectrical conductor than copper, but can also be a semiconductor or evenan insulator. These ranges of properties of course make carbon nanotubeshighly interesting for many applications. Carbon nanotubes are already usedin products as hockey sticks and tennis rackets for improving strength and exibility. Soon there are mobile phones with exible screens made fromcarbon nanotubes. Also, car- and airplane bodies will probably be mademuch lighter and stronger, if carbon nanotubes are included in the construction.However, the real game changers are; nanoelectromechanical systems(NEMS) and computer processors based on graphene and carbon nanotubes.In this work, we study Young's modulus in the axial direction of carbonnanotubes. This has been done by performing density functional theorycalculations. The unit cell has been chosen as to accommodate for tubes ofdierent radii. This allows for modelling the eect of bending of the bondsbetween the carbon atoms in the carbon nanotubes of dierent radii. Theresults show that Young's modulus decreases as the radius decreases. Ineect, the Young's modulus declines from 1 to 0.8 TPa. This eect can beunderstood because the bending diminishes the pure sp^2 character of thebonds.These results are important and useful in construction, not only when usingcarbon nanotubes but also when using graphene. Our results point towardsa Young's modulus that is a material constant and, above a certain criticalvalue, only weakly dependent on the radius of the carbon nanotube.Graphene can be seen as a carbon nanotube with innite radius.
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Проценко, Олена Борисівна, Елена Борисовна Проценко, Olena Borysivna Protsenko, Вікторія Володимирівна Ємельяненко, Виктория Владимировна Емельяненко, and Viktoriia Volodymyrivna Yemelianenko. "The analysis of the elastic properties of armchair and zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20630.

