Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Yorke Peninsula'

"August 2003."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-333)
2 v. (xxxi, 333 leaves) ; ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture and Wine, Discipline of Plant and Pest Science, 2005

"September 2001"
Bibliography: leaves 144-159.
xix, 159 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
The two main aims of this study were: 1) to determine if the presence of Calcium carbonate in soil was the reason behind soils from Yorke Peninsula having relatively high OC (organic carbon) contents, given local farming practices, and 2) to determine the effect that the composition of the soils' OC has on the mineralisation rates.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 2002

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The central Yorke Peninsula, South Australia, is a prospective area for iron-oxide-copper-gold mineralisation. However due to minimal exposure there is limited data on the metamorphic, deformation and cooling history on the Central Yorke Peninsula in southern Gawler Craton in southern Australia. Here we use metamorphic zircon and monazite grains from drill holes in the Equis and Ranald prospects to determine the thermal history of the area. U-Pb geochronology suggests that central Yorke Peninsula underwent metamorphism during ca 1540 – 1480 Ma. Pressure – temperature (P-T) modelling suggests that the metamorphic conditions for this thermal event were high temperature/low pressure, amphibolite-granulite facies associated with normal to elevated geothermal gradients. The tectonothermal driver for this event is not clear, it can be suggested that a combination of extension and magmatism may be have contributed to this thermal event. After the thermal event the central Yorke Peninsula underwent a period of extension and exhumation. Exhumation and extension was most likely accommodated by the Pine Point Fault during ca 1500 – 1450 Ma and was likely to be associated with reactivation of major structures, brittle faulting and regional folding in the Gawler Craton. Ca 1600 – 1570 Ma Hiltaba-age mineralisation has possibly been affected by the ca 1540 to 1480 thermal event in ways of remobilisation and concentration and following that was possibly redistributed along the Pine Point Fault during the ca 1500 – 1450 Ma extension and exhumation.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2013

The Narungga are the Aboriginal people of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. This thesis explores cross-cultural encounters and relations between the Narungga and Europeans in the nineteenth century. Contemporary Narungga people, hoping to learn about the lives of their forebears, instigated this research. The Narungga have not previously been the focus of serious historical or anthropological investigation. This thesis therefore fills a significant gap in the historiography. This thesis seeks to re-imagine the past in a way which is empathetic and realistic to Narungga people who lived in the nineteenth century. To understand the impact of the arrival and permanent settlement of Europeans upon the lives of the Narungga, it is necessary to look closely at the cultural systems which orientated and encompassed both the Narungga and the newcomers. The two groups impacted on and shaped the lives of the other and neither can be looked at in isolation. This work has been inspired by the writings of historical anthropologists and ethno-historians. The findings of anthropologists, linguists, geographers, botanists and archaeologists are drawn upon. First hand accounts which provide graphic and immediate depictions of events have been closely analysed. The primary sources that have been examined include local and Adelaide newspapers, official correspondence between settlers, police, the Protector of Aborigines, the Governor and the Colonial Secretary, and private letters, diaries, paintings, photographs and sketches. The archives continuously reveal great injustices committed against the Narungga, and this thesis does not seek to minimize the brutality of ‘white’ settlement nor the devastating outcomes of British colonialism on the Narungga. But the records also reveal the majority of Narungga people living in the nineteenth century were not helpless victims being pushed around by autocratic pastoralists or disengaged bureaucrats. On Yorke Peninsula in the nineteenth century, the future was unknown; the Narungga were largely able to maintain their autonomy while Europeans were often in a vulnerable and dependent position. The Narungga were active agents who adapted to and incorporated the new circumstances as they were able and as they saw fit. Rather than living in a closed or static society, the Narungga readily accommodated and even welcomed the Europeans, with their strange customs and exotic animals, plants and goods. The Narungga responded to the presence of Europeans in a way which made sense to them and which was in keeping with their customs and beliefs.
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Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2008

The Narungga are the Aboriginal people of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. This thesis explores cross-cultural encounters and relations between the Narungga and Europeans in the nineteenth century. Contemporary Narungga people, hoping to learn about the lives of their forebears, instigated this research. The Narungga have not previously been the focus of serious historical or anthropological investigation. This thesis therefore fills a significant gap in the historiography. This thesis seeks to re-imagine the past in a way which is empathetic and realistic to Narungga people who lived in the nineteenth century. To understand the impact of the arrival and permanent settlement of Europeans upon the lives of the Narungga, it is necessary to look closely at the cultural systems which orientated and encompassed both the Narungga and the newcomers. The two groups impacted on and shaped the lives of the other and neither can be looked at in isolation. This work has been inspired by the writings of historical anthropologists and ethno-historians. The findings of anthropologists, linguists, geographers, botanists and archaeologists are drawn upon. First hand accounts which provide graphic and immediate depictions of events have been closely analysed. The primary sources that have been examined include local and Adelaide newspapers, official correspondence between settlers, police, the Protector of Aborigines, the Governor and the Colonial Secretary, and private letters, diaries, paintings, photographs and sketches. The archives continuously reveal great injustices committed against the Narungga, and this thesis does not seek to minimize the brutality of ‘white’ settlement nor the devastating outcomes of British colonialism on the Narungga. But the records also reveal the majority of Narungga people living in the nineteenth century were not helpless victims being pushed around by autocratic pastoralists or disengaged bureaucrats. On Yorke Peninsula in the nineteenth century, the future was unknown; the Narungga were largely able to maintain their autonomy while Europeans were often in a vulnerable and dependent position. The Narungga were active agents who adapted to and incorporated the new circumstances as they were able and as they saw fit. Rather than living in a closed or static society, the Narungga readily accommodated and even welcomed the Europeans, with their strange customs and exotic animals, plants and goods. The Narungga responded to the presence of Europeans in a way which made sense to them and which was in keeping with their customs and beliefs.
Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2008

