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Academic literature on the topic 'Yielding plants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Yielding plants"

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Tewari, Ira, and K. C. Tewari. "Paper Yielding Plants of Uttarakhand." Quest-The Journal of UGC-ASC Nainital 6, no. 2 (2012): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0974-5041.6.2.018.

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Aggarwal, Shilpi. "Indian dye yielding plants: Efforts and opportunities." Natural Resources Forum 45, no. 1 (February 2021): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12214.

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Satpathy, Raghunath, Rashmiranjan Behera, and Chittaranajan Padhi. "Dyeplantdb: A database of dye yielding plants." Agrica 8, no. 1 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2394-448x.2019.00006.3.

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Ramasamy, Mehala, Ramasamy Manikandan, and Nithya Ponnurangam. "Natural Dye Yielding Plants of Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2020-bidhv6.

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The present study deals with documentation of dye yielding plant diversity in Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. The local inhabitants of this sanctuary use different colours or dye obtained from plants for different purposes. The dye yielding plants have different medicinal and economic values and it has also been known that the natural dyes are eco-friendly and not harmful. 42 natural dye yielding plants under 39 genera belonging to 25 families have been recorded from the sanctuary. This article deals with details of dye yielding plants along with their botanical name, vernacular name, family, habit and dye yielding plant parts used.

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Baghel, Sapna, and Yogendra Kumar Bansal. "In vitroRegeneration of Oil Yielding Plants-A Review." Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 18, no. 5 (September 3, 2015): 1022–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2014.971068.

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SUTRADHAR, BISWAJIT. "Traditional dye yielding plants of Tripura, Northeast India." Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d160203.

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Kumar, BodaneArun. "SOME ETHNO-MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ECO-FRIENDLY NATURAL COLORS YIELDING FLOWERING PLANTS OF B.S.N. GOVT. P.G. COLLEGE CAMPUS, SHAJAPUR (M.P.) – A SURVEY REPORT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i4.2015.3020.

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The present work is attempt has been made to compile the some ethno-medicinal plants and eco-friendly natural colors yielding flowering plants their preparations used for cure of diseases and information of flowering plants with the list of plants from B.S.N. Govt. P.G. College campus Shajapur, India. The present study focused on some important plants having medicinal uses and color yielding potential. Now-a-days natural products and herbal medicines have been recommended for the treatment of various diseases. The present study of ethno-medicinal and natural colors yielding flowering plants is helpful for local peoples of Shajapur.

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D, JADHAV. "Natural dye yielding plants and their ethnomedicinal value in Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh." Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v43i4.jadhav.

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Ozturk, M., I. Uysal, S. Gucel, E. Altundag, Y. Dogan, and S. Baslar. "Medicinal Uses of Natural Dye-Yielding Plants in Turkey." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 17, no. 2 (May 2013): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-17-02-2013-b010.

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Aggarwal, Shilpi, and Richa Shukla. "Medicinal uses of natural dye yielding plants of India." Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries 12, no. 3 (2020): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2020.00055.6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Yielding plants"

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Mandal, Asitbaran. "Eco-physiological investigations on commercially important diosgenin yielding plants in Darjeeling District." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/912.

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Piñera, Chavez Francsico Javier. "Identifying traits and developing genetic sources for increased lodging resistance in elite high yielding wheat cultivars." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34045/.

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Lodging is a persistent phenomenon that reduces grain quality and grain yield of wheat. It is defined as the permanent displacement of the plant/shoots from their vertical position. During the Green revolution, wheat plant height was reduced to avoid lodging and allowed growers to increase nitrogen fertilization. This resulted in a considerable increase of grain yield. After the Green Revolution, plant growth regulators were used to further reduce plant height which continued increasing lodging resistance and grain yield. However, lodging susceptibility has not disappeared completely and as yields increase, there is evidence that growers cannot continue to rely on these strategies, raising the question of how to further improve lodging resistance of wheat. Collaborative studies by physiologists, biologists and engineers generated a deeper understanding of lodging (through stem and anchorage failure mechanisms) and the development of models of the lodging process, together with better crop husbandry or agronomic management strategies. Most of these studies were made on winter wheat under a reduced range of environmental conditions. This thesis attempted to further develop lodging mechanisms and models using spring wheat and a wider range of environmental and agronomic conditions and to investigate the genetic control of lodging-proof traits. Field experiments on spring wheat cultivars were carried out in irrigated conditions in NW Mexico and on a winter wheat Avalon x Cadenza doubled-haploid population in rainfed conditions in the UK. A lodging-proof crop was designed for spring wheat growing in NW Mexico that suggests the need for both increased structural stem biomass and a wider root plate spread (anchorage strength). The model also infers that trade-offs with grain yield will occur, mainly because of overlapping of the development of lodging traits with grain yield formation processes. Rapid selection tools for lodging resistance will play a primary role if lodging resistance is to be improved concurrently with grain yield. Fine mapping and validation of QTLs related to lodging traits identified in this study can be used to develop reliable genetic markers that can accelerate selection for lodging resistance concurrently with improvement of genetic yield potential.