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Computation simulation is a powerful tool for predictiong the mechanics models of elastic properties of armchair and zigzag single-walled nanotubes. The aim of this work is investigation and comparison of Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio variations of armchair and zigzag tubes as functions of diameter. We obtained a set of concise, closed form expressions for the size-dependent elastic modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of armchair (n, n) and zigzag (n, 0) nanotubes, which are basic for constructing mathematical models of elastic properties of SWNTs. We investigated armchair nanotubes with chirality (3, 3)–(40, 40) and zigzag (3, 0)–(40, 0) with diameters 4,2–54,2 Å and 2,4–31,3 Å respectively. We calculated Young’s modulus to be 0,26–2,95 TPa for armchair and 0,5–3,7 TPa for zigzag nanotubes. The shear modulus calculated for armchair nanotube appeared to be in the range of 0,2–2,0 TPa and for zigzag one in the range of 0,2–2,7 TPa. Specifically, it was inverse dependences of Young’s modulus and shear modulus on diameter. The Poisson’s ratio was in range from 0,28 to 0,42 and from 0,27 to 0,39, respectively. Results of this research can be used for design, analysis and evaluating of nanotubes unctioning and creating new materials based on CNTs. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20630
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CUPERTINO, LEANDRO FONTOURA. "MODELING YOUNGS MODULUS OF NANOCOMPOSITES THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15391@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Materiais compósitos são a base de muitos produtos, devido à sua capacidade de aperfeiçoar certas propriedades. Recentemente, a utilização de nanocargas na fabricação de compósitos vem sendo amplamente estudada, pois a partir de concentrações baixas de nanocargas, as propriedades começam a melhorar, possibilitando a criação de materiais leves e com uma grande gama de propriedades. Uma das propriedades mecânicas mais estudadas é o módulo de Young, que mensura a rigidez de um material. Alguns dos modelos existentes para essa propriedade em nanocompósitos pecam na precisão ou são limitados em função da fração máxima de nanopartículas admissível no modelo. Outros se adequam apenas a uma determinada combina ção de matriz/carga preestabelecida. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar Redes Neurais Artificiais como um aproximador capaz de modelar tal propriedade para diversas matrizes/cargas, levando em consideração suas características, sem perder a precisão. A validação do aproximador é realizada comparando o resultado com outros modelos propostos na literatura. Uma vez validada, utiliza-se Algoritmos Genéticos em conjunto com tal rede para definir qual seria a configuração ideal para três casos de estudo: um que maximize o valor do módulo de Young, outro que maximize o módulo relativo e um terceiro que maximize o módulo relativo e minimize a quantidade de carga utilizada, diminuindo os custos de projeto. As técnicas de Inteligência Computacional empregadas na modelagem e síntese de materiais nanoestruturados se mostraram boas ferramentas, uma vez que geraram uma boa aproximação dos dados utilizados com erros inferiores a 5%, além de possibilitarem a determinação dos parâmetros de síntese de um material com o módulo de Young desejado.
Composite materials became very popular due to its improvements on certain properties achieved from the mixture of two different components. Recently, the use of nanofillers in the manufacture of composites has been widely studied due to the improvement of properties at low concentrations of nanofillers, enabling the creation of lightweight materials. Some of the existing models for the Young modulus of the nanocomposites have low accuracy or are limited in terms of the maximum filler fraction possible. Others are appropriate only for a given combination of matrix and filler. The objective of this work is to use Artificial Neural Networks as a function approximation method capable of modeling such property for various matrix/nanofillers, taking into account their characteristics, without losing accuracy. The validation of this approximator is performed comparing its results with other models proposed in the literature. Once validated, a Genetic Algorithm is used with the Neural Network to define which would be the ideal setting for three case studies: one that maximizes the value of composite’s Young’s modulus, other that maximizes the relative modulus and a third one that maximizes the relative modulus and minimizes the amount of load used, reducing the cost of project. Computational Intelligence techniques employed on the modeling and synthesis of nanostructured materials proved to be adequate tools, since it generated a good approximation of the data with errors lower than 5%, and determined the material’s parameters for synthesis with the desired Young’s modulus.
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Cheng, Kamyin. "Effective Young's Modulus of rigid particles in Gelatin composites." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59901.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 50).
In many biological systems, small rigid parts are embedded in deformable tissues to perform different biological functions. This study examines the effects of adding rigid filler particles inside deformable material. More specifically, a series of experiments led to eventual understanding of the relationship between effective Young's Modulus of material and volume fraction of rigid particles. The deformable material used in this study is gelatin, a readily available consumer product. It was found that the higher the volume fraction, the higher the Young's Modulus value for the composite material. In addition, it was found that cyclic loading with high strain and high volume fraction may cause stress stiffening or stress softening, while cyclic loading with small strain and small volume fraction yields linear elastic behavior. Furthermore, the effect of strain rate on material behavior was examined. Unfortunately the sample size was too small to draw definite conclusion. Finally, the reusability of particles was explored, and the results suggested that particles in composites are reusable so long as the composite did not undergo high strain compression.
by Kamyin Cheng.
S.B.
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Bodel, William. "The relationship between microstructure and Young's modulus of nuclear graphite." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-relationship-between-microstructure-and-youngs-modulus-of-nuclear-graphite(ac5fe868-cefb-4f0c-8b22-a8904bc97da5).html.

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In addition to its role as moderator within British nuclear reactors, polycrystalline graphite is also a major structural component of the core, enabling access for control rods, coolant gas and fuel. Aging processes, primarily fast neutron irradiation and radiolytic oxidation lead to distortion of the graphite components and property changes which ultimately reduce the material's effectiveness and can lead to component failure.Despite much research into the material, graphite behaviour under irradiation conditions is not fully understood and has resulted in an overestimation of the extent of component failures in Magnox reactors, and a subsequent underestimation of component failures in the following generation Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGRs). A greater understanding of the material is therefore required in order to make more informed evaluations as part of on-going safety cases. Young's modulus is one property which varies as a complex function of radiolytic oxidation and fast neutron irradiation dose; this work investigates investigate the Young's modulus behaviour of nuclear grade graphites through property measurement and microstructural characterisation. Physical properties are dependent on microstructure, which is in turn a result of the manufacturing processes and raw materials used in its fabrication. Because of this, this thesis begins with a microstructural study of AGR graphite artefacts from varying points during the manufacturing process and post-irradiation, utilising X-ray diffraction to observe changes in crystallinity, microscopy to directly observe the microstructure and pycnometry to gauge porosity variations. Increases in crystallinity towards graphitisation are seen, with a subsequent decrease after irradiation; and significant changes are observed from inspection of optical and scanning electron micrographs. Young's modulus property data are obtained using a combination of static and dynamic techniques to accumulate data from a variety of techniques. An experiment designed to track changes to the speed of sound under compressive load was carried out on Magnox and AGR graphite, showing different behaviour between the grades, and variation with irradiation.A final series of tests combine compressive testing with in-situ microscopy to try and better understand the reasons behind this varied in behaviour and relate microstructural changes to graphite behaviour under compressive loading.
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Nortemann, Markus. "Characterisation of Young's modulus and loss factor of damping materials." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021036.