This thesis describes the geochemistry from carbonate rocks and biogeochemistry from mallee across the Yorke Peninsula to better characterise and define mineral systems that may occur in IOCG prospective basement rocks masked by various overlying cover sequences. Presented here is geochemical data from three cliff escarpments (vertical geochemical profiles) which preserve cover sequences overlying basement rocks. Ca/Sr ratios were found to be a defining discriminator between marine and pedogenic carbonate rocks within the profiles; pedogenic carbonates have Ca/Sr ratios less than 650 and marine carbonates have Ca/Sr ratios greater than 1260. This simple discriminant can also be used to identify samples appropriate for carbonate sampling in mineral exploration, particularly in drill cuttings, as well as retrospective filtering of multi-element geochemical exploration data sets. A regional sampling program was undertaken in the context of the regolith landform setting from a newly constructed map of Yorke Peninsula. The majority of carbonate material occurring at the surface across the Yorke Peninsula has Ca/Sr <650, with lesser occurrences of carbonate preserving Ca/Sr ratios between 650 and 1260 and one preserving marine Ca/Sr >1260. The majority of surface carbonates have Ca/Sr consistent with a mixture of rainfall sources and marine carbonate sources. With the dominant contributor of Ca and Sr from rainwater. Surface carbonates with Ca/Sr ratios >650 have a greater proportion of Ca and Sr sourced from marine carbonates, incorporated either from wind-blown dust or from in-situ marine carbonates. The systematically lower Ca/Sr of rainwater, compared to marine carbonates, translates into systematically lower Ca/Sr in pedogenic compared to marine carbonates. This is an effective discriminator of carbonates formed by pedogenic processes and weathered marine carbonates. The dominantly pedogenic nature of the carbonate rocks sampled across the Yorke Peninsula means that they are appropriate for use in mineral exploration geochemistry for underlying iron oxide-copper-gold deposits. The range of the Cu values in the carbonate rocks is 1.4–36ppm. Elevated Cu concentrations (1.4–36ppm) occur more commonly within carbonate rocks within 3km of known Cu occurrences. . Eucalyptus foliage was collected at a suitable time of year to maximise root absorption and minimise contamination from farming practices. The range of Cu concentrations within Eucalyptus with mallee-form was 1.6–10ppm. Mallee within 3km of known mineralisation has a concentration of 2–10ppm Cu. There was little statistical difference between the four mallee species sampled so that it is reasonable to use all data as a collective dataset. As mallee occur across a large portion of southern Australia, this method of sampling could prove to be a useful tool for frontiers in exploration where tenure occurs typically over large areas, with widespread cover and restricted access due to environmental and cultural sensitivities.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2019

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Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG) deposits are the products of crustal-scale metasomatic alteration, generally considered to be associated with the emplacement of large felsic intrusions. These systems are typified by zoned, broad alteration haloes comprising the products of an early, barren albitization event, and late, ore-hosting potassic/calcic (skarn) alteration associated with mineralization. Yttrium and rare earth elements (REY), and also uranium, are prominent components of most IOCG systems. The REY-signatures of feldspars and accessory apatite, Fe-(Ti)-oxides and other minerals are geochemical tracers of alteration stages within a magmatic-hydrothermal system. This study sets out to identify links between magmatism and initiation of hydrothermal activity, and to test the hypothesis that albitization is a pre-requisite stage for REE-U enrichment in magmatically-derived IOCG systems. The compositions and trace element concentrations in key minerals have been analysed using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a varied range of magmatic to metasedimentary lithologies from the Moonta-Wallaroo region, an area in which broad regional-scale alkali alteration is recognised. Results confirm a strong link between albitization and REE-U-enrichment. The process of albitization is seen to consume, redistribute and lock-in REY, LILE and HFSE via complex fluid-rock reactions dependent on the pre-existing mineral assemblages and fluid characteristics, providing a holistic model for IOCG-driven alkali metasomatism. The trace element signatures recorded by K-feldspar reflect a transition from magmatic to hydrothermal stages within an evolving IOCG system. Although further constraints on these signatures are required, they could prove invaluable in mineral exploration as they suggest a quantifiable distinction between alteration associated with mineralization, and regional background. This hypothesis requires testing elsewhere in the Olympic Province and in analogous terranes.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010

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The Moonta-Wallaroo area in the Northern Yorke Peninsula (NYP) is inferred to have been associated with the major deformation, metamorphic and magmatic event at ca. 1600-1575 Ma that affected much of eastern Proterozoic Australia. Widespread K-Fe (biotite-magnetite) alteration is genetically linked with the main pyrite ±chalcopyrite mineralising event within the Doora Member of the Wandearah Formation. Zones of high mineralisation were seen to correspond with coarsening grain size of biotite in petrological and hand samples and were supported by geochemical trends between Fe2O3, S and Cu. Later stage hematite bearing phases of alteration resulted in intense alteration and pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralisation locally within carbonate bearing zones. It is suggested that uranium enrichment is also associated with biotite-magnetite alteration but was later stripped from the highly mineralised zones by less pervasive hydrothermal fluids. U-Pb isotope analysis of zircon grains constrain the age of formation of the basement in which mineralisation occurs. The Moonta Porphyry revealed an age of 1752 ±6Ma. Based on its interdigitising relationship with the Moonta Porphyry a maximum age of sedimentation of the Doora Member is proposed at ca. 1752 Ma. The protolithic material of the Harlequin Stone was determined to be similar to that of the Doora Member and was sourced mainly from the ca. 1850 Ma Donington Suite Granitoids. A Pb207/Pb206 age of ca. 1708 Ma suggests a wider age of formation of the Wallaroo Group than previously reported in the literature. Alteration within the Oorlano Metasomatite metasediment samples showed a clear deviation in chemical characteristics from the Doora Member suggesting different styles of alteration in relation to their proximity to the Arthurton and Tickera Granites.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2015