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Prasad, Rajib. "Identification of high seed yielding and stable fenugreek mutants." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3118.

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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) was recently introduced to western Canada as a forage crop. To reach its full potential, high yielding, early maturing fenugreek cultivars that produce good seed yield and quality within 100 frost free days need to be developed. In this study, mutation breeding approach was used on five locally adapted fenugreek genotypes to generate variants showing improved seed yield and yield attributing traits that can be used for cultivar development. Mutant generations of these plants were evaluated in multi-location, multi-year trials, and individual plants were selected for high seed and biomass yield. Seeds from a tetraploid fenugreek line and its diploid parent Tristar were grown under multiple environments to understand effect of environment on seed oil content. In addition, mold resistant fenugreek genotypes were identified by screening a collection of fenugreek accessions against a destructive fungal pathogen Cercospora traversiana.
xv, 179 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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Modak, Subhendu Bhusan. "Plant physiological investigation on production of steroid drug yielding solanum viarum dunal available in North Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/901.

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Winkler, Anne [Verfasser]. "Effects of grape pomace and a polyphenolic plant product during the transition period of high-yielding dairy cows : kumulative Dissertation / Anne Winkler." Halle, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166140717/34.

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Tiwari, Siddharth. "The Effects of European corn borer on whole-plant yieldand root knot nematode fitness in corn." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27501.

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Field studies were conducted over two growing seasons to evaluate the effect of different levels of third instar European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis HÃ¼bner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on whole-plant dry matter in corn grown for silage. Mean (Â± SEM) whole-plant dry matter was significantly greater by 18.8% in uninfested control plants than in plants with an infestation level of 6 larvae/plant in 2004. Whole-plant dry matter in 2005 was significantly greater by 10.5% in control plants than in plants with an infestation level of 5 larvae/plant. Economic injury levels were calculated for each year using regression equations between whole-plant dry matter and European corn borer infestation level. Plant growth stage and infestation level had no effect on percent acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein values for either year. Greenhouse studies were conducted to examine the relationship between aboveground herbivory by European corn borer and belowground herbivory by root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), in corn. Two experiments were conducted to measure belowground herbivory by M. incognita in juvenile penetrations and eggs/root system. In the first experiment, the main effects interaction was not significant for either M. incognita juvenile penetrations or eggs/root system. Overall mean juvenile penetrations/root system across all three growth stages, at infestation levels of 1 and 3 larvae/plant were significantly less than in the non-infested control. In addition, overall mean eggs/root system at an infestation level of 3 larvae/plant were significantly less than in the control. In the second experiment, the main effects interaction was significant for both juvenile penetrations and eggs/root system. At the 8 and 10 leaf growth stages, juvenile penetrations/root system at infestation levels of 1 and 3 larvae/plant were significantly less than in the control. In addition, eggs/root system at an infestation level of 3 larvae/plant were significantly less than in the control, at all growth stages. In the reciprocal study, which examined the effect of different M. incognita inoculation levels on European corn borer stalk tunneling, no significant effect of inoculation level on European corn borer stalk tunneling was found.
Ph. D.

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ROCHA, Anisio Correa da. "Sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação para a cultura do milho em espaçamento reduzido na região de Hidrolândia, Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/443.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Anisio Correa da Rocha.pdf: 638336 bytes, checksum: f682754f5a9bc3ce7529561acba4ade5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-20
Soil and leaves samples were collected and grain yield were evaluated in a commercial crop in order to diagnostic the limiting nutrients, deficiency or excess, on corn planted in 0.45 m row spacing, at Hidrolândia, Goiás. For the diagnosis of soil and leaves samples, were utilized sufficiency range approach, currently used in Brazil and the DRIS. The DRIS procedure for assessing nutritional status of plants by leaf and soil analysis utilizes standard values ( norms ) for nutrient rations rather than the nutrient itself. With the results of the analyses of corn leaves and soil, the population was divided in low and high yielding groups. DRIS norms were established using a yield of 5000 kg ha-1 to divide the data set into high and low yield subpopulations. The locally calibrated norms used to evaluate the nutritional status of the corn, from the leaves analysis, were compared to the others authors in several places. The geographic differences in DRIS norms were identified. For the calculation of indices DRIS differents procedures were used. The interpretation of the soil and leaves analyses by the different procedures of the DRIS methods and by the sufficiency range showed different responses with relation to the deficiency and/or excess of nutrients. The P and K in the soil analysis and B in the leaves analysis, in the majority of the procedures, were the most limiting nutrients by deficiency.
Amostras de solo, folhas e produtividade de milho foram avaliadas de área comercial para diagnosticar os nutrientes mais limitantes à produção de milho semeado em espaçamento reduzido (0,45 m), no município de Hidrolândia, GO. No diagnóstico das análises de solo e de folha utilizaram-se as faixas de suficiência, tradicionalmente recomendadas e o DRIS. No procedimento DRIS, para se efetuar as diagnoses, utilizaram-se como normas as relações entre nutrientes obtidas das análises de uma população de alta produtividade e não o teor do nutriente em si. Com os resultados das análises foliar e de solo os dados foram divididos em duas sub-populações: uma de alta e outra de baixa produtividade, sendo considerada ≥5.000 kg ha-1 a produtividade de corte. Determinaram-se as normas DRIS pelas relações binárias da população de alta produtividade. As normas obtidas foram comparadas com as de outros autores, obtendo-se resultados divergentes entre as diversas localidades. Para o cálculo dos índices DRIS utilizaram-se diferentes procedimentos. Tanto nas análises de folhas como de solo a interpretação pelos índices DRIS e pelas faixas de suficiência apresentaram resultados diferentes com relação à deficiência e, ou excesso dos nutrientes. O P e o K, na análise de solo, e o B na análise foliar, na maioria dos procedimentos, foram os nutrientes mais limitantes por deficiência.