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Given the importance of simulation techniques in automotive engineering, there is a lack of implementation regarding these techniques in the acoustics of damping materials for air-borne sound. Biot’s calculations have proven its abilities to simulate the acoustic characteristics of these damping materials. However, the characterisation of essential structural parameters, such as Young’s modulus and loss factor, in order to conduct Biot’s calculations have been inconclusive. Thus, the primary research objective of this study is to propose a new measurement system for the structural Biot parameters. After a comprehensive literature review has been undertaken on damping materials, as well as measurement apparatuses for Young’s modulus and loss factor of damping materials, two causes of measurement errors have been identified. Unknown stresses in measurement apparatuses and inhomogeneous, polytrophic and viscoelastic behaviour of specimens. A new measurement system that does not affect the specimens with unknown stresses and accounts for their complex behaviour required investigation. Non-contact ultrasound had been selected as a solution to determine the aforementioned parameters, since these methods do not necessarily touch or compress the specimen, which led to unknown stresses and neglection of the complex specimen behaviour with the aforementioned techniques. Although ultrasound had been used to determine structural parameters on various types of materials, it has never been used to measure soft porous damping materials. In order to find possible solutions, various sources using ultrasonics to investigate struc- tural parameters had been reviewed. In order to calculate structural parameters, the longitudinal and transversal wave velocity inside the specimen had to be determined. The main findings showed that non-contact ultrasound will be able to evaluate the Young’s modulus, loss factor as well as Poisson’s ratio. Consequently, it was shown that longitudinal velocity measurements could be conducted using well known transmission measurements. However, well known approaches would not be sufficient measuring the transversal wave velocity in soft damping materials. This problem was addressed with a special gas to be used, with lower sound speed velocity in the fluid than in the solid. Moreso, a new method determining the transversal wave velocity had been found, as it would enable the use of an even larger range of damping materials, especially ones with heavy frames and lower porosity. It will use refracted waves inside the specimen and the determination of the convertion position of the transversal to the longitudinal wave at the rear specimen surface. At the end of the study, hardware components were selected and a test rig was constructed, which should be able to prove that a determination of structural Biot parameters with non-contact ultrasound is possible with less errors instead of using mechanical transfer function systems. The development of measurement software as well as the testing of the measurement system and its validation was not under investigation in this dissertation. This study has expanded on the body of literature knowledge regarding non-contact ultrasound. Furthermore, a significant contribution has been made towards a new measurement system measuring Young’s modulus and loss factor which circumvents errors in mechanical transfer function systems. This will contribute to more precise simulations of damping materials and damped enclosures, which may ultimately result in enhanced efficiency of damping materials as well as the acoustic packaging of cars.
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Sampaio, Leonardo Fernandes. "Estudo de primeiros princípios de nanofios de inas submetidos a tensões extremas." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9249.