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The Hillside deposit is located in the southern part of the Olympic Province on the Gawler Craton, South Australia. This area has a history of IOCG-U style deposits, including the world class Olympic Dam deposit. Several other deposits and prospects have also been identified within this Olympic Dam domain. The Hillside deposit was discovered in the 1800s but recent work by Rex Minerals has expanded the mineralisation zone and have categorised this deposit as part of the IOCG-U family. A prominent characteristic of the Hillside IOCG mineralisation is the conversion of magnetite to hematite which in previous works on IOCG-U deposits was shown to be related to the mineralisation process. Two main mineralizing episodes can be distinguished, an earlier one was extremely Fe rich and allowed the formation of magnetite and pyrite. The second stage of mineralisation involved the injection of copper mineralizing fluids concurrent with the widespread replacement of magnetite by hematite. Analysis of the iron oxides was carried out using optical methods as well as trace element and rare earth element analysis by Electron Probe Micro Analysis and Laser Ablation ICP MS. The trace elements were used to identify compositional signature variations between the different iron oxide minerals. The rare earth element analysis showed a distinct overall enrichment in the hematite samples compared to the magnetite. The trace element analysis showed that several elements are distributed differently between the two oxides and sulphides. These elements include Cr, Zn, V, Ti, Ni, Pb and Co which show anomalies in both the oxides and sulphides. A variation between what elements are enriched is dependent on the mineral they are found within. This is suggested to reflect changes in composition of the mineralising fluid from the early magnetite-pyrite to the late hematite-chalcopyrite stage. The sulphides showed that chalcopyrite was enriched in several trace elements compared to pyrite. Sulphur isotope data were derived for pyrite and chalcopyrite also to characterise the source of the fluids. There was no systematic difference between chalcopyrite and pyrite. The data did show negative values between -2.6 δ34S and -6.6 δ34S which indicates that the source of the sulphur is most likely magmatic. This study gives an indication into the change in conditions that caused the replacement of magnetite by hematite and therefore the changes that caused mineralisation. An element signature was also collected to identify the difference between the iron oxides that will help in future works on this deposit.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010

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The ca. 1600–1580 Ma time slice is recognised as a significant period of magmatism and deformation throughout eastern Proterozoic Australia. Within the northern Yorke Peninsula, this period was associated with the emplacement of multiple phases of the Tickera Granite; an intensely foliated orange granite, a white leucogranite and a red granite. These granites belong to the broader Hiltaba Suite that was emplaced at shallow crustal levels, throughout the Gawler Craton. Geochemical and isotopic analysis suggests these granite phases were derived from a heterogeneous source region. The orange and red granites were derived from the Donington Suite and/or the Wallaroo Group metasediments with slight contamination from an Archean basement. The white leucogranite is sourced from a similar but slightly more mafic/lower crustal source. Phases of the Tickera Granite were emplaced synchronously with deformation that resulted in development of a prominent northeast trending structural grain throughout the Yorke Peninsula region. This fabric is a composite of two fold generations; early isoclinal folds that were refolded by later open upright folds. Isoclinal folding may have occurred during the ca. 1730–1690 Ma Kimban Orogeny, or just prior to emplacement of the Tickera Granite at ca. 1597–1577 Ma. The upright fold generation was contemporaneous with the emplacement of the Tickera Granite. The Yorke Peninsula shares a common geological history with the Curnamona Province, which was deformed during the ca. 1600–1585 Ma Olarian Orogeny, and resulted in development of early isoclinal (recumbent) folds overprinted by an upright fold generation, a dominant northeast–trending structural grain and spatially and temporally related intrusions. This suggests an apparent correlation with the geological history of the Curnamona Province, and that the Olarian Orogeny may have also affected the southeastern Gawler Craton. Constraint on the timing of the earlier isoclinal fold generation in the Yorke Peninsula will allow further understanding of the similarities between the two regions.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2016

Hillside is a newly-discovered, undeveloped copper resource related to Mesoproterozoic Hiltaba Suite intrusives along the crustal-scale Pine Point fault on the eastern margin of the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Mineralogical and petrographic study was undertaken on ~100 samples representative of all lithologies, parts of the deposit, and evolution from magmatic through prograde and retrograde skarn to late-stage hydrothermal overprint. Emphasis was placed on distributions of REE+Y and other trace elements in main minerals, and on the constraints these patterns provide for processes associated with alteration and mineralization. Alteration at Hillside is defined by diverse skarn assemblages. Most are readily interpreted as exoskarns formed onto (Moonta-Wallaroo Group) sedimentary protoliths. Two granitoids and associated pegmatites are indicative of composite (multiphase?) felsic magmatism. Granitoid emplacement and alkali-metasomatism pre-date skarn formation; the same initial alteration is recorded in coeval gabbros. The main prograde and retrograde associations [garnetite, garnet-(epidote-allanite-(Ce)) skarn, garnet-feldspar skarn and (pyroxenedominant) multi-component skarn] are defined by mineral associations and replacement relationships among calc-silicates and replacement of calc-silicates by secondary calcite±quartz±chlorite assemblages. Andradite-dominant garnet and diopside-dominant pyroxene are prograde minerals in this (magnetite-pyrite stable) association. Clinozoisite and amphibole are retrograde and co-exist with sulphides. Hematite-chalcopyrite+pyrite assemblages and advanced replacement of skarn minerals by calcite+quartz are associated with the late-retrograde stage. Skarnoid, at the skarn margin, contains the main skarn minerals, feldspars, grossular-rich garnet and minor wollastonite. LA-ICP-MS trace element datasets show that skarn minerals are rich in REY, Sn, HFSE and incompatible elements. Temporal (prograde-to-retrograde) evolution is recognised in terms of chondrite-normalised REY fractionation trends for garnet, with predictable patterns from sample to sample. Trace element concentrations in garnet represent the best guide to deposit-scale zonation patterns: Sn increases in garnet from N to S, and ΣREY increases from E to W. Trends for retrograde garnet are more varied, attributable to cycles of replacement, overgrowth and recrystallization. Nanoscale FIB-SEM-TEM investigation of feldspar and garnet allows distinction of whether key trace elements are lattice-bound or occur as nanoscale mineral inclusions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data provide evidence for early high-T, high-salinity fluids (~23 wt.% NaCl equiv., ~600 ºC, ~2 kbar) and the destructive influence of retrogression and reaction with later fluids tied to skarn collapse during uplift/fault reactivation (~1 wt.% NaCl equiv., <300 ºC, ~0.15 kbar). The study shows the potential value of LA-ICP-MS trace element signatures in garnet and accessories as petrogenetic tools and, potentially, as exploration vectors. The extraordinary petrographic and geochemical complexity implies that routine application of these patterns as an exploration tool is dependent upon recognition of underlying trends specific to protolith and spatial-temporal evolution. Hillside is defined as a Fe-Cu-(Au)-skarn that includes key features of an IOCG system. The deposit formed in a deep skarn setting (~6 km) and records a late-stage overprint during uplift and fault reactivation. The data can underpin sustainable genetic models for the Hillside deposit and contribute towards a metallogenic framework for the Olympic Cu-Au province, particularly with respect to the diversity of mineralization styles as an expression of ore formation at different crustal levels.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2016.