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Changaya, Albert Gideon. "Development of high yielding pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) germplasm with resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum) in Malawi." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/968.

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Wayland, Lauren. "A homoeopathic drug proving of the plant Peucedanum galbanum with a subsequent comparison to those remedies yielding the highest numerical values and total number of rubrics on repertorisation of the proving symptoms." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/368.

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Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy Durban University of Technology, 2007. 250 leaves
This research study was conducted to elucidate the total symptomatology that the plant Peucedanum galbanum in the thirtieth centesimal potency would produce on healthy individuals so that it may be prescribed according to the Law of Similiars. A further aim of the investigation was to compare this remedy to other remedies yielding the highest numerical values and total number of rubrics on repertorisation of the proving symptoms. Wagner (2007), in a concurrent study, analysed the proving results of Peucedanum galbanum in relation to the doctrine of signatures. It was hypothesised that Peucedanum galbanum 30CH would produce recognizable signs and symptoms in healthy provers, and that the comparative study of this remedy would highlight the differences and similarities between remedy symptoms and thus confusion as to indication is eliminated, plus a fuller understanding of the remedy and its relationship to other remedies is gained.

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Foulk, Stephen Michael. "Tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology developing protocols for potentially higher yielding switchgrass cultivars /." 2008. http://etd.utk.edu/2008/December2008MastersTheses/FoulkStephenMichael.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Yielding plants"

1

Ahmedullah, M. Oil yielding plants. Noida: Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Botanical Survey of India, 2008.

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Ahmedullah, M. Oil yielding plants. Noida: Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Botanical Survey of India, 2008.

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Ahmedullah, M. Oil yielding plants. Noida: Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Botanical Survey of India, 2008.

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Ahmedullah, M. Oil yielding plants. Noida: Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Botanical Survey of India, 2008.

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Ahmedullah, M. Oil yielding plants. Noida: Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Botanical Survey of India, 2008.

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Shrestha, Bina. Dye-yielding plants of nepal. Kirtipur, Nepal: Research Centre for Applied Science & Technology, Tribhuvan University, 1994.

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Ngangyo Heya, Maginot, Ratikanta Maiti, Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab, and Artemio Carrillo-Parra. Biology, Productivity and Bioenergy of Timber-Yielding Plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61798-5.

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G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development. Promising fibre-yielding plants of the Indian Himalayan region. Almora: G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, 2010.

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Shiva, M. P. Aromatic & medicinal plants: Yielding essential oil for pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetic industries and trade. Dehra Dun: International Book Distributors, 2002.

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Habal, Laarni P. Gampol: A compendium of Philippine dye yielding plants and their textile application. Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Textile Research Institute, Dept. of Science and Technology, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Yielding plants"

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Kalita, Dipul. "Potentiality of Hydrocarbon Yielding Plants for Future Energy and Chemicals." In Desert Plants, 37–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02550-1_2.

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Mukherjee, Piyali, and Soumya Mukherjee. "Medico-legal Perspectives of Usage, Commercialization, and Protection of Traditional Drug-Yielding and Essential Oil-Yielding Plants in India." In Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 761–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58975-2_30.

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Heya, Maginot Ngangyo, Ratikanta Maiti, Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab, and Artemio Carrillo-Parra. "Erratum to: Biology, Productivity and Bioenergy of Timber Yielding Plants." In Biology, Productivity and Bioenergy of Timber-Yielding Plants, E1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61798-5_3.

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Heya, Maginot Ngangyo, Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab, Artemio Carrillo Parra, Ratikanta Maiti, and Lidia Rosaura Salas Cruz. "Timber-Yielding Plants of the Tamaulipan Thorn Scrub: Forest, Fodder, and Bioenergy Potential." In Biology, Productivity and Bioenergy of Timber-Yielding Plants, 1–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61798-5_1.