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The ability to manipulate materials at the atomic scale turn it possible to look for materials at the nanoscale that can supersede the performance of their bulk counterparts in specific tasks. Nanowires, due to their unique structural characteristics, are natural candidates for electric or heat conducting devices. When these nanowires take part of a circuit, they can subjected to an external stress that can change their intrinsic properties. In this work, we will be studying the mechanical and electronic behavior of narrow InAs nanowires, with different diameters, when subjected to extreme external stress. Our calculations use the Density Functional Theory, and the local density approximation to the exchange and correlation potential, as implemented in the VASP code. Our results reveal that the InAs nanowires exhibit a mechanical behavior which depends on the external stress and the nanowire diameter. For the narrowest diameter, it shows an elastic behavior followed by the rupture of the wire. As the nanowires turn thicker, different responses to the external stress take place. When the first chemical bonds are broken, the nanowire changes between elastic behaviors with different Young modulus. When more and more chemical bonds are broken (for the thicker nanowires), the nanowires show a plastic behavior, before the rupture. For each of these mechanical regimes, the electronic band structure of the nanowires is also analysed.
Nanofios, devido às suas caracteristícas estruturais únicas, são candidatos naturais para dispositivos condutores de eletricidade e calor. Quando estes nanofios formam parte de um dispositivo, podem estar sujeitos a tensões externas que podem alterar as suas propriedades intrínsecas. Neste trabalho estudaremos o comportamento mecânico e eletrônico de nanofios de InAs com diferentes diâmetros quando sujeitos a tensões externas extremas. Nossos cálculos usam a Teoria do Funcional da Densidade dentro da aproximação da densidade local para o funcional de exchange e correlação, como implementado no código computacional VASP. Nossos resultados revelam que os nanofios de InAs exibem um comportamento mecânico que depende da tensão externa e do diâmetro do nanofio. Para o nanofio mais estreito, observa-se um comportamento elástico da curva de tensão vs elongação ( stress vs strain ), seguido de ruptura do fio. Quando os nanofios tornam-se mais espessos, diferentes respostas às tensões extremas são observadas. Quando as primeiras ligações químicas são quebradas, os nanofios mudam de regime elástico para outro, com diferentes valores de módulo de Young. Quando mais e mais ligações químicas são quebradas, sempre do centro para as bordas, os nanofios apresentam um comportamento plástico antes da ruptura. Para cada um destes regimes mecânicos estrutura de bandas dos nanofios é também analisada.
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Books on the topic "Young’s modulu"

1

Ali, M. El Sayed. Determination of Youngs's modulus by Knoop indentation measurements. Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory, 1988.

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Palais des beaux-arts (Brussels, Belgium), ed. XX models: Young Belgian architecture. [Brussels]: A+ Editions, 2012.

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Iacovou, Maria. Young people in Europe: Two models of household formation. Colchester: ESRC Research Centre on Micro-Social Change, 1998.

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Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology. Saturday Academy. and Advocates for Women in Science, Engineering & Mathematics., eds. Directory of practitioners: Role models for young women, 1996. Portland: Saturday Academy, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology, 1996.

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Iacovou, Maria. Young people in Europe: Two models of household formation. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research, 1999.

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A, Kujawa-Holbrook Sheryl, and Rowthorn Anne W, eds. God works: Youth and young adult ministry models-- evangelism at work with young people. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Pub., 1997.

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McCauley, Martin. Computer controlled materials testing package: The development of a package to verify Hooke's Law and find Young's Modulus. S.l.[: The Author], 1997.

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Black, Sandra E. Older and wiser?: Birth order and iq of young men. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Jets from young stars IV: From models to observations and experiments. Berlin: Springer, 2010.

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Blanchflower, David. What makes a young entrepreneur? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Young’s modulu"

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Keaton, Jeffrey R. "Young’s Modulus." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_298-1.

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Hill, Geoff. "Young’s Modulus." In Loudspeaker Modelling and Design, 28–33. New York, NY: Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351116428-9.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Young’s Modulus." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 822. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12971.

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Keaton, Jeffrey R. "Young’s Modulus." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 955–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_298.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Complex Young’s Modulus." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 161. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2739.

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Lucas, Robert. "Young's Modulus." In High School and Undergraduate Physics Practicals, 69–71. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262350-12.

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Chen, Y., R. Jayakumar, and K. Yu. "Experimental Young’s Modulus Calculations." In Supercollider 5, 181–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_42.