The west coast of Cape York Peninsula is one of the least studied areas of the Australian continent. This can be attributed to the climate, poor infrastructure and isolation. The rapid development of the Cape through tourism, mining and industry is placing pressure on the natural environment. If decisions concerning development are to be well founded then a greater knowledge of potential environmental responses to changing conditions must be sought

This study responded to concerns expressed by Elders from Injinoo Aboriginal Community regarding the apparent increase in fishing effort targeting aggregations of black jewfish (Protonibea diacanthus) in the waters of Northern Cape York Peninsula. In addition to studying black jewfish, I also examined the harvest of all aquatic resources utilised by the Indigenous subsistence fishers of Injinoo Aboriginal Community. This dual approach was adopted to help alleviate the deficit of data on Indigenous subsistence fishing in Australia. The Indigenous subsistence fishing survey: This component of my study was guided by the Indigenous Subsistence Fishing Survey Kit developed by Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, and the Queensland Environment Protection Agency. Background surveys were conducted in December 1998 and revealed that the vast majority of households at Injinoo regularly harvested marine or freshwater resources for subsistence purposes. Most participated in subsistence harvesting activities on a weekly (64%) or daily (13%) basis, with fishing, hunting and gathering effort extending from Shelburne Bay (11° 49' S, 142° 58' E: see Figure 1.1) on the east coast, to Vrilya Point (11° 23’ S, 142° 12’ E: see Figure 1.1) on the west coast. Interview surveys were also conducted in December 1998. They revealed the residents of Injinoo held a clear preference for Indigenous members of their Community to undertake the monitoring surveys. Subsequently, several members of the Community were trained according to the survey kit. The monitoring surveys commenced in January 1999 and continued through to August 2000. Each month, between three to five days was randomly chosen for surveying, providing a total of 70 survey days. The monitoring surveys revealed that the Indigenous subsistence fishers of Injinoo harvested a diverse range of resources. Survey facilitators recorded the harvest of 75 marine and freshwater animal taxa. The five most frequently harvested taxa were mullet (Family Mugilidae), sweetlip (Lethrinus spp.), stripey (Lutjanus vitta), snapper (Lutjanus spp.) and black jewfish. While seasonal trends were evident, it was not possible to define the start or end of these periods, or to demonstrate any annual variation. Ten different types of harvesting activities were identified during the monitoring surveys. Handline fishing was the most frequent activity (57% of 491 hours recorded), followed by dugong hunting (15%), turtle hunting (9%) and netting (9%). The mean duration of harvesting trips varied between 0.5 hours when collecting turtle eggs or molluscs, to four hours when hunting dugong. The mean number of people participating in each type of activity was four, with males dominating vessel-based activities and participating exclusively in hunting activities. Harvest rates were highly variable, with netting resulting in the greatest return to the individual fisher (2.7 fish/person hr-1). Fishers often worked as groups in harvesting activities targeting crustaceans (4.6 crustaceans/boat hr⁻¹), molluscs (34.3 molluscs/boat hr⁻¹), and turtle eggs (3.4 nest/boat hr⁻¹). The catch rate for turtle hunting (0.42 turtle/boat hr⁻¹) was higher than that for dugong hunting (0.2 dugong/boat hr⁻¹). This study demonstrated the willingness of an Indigenous community to participate in monitoring programs assessing their use of aquatic resources when the research is conducted in an appropriate manner. Opportunity should be taken to replicate this program in other coastal Indigenous communities of Queensland and beyond. This survey should be repeated at Injinoo Aboriginal Community as soon as possible to assess if any changes have occurred in the fishery. Black jewfish assessments: In 1999 and 2000, over eight tonnes of black jewfish were harvested from the waters of the Northern Cape York Peninsula. During that period, the mean total length (TL) of the harvested fish decreased significantly (P<0.001) from 70-80 cm in 1999 to 59-69 cm in 2000. Historical accounts collated during this study revealed that black jewfish close to their maximum size (150-180 cm TL) were last caught in 1994. Sexually mature black jewfish composed only 4.4% of fish in a sampling program biased towards the largest individuals (n = 270). Sexually mature ovaries were observed in specimens sampled from aggregations in the period between May and September 2000. However, no ripe or spent gonads were found, so the timing and location of the spawning season in northern Australian remain unknown. Food items observed in black jewfish included a variety of teleosts and invertebrates; supporting the 'opportunistic predator' description of Rao (1963). The limited data gained in this study presented no evidence to support the notion that the seasonal migration of black jewfish is related to the increased availability of prey items in the inshore waters, as is suggested by Thomas and Kunja (1981). Tag returns revealed that some of the fish remain at, or return to, the aggregation site at least into the following day, and revealed the movement of a fish between two aggregation sites. If this behaviour is normal for black jewfish, this activity may increase their susceptibility to capture. Since tag returns were scant (2.6%), this interpretation must be treated with caution. The low tag return rate contrasted with the 100% retention of tags in the captive tagging trial. DNA fingerprinting using the amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) technique revealed no significant genetic variation in fish sampled from adjacent aggregation sites at Muttee Head (10° 54' S, 142° 13' E: see Figure 1.1) and Peak Point (10° 43' S, 142° 25' E: see Figure 1.1). On a larger scale, black jewfish sampled from Northern Cape York Peninsula and the Northern Territory were found to comprise one homogeneous population (GST 0.046). In response to these findings, the Injinoo Land Trust self-imposed a two-year ban on the harvest of black jewfish in the area from Crab Island (10° 58' S, 142° 06' E: see Figure 1.1) to Albany Island (10° 43' S, 142° 36' E: see Figure 1.1). This initiative developed into a regional agreement, and amendments to the Fisheries Regulation 1995. However, the closed water amendments were not applied to Indigenous fishers, even though the Chairman from each of the Communities in the region had requested this arrangement. The significance of this voluntary closure was acknowledged by the project's principal funding agency, the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC). The inside cover of the agency’s 2001-2002 Annual Report lists this outcome as one of the four most significant of the year from a total of 768 projects under FRDC management (FRDC 2003). The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation also provided additional funding to continue monitoring the status of the black jewfish stock. All parties to the regional agreement recognised that the two year closure was unlikely to provide for the complete recovery of the proportion of adult fish in the population. Hence, they requested further studies be undertaken. Further sampling in 2002 and 2003 revealed the size of black jewfish in the study area had increased significantly (mean size 103.5 cm TL). However, in contrast to previous years, black jewfish were difficult to catch, and so concern for the future of the fishery remains warranted.