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Ivanova, Natalya. "Research Methods of Timber-Yielding Plants (in the Example of Boreal Forests)." In Biology, Productivity and Bioenergy of Timber-Yielding Plants, 121–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61798-5_2.

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Das, Himadri, and Dipul Kalita. "Fibers and Dye Yielding Plants of North East India." In Bioprospecting of Indigenous Bioresources of North-East India, 77–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0620-3_6.

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Varghese, Ressin, C. George Priya Doss, Chandrasekaran Rajasekaran, R. Seenivasan, T. Senthilkumar, and Siva Ramamoorthy. "Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources: A Special Reference to Dye-Yielding Plants." In Plant Genetic Resources, Inventory, Collection and Conservation, 425–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7699-4_20.

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Zanan, Rahul L., Shreedhar S. Otari, Suraj B. Patel, and Savaliram G. Ghane. "Pharmacology and Bioactives of Agarwood Yielding Tree— Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Family: Thymelaeaceae)." In Bioactives and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants, 83–94. Boca Raton: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003281702-8.

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Robdrup, Melissa, Michelle Hubbard, Linda Yuya Gorim, and Monika A. Gorzelak. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Under Intercrop, Regenerative, and Conventional Agriculture Systems." In Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Higher Plants, 287–318. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8220-2_13.

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AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase in diversity and abundance in agricultural systems that emphasize soil health practices, including regenerative agriculture and intercropping. Regenerative agriculture in principle includes any practice that increases biodiversity and living roots and integrates livestock while reducing tillage, bare soil, and agrichemical inputs. Intercropping increases biodiversity in an annual system and reduces disease prevalence and weeds while improving soil conditions and yielding more than the equivalent monocrop. These principles and practices simultaneously support AMF proliferation in soils and in turn AMF provide multiple benefits to crops. AMF colonize roots, trading photosynthates for nutrients acquired beyond the reach of the plant root system. While colonizing roots, they trigger innate plant immunity and confer resistance to some insect, fungal, and bacterial pests. Colonized plants hold more water and thus are more resistant to drought. In soils with ample AMF propagules, multiple plants are likely to become connected to their neighbors by a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Plants connected by a CMN are likely to share beneficial microbes, resistance to disease, and resources. A better understanding of crop root traits and AMF is important to building a wholistic picture of ecological interactions that can be leveraged to maintain agricultural production in intercropped, regenerative, and conventional systems.

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Islam, Mirza Mofazzal, Shamsun Nahar Begum, and Rigyan Gupta. "High-yielding NERICA mutant rice for upland areas and hope for Bangladeshi farmers." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 53–64. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0006.

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Abstract Drought is an important stress phenomenon in Bangladesh that greatly hampers crop production. So, it is imperative to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties. Low-yielding, non-uniform flowering and late-maturing Africa rice - New Rice for Africa (NERICA), viz. NERICA-1, NERICA-4 and NERICA-10 varieties - were irradiated with different doses of gamma-rays (250, 300 and 350 Gy) in 2010. M1 plants were grown and M₂ plants were selected based on earliness and higher grain yield. The desired mutants along with other mutants were grown as the M₃ generation during 2011. A total of 37 mutants from NERICA-1, NERICA-4 and NERICA-10 were selected on the basis of plant height, short duration, drought tolerance and high yield in the M₄ generation. In the M₅ generation, six mutants were selected for drought tolerance, earliness, grain quality and higher yield. With respect to days to maturity and grain yield (t/ha), the mutant N₁/250/P-2-6-1 of NERICA-1 matured earlier (108 days) and had higher grain yield (5.1 t/ha) than the parent. The mutant N₄/350/P-4(5) of NERICA-4 also showed a higher grain yield (6.2 t/ha) than its parent and other mutants. On the other hand, NERICA-10 mutant N₁₀/350/P-5-4 matured earlier and had a higher yield (4.5 t/ha) than its parent. Finally, based on agronomic performance and drought tolerance, the two mutants N₄/350/P-4(5) and N₁₀/350/P-5-4 were selected and were evaluated in drought-prone and upland areas during 2016 and 2017. These two mutants performed well with higher grain yield than the released upland rice varieties. They will be released soon for commercial cultivation and are anticipated to play a vital role in food security in Bangladesh.

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Conference papers on the topic "Yielding plants"

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Fu, Tingzhao, Wencan Liu, Yuyao Huang, Run Sun, Honghao Huang, Sigang Yang, and Hongwei Chen. "Miniature on-chip diffractive optical neural network design." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2023.jw2a.135.

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A miniature on-chip diffractive optical neural network (DONN) with a footprint of 1.35 × 10 – 3mm2 is designed through the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, yielding an accuracy of 93.3% in simulation on the Iris plants dataset.