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Rössler, U. "ZnO: Young's modulus." In New Data and Updates for several Semiconductors with Chalcopyrite Structure, for several II-VI Compounds and diluted magnetic IV-VI Compounds, 170. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28531-8_83.

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Strauch, D. "BN: Young's modulus, bulk modulus." In New Data and Updates for IV-IV, III-V, II-VI and I-VII Compounds, their Mixed Crystals and Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors, 236–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14148-5_131.

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Jouannot-Chesney, Patricia, Jean-Paul Jernot, Joël Bréard, and Moussa Gomina. "Young’s Modulus of Plant Fibers." In RILEM Bookseries, 61–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7515-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Young’s modulu"

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Alzebdeh, Khalid I. "Evaluation of Effective Elastic Mechanical Properties of Graphene Sheets." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87211.

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The mechanical behaviour of a single-layer nanostructured graphene sheet is investigated using an atomistic-based continuum model. This is achieved by equating the stored energy in a representative unit cell for a graphene sheet at atomistic scale to the strain energy of an equivalent continuum medium under prescribed boundary conditions. Proper displacement-controlled (essential) boundary conditions which generate a uniform strain field in the unit cell model are applied to calculate one elastic modulus at a time. Three atomistic finite element models are adopted with an assumption that force interactions among carbon atoms can be modeled by either spring-like or beam elements. Thus, elastic moduli for graphene structure are determined based on the proposed modeling approach. Then, effective Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are extracted from the set of calculated elastic moduli. Results of Young’s modulus obtained by employing the different atomistic models show a good agreement with the published theoretical and numerical predictions. However, Poisson’s ratio exhibits sensitivity to the considered atomistic model. This observation is supported by a significant variation in estimates as can be found in the literature. Furthermore, isotropic behaviour of in-plane graphene sheets was validated based on current modeling.
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Chigullapalli, Aarti, and Jason V. Clark. "Towards Measuring Young’s Modulus by Electronic Probing." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89155.

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We propose an accurate and precise method for measuring the Young’s modulus of MEMS with comb drives by electronic probing of capacitance. The electronic measurement can be performed off-chip for quality control or on-chip after packaging for self-calibration. Young’s modulus is an important material property that affects the static or dynamic performance of MEMS. Electrically-probed measurements of Young’s modulus may also be useful for industrial scale automation. Conventional methods for measuring Young’s modulus include analyzing stress-strain curves, which is typically destructive, or include analyzing a large array of test structures of varying dimensions, which requires a large amount of chip real estate. Our method measures Young’s modulus by uniquely eliminating unknowns and extracting the fabricated geometry, displacement, comb drive force, and stiffness. Since Young’s modulus is related to geometry and stiffness that we find using electronic measurands, we are able to express Young’s modulus as a function of electronic measurands. We verify our method by using it to predict the Young’s modulus of a computer model. We treat the computer model as we would treat a true experiment by depending only on its electronic measurands. We find good agreement in predicting the exactly known Young’s modulus in a computer model within 0.1%.
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Rezaei Nejad, H., M. Ghasemi, A. Shahabi, and S. M. Mirnouri Langroudi. "Investigating the Effect of Stone-Wales Defect on Young Modulus of Armchair Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24296.

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Effect of Stone-Wales percentage defect on effective elastic modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) is investigated. The Stone-Wales defect is a crystallographic defect that happens in nanotubes and is believed to affect the nanotubes mechanical properties. In order to calculate the mechanical properties of SWCNTs under axial tension, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the Morse potential is performed. An in house FORTRAN code is developed and utilized. The Young’s modulus of the perfect SWCNTs and those with different defect percentage is obtained using the classical elasticity theory. It is observed that for low percentage of defect (less than 8%) as the diameter increases the Young’s modulus of SWCNTs slightly increases. However, for high percentage of defect (more than 8%) as diameter increases the Young modulus clearly decreases.
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Ching, Jianye, and Kok-Kwang Phoon. "Mobilized Young’s Modulus for a Footing." In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Reliability Engineering and Risk Management. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2726-7_ctc304s1grr09.