The mining of bauxite ore at Weipa on Cape York Peninsula in Australia requires total extinguishment of overlying native Eucalyptus tetrodonta open forest habitat, and its effect on biodiversity and ecological services is unknown. The remnant landscape consists of a mosaic of regenerating habitats, and a network of remnant and mostly protected habitat patches of rainforests, swamps and corridors of riparian habitats. Fringing these remnants is a halo (also referred to as ecotone) of otherwise extinguished woodland habitats which are located above bauxite ore that it is mostly uneconomic to recover. For some of these habitats this study compared patterns of incidence and abundance of one hundred and ninety-five species of small to medium terrestrial vertebrates - fourteen mammals, one-hundred and thirty-two birds, thirty-two reptiles and seventeen frogs. The study sampled thirty-two sites, and employed a sampling design stratified into two bauxite ore values (economic and uneconomic), three landscape positions (woodland, ecotone and riparian), three riparian habitat types (creek, swamp and marine) and two geographic regions (the operational areas to the north and south of Mission River). On the question of the relationship of the fauna of Eucalyptus tetrodonta open forest habitat to underlying ore value, the results showed no significant difference in the incidence, richness, diversity or composition of the systematically surveyed fauna above economic and uneconomic bauxite. At the more detailed species-specific level, significant differences in abundance were observed for an uncommon gekko (Heteronotia binoei) found exclusively in open forest habitat, and a common dragon (Diporiphora bilineata) found in all surveyed habitats. Both of these species were more abundantly recorded in woodland habitat above economic ore. The gekko H. binoei is widespread throughout the Australian continent, and is not considered threatened or vulnerable. The findings suggest that for the overwhelming proportion of the native terrestrial vertebrate fauna surveyed, in a variegated landscape the open forest habitat above uneconomic ore is most probably an effective substitute for open forest habitat above economic ore. Unexpectedly, the survey found very strong evidence that the overall biodiversity of the fauna of the open forest habitat was as quantitatively rich as the terrestrial component of the vertebrate fauna of riparian habitats within the landscape, although overall abundances were higher in riparian habitats. The findings thus affirmed the importance of specifically and independently conserving woodland habitats in addition to riparian habitats, as part of any conservation strategy. When analysed by class, the results confirmed that the bird, reptile and frog faunas of open forest and riparian habitats were significantly different, and that patterns of biodiversity between the classes did not coincide. The survey further demonstrated that the vertebrate fauna of open forest habitat (ecotone) immediately adjacent to riparian habitats had a distinguishable and significantly different composition to that of woodland habitats (principally due to preferences amongst birds and the presence of mostly riparian frogs), and so it cannot simply be considered a substitute for woodland habitat being lost. What was suggested from the detail of the survey was the particular affinity of the arboreal gekkos to open woodland habitats, which may be related to the presence of mature trees with their hollows and extensive bark sheeting. This raises concerns about the usefulness of treating areas of young regeneration as an effective habitat replacement for these species, and to what extent the degree of landscape alteration will risk the viability of existing populations. Although no richer in species, the survey found strong evidence that swamp faunas had significantly more individuals, and a distinctive bird and reptile composition, when compared to creek or marine faunas. The observation that many species were seen significantly more frequently in particular riparian habitats reinforces the significance of independently conserving all types of riparian habitats surveyed, which is the existing policy of the minesite operator. The two regions that were being mined - Andoom and Weipa - had no significant difference in their total species richness, abundance or composition of their terrestrial fauna, despite the Andoom region having more swamp habitat than Weipa. The most frequently recorded species was - sadly - the introduced Cane Toad Bufo marinus. The ascendancy of this species to its present level of abundance almost certainly explains the only conspicuously absent mammal from this study relative to earlier studies - the Northern Quoll Dasyurus hallucatus. The invasion of the Cane Toad is also the most likely explanation for an anecdotal record of a significant decline in varanid abundance by a traditional custodian. Despite intensive and extensive mining disturbance, the native terrestrial vertebrate fauna at the time of the survey was substantially present when compared to earlier surveys, and the work has provided a solid basis for identifying and measuring threatening changes in distribution and abundance in future surveys.