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Saleh Alfozan, Sara, and Mohamad Mahdi Hassan. "MajraDoc an Image based Disease Detection App for Agricultural Plants using Deep Learning Techniques." In 9th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112402.

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Infection of agricultural plants is a serious threat to food safety. It can severely damage plants' yielding capacity. Farmers are the primary victims of this threat. Due to the advancement of AI, image-based intelligent apps can play a vital role in mitigating this threat by quick and early detection of plants infections. In this paper, we present a mobile app in this regard. We have developed MajraDoc to detect some common diseases in local agricultural plants. We have created a dataset of 10886 images for ten classes of plants diseases to train the deep neural network. The VGG-19 network model was modified and trained using transfer learning techniques. The model achieved high accuracy, and the application performed well in predicting all ten classes of infections.

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Park, Jai Hak, Jae Bong Lee, and Young Hwan Choi. "Effects of Several Factors on the Solution of Failure Probability of Pipes in Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25240.

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A probabilistic integrity assessment program for pipes is developed based on the existing PRAISE program. In the program crack growth due to fatigue loading and stress corrosion can be considered and the probability of failure or leakage of pipes in nuclear power plants can be calculated. Crack growth simulation is performed based on stress intensity factors and failure of a pipe is determined based on J integral or net section yielding. The effects of several important parameters, such as crack depth distribution parameter, operating temperature, and concentration of O2, on the failure and leak probabilities of pipes are examined. And the effects of stress intensity factor and J integral solutions are also examined. It is noted that the failure probability can be changed according to stress intensity factor and J integral solutions.

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Bohn, Dieter, Nathalie Po¨ppe, and Joachim Lepers. "Assessment of the Potential of Combined Micro Gas Turbine and High Temperature Fuel Cell Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30112.

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The present paper reports a detailed technological assessment of two concepts of integrated micro gas turbine and high temperature (SOFC) fuel cell systems. The first concept is the coupling of micro gas turbines and fuel cells with heat exchangers, maximising availability of each component by the option for easy stand-alone operation. The second concept considers a direct coupling of both components and a pressurised operation of the fuel cell, yielding additional efficiency augmentation. Based on state-of-the-art technology of micro gas turbines and solid oxide fuel cells, the paper analyses effects of advanced cycle parameters based on future material improvements on the performance of 300–400 kW combined micro gas turbine and fuel cell power plants. Results show a major potential for future increase of net efficiencies of such power plants utilising advanced materials yet to be developed. For small sized plants under consideration, potential net efficiencies around 70% were determined. This implies possible power-to-heat-ratios around 9.1 being a basis for efficient utilisation of this technology in decentralised CHP applications.

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Wang, Ting, and Henry A. Long. "Development and Analysis of an Integrated Mild/Partial Gasification Combined (IMPGC) Cycle: Part 1 — Development of a Baseline IMPGC System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91707.

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Abstract Around 50% of the world’s electrical power supply comes from the Rankine cycle, and the majority of existing Rankine cycle plants are driven by coal. Given how politically unattractive coal is as an energy resource in spite of its high energy content, it becomes necessary to find a way to utilize coal in a cleaner and more efficient manner. Designed as a potential retrofit option for existing Rankine cycle plants, the Integrated Mild/Partial Gasification Combined (IMPGC) Cycle is an attractive concept in cycle design that can greatly increase the efficiency of coal-based power plants, particularly for retrofitting an old Rankine cycle plant. Compared to the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), IMPGC uses mild gasification to purposefully leave most of the volatile matters within the feedstock intact (hence, yielding more chemical energy) compared to full gasification and uses partial gasification to leave some of the remaining char un-gasified compared to complete gasification. The larger hydrocarbons left over from the mild gasification process grant the resulting syngas a higher volumetric heating value, leading to a more efficient overall cycle performance. This is made possible due to the invention of a warm gas cleanup process invented by Research Triangle Institute (RTI), called the High Temperature Desulfurization Process (HTDP), which was recently commercialized. The leftover char can then be burned in a conventional boiler to boost the steam output of the bottom cycle, further increasing the efficiency of the plant, capable of achieving a thermal efficiency of 47.9% (LHV). The first part of this paper will analyze the individual concepts used to create the baseline IMPGC model, including the mild and partial gasification processes themselves, the warm gas cleanup system, and the integration of the boiler with the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Part 2 will then compare this baseline case with four other common types of power plants, including subcritical and ultra-supercritical Rankine cycles, IGCC, and natural gas.

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Okafuji, Takashi, Kazuhiro Miura, Hiromi Sago, Hisatomo Murakami, Masanori Ando, and Masashi Miyazaki. "Development of the Buckling Evaluation Method for Large Scale Vessel by the Testing of Gr. 91 Vessel Subjected to Vertical and Horizontal Loading." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21328.