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Avar, B. B., and N. W. Hudyma. "Relationship Between Macroporosity and Young's Modulus Through UCS Tests on Rock and Analogue Models, and Numerical Modeling – a Literature Review." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-2262.

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ABSTRACT: It is well known that rock porosity reduces rock Young’s modulus of intact rock specimens. However, it is not well understood how different types and amount of macroporosity in forms of non-connected or isolated cavities (e.g., vesicular basalt, lithophysal tuff) or interconnected vugs (e.g., vuggy limestone) affect rock elastic properties. Such macroporosity leads to challenges in deriving engineering properties of rock. This paper compiles an existing database for porosity and Young’s modulus of macroporous rocks. The database includes Young’s modulus determined from unconfined compression testing on intact rock specimens and analogue specimens used to prepare rock-like test samples and numerical simulations of compression testing on similar materials. The database is used to develop the relationship between porosity and Young’s modulus. In addition to the porosity, the macropore shapes, sizes, locations, and proximity of a macropore to its neighboring macropore play a role in how porosity affects intact rock Young’s modulus. 1. INTRODUCTION Macroporosity, which is the porosity due to visible large voids or cavities, impacts mechanical properties, such as strength and Young’s modulus (E). Examples of such rocks are primarily volcanic (e.g., vesicular basalt, lithophysal tuff, lithophysal rhyolite, pumice, and scoria) and sometimes sedimentary (e.g., vuggy limestone and coquina). Engineering characterization of such rock is challenging due to macroporosity variation within the rock mass, distribution (void-to-void proximity, void alignment), and shape of the macropores (Jespersen et al., 2010; Davis et al., 2017). Preparing test specimens of standard sizes from rock cores or outcrop blocks can be difficult due to macroporosity. Obtaining a representative specimen is also challenging as the size of the macropores becomes too large to prevent large macropores from being sampled. For example, the lithophysal tuffs of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, had macropores ranging in size from approximately 1 to 50 cm, with a maximum size up to 1 m (CRWMS M&O 2000). When laboratory compression tests are carried out on these limited number of specimens, the distribution of data is typically scattered.
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Lu, Xiaoxing, and Zhong Hu. "Evaluation of Mechanical Behaviors of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37766.

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Based on molecular mechanics, a three-dimensional finite element model for armchair, zigzag and chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been developed, in which the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), when subjected to load, behave like space-frame structures. The bending stiffness of the graphite layer has been considered. The potentials associated with the atomic interactions within a CNT were evaluated by the strain energies of beam elements which serve as structural substitutions of covalent bonds. The out-of-plane deformation (inversion) of the bonds was distinguished from the in-plane deformation by considering an elliptical cross-section for the beam elements. The elastic moduli of beam elements are determined by using a linkage between molecular and continuum mechanics. A closed form solution of the sectional properties of the beam element was derived analytically and verified through the analysis of rolling a graphite sheet into a carbon nanotube. This method was validated by its application to a graphene model, and Young’s modulus of the model was found, showing agreement with the known values of graphite. Modeling of the elastic deformation of SWCNTs reveals that Young’s moduli and the shear modulus of CNTs vary with the tube diameter and are affected by their helicity. With increasing tube diameter, Young’s moduli of both armchair and zigzag CNTs are increasing monotonically and approaching to the Young’s modulus of graphite, which are in agreement with the existing theoretical and experimental results. The rolling energy per atom was computed by finite element analysis. By comparing mechanical properties with circular cross section models, it is found that the computational results of the proposed elliptical cross-section model are closer to the results from the atomistic computations. The proposed model is valid for problems where the effect of local bending of the graphite layer in a CNT is significant. This research work shows that the proposed finite element model may provide a valuable tool for studying the mechanical behaviors of CNTs and their integration in nano-composites.
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Tillmann, W., U. Selvadurai, and W. Luo. "Measurement of the Young’s Modulus of Thermal Spray Coatings by Means of Several Methods." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0580.