The escalating temperature, annual precipitation, sea level rise and carbon footprint will likely lead to an unimagined future which does not have a bright side. With the rise in carbon footprint particularly due to greenhouse gas emissions, burning of fossil fuels and change in land uses; carbon dioxide is 40% higher as compared to era before Industrial Revolution. The constant increase in temperature is melting the glaciers and increasing the sea levels. The Hudson River is estimated to rise by 1.5-2ft by 2050, directly affecting the low-lying areas of Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan. Amongst the multiple coastal cities in the world, New York City is one of the most vulnerable to impacts of climate change. Surrounded by water from three sides, the impacts are disastrous with densely populated neighborhoods along the shoreline. The shoreline needs to be revitalized with the vibrancy and diversity city offers to the people. With the rise in hot summer days which are estimated to be 50 days against 18 days currently; it would generate a warmer island thereby increasing the overall energy demands. Hurricane Sandy struck the New York City in 2012 and had severe impacts which tested the limitations of the city’s planning capacities. The impact on houses, subway system, power stations and overall economy was a major setback costing USD 19 billion. The frequency of such floods and hurricanes would be higher by 2050. The research done observes the impact of climate change and develops a model for New York City’s riverfront in the Meat Packing District. Revitalizing the Gansevoort Peninsula by creating public, research and informative spaces would transform the neighborhood allowing locals and visitors to have a visionary approach for future. The strategies and research in the current project would provide an architectural response to the existing condition and a model to design a more resilient New York City for the future.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1997. Graduate Programme in History.
Typescript. Date on certificate page and copyright date 1996. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-284). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ27316.

I seek in this thesis to provide a critical account of Wik Aboriginal people living in and near the township of Aurukun on western Cape York Peninsula, north Queensland. It is set in a period of rapid and often traumatic changes for Wik, the seeds of which were sown during the seventy-four year mission period, but which accelerated dramatically with the imposition in 1978 of a local government administrative system based on the mainstream Queensland model. The decade or so following this saw the massive and cumulative penetration of the forms and institutions of the wider, dominant society. Yet, despite this, Wik people continued to carve out a social and spatial domain established through a distinctive way of life, defined in terms of particular sets of conjoint dispositions, beliefs, and understandings and through the forms, styles and contexts of social practices. In analysing this particular style of life, I argue that the essentially unresolved tension between personal autonomy and relatedness provided a fundamental dynamic to Wik social forms and processes. I examine the changing symbolic and material resources, such as cash and alcohol, through which autonomy could be realized but which at the same time instantiated relatedness. These new resources, I suggest, provided potent and unprecedented means through which personal autonomy could be realized. For these and other reasons, there was a trend towards increasing individuation of Wik, and the sundering of the control of the means of social reproduction which had lain essentially with senior generations. At the same time as this developing individuation, there was a rise in the importance of 'community' based forms, and of a construction of 'culture' as a set of reified practices which were posited as differentiating Wik from others, particularly Whites. I also examine Wik political processes in detail. The Wik domain was distinguished by a high degree of fluidity and contingency in the composition of the various collectivities coalescing around social actions. Despite the attempts of the Mission and more recent secular. regimes to alter the legitimate definitions of social and geographic space, the constantly ebbing and flowing currents of Wik social life acted to subvert these imposed designations of public and private spaces and their appropriate uses. This fluidity of structure and process extended to Wik political forms. Within the Wik domain, relations of domination and subordination were essentially created in and through the direct interactions between persons, rather than being mediated through objective institutions such as a legislature or bureaucracy. In such circumstances, not only political groupings but orthodoxy and legitimacy themselves were contingent and embedded in the flux of social life. Implicit in this thesis also is an argument against theories which see phenomena such as violence, large-scale alcohol consumption, and gambling, characteristic of many remote areas of Aboriginal Australia, as in some simple causal sense resulting from dispossession and alienation. Rather, it is argued that such phenomena can only be understood in terms of the complex interaction between core cultural themes, themselves historically located, and the circumstances of settlement life which have arisen through the colonial and post-colonial periods.