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Abstract Larger-diameter cylindrical vessels for commercial fast breeder reactors (FBRs) are planned to increase the electric generation capacity with thinner vessels compared to the existing ones. The modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (ASME Grade 91 steel) has high yield stress and low tangent modulus after yielding, and plans to be applied as well as austenitic stainless steel for vessels in existing FBR power plants. Although elasto-plastic axial compression, bending and shear buckling are expected to occur in vessels, the current buckling strength evaluation from the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) standard “Design and Construction for Nuclear Power Plants, Division 2 Fast Reactors” mainly focuses on plastic buckling of thick cylindrical vessels. Seismic base isolation is being devised for next-generation FBR power plants by the increasing seismic design load in Japan. When a horizontal seismic base isolation design is adopted, cylindrical vessels are subject to cyclic vertical seismic load with long-period horizontal seismic wave. The deformation by cyclic vertical load reduces the buckling strength. In this paper, we modified the existing buckling strength equations focusing on elasto-plastic axial compression, bending and shear buckling under cyclic axial load (hereinafter called “modified equations”), and confirmed their applicability through a series of elasto-plastic buckling analyses. We also conducted a series of buckling tests on Grade 91 steel vessels in the load regions where axial compression, bending and shear buckling interact, and where axial compression and bending buckling are dominant due to large vertical load. The buckling behavior and the buckling load estimated by the elasto-plastic buckling analysis considering the actual material stress–strain relationship and imperfections in the test vessel suitably agreed with corresponding test results in the load regions.

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Qutafah, Z., R. Almarri, A. Ashkanani, S. Alsalem, F. Alhaddad, and M. Guler. "Structural Design of a Heliostat as a Senior Design Project." In International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Mechatronics Engineering. Aksaray: ECER, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53375/icmame.2023.276.

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Solar energy capture efficiency is an important parameter since there is an urgent need to use renewable energy sources in an effective manner. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plants use heliostats which can track the movement of the sun for increased energy storage. Different heliostat designs already in the open literature are reviewed in this paper. 5 different heliostat designs are prepared to compare and select the most effective one. Finite element analysis (FEA) is employed using the pressure obtained through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Finally safety factor against yielding was used to compare the design and the least safety factor satisfying the requirements is selected as the result of the senior design project, the best design was with sefty factor 3.7 with Max Total Deformation was 16.982 mm.

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Margarone, Michele, Stefano Magi, Giuseppe Gorla, Stefano Biffi, Paolo Siboni, Gianluca Valenti, Matteo C. Romano, Antonio Giuffrida, Emanuele Negri, and Ennio Macchi. "Revamping, Energy Efficiency and Exergy Analysis of an Existing Upstream Gas Treatment Facility." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90213.

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Surface oil and gas treatment facilities in service for decades are likely to be oversized due to the natural depletion of their reservoirs. Despite these plants might have been designed modularly, meaning they comprise multiple identical units serving the same task, such units operate often in conditions far from the design point and inefficiently. This work analyzes the revamping options of an existing upstream gas facility, which is chosen because representative of a wide set of plants. A flexible numerical model, implemented in the HYSYS environment and dynamically linked to an Excel spreadsheet, includes the performance maps of all turbo machineries and the main characteristics of the investigated modifications in order to run simulation for many gas input conditions and to predict the performance over a year of operation and for different possible future scenarios. The first objective is to assess economically the considered options, which shall be applied only if yielding short return times of the investment since the reservoir is mature. Moreover, all options are appreciated adopting a figure of merit, here defined, that compares the overall energy consumption to that calculated with state-of-the-art technologies. In addition, an exergy and an environmental analyses are executed.

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Cherry, Marion, Dave Earley, and David Silzle. "NOx Reduction of a 165 MW Wall-Fired Boiler Utilizing Air and Fuel Flow Measurement and Control." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26131.

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As a result of increasingly stringent emissions limitations being imposed on coal-fired power plants today, electric utilities are faced with having to make major compliance related modifications to their existing power plants. While many utilities have elected to implement expensive post-combustion NOx reduction programs on their largest generating units, infurnace NOx reduction offers a less expensive alternative suitable to any size boiler, to reduce NOx while also improving overall combustion. In-furnace NOx reduction strategies have proven that, when used with other less expensive approaches (Overfire air, fuel switching, and/or SNCR), levels less than 0.15 lb./MMBtu can be economically achieved. Furthermore, when implemented in conjunction with an expensive post-combustion SCR program, initial capital requirements and ongoing operating costs can be cut to save utilities millions of dollars. For the purpose of developing a system-wide NOx reduction strategy, Santee Cooper, a southeastern U.S. utility applied pulverized coal flow and individual burner airflow measurement systems to Unit 3 at its Jefferies Station, a 165MW, 16-burner front wall-fired boiler. The airflow measurement system, in service for many years, applied a well-proven averaging Pitot tube technology to measure individual burner secondary airflow. The coal flow measurement system utilized low energy microwaves to accurately measure coal density and coal velocity in individual coal pipes. The combination of these two systems provided the accurate measurements necessary for controlled manipulation of individual burner stoichiometries, giving the plant the ability to improve burner combustion, yielding a reduction in NOx levels approaching 20%. Optimized burner combustion also resulted in a leveling of the excess O2 profile, which will enable the plant to pursue further reductions in excess air as well as staged combustion, thus allowing for further NOx reductions in the future. How this program produced a significant NOx reduction will be presented in detail in this paper. The paper will also discuss the effects on excess O2, opacity, and unburned carbon. In addition, this program will allow for future system-wide planning with regard to possible SCR implementation.