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Abstract Thermally sprayed coatings are usually defined by their hardness, porosity, roughness and wear resistance. Even though the Young’s modulus is an essential property, which describes the mechanical behavior of the coated components during their use, only few efforts were made to determine this property. The most common measurement methods of the Young’s modulus of thermally sprayed coatings are tensile tests, bending tests, and nanoindentations. During the tensile and bending tests a sliding of the splats can occur due to the laminar structure of the thermally sprayed coatings, influencing the measurement value. When using the nanoindentation test, only the elastic behavior of a single splat can be determined because of a minimal measuring volume. However, the Young’s Modulus of thermally sprayed coatings can also be determined by means of a resonant method, called impulse excitation technique (IET). In this paper, the values of the Young’s moduli of thermally sprayed coatings, measured by several methods are compared with each other and correlated to the microstructure of the coatings, investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy.
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Pigott, John D., Rajendra K. Shrestha, and Richard A. Warwick. "Young's modulus from AVO inversion." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1989. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1889787.

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Martinelli, Mattia, Ivo Colombo, and Eliana Rosa Russo. "Predict Geomechanical Parameters with Machine Learning Combining Drilling Data and Gamma Ray." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204688-ms.

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Abstract The aim of this work is the development of a fast and reliable method for geomechanical parameters evaluation while drilling using surface logging data. Geomechanical parameters are usually evaluated from cores or sonic logs, which are typically expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. A novel approach is here proposed, where machine learning algorithms are used to calculate the Young's Modulus from drilling parameters and the gamma ray log. The proposed method combines typical mud logging drilling data (ROP, RPM, Torque, Flow measurements, WOB and SPP), XRF data and well log data (Sonic logs, Bulk Density, Gamma Ray) with several machine learning techniques. The models were trained and tested on data coming from three wells drilled in the same basin, in the same geological units but in different reservoirs. Sonic logs and bulk density are used to evaluate the geomechanical parameters (e.g. Young's Modulus) and to train the model. The training phase and the hyperparameter tuning were performed using data coming from a single well. The model was then tested against previously unseen data coming from the other two wells. The trained model is able to predict the Young's modulus in the test wells with a root mean squared error around 12 GPa. The example here provided demonstrates that a model trained with drilling parameters and gamma ray coming from one well is able to predict the Young Modulus of different wells in the same basin. These outcomes highlight the potentiality of this procedure and point out several implications for the reservoir characterization. Indeed, once the model has been trained, it is possible to predict the Young's Modulus in different wells of the same basin using only surface logging data.
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Michlik, Petr, Ondrej Racek, and Christopher C. Berndt. "The Effect of YSZ Microstructure on Young's Modulus." In ITSC2004, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p1110.

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Abstract The mechanical behavior of nanostructured yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal spray deposits was examined and compared to conventional zirconia coatings. Young’s modulus was measured using indentation techniques. The anisotropy of the deposits was estimated by indenting the deposits in the perpendicular and parallel directions to the substrate. Statistical distribution of the mechanical properties was correlated with the microstructure. The effective Young’s moduli of nanostructured and standard YSZ were also modeled by means of 2D eXtended FEM; whereby actual microstructures were assessed. The simulation was based on micrographs by employing a standard meshing program combined with an in-house developed XFEM package, which incorporates the crack structure into the model. The effect of nano-scale features on the effective Young’s modulus were predicted and compared to experimental observations.
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Reports on the topic "Young’s modulu"

1

Ryan P Schultz. Lithium: Measurement of Young's Modulus and Yield Strength. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/804180.

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Cordero, Eugene, and Kiana Luong. Promoting Interest in Transportation Careers Among Young Women. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2028.