This thesis is concerned with understanding how sustainable, resilient co-management systems are created. Berkes (see for example, 1997, p. 6) made the following assertion: "Very little scholarly work addresses, in my opinion, the key question: When is co-management feasible?" This research question has led to the identification of the key 'preconditions', or those critical aspects of capacity that support the negotiation and implementation of adaptive co-management (ACM) agreements. This research was initiated and supported by the Oykangand people, Traditional Owners of the Mitchell-Alice Rivers National Park (MARNP), and the Kowanyama Aboriginal Land and Natural Resources Management Office (KALNRMO), in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. The Traditional Owners required information to assist them to negotiate a partnership with the state's protected area management agency, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS). It was envisaged that such a partnership with the state could assist the Oykangand people to achieve their aspirations and lead to the effective community-based co-management of the MARNP. The MARNP is a remote protected area located about 600 kilometres northwest of Cairns in the southwest of Cape York Peninsula. It is bounded to the west and north by Kowanyama-held lands, including the Kowanyama Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) area and the pastoral lease properties of Oriners and Sefton. The 37,100 hectare MARNP was gazetted in 1977 after being excised from Koolatah Station without the knowledge or consent of the Oykangand people. In Cape York Peninsula, the creation of national parks has long been seen by Aboriginal people as a form of invasion and dispossession due to the manner in which many of them were originally created and the restrictions placed on hunting, fishing, the development of homeland centres and potential economic uses. Respected authors, academics and politicians now widely acknowledge that the present state of disadvantage in Australian Aboriginal communities and their dependence on welfare is directly related to their alienation or dispossession from much of their land. This thesis provides a case study of the implementation of adaptive co-management (ACM) in the Australian protected area management context. ACM systems: 1. are flexible community based systems of resource management tailored to specific places and situations; 2. are supported by various organisations at different levels; 3. occur when organisational arrangements and ecological knowledge are tested and revised in a dynamic, ongoing, self- organised process of learning by doing or 'trial-and-error' (Folke et al., 2002; Folke, Hahn, Olsson, & Norberg, 2005). ACM has significant merit for understanding co-management contexts where local and Indigenous people and their communities seek a role in the management of protected areas as the purpose of ACM is to 'foster ecologically sustainable livelihoods' (Plummer & Armitage, 2007b). This goal is consistent with the Oykangand peoples' core aspirations for their National Park homeland - to be recognised as the statutory owners and to integrate the management of the area into the functions of KALRNMO. A methodological approach was developed to guide this research 'in', 'with' and 'for' the Kowanyama Community. Termed 'Indigenous Collaborative Action Research' (ICAR), the methodology was developed from Participatory Action Research, Community Action Research and Indigenist research principles. The principles were then refined in collaboration with the Kowanyama Community during fieldwork and during our efforts to develop a Research Agreement. The development and implementation of the Research Agreement and the development of the ICAR principles occurred concurrently, each informing the other in the manner of the classic 'Lewinian' Action Research cycle. The methodology was qualitative, with the main data collection phase occurring in Kowanyama during 2006 and 2007. An evaluative or diagnostic framework was developed from the literature and proved to be a useful guide for the investigative process of this research. Ostrom's (2007) eight first-tier variables for analysing social-ecological-systems (SESs) were used as a means of drawing attention to the major themes or preconditions for adaptive co-management. The use of Ostrom's variables could allow for future comparison across cases and (eventually) the identification of causal links that help to build coherent theory on the co-management of SESs (Agrawal, 2001). The development of the ACM Pyramid is the major theoretical contribution to the academic literature from this research. Identifying the preconditions is important because they either should already exist or be developed for the negotiation and implementation of ACM to be successful. The ACM Pyramid presents seven major themes that represent the preconditions for ACM in the MARNP in a loosely hierarchical order of importance. A 'resource valued' by both parties was found of principal importance and together with the 'recognition of the rights' of both parties to be involved in ACM, formed the base of the ACM Pyramid. Similarly, ACM would not proceed without the ability of the parties to identify a 'common or unifying purpose' for ACM and to form 'positive relationships' based on communication, respect and trust both internally within each party, between the parties and with an external network of supporters. There must also be 'willingness' by politicians to introduce formal legislation and policies to legitimise Traditional Owners' ownership and leadership in ACM and a flexibility to design an ACM agreement that is suited to their aspirations and capabilities. It is also critical that both parties have a 'focus', or consistent goals or objectives for ACM and a well-articulated understanding of how they intend to achieve them. The last precondition is for both parties to have the 'capability' to carry out ACM, particularly in terms of the human and financial resources required to implement the strategic and operational functions of the agreement. The Oykangand people are a part of a community who began walking and talking towards self governance and resource co-management in the 1980s. Hence, efforts to establish community based ACM in the MARNP may be viewed as a continuation of the process of renewing rights and responsibility for Aboriginal lands and resources for the benefit of the Aboriginal residents of Kowanyama. It is proposed that the ACM Pyramid be used as a tool to assist the Oykangand people and QPWS to understand the prospects or feasibility of ACM in the MARNP and to identify any areas which require capacity-building effort. However, as the ACM Pyramid is derived from a single case-study it cannot be applied to other settings without careful consideration.

Understanding dispersal dynamics is important for conservation of vulnerable species because they effect whether populations recover or disappear following decline or disturbance, especially in species with slow life-histories that cannot replenish quickly. Palm cockatoos have one of the slowest reproductive rates for any parrot, and likely face steep decline in at least one location on Cape York Peninsula (CYP), north-eastern Australia. Traditional methods of measuring dispersal, such as capture and fitting of tracking devices, identification markers or tissue sampling for genetic analyses, are inappropriate in this species due to their susceptibility to stress. While handling chicks for DNA sample collection does not cause harm, locating nests requires too much focused effort at spatial scales relevant for conservation. In this thesis, I assess the utility of cultural methods for determining population connectivity based on published literature, and employ a combination of cultural and genetic methods to assess connectivity among Australian palm cockatoo populations. I then use a landscape ‘resistance’ modelling approach based on electrical circuit theory to identify connectivity corridors. Finally, I use population viability analysis (PVA) to determine the effects of dispersal dynamics on viability for both individual populations and the combined meta-population in Australia. Based on the literature I concluded that geographic variation in cultural behaviour among populations of a species can help fill important knowledge gaps about their population level processes, especially when comparisons to similar species and alternative data are available. My assessments of vocal and genetic variation among populations revealed differentiation among populations on Cape York Peninsula, separating east coast palm cockatoos at Iron Range from other Australian populations with some evidence of gene flow between them. My landscape ‘resistance’ analysis identified the Great Dividing Range as a barrier, and rainforest patches as important corridors for interaction among separate populations. However, the level of connectivity we determined appears not to provide enough support via dispersal to buffer the decline predicted for Iron Range. Furthermore, other populations require much better reproductive success than data suggests for Iron Range if individuals dispersing to there are to be replenished. I emphasise the importance of managing local declines for the preservation of genetic and behavioural diversity in Australian palm cockatoos.