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Lu, Qi, Wei Xu, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "A Computational Design Study of Novel Creep Resistant Steels for Fossil Fuel Power." In AM-EPRI 2013, edited by D. Gandy and J. Shingledecker. ASM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2013p1441.

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Abstract This work concerns a study into the design of creep resistant precipitation hardened austenitic steels for fossil fuel power plants using an integrated thermodynamics based model in combination with a genetic algorithm optimization routine. The key optimization parameter is the secondary stage creep strain at the intended service temperature and time, taking into account the coarsening rate of MX carbonitrides and its effect on the threshold stress for secondary creep. The creep stress to reach a maximal allowed creep strain (taken as 1%) at a given combination of service temperature and time is formulated and maximized. The model was found to predict the behavior of commercial austenitic creep resistant steels rather accurately. Using the alloy optimization scheme three new steel compositions are presented yielding optimal creep strength for various intended service times up to 105 hours. According to the evaluation parameter employed, the newly defined compositions will outperform existing precipitate strengthened austenitic creep resistant steels.

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Reports on the topic "Yielding plants"

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Fromm, Hillel, Paul Michael Hasegawa, and Aaron Fait. Calcium-regulated Transcription Factors Mediating Carbon Metabolism in Response to Drought. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699847.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the proposed research is to elucidate the transcription factors, genes and metabolic networks involved in carbon metabolism and partitioning in response to water deficit. The proposed research focuses on the GTLcalcium/calmodulinbindingTFs and the gene and metabolic networks modulated by these TFs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The specific objectives are as follows. Objective-1 (USA): Physiological analyses of GTL1 loss- and gain-of-function plants under water sufficient and drought stress conditions Objective 2 (USA / Israel-TAU): Characterizion of GTL target genes and bioinformatic analysis of data to eulcidate gene-network topology. Objective-3 (Israel-TAU): Regulation of GTLmediated transcription by Ca²⁺/calmodulin: mechanism and biological significance. Objective-4 (Israel-BGU): Metabolic networks and carbon partitioning in response to drought. Additional direction: In the course of the project we added another direction, which was reported in the 2nd annual report, to elucidate genes controlling drought avoidance. The TAU team has isolated a few unhydrotropic (hyd) mutants and are in the process of mapping these mutations (of hyd13 and hyd15; see last year's report for a description of these mutants under salt stress) in the Arabidopsis genome by map-based cloning and deep sequencing. For this purpose, each hyd mutant was crossed with a wild type plant of the Landsberg ecotype, and at the F2 stage, 500-700 seedlings showing the unhydrotropic phenotype were collected separately and pooled DNA samples were subkected to the Illumina deep sequencing technology. Bioinformatics were used to identify the exact genomic positions of the mutations (based on a comparison of the genomic sequences of the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Columbia and Landsberg). Background: To feed the 9 billion people or more, expected to live on Earth by the mid 21st century, the production of high-quality food must increase substantially. Based on a 2009 Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, a target of 70% more global food production by the year 2050 was marked, an unprecedented food-production growth rate. Importantly, due to the larger areas of low-yielding land globally, low-yielding environments offer the greatest opportunity for substantial increases in global food production. Nowadays, 70% of the global available water is used by agriculture, and 40% of the world food is produced from irrigated soils. Therefore, much needs to be done towards improving the efficiency of water use by plants, accompanied by increased crop yield production under water-limiting conditions. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We established that AtGTL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana GT-2 LIKE1) is a focal determinant in water deficit (drought) signaling and tolerance, and water use efficiency (WUE). The GTL1 transcription factor is an upstream regulator of stomatal development as a transrepressor of AtSDD1, which encodes a subtilisin protease that activates a MAP kinase pathway that negatively regulates stomatal lineage and density. GTL1 binds to the core GT3 cis-element in the SDD1 promoter and transrepresses its expression under water-sufficient conditions. GTL1 loss-of-function mutants have reduced stomatal number and transpiration, and enhanced drought tolerance and WUE. In this case, higher WUE under water sufficient conditions occurs without reduction in absolute biomass accumulation or carbon assimilation, indicating that gtl1-mediated effects on stomatal conductance and transpiration do not substantially affect CO₂ uptake. These results are proof-of-concept that fine-tuned regulation of stomatal density can result in drought tolerance and higher WUE with maintenance of yield stability. Implications: Accomplishments during the IS-4243-09R project provide unique tools for continued discovery research to enhance plant drought tolerance and WUE.