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Transportation remains the largest source of U.S.-based carbon emissions, and reducing emissions from this source continues to challenge experts. Addressing challenging problems requires diverse modes of thinking—and at present the transportation workforce is not diverse in terms of gender, with women occupying only about 14% of the transportation workforce. This research developed and tested a school-based intervention that uses pro-environmental framing and exposure to women transportation role models to help attract more women to transportation careers. To investigate the efficacy of the intervention, the research team studied control and treatment groups of university students using pre- and post-surveys to measure changes in student understanding and interest in transportation fields and careers. Students in both groups were enrolled in a climate change course, and students in the treatment group completed an additional transportation learning module designed to stimulate interest in transportation careers. The results showed that by the end of the semester, student awareness that the transportation industry can provide green and sustainable careers increased by 39.7% in the treatment group compared to no change in the control group. In addition, student openness to working in a transportation related career increased by 17.5% for females in the treatment group compared to no change in the male treatment group and no change in the control group. Given the success of this intervention, similar educational modules at various educational levels could increase the number of women working in transportation. Should such approaches be successful, society will be better prepared to respond to environmental challenges like climate change.
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Denissen, Nicholas Allen, and Bradley J. Plohr. Youngs-Type Material Strength Model in the Besnard-Harlow-Rauenzahn Turbulence Equations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1211597.

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E.M. Cikanek, L.E. Safley, and T.A. Grant. Data Qualification and Data Summary Report: Intact Rock Properties Data on Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836525.

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Erulkar, Annabel, and Erica Chong. Evaluation of a savings and micro-credit program for vulnerable young women in Nairobi. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1010.

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Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents’ vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16–22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.
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Price, R. H., R. J. III Martin, and R. W. Haupt. The effect of frequency on Young`s modulus and seismic wave attenuation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/145360.

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Pullammanappallil, Pratap, Haim Kalman, and Jennifer Curtis. Investigation of particulate flow behavior in a continuous, high solids, leach-bed biogasification system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600038.bard.

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Recent concerns regarding global warming and energy security have accelerated research and developmental efforts to produce biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues, and energy crops. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for producing biogas-biofuel from biomass feedstocks. However, there is a need for new reactor designs and operating considerations to process fibrous biomass feedstocks. In this research project, the multiphase flow behavior of biomass particles was investigated. The objective was accomplished through both simulation and experimentation. The simulations included both particle-level and bulk flow simulations. Successful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of multiphase flow in the digester is dependent on the accuracy of constitutive models which describe (1) the particle phase stress due to particle interactions, (2) the particle phase dissipation due to inelastic interactions between particles and (3) the drag force between the fibres and the digester fluid. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of Homogeneous Cooling Systems (HCS) were used to develop a particle phase dissipation rate model for non-spherical particle systems that was incorporated in a two-fluid CFDmultiphase flow model framework. Two types of frictionless, elongated particle models were compared in the HCS simulations: glued-sphere and true cylinder. A new model for drag for elongated fibres was developed which depends on Reynolds number, solids fraction, and fibre aspect ratio. Schulze shear test results could be used to calibrate particle-particle friction for DEM simulations. Several experimental measurements were taken for biomass particles like olive pulp, orange peels, wheat straw, semolina, and wheat grains. Using a compression tester, the breakage force, breakage energy, yield force, elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus were measured. Measurements were made in a shear tester to determine unconfined yield stress, major principal stress, effective angle of internal friction and internal friction angle. A liquid fludized bed system was used to determine critical velocity of fluidization for these materials. Transport measurements for pneumatic conveying were also assessed. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using orange peel waste, olive pulp and wheat straw. Orange peel waste and olive pulp could be anaerobically digested to produce high methane yields. Wheat straw was not digestible. In a packed bed reactor, anaerobic digestion was not initiated above bulk densities of 100 kg/m³ for peel waste and 75 kg/m³ for olive pulp. Interestingly, after the digestion has been initiated and balanced methanogenesis established, the decomposing biomass could be packed to higher densities and successfully digested. These observations provided useful insights for high throughput reactor designs. Another outcome from this project was the development of low cost devices to measure methane content of biogas for off-line (US$37), field (US$50), and online (US$107) applications.
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Farag, Ebraheem Khaled. Is There A Solar Model Solution to The Faint Young Sun Paradox? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1545733.

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9

Fedele, Maddalena. Young characters in television fiction: youth identities, models and portrayals in the digital age. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31009/informesdcom.2020.02.

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10

Carnagey, K. M., D. S. Lewis, J. W. Stewart, and Donald C. Beitz. Improvement of Lipid Absorption in Young Pigs as a Model for Preterm Infants. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-833.

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