This thesis reviews the geography of land allocation practice in Pormpuraaw and Kowanyama. The two communities are adjacent to each other on the southern Gulf Lowlands of Cape York Peninsula and their Aboriginal residents share many ties of kinship, though since their establishment in the earlier years of the 20th century they have had differing experiences of church mission and then State administration of their affairs. As with other rural Aboriginal communities in Queensland, their ‘Deed of Grant in Trust’ or DOGIT title to community lands was transferred to locally elected Community councils in 1987. This was followed in the 1990s by the establishment of homelands or outstations by kin groups and their families in their traditional homeland country. A number of historically contingent as well as traditional protocols appear to have been used in the selection of these homeland sites. Community life is complex and the rationale that underlies decision-making on homeland allocation and land use issues is often difficult to elucidate in community land planning as decision-making can encapsulate criteria that are taken for granted and thus not referred to when people explain either their actions or aspirations. Bourdieu’s concept of ‘habitus’ (1977, 1984) is used as a conceptual framework in this thesis to explore what I propose are the implicit or taken for granted and the explicit or declared properties of landscapes in the southern Gulf Lowlands in order to explain the geography of land allocation practice that prevails there in the early 21st century. Specifically, this thesis treats the historical and geographical interactions between the DOGIT tenure and the Aboriginal landscape, and the seasonal proximity of traditional country to the community township as core properties of implicit or unstated space. Explicit space is identified by the landmarks, places and personal geographies that people refer to when describing personal connections to traditional country or when reviewing community land management issues. My thesis is that at the convergence of these geographies there is a praxis which explains a large part of the diversity in land allocation practice on the southern Gulf Lowlands today. In order to develop and confirm my thesis I apply concepts of ‘social space’ developed by Bourdieu (1977, 1984), Casey (1993, 2001), Lefebvre (1991) and Soja (1996) and their view that geographical space is not just a passive container of social relations but is a generative medium where social practice is actively reproduced. To this end, this thesis develops a series of cartographic models which use kinship models of social organisation and ethno-archaeological models of the spatial organisation of land use to project the properties of social space onto the physical spaces of the townscapes and landscapes of the southern Gulf Lowlands. The topology of social space is reproduced at three levels of emplacement in patterns of household residency in the townscape; in land use and homeland affiliation in the landscape, and in personal space and the daily life of personal relationships and of work and recreation. The relative congruence or disjuncture between these modeled spaces provide direct insights into processes that underlie the geography of land allocation practice in Kowanyama and Pormpuraaw. Differences in land allocation practice between Kowanyama and Pormpuraaw, which are identified in both the implicit and explicit properties of social space in each community, are complemented by a marked congruity between their respective mapped landscapes and townscapes. Local variations in practice are also identified in implicit space within each community, in landscape units that have their latency in either the seasonal properties of the Aboriginal landscape, the coincident mainstream DOGIT tenure or their proximity to the township. Explicit space is filled with a comprehensive knowledge of the environmental properties of the southern Gulf Lowlands that is referenced to geography of European and Aboriginal places and landmarks in the region. People used differing kinds of landmark knowledge, depending on their clan or tribe affiliation and their age or their life experiences, to describe their homeland country as well as the wider region. Everybody has their own personal suite of person- place – social space relationships that define their homeland, tribe or community affiliation. As a result of generational differences in landscape knowledge between people, there may be a variety of person-place-space topologies in any homeland group but they all refer to a common geographical space and shared identity. The social spaces which these topologies refer to are stable over time and present day homeland spaces correspond with those clan estates and tribal domains mapped by anthropologists in the 20th century. The underlying geometry of traditional country is immutable, as it is central to indigenous perceptions of social space in the southern Gulf Lowlands. It is only the suite of places or landmarks that people use to map themselves onto the landscape that changes over time. This geography is part of a continuous process of innovation and re-creation in southern Gulf Lowlands society. It is also the core spatial praxis that links implicit space and explicit space and reconciles local and introduced tenures in local land allocation practice. The primary motive for the maintenance of person-place-space relationships is the affirmation of Aboriginal identity. Social space is both egocentric and sociocentric. Any person may possess different assemblages of person-place-space relationships at homeland, tribal, community and regional scales of social aggregation. Hence, in principle each person may have their own unique ‘private geography’ that enhances individuation and personal as well as social identity across all geographical scales of social space. This spatial praxis is part of a wide repertoire of strategies that is used by Aboriginal people to cope with mainstream Australia and the attendant roles that are occasionally placed on them as objects of academic research or policy-making or as service recipients. It appears, in the early years of the 21st century, that the geographies which were created by Aboriginal people as a result of 20th century colonisation of western Cape York Peninsula are very localised and specialised adaptations to local historical and geographical circumstances, and are unlikely to ever change again: if so, then this diversity and immutability have considerable implications for the future development of land policy in the region. This thesis concludes with a consideration of the unique roles that geography and cartography have in socially inclusive regional and community scale Aboriginal land planning in North Australia.

This thesis considers the role of contemporary Aboriginal marine ethnobiological knowledge and practices in Western biology and resource management, with specific reference to Aborigines living on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula, Australia. The historical and current marine hunting and fishing practices, and the ethnobiological knowledge of tropical marine food resources of Hopevale and Lockhart River Aboriginal communities are documented. There is also an applied objective which dictated both the communities chosen and the focus of the study: to provide the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) with recommendations that could be used in the development of a management programme for the usage of marine resources in areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) adjacent to Aboriginal communities; with special reference to the management of Aboriginal hunting of dugongs (Dugong dugon) and sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata). In comparison to the marine biological information Johannes (1979b, 1980, 1981b) acquired in Palau, the information obtained from Hopevale and Lockhart River lacked detail. To account for these differences I have employed Goodenough's notion of the culture pool and identified factors influencing Aboriginal marine environmental knowledge. In considering these factors I have developed the concept of a continuum of ethnobiological knowledge through different communities/societies. Different ethnobiological research strategies for Aboriginal communities are discussed. The strategy used should be based upon careful consideration of the objectives to be achieved and the communities involved. I argue projects with a biological orientation should focus on topics in a number of Aboriginal communities, while those with specifically management orientated objectives will require careful consideration of the problems to be addressed prior to determining the appropriate research strategy. The history of dugong management by GBRMPA at Hopevale is summarised, and the major management problems and their origins are discussed. The combined dugong harvest by Aboriginal hunters from Hopevale and Lockhart River is substantially less than the estimated sustainable yield, based on recent dugong population estimates. The present traditional harvest per se is unlikely to be damaging the dugong population in the northern GBRMP region. However, due to the dugong's low reproductive rate, it will be at least a decade before aerial surveys will be able to confirm the status of the dugong population. Therefore, a conservative management policy for dugongs is recommended while acknowledging the rights of Aboriginal hunters. The problems experienced by GBRMPA in managing Aboriginal dugong hunting at Hopevale were used to evaluate potential difficulties for GBRMPA in attempting to manage Aboriginal turtle hunting. The management of a resource exploited by people with a different cultural perception of that resource, can successfully occur (as appears to be currently happening at Hopevale and Lockhart River) when the authorities concerned are willing to demonstrate flexibility and adaptability in their management programmes.