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Eshed, Y., and Z. B. Lippman. Fine tuning the shoot and inflorescence architectures for improved tomato yield. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134148.bard.

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In this project, we are determining the contribution of different types of variations, in gene function and in gene regulation, to altered shoot architecture first, and to field performance in the next stage. We are using tomato as a target, but also as a model for many other crops. Our focus is on two different components of yield associated traits - shoot architecture and organization of the inflorescence. Our focus was on two types of regulators; 1) genes involved in florigen - antiflogen balance and the way they impact the shoot, and 2) genes involved in inflorescence branching and it this way, the way they impact the number of flowers produced by the plant. For the first class, we described our thoughts on that matter in a joint review (Eshed and Lippman, 2019) where we argued that annualization of short-lived vine plants such as tomato and soybean was their major adaptation for intensive modern farming. This annualization was achieved by introduction of mutations in the anti florigen gene SELFPRUNING, mutations that were also used to domesticate/adapt cotton, roses, strawberries and more (Eshed and Lippman, 2019). Indeed, introduction of this mutation and additional one in another antifloraigen gene SP5G into a vine type tomatoes resulted in compact, early yielding plants suitable for urban agriculture (Kwon et al., 2020 - please note that Yossi Capua, a former graduate student from the Eshed group is a coauthor of this study). The other side of this project, customized generation of large branched inflorescences, relied on ongoing collaboration between the two labs on genes like S and genes of the SEP clade, J2 and EJ2. We first showed that highly branched j2 ej2 inflorescences can be quantitatively modified by introduction of either null or naturally weak alleles of the TM3/STM3 gene cluster (Alonge et al., 2020). We next showed that variation in inflorescence branching can be obtained by customized interreference in selected promoter motifs of S, a gene that is otherwise essential at the seed stage (Hendelamn et al., 2021). Overall, our joint project provided some prime examples for targeted use of genome editing for the formation of valuable alleles that can either improve modern crops or, significantly, open the door for rapid "domestication" of orphan crops

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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts, and Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.

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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri, and Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.

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In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.

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Denys, Waele, and Lefevre. L52239 Input to Code Revision for Interaction of Girth Weld Defects under Plastic Collapse Conditions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011348.

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A pipeline girth weld may contain one single or multiple defects. If discrete multiple notches occur, current codes define by applying proximity rules the defect dimensions to be used in an ECA. The defect interaction rules contained in pipeline specific standards are based on linear elastic fracture mechanics with conservative approximations. Similar solutions for failure by plastic collapse are non-existent. In this study, using experimental data of wide plate tests, interaction criteria for ductile girth welds containing multiple coplanar surface breaking defects are proposed. Based on a simple plastic collapse assessment, defect length limits ensuring the onset of remote yielding in the pipe bodies are calculated. A two-tier assessment procedure, based on a comparison of the sum of the individual defect lengths with these characteristic limits, is proposed. If the total defect length is smaller than the characteristic defect length limit interaction will not occur. The defect length limit ensuring remote yielding in the case of multiple defects is dependent on the spacing between defects. The defect length limits also incorporate the effect of yield-to-tensile ratio. The performance behaviour of wide plates with coplanar surface-breaking defects is compared with existing and proposed interaction criteria. The assessment shows that the proposed defect interaction procedure is less conservative than the rules currently embodied in pipeline specific standards.

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Denys and Lefevre. L51780 Interaction of Multiple Through-Thickness Defects Under Plastic Collapse Conditions Part 1. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010339.

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The objective of this research project is to generate experimental information with the aim to quantify the conservatism of current interaction rules and to develop more accurate (less conservative) rules for "thin-walled" structures under plastic collapse. The conservatism in current defect interaction rules for ductile materials has been assessed by examining the failure behaviour of 8 mm and 10 mm thick, narrow (width: 100 mm and 120 mm) and wide (width: 427 mm) plate, specimens containing two coplanar or non-coplanar through thickness notches. The test results were compared to the failure characteristics of single notched plates and analysed in terms of Gross Section Yielding (GSY). The tests were conducted on three different materials in order to determine the effect of the Y/T ratio on defect interaction behavior.

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Ebeling, Robert M., and Terry W. Warren. Limiting Impact Force Due to Yielding and Buckling of the Plates and Internal Structural Frame at the Impact Corner of the Barge during Its Glancing Blow Impact with a Lock Approach Wall. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada492851.

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Morrison, Mark, Joshuah Miron, Edward A. Bayer, and Raphael Lamed. Molecular Analysis of Cellulosome Organization in Ruminococcus Albus and Fibrobacter Intestinalis for Optimization of Fiber Digestibility in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586475.bard.

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Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).

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Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni, and Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.

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As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.

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